280:. Its wall is thickest at the apex and thins towards its base at the atrium. When viewed via cross section however, the right ventricle seems to be crescent shaped. The right ventricle is made of two components: the sinus and the conus. The Sinus is the inflow which flows away from the tricuspid valve. Three bands made from muscle, separate the right ventricle: the parietal, the septal, and the moderator band. The moderator band connects from the base of the anterior papillary muscle to the ventricular septum.
193:
384:
40:
324:, into the systemic circulation. The left ventricular muscle must relax and contract quickly and be able to increase or lower its pumping capacity under the control of the nervous system. In the diastolic phase, it has to relax very quickly after each contraction so as to quickly fill with the oxygenated blood flowing from the
1070:
However, both endocardial and midwall fractional shortening are dependent on myocardial wall thickness, and thereby dependent on long-axis function. By comparison, a measure of short-axis function termed epicardial volume change (EVC) is independent of myocardial wall thickness and represents isolated short-axis function.
574:
1069:
is used to measure the distances. Normal range is 25–45%, Mild is 20–25%, Moderate is 15–20%, and Severe is <15%. Cardiology
Diagnostic Tests Midwall fractional shortening may also be used to measure diastolic/systolic changes for inter-ventricular septal dimensions and posterior wall dimensions.
272:
The left ventricle is longer and more conical in shape than the right, and on transverse section its concavity presents an oval or nearly circular outline. It forms a small part of the sternocostal surface and a considerable part of the diaphragmatic surface of the heart; it also forms the apex of
288:
By young adulthood, the walls of the left ventricle have thickened from three to six times greater than that of the right ventricle. This reflects the typical five times greater pressure workload this chamber performs while accepting blood returning from the pulmonary veins at ~80mmHg pressure
328:. Likewise in the systolic phase, the left ventricle must contract rapidly and forcibly to pump this blood into the aorta, overcoming the much higher aortic pressure. The extra pressure exerted is also needed to stretch the aorta and other arteries to accommodate the increase in blood volume.
289:(equivalent to around 11 kPa) and pushing it forward to the typical ~120mmHg pressure (around 16.3 kPa) in the aorta during each heartbeat. (The pressures stated are resting values and stated as relative to surrounding atmospheric which is the typical "0" reference pressure used in medicine.)
264:, from which the pulmonary artery arises. A tendinous band, called the tendon of the conus arteriosus, extends upward from the right atrioventricular fibrous ring and connects the posterior surface of the conus arteriosus to the aorta.
1182:
Schlosser T, Pagonidis K, Herborn CU, Hunold P, Waltering KU, Lauenstein TC, Barkhausen J (March 2005). "Assessment of left ventricular parameters using 16-MDCT and new software for endocardial and epicardial border delineation".
1824:
Kawel, Nadine; Turkbey, Evrim B.; Carr, J. Jeffrey; Eng, John; Gomes, Antoinette S.; Hundley, W. Gregory; Johnson, Craig; Masri, Sofia C.; Prince, Martin R.; van der Geest, Rob J.; Lima, João A.C.; Bluemke, David A. (2012).
1229:
Haddad F, Couture P, Tousignant C, Denault AY. The right ventricle in cardiac surgery, a perioperative perspective: I. Anatomy, physiology, and assessment. Anesth Analg. 2009;108(2):407-21. doi:10.1213/ane.0b013e31818f8623.
2103:
347:
The typical healthy adult heart pumping volume is ~5 liters/min, resting. Maximum capacity pumping volume extends from ~25 liters/min for non-athletes to as high as ~45 liters/min for
Olympic level athletes.
2066:
Ugander M, Carlsson M, Arheden H (February 2010). "Short-axis epicardial volume change is a measure of cardiac left ventricular short-axis function, which is independent of myocardial wall thickness".
204:. The physiological load on the ventricles requiring pumping of blood throughout the body and lungs is much greater than the pressure generated by the atria to fill the ventricles. Further, the
730:, the ventricular pressure rapidly increases, and the two pressures become equal to each other (represented by the junction of the blue and red lines on the diagram on this page), the
249:
is equal in size to the left ventricle and contains roughly 85 millilitres (3 imp fl oz; 3 US fl oz) in the adult. Its upper front surface is circled and convex, and forms much of the
1279:"Reference right ventricular systolic and diastolic function normalized to age, gender and body surface area from steady-state free precession cardiovascular magnetic resonance"
2686:
421:
260:, which bulges into the right ventricle, so that a transverse section of the cavity presents a semilunar outline. Its upper and left angle forms a conical pouch, the
1241:
Haddad F, Couture P, Tousignant C, Denault AY. The right ventricle in cardiac surgery, a perioperative perspective: I. Anatomy, physiology, and assessment.
