542:
Germans, outlined current conditions in
Germany and the losses of men and material in the Polish campaign and how it was imperative the war be ended quickly. Schaemmel went on to say Hitler would not take advice from his General Staff and needed to be got rid of, but his assassination would lead to chaos. The intention was to take him prisoner and force him to give orders authorising a junta of officers to start negotiations for peace. 'We are Germans and have to think of the interests of our own country first. Before we take any steps against Hitler we want to know whether England and France are ready to grant us a peace which is both just and honourable', Best recollects Schaemmel saying at the meeting. To facilitate further dialogue, a wireless transmitting and receiving set was given to the Germans. Stevens referred Schaemmel's question to London, and a day or two later, a noncommittal reply came back. More messages were exchanged on a daily basis by wireless before another meeting was arranged.
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668:, who were responsible for the attempt on his life the night earlier. Klop was admitted to the Protestant Hospital in DĂĽsseldorf. A doctor on duty recalled years later Klop was unconscious when he was admitted and died the same day from a gunshot wound to the head. On 29 December 1939 Klop was embalmed under a false name of Thomas Kremp, a communist; his remains were cremated and buried under a false name in the DĂĽsseldorf cemetery in a unknown grave.
692:, insisted he had acted alone, Hitler recognized the propaganda value of the assassination attempt as a means to incite German public resentment against Britain. On 21 November, Hitler declared he had incontrovertible proof that the British Secret Service was behind the Munich bombing and that two British agents had been arrested near the Dutch border. The next day, German newspapers carried the story. The front page of the
241:
546:
Stevens gave the
Germans a verbal résumé of London's answers to their questions. Though the answers appeared not to come up to their expectations, the Germans said they would pass them on to their 'chief' and proposed a meeting with him the next day, as he was anxious to entrust 'secret papers' to Best and Stevens for safekeeping if the plot against Hitler failed.
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659:
Before Best had time to get out of the car, Naujock's SD men arrived. In a brief shootout, Klop was mortally wounded. After being handcuffed and stood against a wall, Best and
Stevens, together with Jan Lemmens, were bundled into the SD car. Klop was put into Best's car and both cars were driven off
545:
On 7 November, Best, Major
Stevens, Lieutenant Klop met with two German officers: Lieutenant Grosh and Major Schaemmel. Klop was instrumental in holding the meeting in the Cafe Backus, on the outskirts of Venlo, as the venue better suited the Germans, as it was close to the border crossing. Best and
752:
Hitler used the incident to claim that the
Netherlands had violated its own neutrality. The presence of Klop, a Dutch agent, whose signature on his personal papers was gratefully misused by the Germans, provided sufficient "proof of cooperation between British and Dutch secret services, and justify
748:
in 1940. The incident exposed the fact that the
Chamberlain government was still seeking a deal with Germany while it was exhorting the nation to a supreme war effort. That outraged Churchill to the extent that he was against providing support to German opposition to Hitler for the rest of the war.
537:
On 20 October, together with
Fischer, Major Stevens and Lieutenant Klop, Best met with two German officers, Captain von Seidlitz and Lieutenant Grosh, in a private house that was owned by a friend of Best in Arnhem. The meeting was interrupted by Dutch police and little progress was made. 'The two
549:
On 8 November, Best, Major
Stevens and Lieutenant Klop met only with Schaemmel at the Cafe Backus. Schaemmel said the general, who was to have come, had been called by Hitler to urgent meeting in Munich to consider an appeal for peace made by the Queen of the Netherlands and the King of Belgium.
