269:
of VMN lesions or procaine injections, and point to the VMN's role in satiety. A major review of the subject in 2006 concluded that, "anatomical studies done both before and after Gold's study did not replicate his results with lesions, and in nearly every published direct comparison of VMH lesions vs. PVN or VNAB lesions, the group with VMH lesions ate substantially more food and gained twice as much weight." This strongly substantiates the classification of VMN as the primary satiety center in the hypothalamus.
47:
268:
in rats. However, the interpretation of these experiments was summarily discredited when Gold's research demonstrated that precision lesioning of the VMN did not result in hyperphagia. Nevertheless, numerous studies have shown that the immediacy of hyperphagia and obesity syndrome are a consequence
317:
Bilateral FOS expression in the VMH after repeated seizures is associated with alteration in the severity of flurothyl induced seizures in C57BL/6J mice that are not present in DBA/2J mice. Moreover, bilateral lesions of the VMH are able to block the propagation of seizure discharge to enter the
272:
It has also been found that lesions to the VMH in rats caused increased plasma insulin levels. Rats with a VMH lesion compared to normal rats overproduce a circulating satiety factor, to which the control rats can respond and rats with a VMH lesion cannot respond. A lesion to the VMH makes rats
276:
Researchers looked at a series of twenty-one animals of various degrees of adiposity, with respect to growth appearance, fat distribution, general physical condition, and the correlation between the level of adiposity attained and the correlation of the hypothalamic lesion. Lesions in the
280:
Another study found that there seems to be a higher concentration of cannabinoid receptor mRNA within the VMH in comparison to other nuclei within the hypothalamus. The cannabinoid ingestion has been linked to rewarding processes, and also with the release of dopamine in the brain.
219:. found that the ventromedial hypothalamus is a distinct morphological nucleus involved in terminating hunger, fear, thermoregulation, and sexual activity. This nuclear region is involved in the recognition of the feeling of fullness.
326:
In West
Germany, at least 70 men had their VMN operated on between 1962 and 1979. Most of these individuals had been involuntarily institutionalized or imprisoned for deviant sexual behavior, such as homosexuality, perceived
277:
hypothalamic area, particularly the region of the ventromedial hypothalamus interrupts a large number of the descending fibers from the hypothalamic cell groups that were found to contribute to obesity in rats.
929:
Flanagan-Cato LM, Lee BJ, Calizo LH (June 2006). "Co-localization of midbrain projections, progestin receptors, and mating-induced fos in the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus of the female rat".
756:"Pathophysiological significance of the obese gene product, leptin, in ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)-lesioned rats: evidence for loss of its satiety effect in VMH-lesioned rats"
1336:"Spatiotemporal differences in the c-fos pathway between C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice following flurothyl-induced seizures: A dissociation of hippocampal Fos from seizure activity"
310:
The VMHvl contains many distinct neuronal populations that contribute to varying, often distinct, functions. Notably, this region plays a role in sexual behaviors in females (
1566:
Storlien LH, Albert DJ (August 1972). "The effect of VMH lesions, lateral cuts and anterior cuts of food intake, activity level, food motivation, and reactivity to taste".
1285:
van Veen JE, Kammel LG, Bunda PC, Shum M, Reid MS, Massa MG, Arneson D, Park JW, Zhang Z, Joseph AM, Hrncir H, Liesa M, Arnold AP, Yang X, Correa SM (April 2020).
1191:
Matsumoto T, Yamanouchi K (September 2000). "Acceleration of mounting behaviors in female rats by ibotenic acid lesions in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus".
1056:
Kow LM, Pfaff DW (May 1998). "Mapping of neural and signal transduction pathways for lordosis in the search for estrogen actions on the central nervous system".
167:
314:), thus stimulating their sexual arousal. The VMHvl has also been found to play a role in estrogen-mediated movement and energy expenditure/thermogenesis.
972:
Harding SM, McGinnis MY (October 2005). "Microlesions of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus: effects on sociosexual behaviors in male rats".
1952:
711:
King BM (February 2006). "The rise, fall, and resurrection of the ventromedial hypothalamus in the regulation of feeding behavior and body weight".
754:
Satoh N, Ogawa Y, Katsuura G, Tsuji T, Masuzaki H, Hiraoka J, Okazaki T, Tamaki M, Hayase M, Yoshimasa Y, Nishi S, Hosoda K, Nakao K (March 1997).