105:
1254:
Farb A, Burke AP, Virmani R. Anatomy and pathology of theright ventricle (including acquired tricuspid and pulmonicvalve disease). Cardiol Clin 1992;10:1–21
1564:"Characterisation of the normal right ventricular pressure-volume relation by biplane angiography and simultaneous micromanometer pressure measurements"
2909:
2526:
1611:
van Dam I, van
Zwieten G, Vogel JA, Meijler FL (1980). "Left ventricular (diastolic) dimensions and relaxation in patients with atrial fibrillation".
783:, which is mostly used for animal model research). Optimally, it is specified with which plane the distance is measured in, e.g. the dimension of the
2108:
1332:
Maceira A (2006). "Normalized Left
Ventricular Systolic and Diastolic Function by Steady State Free Precession Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance".
2679:
2141:
1217:
Leng J. Right ventricle. In: Weyman AE, ed. Principle andpractice of echocardiography. Philadelphia: Lippincott
Williams& Wilkins, 1994:901–21
414:
1827:"Normal Left Ventricular Myocardial Thickness for Middle-Aged and Older Subjects With Steady-State Free Precession Cardiac Magnetic Resonance"
1803:
1420:
93:
1454:"Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure is a predictor of mortality in cardiac surgery independently of left ventricular ejection fraction"
1065:
distances, it is EDD minus ESD divided by EDD (times 100 when measured in percentage). Normal values may differ somewhat dependent on which
253:
surface of the heart. Its under surface is flattened, forming part of the diaphragmatic surface of the heart that rests upon the diaphragm.
149:, an adjacent chamber in the upper heart that is smaller than a ventricle. Interventricular means between the ventricles (for example the
3283:
2672:
1095:
2202:
407:
208:
has thicker walls than the right because it needs to pump blood to most of the body while the right ventricle fills only the lungs.
1393:
2197:
2024:"Assessment of left ventricular function by the midwall fractional shortening/end-systolic stress relation in human hypertension"
1889:"Right ventricular thickness as predictor of global myocardial performance in systemic sclerosis: A Doppler tissue imaging study"
775:
distances, usually measured in millimeters. This is not as informative as volumes but may be much easier to estimate with (e.g.,
273:
the heart. The left ventricle is thicker and more muscular than the right ventricle because it pumps blood at a higher pressure.
2001:
1133:
2822:
100:
3199:
2954:
2932:
3194:
2939:
2604:
2381:
2134:
3020:
239:
3224:
3181:
3171:
3047:
3027:
2991:
2914:
2874:
2695:
2405:
1128:
1109:. This can happen as a compensatory mechanism when there is a problem in the conduction system from the SA node.
165:
276:
The right ventricle is triangular in shape and extends from the tricuspid valve in the right atrium to near the
3278:
3042:
3032:
2922:
1439:
1113:
666:
76:
3229:
3161:
3106:
3007:
2927:
2811:
2789:
2385:
2298:
2266:
2254:
1106:
1099:
944:
776:
611:
150:
2769:
1452:
Salem R, Denault AY, Couture P, Bélisle S, Fortier A, Guertin MC, Carrier M, Martineau R (September 2006).
3166:
3156:
3070:
2816:
2774:
2623:
2401:
2373:
2365:
2127:
1058:
154:
112:
88:
759:
Right ventricular pressure demonstrates a different pressure-volume loop than left ventricular pressure.
737:
Elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure has been described as a risk factor in cardiac surgery.
3015:
2546:
2451:
2419:
2293:
2212:
603:
169:
1642:
Kurita A (2008). "Longitudinal fractional shortening and its relation to diastolic cardiac function".
1278:
2764:
2747:
2648:
2541:
2477:
2397:
2369:
2316:
2217:
1687:"Effects of highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on hemodynamics in humans"
1121:
677:
621:
444:
361:
177:
1164:
823:) distance, excluding thickness of walls, although it can also be measured as the external distance.
192:
3111:
2949:
2944:
2779:
2752:
2599:
2182:
2113:
1733:"Physiological upper limits of left ventricular dimensions in highly trained junior tennis players"
1083:
1008:
985:
468:
365:
3219:
3084:
2837:
2643:
2611:
2271:
2244:
2192:
1667:
1098:, also called ventricular extra beats. When these beats become grouped the condition is known as
881:
784:
727:
298:
257:
212:
1435:
1946:
Lang, Roberto M. (1985). "Adverse
Cardiac Effects of Acute Alcohol Ingestion in Young Adults".