541:
On 30 October, Best, Major
Stevens and Lieutenant Klop met with three German officers: Lieutenant Grosh, Colonel Martini and Major Schaemmel at The Hague. (Klop had collected the three Germans near Dinxperlo after they were arrested by Dutch police near the frontier.) Schaemmel, speaking for the
388:
At the early meetings
Fischer brought participants who were posing as German officers who supported a plot against Hitler, and who were interested in establishing Allied peace terms if Hitler was deposed. When Fischer's success in setting up the meetings with the British agents became known,
680:
in Munich on 8 November, Naujocks and his squad had been sent to DĂĽsseldorf to support Schellenberg. Even before his private train had returned from Munich to Berlin, Hitler ordered the British SIS officers in the Netherlands be brought to Berlin for questioning. Himmler issued the order to
721:
had tricked the British Secret Service into carrying on radio contact for 21 days after Best and Stevens were abducted using the radio transmitter given to them. Himmler is accredited to quipping, 'After a while it became boring to converse with such arrogant and foolish people'.
419:
At the last meeting between the British SIS agents and the German SD officers on 8 November, Schellenberg promised to bring a general to the meeting on the following day. Instead, the Germans brought the talks to an abrupt end with the kidnapping of Best and Stevens.
457:
A wild shooting affray followed, and one man, believed to be a Dutchman in the Dutch car, was killed, the body being dragged back into Germany. Several other Dutchmen who were in the car were likewise kidnapped, and, with their car, hauled into German
553:
On 9 November, the meeting was planned for 16:00. As for the last meeting, Klop arranged for a Dutch police guard to be present at the border. Unlike previous meetings, Best and Stevens armed themselves with Browning automatics in case something went
550:
Schaemmel asked Best and Stevens to meet again on the following day at the same venue to enable the general to be present, adding that as an 'attempt' against Hitler was to be made on Saturday, the next day would be the last chance for a meeting.
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In January 1941, Stevens was moved from Sachsenhausen to the bunker at Dachau concentration camp, where he remained until evacuated with Best and other protected prisoners in April 1945. In February 1945, Best was transferred briefly to
443:
One man was shot dead and a number of Dutchmen were kidnapped and taken into Germany after an amazing incident at Venlo, on the Dutch-German frontier this evening, following an armed clash between German Officials and
447:
A German motor car crossed the frontier when a Dutch car was approaching the Dutch barrier, ten yards from the German customs House. It is presumed that the Germans wanted to continue their journey into Holland
776:. Both were held in isolation in the T-shaped building reserved for protected prisoners of the Gestapo. While at Sachsenhausen, Best claimed he corresponded by secret letters with another protected prisoner,
792:
on 9 April 1945. Coincidentally, that was the same day that Elser was executed at Dachau. On 24 April 1945, Best and Stevens left Dachau with 140 other protected high-profile prisoners in a convoy bound for
521:
Best met with Fischer and Major Solms a week later. (Location and date unspecified) Solm told Best there was a conspiracy to remove Hitler from power in which some of the highest-ranking officers of the
454:
German officials and Customs officers, partly uniformed and all armed, ran across the Dutch frontier menacing Dutch onlookers, and ordered customers at the nearby café to move inside from the windows.
477:
November 10. Our men, who met, or were to have met, Gen yesterday, bumped off on Dutch-German frontier. Discussed matter with H. and Menzies . ... Numerous reports of imminent invasion of Holland.
42:
526:
were involved. Solms could give no further details as the 'ringleaders' would deal directly only with Best. However, before they would meet, they required certainty that Best was a
652:, carried out the orders. Best drove his car into the car park at the Cafe Backus for the meeting planned for 16:00 with Schellenberg. Stevens was sitting beside him while
664:
en route to Berlin. At DĂĽsseldorf, one of the men who had taken part in the kidnapping told Best the reason for the action was to catch some Germans plotting against the
382:
725:
The British Foreign Office believed that Himmler was involved in the secret Anglo-German contact of autumn 1939, and that the discussions, involving prime minister,
534:. That was done twice on 11 October, about the same day that Best was informed by Major Solms he feared he was being watched by the Gestapo and needed to 'lie low'.
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385:, Major General Johan van Oorschot. Klop was permitted by Van Oorschot to sit in on covert meetings but could not take part because of his country's neutrality.