2107:
31:
1009:"Selective sexual differentiation of neurone populations may contribute to sex-specific outputs of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus"
1644:
520:
Berthoud HR, Jeanrenaud B (September 1979). "Changes of insulinemia, glycemia and feeding behavior induced by VMH-procainization in the rat".
1833:
633:
Larkin RP (November 1975). "Effect of ventromedial hypothalamic procaine injections on feeding, lever pressing, and other behavior in rats".
143:
563:
Brooks CM, Lockwood RA, Wiggins ML (December 1946). "A study of the effect of hypothalamic lesions on the eating habits of the albino rat".
1385:"Dissociation of spontaneous seizures and brainstem seizure thresholds in mice exposed to eight flurothyl-induced generalized seizures"
1828:
2117:
2112:
2083:
1234:
Correa SM, Newstrom DW, Warne JP, Flandin P, Cheung CC, Lin-Moore AT, Pierce AA, Xu AW, Rubenstein JL, Ingraham HA (January 2015).
1099:
Christensen LW, Nance DM, Gorski RA (1977). "Effects of hypothalamic and preoptic lesions on reproductive behavior in male rats".
2183:
2000:
174:
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Balagura S, Devenport LD (June 1970). "Feeding patterns of normal and ventromedial hypothalamic lesioned male and female rats".
1889:
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2078:
2007:
1812:
162:
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Ferland RJ, Applegate CD (November 1998). "The role of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus in epileptogenesis".
1753:
598:
Epstein AN (December 1960). "Reciprocal changes in feeding behavior produced by intrahypothalamic chemical injections".
2320:
1789:
796:
1236:"An Estrogen-Responsive Module in the Ventromedial Hypothalamus Selectively Drives Sex-Specific Activity in Females"
886:
Panksepp J, Siviy S, Normansell L (1984). "The psychobiology of play: theoretical and methodological perspectives".
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1799:
1475:
Rieber, Inge; Sigusch, Volkmar (1979). "Psychosurgery on sex offenders and sexual ?deviants? in West
Germany".
350:"The neonatal ventromedial hypothalamus transcriptome reveals novel markers with spatially distinct patterning"
101:
1287:"Hypothalamic estrogen receptor alpha establishes a sexually dimorphic regulatory node of energy expenditure"
2215:
2155:
1803:
1778:
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Becker EE, Kissileff HR (February 1974). "Inhibitory controls of feeding by the ventromedial hypothalamus".
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1995:
1929:
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1906:
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1525:"Androgen receptors are required for full masculinization of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) in rats"
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1980:
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1144:"Facilitation of the lordosis reflex of female rats from the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus"
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1963:
1894:
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Maes H (June 1980). "Time course of feeding induced by pentobarbital-injections into the rat's VMH".
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Kadiyala SB, Papandrea D, Tuz K, Anderson TM, Jayakumar S, Herron BJ, Ferland RJ (January 2015).
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overproduce leptin, which they cannot respond to causing them to over eat, leading to obesity.
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among heterosexual men, and pedophilia. This surgery was not commonly performed elsewhere.
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839:"Anandamide administration into the ventromedial hypothalamus stimulates appetite in rats"
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Gold RM (November 1973). "Hypothalamic obesity: the myth of the ventromedial nucleus".
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Kurrasch DM, Cheung CC, Lee FY, Tran PV, Hata K, Ingraham HA (December 2007).
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VMH is also important in mammal play behaviour. Lesions to VMH along with the
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797:"The relation of various hypothalamic lesions to adiposity in the rat"
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The ventromedial nucleus (VMN) is most commonly associated with
1626:
1523:
Dugger BN, Morris JA, Jordan CL, Breedlove SM (February 2007).
264:. Early studies showed that VMN lesions caused over-eating and
1599:(10th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. pp. 355–357.
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2020:
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303:The VMHdm has a role in the male vocalizations and
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1612:Diagram of Ventromedial motor tract at lemoyne.edu
51:Ventromedial nucleus is 'VM', at center, in green.
1638:
1617:New Scientist: Seat of female libido revealed
8:
2065:
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1631:
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2084:Posterior (sympathetic/heat conservation)
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1310:
1261:
1251:
1167:
1032:
862:
771:
375:
365:
795:Hetherington AW, Ranson SW (June 1942).
193:ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus
40:Ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus
837:Jamshidi N, Taylor DA (November 2001).
340:
32:Ventromedial nucleus of the spinal cord
1383:Kadiyala SB, Ferland RJ (March 2017).
888:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
178:
36:
1007:Kammel LG, Correa SM (January 2020).