360:, the performance of the ventricles are measured with several volumetric parameters, including
2855:
2827:
2653:
2581:
2531:
2377:
2276:
2249:
2177:
2172:
2083:
2045:
1971:
1963:
1928:
1910:
1866:
1848:
1799:
1762:
1708:
1659:
1624:
1593:
1524:
1475:
1416:
1301:
1200:
516:
373:
277:
3204:
2799:
2415:
2311:
2281:
2075:
2035:
1955:
1918:
1900:
1856:
1838:
1752:
1744:
1698:
1651:
1616:
1583:
1575:
1514:
1506:
1465:
1341:
1293:
1192:
1066:
642:
560:
554:
541:
535:
261:
224:
220:
216:
819:, if not else specified then usually referring to the transverse (left-to-right) internal (
3054:
2784:
2664:
2561:
2556:
2536:
2409:
2393:
2389:
2187:
1145:
1091:
1062:
820:
772:
748:
744:
578:
387:
336:
332:
228:
2022:
de Simone G, Devereux RB, Roman MJ, Ganau A, Saba PS, Alderman MH, Laragh JH (May 1994).
1542:
3214:
3139:
3131:
2725:
2712:
2518:
2459:
2441:
2355:
2239:
1923:
1888:
1861:
1826:
1757:
1732:
1588:
1563:
1117:
1026:
As above but measured during systole. This measurement is not commonly used clinically.
780:
703:
548:
325:
201:
146:
1620:
1519:
1494:
1086:
that can occur in the ventricles or atria. Normally the heartbeat is initiated in the
219:, in the right ventricle. There are three types of these muscles. The third type, the
3272:
2832:
2742:
2735:
2720:
2551:
2040:
2023:
719:
492:
391:
369:
1671:
17:
3246:
3236:
3209:
3098:
3089:
2886:
2860:
2467:
2463:
2455:
2361:
1843:
1731:
Basavarajaiah S, Wilson M, Naghavi R, Whyte G, Turner M, Sharma S (November 2007).
731:
321:
313:
250:
232:
1061:
of any diastolic dimension that is lost in systole. When referring to endocardial
81:
3251:
3241:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2870:
2591:
2573:
2508:
2500:
2447:
2351:
2341:
2288:
2079:
1959:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
309:
1297:
1196:
3189:
2974:
2864:
2847:
2730:
2616:
2431:
1905:
1655:
1345:
1079:
529:
383:
357:
331:
The right ventricle receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium via the
1967:
1914:
1852:
1748:
880:
ESD is similar to the end-diastolic dimension, but is measured at the end of
3121:
2892:
2759:
2087:
1932:
1870:
1766:
1703:
1686:
1663:
1479:
1305:
1204:
211:
On the inner walls of the ventricles are irregular muscular columns called
2049:
1975:
1712:
1628:
1597:
1528:
3149:
2880:
1988:
1562:
Redington AN, Gray HH, Hodson ME, Rigby ML, Oldershaw PJ (January 1988).
1510:
1495:"Prediction of left ventricular pressure in infants with aortic stenosis"
1470:
1453:
1415:. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
885:
816:
302:
1579:
118:
3144:
2119:
1087:
884:(after the ventricles have pumped out blood) rather than at the end of
2984:
2979:
767:
The heart and its performance are also commonly measured in terms of
215:
which cover all of the inner ventricular surfaces except that of the
153:), while intraventricular means within one ventricle (for example an
1364:
Normal ranges for heart rate are among the narrowest limits between
1007:
Average thickness of the right ventricle, with numbers given as 95%
39:
984:
Average thickness of the left ventricle, with numbers given as 95%
573:
3116:
2703:
2473:
2151:
2061:
2059:
723:
707:
317:
301:, the ventricles contract, pumping blood through the body. During
191:
181:
161:
138:
134:
64:
45:
141:
towards the peripheral beds within the body and lungs. The blood
2068:
American
Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology
173:
142:
2668:
2123:
133:
is one of two large chambers located toward the bottom of the
200:
Ventricles have thicker walls than atria and generate higher
1277:
Maceira AM, Prasad SK, Khan M, Pennell DJ (December 2006).
1543:"Aortic Stenosis: Overview – eMedicine Emergency Medicine"
1685:
Grimsgaard S, Bønaa KH, Hansen JB, Myhre ES (July 1998).
44:
Computer generated animation of cut section of the human
1245:. 2009;108(2):407-21. doi:10.1213/ane.0b013e31818f8623.
722:, ventricular pressure is less than the pressure in the
1411:
Goers TA, Klingensmith ME, Chen LE, Glasgow SC (2008).
958:
Left ventricular end diastolic posterior wall dimension
747:
and the left ventricular pressure may be indicative of
196:
Heart section showing ventricles and ventricular septum
308:
The left ventricle receives oxygenated blood from the
965:
The thickness of the posterior left ventricular wall.
242:, averages 143 g ± 38.4 g, with a range of 87–224 g.