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in The Hague. To assist Best and Stevens in passing through the Dutch mobilised zones near the border with Germany, a young Dutch officer, Lieutenant
55:
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313:, was communicating peace proposals on the line of the Dahlerus proposals, made by Hitler's former deputy chancellor and then ambassador to Turkey,
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in September 1939 had come to nothing. So when a German refugee named Fischer succeeded in winning the confidence of the exiled Catholic leader,
538:
Huns seemed scared out of their wits and it was very difficult to get anything out of them except that they wanted to go home', Best recalled.
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by Hitler the day after the kidnapping. Schellenberg gave evidence against other Nazis at the Nuremberg Trials. He died in 1952, at age 42.
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Fischer was known to Best as Dr Franz, a German refugee. According to Martin A. Allen, Fischer's real name was Morz, a former follower of
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Early on 9 November 1939, Schellenberg received orders from Himmler to abduct the British SIS agents, Best and Stevens.
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British agent and requested that he arrange for a certain paragraph to be broadcast in the German News Bulletin of the
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358:. Best was an experienced British Army intelligence officer who worked under the cover of a businessman residing in
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During the autumn of 1939, the German opposition was throwing out feelers to the British government. In October,
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at a military conference on 23 November 1939. See Documents on German Foreign Policy, Series D, Vol. VIII, 445.
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Lieutenant Klop was given the name of Captain Coppens by Best and Stevens to pass him off as a British officer.
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At the second meeting, Fischer brought a Major Solms to meet Best. Best believed that Solm was a major in the
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While the British press were unaware that two British SIS agents were involved in the border incident, Sir
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Major Solms was the alias of Johannes Travaglio, a German major in Division 1 (Air Reconnaissance) of the
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was still interested in seeking a compromise peace with Germany before too much blood had been spilt. The
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Best met with Fischer at an unspecified location in the Netherlands at the beginning of September 1939.
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over the border into Germany. Best recalls a full body search was performed on him when they reached
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The covert meetings leading up to the kidnapping, as remembered by Captain S. Payne Best in his book
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In early September 1939, a meeting was arranged between Fischer and the British SIS agent Captain
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Hitler first mentioned the possibility of using the Venlo incident as an excuse for invading the
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373:, a less-experienced intelligence operative who was working covertly for the British SIS as the
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Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression. Volume VII. USGPO, Washington, 1946/pp. 622–629. Document UK-81
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agents five metres (16 ft) from the German border, on the outskirts of the Dutch city of
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The damage inflicted on Britain's espionage network in Europe caused the new prime minister,
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The Venlo Incident was first reported in the British Press on 10 November 1939, as follows:
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1939 capture of British MI6 agents by Nazi intelligence services outside Venlo, Netherlands
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Hitler's Last Chief of Foreign Intelligence: Allied interrogations of Walter Schellenberg
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Hitler's Last Chief of Foreign Intelligence: Allied Interrogations of Walter Schellenberg
472:, Permanent Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs, was aware, as he recorded in his diary:
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had pictures of the conspirators named as Georg Elser, 'Kaptain Stevens' and 'Mr Best'.
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The Labyrinth: Memoirs Of Walter Schellenberg, Hitler's Chief Of Counterintelligence
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Battleground Western Europe: Intelligence Operations in Germany and the Netherlands
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was well aware of the existence of widespread opposition among the leaders of the
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British spy network in central and western Europe rendered practically useless
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in Munich, the head of which was a close collaborator and friend of Admiral
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Himmler's Secret War: The Covert Peace Negotiations of Heinrich Himmler
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Himmler's Secret War: The Covert Peace Negotiations of Heinrich Himmler
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Himmler's Secret War: The Covert Peace Negotiations of Heinrich Himmler
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Himmler's Secret War: The Covert Peace Negotiations of Heinrich Himmler
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197:(SD) on 9 November 1939, which resulted in the capture of two British
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Major Schämmel was the alias of Walter Schellenberg, as stated above.
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271:
225:
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Christian, a long-serving SD officer trusted by Walter Schellenberg.