7:
2079:Anterior (parasympathetic/heat loss)
600:The American Journal of Physiology
565:The American Journal of Physiology
487:The American Journal of Physiology
95:nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami
25:
2118:Parvocellular neurosecretory cell
2113:Magnocellular neurosecretory cell
1142:Pfaff DW, Sakuma Y (March 1979).
2001:Anterior trigeminothalamic tract
1446:10.1097/00001756-199811160-00013
1352:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2014.11.009
804:Journal of Comparative Neurology
612:10.1152/ajplegacy.1960.199.6.969
577:10.1152/ajplegacy.1946.147.4.735
499:10.1152/ajplegacy.1974.226.2.383
300:are all linked to reduced play.
175:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
843:British Journal of Pharmacology
2238:Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
1160:10.1113/jphysiol.1979.sp012690
367:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2858-07.2007
1:
1205:10.1016/S0304-3940(00)01388-4
1070:10.1016/S0166-4328(97)00189-7
1013:Journal of Neuroendocrinology
725:10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.10.007
1754:Stria medullaris of thalamus
1580:10.1016/0031-9384(72)90234-x
1253:10.1016/j.celrep.2014.12.011
1113:10.1016/0361-9230(77)90010-7
986:10.1037/0735-7044.119.5.1227
900:10.1016/0149-7634(84)90005-8
682:10.1016/0031-9384(80)90055-4
534:10.1016/0006-8993(79)90816-3
421:10.1126/science.182.4111.488
2156:Suprachiasmatic (melatonin)
1541:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.10.001
1477:Archives of Sexual Behavior
943:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.01.012
354:The Journal of Neuroscience
27:Nucleus of the hypothalamus
2342:
1759:Thalamic reticular nucleus
1058:Behavioural Brain Research
318:brainstem seizure system.
244:These subdivisions differ
227:It has four subdivisions:
29:
1568:Physiology & Behavior
1303:10.1038/s42255-020-0189-6
1148:The Journal of Physiology
713:Physiology & Behavior
670:Physiology & Behavior
205:ventromedial hypothalamus
173:
44:
2295:Nuclei campi perizonalis
2221:Retinohypothalamic tract
30:Not to be confused with
2216:Medial forebrain bundle
2146:Arcuate (dopamine/GHRH)
1101:Brain Research Bulletin
974:Behavioral Neuroscience
773:10.1210/endo.138.3.4989
2233:Mammillothalamic tract
1996:Subthalamic fasciculus
1930:Pallidothalamic tracts
1925:Mammillothalamic tract
1907:Interthalamic adhesion
1597:Physiology of behavior
855:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704379
2260:is diencephalon, but
1981:Dentatothalamic tract
1940:Lenticular fasciculus
1902:Midline nuclear group
1529:Hormones and Behavior
931:Hormones and Behavior
816:10.1002/cne.900760308
237:Ventrolateral (VMHvl)
1964:Trigeminal lemniscus
1725:Subcommissural organ
1697:Habenular commissure
1193:Neuroscience Letters
298:lateral hypothalamus
252:, and behaviorally.
215:. In 2007, Kurrasch
18:Ventromedial nucleus
2285:Subthalamic nucleus
2103:posterior pituitary
1971:Spinothalamic tract
1945:Thalamic fasciculus
413:1973Sci...182..488G
234:Dorsomedial (VMHdm)
2321:Neuroendocrinology
1986:Acoustic radiation
1595:Carlson N (2010).
1489:10.1007/BF01541419
1401:10.1002/epi4.12031
2308:
2307:
2271:
2270:
2192:
2191:
2016:
2015:
2008:Medullary laminae
1976:Lateral lemniscus
1935:Ansa lenticularis
1733:
1732:
1692:Habenular trigone
1340:Epilepsy Research
1291:Nature Metabolism
1025:10.1111/jne.12801
189:
188:
184:
16:(Redirected from
2333:
2211:Stria terminalis
2066:
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1959:Medial lemniscus
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1720:Habenular nuclei
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181:edit on Wikidata
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2151:Preoptic (GnRH)
2108:Paraventricular
2088:
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2046:Mammillary body
2037:Median eminence
2012:
1991:Optic radiation
1911:
1839:Pulvinar nuclei
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1653:Anatomy of the
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1619:(June 26, 2006)
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1606:External links
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1389:Epilepsia Open
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329:hypersexuality
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2251:
2247:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1749:
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1742:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1648:
1643:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1297:(4): 351–63.