3180:
3130:
3097:
3083:
3063:
3000:
2902:
2846:
2798:
2711:
2702:
2636:
2590:
2572:
2517:
2499:
2492:
2430:
2340:
2333:
2228:
2165:
2158:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1090:of the atrium but initiation can also occur in the
864:
The end-diastolic dimension of the right ventricle.
99:
87:
75:
63:
58:
53:
32:
927:The end-systolic dimension of the right ventricle.
842:The end-diastolic dimension of the left ventricle.
305:, the ventricles relax and fill with blood again.
1882:
1880:
988:for the short axis images at the mid-cavity level
907:The end-systolic dimension of the left ventricle.
394:, showing left ventricular volume as a red trace.
1726:
1724:
1722:
1493:Brenner JI, Baker KR, Berman MA (October 1980).
740:Noninvasive approximations have been described.
457:End-diastolic volume / body surface area (mL/m)
238:The mass of the left ventricle, as estimated by
2002:"Left ventricle size – Echocardiography in ICU"
1989:chfpatients.com > Fractional Shortening (FS)
936:Interventricular septal end diastolic dimension
481:End-systolic volume / body surface area (mL/m)
335:and pumps it into the pulmonary artery via the
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1776:
815:The diameter across a ventricle at the end of
176:, and the left ventricle pumps blood into the
2680:
2135:
2028:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
1887:Karna, S.K.; Rohit, M.K.; Wanchu, A. (2015).
415:
164:, there are two ventricles that operate in a
8:
1334:Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
743:An elevated pressure difference between the
168:: the right ventricle pumps blood into the
160:In a four-chambered heart, such as that in
3094:
2708:
2687:
2673:
2665:
2496:
2337:
2232:
2162:
2142:
2128:
2120:
1691:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1388:
1386:
1360:
1358:
1105:Another form of arrhythmia is that of the
422:
408:
38:
2039:
1922:
1904:
1860:
1842:
1756:
1702:
1587:
1518:
1469:
1438:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
855:Right ventricular end-diastolic dimension
505:Stroke volume / body surface area (mL/m)
918:Right ventricular end-systolic dimension
833:Left ventricular end-diastolic dimension
789:
734:opens, and blood is pumped to the body.
591:
572:
397:
382:
2696:Physiology of the cardiovascular system
2109:Left Ventricle – Cell Centered Database
1394:"Normal Hemodynamic Parameters – Adult"
1225:
1223:
1156:
1020:Left ventricular end systolic dimension
898:Left ventricular end-systolic dimension
2402:moderator band/septomarginal trabecula
1796:Examination Medicine (The Examination)
1237:
1235:
1185:AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology
1112:The most severe form of arrhythmia is
1000:right ventricular myocardial thickness
116:
29:
977:left ventricular myocardial thickness
223:, give origin at their apices to the
7:
2116:at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center
1798:. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
256:Its posterior wall is formed by the
1831:Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging
1737:British Journal of Sports Medicine
1380:articles for more detailed limits.
1116:which is the most common cause of
1096:premature ventricular contractions
1094:of the ventricles, giving rise to
667:Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
339:, into the pulmonary circulation.
25:
1399:. Edwards Lifesciences LLC. 2009.
227:which attach to the cusps of the
145:by a ventricle is supplied by an
1413:The Washington Manual of Surgery
586:Blue = left ventricular pressure
2807:
1621:10.1093/eurheartj/1.suppl_1.149
1844:10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.112.973560
1644:Journal of Medical Ultrasonics
1458:British Journal of Anaesthesia
1134:Atrioventricular septal defect
588:Yellow = left atrial pressure.
1:
2823:Aortic valve area calculation
2104:Photo of dissection at uc.edu
706:within the ventricles of the
2041:10.1016/0735-1097(94)90390-5
2940:Effective refractory period
2819:) / End-diastolic dimension
2605:sternopericardial ligaments
2382:valve of inferior vena cava
2080:10.1152/ajpheart.00153.2009
1960:10.7326/0003-4819-102-6-742
1948:Annals of Internal Medicine
771:, which in this case means
3300:
2203:posterior interventricular
2004:. Stanford.edu. 2009-06-23
1991:Retrieved on April 7, 2010
1197:10.2214/ajr.184.3.01840765
622:Right ventricular pressure
240:magnetic resonance imaging
3284:Cardiovascular physiology
3225:Tubuloglomerular feedback
3172:Critical closing pressure
2992:Hexaxial reference system
2915:Cardiac electrophysiology
2617:epicardium/visceral layer
2406:crista supraventricularis
2307:
2235:
2198:anterior interventricular
1906:10.1016/j.ihj.2015.06.021
1656:10.1007/s10396-008-0176-0
1346:10.1080/10976640600572889
1129:Ventricular septal defect
678:Left ventricular pressure
676:
662:
643:Pulmonary artery pressure
641:
620:
610:
594:
402:
316:and pumps it through the
166:double circulatory system
111:
37:
3200:Renin–angiotensin system
2114:Anatomy photo:20:05-0102
1794:O'Connor, Simon (2009).