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von Salish, a long-serving SD officer trusted by Walter Schellenberg
518:. They met at a small hotel in the town of Venlo. (Date unspecified)
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202:
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peace negotiations. Historian Callum MacDonald shared this view.
291:
408:
Schämmel", Schellenberg was at the time a trusted operative of
1038:, edited by Beatrice de Graaf, Ben de Jong, Wies Platje, 2007.
801:, they were liberated by the advancing US Army on 4 May 1945.
531:
1131:
Is Tomorrow Hitler's? 200 Questions on the Battle of Mankind
1066:
1064:
1062:
1172:
by S. Payne Best, published by Pen & Sword Books, 2009.
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an invasion of The Netherlands by Germany in May, 1940".
463:
The Dutch authorities have ordered an immediate Inquiry.
772:
headquarters in Berlin, Best and Stevens were sent to
84:
Five metres (16 ft) from the German border, near
589:, an SS officer involved in the euthanasia program "
499:
Cafe Backus with the German border in the background
437:
Shooting Affray Follows Clash With German Officials.
228:, on 8 November 1939, and to help justify Germany's
656:and his driver, Jan Lemmens, sat in the back seat.
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began to attend these meetings. Masquerading as a "
185:, was a covert operation carried out by the German
166:
158:
141:
131:
92:
80:
65:
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301:tried to establish peace through an early form of
681:Schellenberg early in the morning on 9 November.
1267:Hitler's Intelligence Chief: Walter Schellenberg
744:, to start his own spy and sabotage agency, the
688:, a suspect being interrogated in Munich by the
1133:. New York: Reynal & Hitchcock. p. 67.
430:
328:in Europe during the days preceding the German
441:OMINOUS BORDER INCIDENT Amsterdam, Thursday---
1111:
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8:
797:. At the lakeside Prags Wildbad Hotel, near
255:on 3 September 1939, British Prime Minister
190:
48:
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398:of the Foreign Intelligence section of the
1256:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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676:Prior to the assassination attempt at the
278:got in touch with the British through the
54:
47:
600:Captain von Seidlitz was the alias of SS-
232:(then a neutral country) on 10 May 1940.
817:"The Scotsman", 25 November 1939, p. 13.
432:ONE DUTCHMAN KILLED AND SEVERAL WOUNDED
286:. Theodor Kordt, the younger brother of
251:After the British declaration of war on
1026:, edited by Reinhard R. Doerries, 2003.
810:
648:under the operations command of SD man
1249:
1155:Callum MacDonald, "The Venlo Affair",
607:Lieutenant Grosch was the alias of SS-
491:Reconstruction of the incident in 1948
60:Reconstruction of the incident in 1948
585:Colonel Martini was the alias of Dr.
7:
1074:, Robson Books, London, 2005, p. 65.
1014:, Robson Books, London, 2005, p. 58.
895:, Robson Books, London, 2005, p. 54.
860:(3rd ed.). New York: Hutchinson
768:After interrogation at the Gestapo
369:Subsequent meetings included Major
216:'s failed assassination attempt on
208:The incident was later used by the
1203:"Affidavit of Walter Schellenburg"
953:Introduction to The Venlo Incident
940:Introduction to The Venlo Incident
324:All diplomatic efforts to avoid a
25:
717:The Nazi press reported that the
1332:History of Limburg (Netherlands)
1327:Espionage scandals and incidents
1289:
942:, Frontline Books, 2009, p. xii.
774:Sachsenhausen concentration camp
381:, was recruited by Chief of the
290:, pursued similar objectives in
1317:1939 in international relations
282:with the connivance of Colonel
1157:European Studies Review Vol. 8
854:Best, Sigismund Payne (1950).
412:and was in close contact with
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1168:Nigel Jones, Introduction to
1129:Knickerbocker, H. R. (1941).
1091:13/1990, London 1990, S. 2–13
786:Buchenwald concentration camp
729:, and the foreign secretary,
319:Sir Hughe Knatchbull-Hugessen
971:, Robson Books, London, 2005
788:and then to the 'bunker' at
746:Special Operations Executive
416:during the Venlo operation.