1749:10.1136/bjsm.2006.033993
1440:Medical Subject Headings
1298:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl336
1114:ventricular fibrillation
48:showing both ventricles.
3230:Cerebral autoregulation
3195:Kinin–kallikrein system
3162:Jugular venous pressure
2812:End-diastolic dimension
2790:Pressure volume diagram
2386:valve of coronary sinus
2299:atrioventricular septum
2267:interventricular septum
1351:(subscription required)
1165:"How your Heart works?"
1107:ventricular escape beat
1100:ventricular tachycardia
945:interventricular septum
924:RVESD or sometimes RVSD
904:LVESD or sometimes LVSD
861:RVEDD or sometimes RVDD
839:LVEDD or sometimes LVDD
808:End-diastolic dimension
777:M-Mode echocardiography
612:Central venous pressure
390:of various events of a
151:interventricular septum
137:that collect and expel
3167:Portal venous pressure
3157:Mean arterial pressure
3071:Ventricular remodeling
2817:End-systolic dimension
2775:Cardiac function curve
2624:fold of left vena cava
2374:limbus of fossa ovalis
1613:European Heart Journal
1286:European Heart Journal
1044:Range 24 – 40 mm
930:Range 10 – 26 mm
910:Range 20 – 40 mm
873:End-systolic dimension
867:Range 10 – 26 mm
847:Range 36 – 56 mm
589:
395:
197:
155:intraventricular block
113:Anatomical terminology
2808:Fractional shortening
2420:pulmonary circulation
1568:British Heart Journal
1499:British Heart Journal
1074:Clinical significance
1051:Fractional shortening
1035:Left atrial dimension
970:Range 7 – 11 mm
952:Range 7 – 11 mm
943:The thickness of the
584:Red = aortic pressure
576:
511:52 mL/m (± 6.2 mL/m)
487:26 mL/m (± 5.1 mL/m)
463:78 mL/m (± 8.8 mL/m)
403:Ventricular volumes
386:
195:
170:pulmonary circulation
2748:End-diastolic volume
2649:Coronary circulation
2478:systemic circulation
2317:intervenous tubercle
1893:Indian Heart Journal
1704:10.1093/ajcn/68.1.52
1511:10.1136/hrt.44.4.406
1436:Ventricular+pressure
700:Ventricular pressure
460:78 mL/m (± 11 mL/m)
445:End-diastolic volume
362:end-diastolic volume
178:systemic circulation
27:Chamber of the heart
18:Ventricular function
3112:Vascular resistance
2950:Electrocardiography
2945:Pacemaker potential
2875:Conduction velocity
2780:Venous return curve
2753:End-systolic volume
2600:fibrous pericardium
1615:. Suppl A: 149–56.
1580:10.1136/hrt.59.1.23
1084:irregular heartbeat
1009:prediction interval
986:prediction interval
718:During most of the
508:51 mL/m (± 7 mL/m)
484:27 mL/m (± 7 mL/m)
469:End-systolic volume
399:
366:end-systolic volume
3220:Myogenic mechanism
2838:Left atrial volume
2770:Frank–Starling law
2644:Circulatory system
2612:serous pericardium
2574:Pericardial cavity
2272:trabeculae carneae
2245:interatrial septum
1471:10.1093/bja/ael140
785:longitudinal plane
590:
398:
396:
258:ventricular septum
213:trabeculae carneae
198:
70:ventriculus cordis
3266:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3079:
3078:
2919:Action potential
2910:Conduction system
2856:Cardiac pacemaker
2828:Ejection fraction
2662:
2661:
2654:Coronary arteries
2632:
2631:
2582:pericardial sinus
2542:Bachmann's bundle
2532:cardiac pacemaker
2527:Conduction system
2488:
2487:
2378:crista terminalis
2329:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2277:chordae tendineae
2250:pectinate muscles
1805:978-0-7295-3911-1
1422:978-0-7817-7447-5
1048:
1047:
697:
696:
566:
565:
517:Ejection fraction
452:142 mL (± 21 mL)
449:144 mL (± 23 mL)
374:ejection fraction
278:apex of the heart
221:papillary muscles
127:
126:
122:
16:(Redirected from
3291:
3205:Vasoconstrictors
3182:Regulation of BP
3095:
3028:pulmonary artery
3001:Chamber pressure
2709:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2666:
2497:
2452:atrial appendage
2416:pulmonary artery
2366:atrial appendage
2338:
2312:cardiac skeleton
2282:papillary muscle
2233:
2163:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2121:
2092:
2091:
2063:
2054:
2053:
2043:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1926:
1908:
1884:
1875:
1874:
1864:
1846:
1821:
1810:
1809:
1790:
1771:
1770:
1760:
1728:
1717:
1716:
1706:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1591:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1522:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1473:
1449:
1443:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1390:
1381:
1362:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1329:
1310:
1309:
1283:
1274:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1239:
1230:
1227:
1218:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1161:
1067:anatomical plane
790:
702:is a measure of
663:Pulmonary vein/
592:
500:95 mL (± 14 mL)
497:94 mL (± 15 mL)
476:47 mL (± 10 mL)
473:50 mL (± 14 mL)
436:Right ventricle
424:
417:
410:
400:
262:conus arteriosus
225:chordae tendinae
217:conus arteriosus
119:edit on Wikidata
42:
30:
21:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3279:Cardiac anatomy
3269:
3268:
3267:
3258:
3176:
3126:
3088:
3085:Vascular system
3075:
3059:
2996:
2898:
2883:(Contractility)
2842:
2794:
2785:Wiggers diagram
2698:
2693:
2663:
2658:
2628:
2586:
2568:
2562:Purkinje fibers
2557:bundle branches
2513:
2484:
2442:pulmonary veins
2426:
2410:pulmonary valve
2394:right ventricle
2390:tricuspid valve
2321:
2303:
2255:terminal sulcus
2224:
2154:
2150:Anatomy of the
2148:
2100:
2095:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2007:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1987:
1983:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1823:
1822:
1813:
1806:
1793:
1791:
1774:
1730:
1729:
1720:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1410:
1409:Table 30-1 in:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1363:
1356:
1350:
1331:
1330:
1313:
1292:(23): 2879–88.
1281:
1276:
1275:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1240:
1233:
1228:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1146:Wiggers diagram
1142:
1120:and subsequent
1092:Purkinje fibres
1076:
992:
991:Women: 4 - 8 mm
969:
951:
846:
773:one-dimensional
765:
757:
749:aortic stenosis
745:aortic pressure
716:
664:
601:
600:pressure range
599:
587:
585:
583:
582:
579:Wiggers diagram
571:
439:Left ventricle
428:
388:Wiggers diagram
379:
354:
345:
337:pulmonary valve
333:tricuspid valve
326:pulmonary veins
295:
286:
270:
247:right ventricle
229:tricuspid valve
202:blood pressures
190:
123:
49:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3297:
3295:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3271:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3215:Autoregulation
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3186:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3140:Pulse pressure
3136:
3134:
3132:Blood pressure
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3103:
3101:
3092:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3010:
3008:Central venous
3004:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2917:
2912:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2890:
2889:(Excitability)
2884:
2878:
2868:
2858:
2852:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2804:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2726:Cardiac output
2723:
2717:
2715:
2713:Cardiac output
2706:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2669:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2596:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2578:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2523:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2505:
2503:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2460:left ventricle
2436:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2356:coronary sinus
2346:
2344:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2236:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2180:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2111:
2106:
2099:
2098:External links
2096:
2094:
2093:
2055:
2034:(6): 1444–51.
2014:
1993:
1981:
1954:(6): 742–747.
1938:
1899:(6): 521–528.
1876:
1837:(4): 500–508.
1811:
1804:
1772:
1718:
1677:
1650:(3): 113–118.
1634:
1603:
1554:
1534:
1485:
1444:
1428:
1421:
1402:
1382:
1354:
1311:
1256:
1247:
1231:
1219:
1210:
1174:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1118:cardiac arrest
1075:
1072:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1005:
1002:
995:
994:
993:Men: 5 - 9 mm
989:
982:
979:
972:
971:
966:
963:
960:
954:
953:
948:
941:
938:
932:
931:
928:
925:
922:
921:
920:
912:
911:
908:
905:
902:
901:
900:
892:
891:
889:
878:
875:
869:
868:
865:
862:
859:
858:
857:
849:
848:
843:
840:
837:
836:
835:
827:
826:
824:
813:
810:
804:
803:
800:
797:
794:
781:sonomicrometry
764:
761:
756:
753:
715:
712:
704:blood pressure
695:
694:
691:
687:
686:
683:
680:
674:
673:
670:
660:
659:
656:
652:
651:
648:
645:
639:
638:
635:
631:
630:
627:
624:
618:
617:
614:
608:
607:
596:
570:
567:
564:
563:
557:
551:
549:Cardiac output
545:
544:
538:
532:
526:
525:
522:
519:
513:
512:
509:
506:
502:
501:
498:
495:
489:
488:
485:
482:
478:
477:
474:
471:
465:
464:
461:
458:
454:
453:
450:
447:
441:
440:
437:
434:
430:
429:
427:
426:
419:
412:
404:
377:
353:
350:
344:
343:Pumping volume
341:
294:
291:
285:
282:
269:
266:
206:left ventricle
189:
186:
125:
124:
115:
109:
108:
103:
97:
96:
91:
85:
84:
79:
73:
72:
67:
61:
60:
56:
55:
51:
50:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3296:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2833:Cardiac index
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2743:Stroke volume
2741:
2737:
2736:Stroke volume
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2721:Cardiac cycle
2719:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2685:
2683:
2678:
2676:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2552:bundle of His
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2074:(2): H530-5.