317:, to the British ambassador
244:Historic Venlo on the river
1144:Deutsche-Allgemeine-Zeitung
1117:The Man Who Started The War
695:Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung
383:Dutch Military Intelligence
230:invasion of the Netherlands
199:Secret Intelligence Service
147:Secret Intelligence Service
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1159:(1978) No. 4, London 1978.
297:The Swedish industrialist
1274:Schellenberg, W. (1954).
790:Dachau concentration camp
756:Naujocks was awarded the
619:Capture of British agents
311:Philips Christiaan Visser
171:
69:9 November 1939
53:
1265:Doerries, R. R. (2009).
1232:Doerries, R. R. (2003).
507:, are summarised below.
375:passport control officer
116:51.3818722°N 6.2170028°E
1322:1939 in the Netherlands
923:, London, 1990, S. 2–13
906:Blomberg–Fritsch affair
1347:World War II espionage
1278:. Harper and Brothers.
1089:World War Investigator
770:Prinz-Albrecht-Strasse
764:Fate of British agents
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672:Georg Elser connection
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43:considered for merging
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371:Richard Henry Stevens
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243:
121:51.3818722; 6.2170028
1337:November 1939 events
1298:at Wikimedia Commons
1085:"The Venlo Incident"
356:Sigismund Payne Best
1146:, 22 November 1939.
994:"Alexander Cadogan"
727:Neville Chamberlain
638:Luitenant Dirk Klop
396:Walter Schellenberg
349:Walter Schellenberg
257:Neville Chamberlain
212:to link Britain to
136:Diplomatic incident
112: /
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1209:. Washington. 1946
1170:The Venlo Incident
920:The Venlo Incident
857:The Venlo Incident
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645:SS-Sonderkommandos
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628:Richard H. Stevens
593:", in the Central
505:The Venlo Incident
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451:in the Dutch car.
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330:invasion of Poland
261:British Government
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1294:Media related to
1100:Walther Behrens,
1070:Martin A. Allen,
1010:Martin A. Allen,
891:Martin A. Allen,
742:Winston Churchill
711:Sigismund P. Best
470:Alexander Cadogan
414:Reinhard Heydrich
400:Sicherheitsdienst
303:shuttle diplomacy
210:German government
193:Sicherheitsdienst
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152:Sicherheitsdienst
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253:Nazi Germany
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218:Adolf Hitler
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175:, 3 captured
150:
142:Participants
36:
29:
1102:"Dirk Klop"
936:Nigel Jones
880:Netherlands
864:9 September
795:South Tyrol
778:Georg Elser
686:Georg Elser
265:German Army
214:Georg Elser
149:and German
119: /
107:6°13′1.21″E
94:Coordinates
32:‹ The
1306:Categories
1236:. London.
805:References
799:Niederdorf
758:Iron Cross
662:DĂĽsseldorf
483:Chronology
458:territory.
284:Hans Oster
236:Background
187:Nazi Party
167:Casualties
73:1939-11-09
1252:cite book
1213:6 October
904:see also
735:bona fide
702:Aftermath
654:Dirk Klop
528:bona fide
524:Wehrmacht
516:Luftwaffe
444:Dutchmen.
405:Hauptmann
379:Dirk Klop
362:with his
360:The Hague
41:is being
173:1 killed
145:British
81:Location
45:. ›
34:template
733:, were
719:Gestapo
690:Gestapo
684:Though
559:Aliases
280:Vatican
274:lawyer
220:at the
159:Outcome
71: (
1240:
713:, 1939
666:FĂĽhrer
630:, 1939
576:Abwehr
554:wrong.
366:wife.
307:Ankara
272:Munich
226:Munich
1342:Venlo
364:Dutch
288:Erich
246:Meuse
203:Venlo
86:Venlo
1258:link
1238:ISBN
1215:2010
866:2021
292:Bern
181:The
132:Type
66:Date
532:BBC
224:in
189:'s
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1250:{{
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