2073:
2069:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2015:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1743:(11): 784–8.
1742:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1555:
1544:
1538:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1505:(4): 406–10.
1504:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1429:
1424:
1418:
1414:
1406:
1403:
1395:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1191:(3): 765–73.
1190:
1186:
1178:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1001:
997:
996:
990:
987:
983:
980:
978:
974:
973:
967:
964:
961:
959:
956:
955:
949:
946:
942:
939:
937:
934:
933:
929:
926:
923:
919:
916:
915:
914:
913:
909:
906:
903:
899:
896:
895:
894:
893:
890:
887:
883:
879:
876:
874:
871:
870:
866:
863:
860:
856:
853:
852:
851:
850:
844:
841:
838:
834:
831:
830:
829:
828:
825:
822:
818:
814:
811:
809:
806:
805:
801:
798:
795:
792:
791:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
762:
760:
754:
752:
750:
746:
741:
738:
735:
733:
729:
726:, but during
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720:cardiac cycle
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524:67% (± 4.6%)
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493:Stroke volume
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19:
3247:Carotid body
3210:Vasodilators
3090:hemodynamics
2895:(Relaxation)
2887:Bathmotropic
2861:Chronotropic
2637:Blood supply
2509:heart valves
2471:
2468:aortic sinus
2464:aortic valve
2456:mitral valve
2439:
2413:
2398:infundibulum
2370:fossa ovalis
2362:right atrium
2349:
2261:
2071:
2067:
2031:
2027:
2017:
2006:. Retrieved
1996:
1984:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1896:
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1792:Page 41 in:
1740:
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1574:(1): 23–30.
1571:
1567:
1557:
1546:. Retrieved
1537:
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1498:
1488:
1464:(3): 292–7.
1461:
1457:
1447:
1431:
1412:
1405:
1337:
1333:
1289:
1285:
1250:
1243:Anesth Analg
1242:
1213:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1168:
1159:
1122:sudden death
1111:
1104:
1077:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1034:
1029:16 mm
1019:
999:
976:
968:8.3 mm,
957:
950:8.3 mm,
935:
917:
897:
872:
854:
832:
807:
796:Abbreviation
768:
766:
758:
742:
739:
736:
732:aortic valve
717:
699:
698:
665:
355:
346:
330:
322:aortic valve
314:mitral valve
307:
296:
287:
275:
271:
255:
251:sternocostal
246:
244:
237:
233:mitral valve
210:
205:
199:
180:through the
159:
130:
128:
94:A12.1.00.012
69:
3252:Glomus cell
3242:Aortic body
3237:Paraganglia
3048:ventricular
3021:ventricular
2970:QT interval
2965:QRS complex
2960:PR interval
2933:ventricular
2871:Dromotropic
2592:Pericardium
2501:Endocardium
2448:left atrium
2352:venae cavae
2342:Right heart
2193:interatrial
1697:(1): 52–9.
1378:Tachycardia
1374:Bradycardia
1370:tachycardia
1366:bradycardia
1340:: 417–426.
845:48 mm,
521:66% (± 6%)
310:left atrium
284:Development
231:and to the
59:Identifiers
3273:Categories
3190:Baroreflex
3107:Compliance
3099:Blood flow
2975:ST segment
2903:Conduction
2893:Lusitropic
2865:Heart rate
2848:Heart rate
2800:Ultrasound
2731:Heart rate
2519:Myocardium
2432:Left heart
2262:ventricles
2008:2018-09-21
1548:2009-02-28
1372:. See the
1152:References
1080:arrhythmia
799:Definition
769:dimensions
763:Dimensions
530:Heart rate
358:cardiology
3150:Diastolic
3122:Perfusion
2881:Inotropic
2760:Afterload
1968:0003-4819
1915:0019-4832
1853:1941-9651
1169:HealthyWa
1057:) is the
1014:4 - 7 mm
1004:Mean RVMT
981:Mean LVMT
802:Normally
793:Dimension
690:diastolic
655:diastolic
634:diastolic
569:Pressures
372:(SV) and
188:Structure
131:ventricle
33:Ventricle
3145:Systolic
2923:cardiac
2334:Chambers
2229:Internal
2209:borders
2188:coronary
2088:19933422
1933:26702679
1871:22705587
1767:17957014
1672:22506795
1664:27278833
1480:16835254
1306:17088316
1205:15728595
1140:See also
1059:fraction
886:diastole
817:diastole
779:or with
685:100–140
682:systolic
647:systolic
626:systolic
577:Partial
561:L/minute
559:4.0–8.0
555:L/minute
553:4.0–8.0
433:Measure
320:via the
312:via the
303:diastole
293:Function
2765:Preload
2547:AV node
2537:SA node
2166:Surface
2159:General
2050:8176105
1976:3994186
1924:4699958
1862:3412148
1758:2465269
1713:9665096
1629:7274225
1598:3342146
1589:1277068
1529:7426202
1088:SA node
1063:luminal
882:systole
821:luminal
728:systole
598:Normal
540:60–100
534:60–100
368:(ESV),
364:(EDV),
352:Volumes
299:systole
297:During
172:to the
82:D006352
54:Details
3055:Aortic
3043:atrial
3016:atrial
3012:Right
2985:U wave
2980:T wave
2955:P wave
2928:atrial
2493:Layers
2408:), →
2289:valves
2086:
2048:
1974:
1966:
1931:
1921:
1913:
1869:
1859:
1851:
1802:
1765:
1755:
1711:
1670:
1662:
1627:
1596:
1586:
1527:
1520:482419
1517:
1478:
1442:(MeSH)
1419:
1304:
1203:
1082:is an
650:15–30
629:15–30
162:humans
147:atrium
143:pumped
3117:Pulse
3064:Other
3039:Left
3033:wedge
2704:Heart
2474:aorta
2454:) →
2294:cusps
2240:atria
2213:right
2183:sulci
2152:heart
1668:S2CID
1397:(PDF)
1282:(PDF)
998:Mean
975:Mean
962:LVPWd
755:Right
724:aorta
708:heart
693:3–12
672:2–15
658:4–12
318:aorta
268:Shape
182:aorta
174:lungs
139:blood
135:heart
117:[
65:Latin
46:heart
2476:and
2470:) →
2418:and
2388:) →
2218:left
2178:apex
2173:base
2084:PMID
2046:PMID
1972:PMID
1964:ISSN
1929:PMID
1911:ISSN
1867:PMID
1849:ISSN
1800:ISBN
1763:PMID
1709:PMID
1660:PMID
1625:PMID
1594:PMID
1525:PMID
1476:PMID
1417:ISBN
1376:and
1368:and
1302:PMID
1201:PMID
940:IVSd
714:Left
637:3–8
616:3–8
604:mmHg
602:(in
595:Site
423:edit
416:talk
409:view
245:The
106:7100
89:TA98
77:MeSH
2810:= (
2076:doi
2072:298
2036:doi
1956:doi
1952:102
1919:PMC
1901:doi
1857:PMC
1839:doi
1753:PMC
1745:doi
1699:doi
1652:doi
1617:doi
1584:PMC
1576:doi
1515:PMC
1507:doi
1466:doi
1342:doi
1294:doi
1193:doi
1189:184
1078:An
877:ESD
812:EDD
542:bpm
536:bpm
380:).
356:In
157:).
101:FMA
3275::
2462:→
2458:→
2446:→
2412:→
2404:,
2400:,
2392:→
2384:,
2380:,
2376:,
2372:,
2368:,
2360:→
2354:,
2082:.
2070:.
2058:^
2044:.
2032:23
2030:.
2026:.
1970:.
1962:.
1950:.
1927:.
1917:.
1909:.
1897:67
1895:.
1891:.
1879:^
1865:.
1855:.
1847:.
1833:.
1829:.
1814:^
1775:^
1761:.
1751:.
1741:41
1739:.
1735:.
1721:^
1707:.
1695:68
1693:.
1689:.
1666:.
1658:.
1648:35
1646:.
1623:.
1592:.
1582:.
1572:59
1570:.
1566:.
1523:.
1513:.
1503:44
1501:.
1497:.
1474:.
1462:97
1460:.
1456:.
1385:^
1357:^
1336:.
1314:^
1300:.
1290:27
1288:.
1284:.
1259:^
1234:^
1222:^
1199:.
1187:.
1167:.
1124:.
1102:.
1055:FS
1039:LA
787:.
751:.
710:.
606:)
376:(E
235:.
184:.
129:A
3087:/
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2873:(
2867:)
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2052:.
2038::
2011:.
1978:.
1958::
1935:.
1903::
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1841::
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1674:.
1654::
1631:.
1619::
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1348:.
1344::
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1296::
1207:.
1195::
1171:.
1053:(
1011:.
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888:.
581:.
378:f
121:]
20:)
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