1296:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1107:(2): 137–41.
1106:
1102:
1095:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1064:(2): 169–80.
1063:
1059:
1052:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1019:(1): e12801.
1018:
1014:
1010:
1003:
1000:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
968:
965:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
925:
922:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
894:(4): 465–92.
893:
889:
882:
879:
874:
870:
865:
860:
856:
852:
849:(6): 1151–4.
848:
844:
840:
833:
830:
825:
821:
817:
813:
810:(3): 475–99.
809:
805:
798:
791:
788:
783:
779:
774:
769:
766:(3): 947–54.
765:
761:
760:Endocrinology
757:
750:
747:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
719:(2): 221–44.
718:
714:
707:
704:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
664:
661:
656:
652:
648:
644:
641:(9): 1100–8.
640:
636:
629:
626:
621:
617:
613:
609:
606:(6): 969–74.
605:
601:
594:
591:
586:
582:
578:
574:
571:(4): 735–41.
570:
566:
559:
556:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
516:
513:
508:
504:
500:
496:
493:(2): 383–96.
492:
488:
481:
478:
473:
469:
465:
461:
458:(3): 357–64.
457:
453:
446:
443:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
395:
392:
387:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
359:
355:
351:
344:
341:
334:
332:
330:
321:
319:
315:
313:
308:
306:
305:scent marking
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
282:
278:
274:
270:
267:
263:
255:
253:
251:
247:
239:
236:
233:
230:
229:
228:
222:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
182:
176:
172:
169:
166:
164:
160:
157:
154:
152:
148:
145:
142:
140:
136:
133:
130:
127:
123:
120:
117:
115:
111:
108:
105:
103:
99:
96:
93:
91:
87:
82:
79:
76:
74:
70:
67:
64:
60:
55:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
2326:Hypothalamus
2290:Zona incerta
2264:is glandular
2227:
2205:
2198:White matter
2179:Ventromedial
2142:
2101:
2051:Infundibulum
2022:Hypothalamus
1951:
1917:White matter
1895:Centromedian
1890:Intralaminar
1881:
1846:Metathalamus
1786:
1682:Pineal gland
1655:diencephalon
1596:
1574:(2): 191–7.
1571:
1567:
1532:
1528:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1395:(1): 48–58.
1392:
1388:
1378:
1343:
1339:
1329:
1294:
1290:
1280:
1246:(1): 62–74.
1243:
1240:Cell Reports
1239:
1229:
1199:(3): 143–6.
1196:
1192:
1186:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1016:
1012:
1002:
977:
973:
967:
937:(1): 52–60.
934:
930:
924:
891:
887:
881:
846:
842:
832:
807:
803:
790:
763:
759:
749:
716:
712:
706:
673:
669:
663:
638:
634:
628:
603:
599:
593:
568:
564:
558:
528:(1): 184–7.
525:
521:
515:
490:
486:
480:
455:
451:
445:
404:
400:
394:
357:
353:
343:
325:
316:
309:
302:
283:
279:
275:
271:
259:
246:anatomically
243:
226:
216:
213:hypothalamus
204:
200:
196:
192:
190:
144:A14.1.08.928
132:birnlex_1572
94:
66:Hypothalamus
2277:Subthalamus
2184:Dorsomedial
2134:vasopressin
2061:Grey matter
1774:Grey matter
1707:Grey matter
1667:Epithalamus
1659:human brain
1434:NeuroReport
1154:: 189–202.
307:behaviors.
286:hippocampus
84:Identifiers
2315:Categories
2125:Supraoptic
1346:: 183–96.
335:References
296:, and the
294:cerebellum
114:NeuroNames
2258:Posterior
2250:Pituitary
2094:Endocrine
2070:Autonomic
223:Structure
2262:anterior
2228:efferent
2206:afferent
2130:oxytocin
1882:midline:
1739:Thalamus
1687:Habenula
1559:17123532
1505:41463669
1462:29713035
1419:28825051
1370:25524858
1321:32377634
1272:25543145
1221:10334038
1213:10984627
1086:28276218
1043:31605642
994:16300430
959:36201218
951:16546183
916:26810046
873:11704633
824:85715802
741:40880350
733:16412483
698:43051882
620:13697000
585:20277066
550:39015121
386:18077674
312:lordosis
290:amygdala
256:Function
126:NeuroLex
2174:Lateral
2166:Emotion
2030:Surface
1824:Lateral
1795:Ventral
1787:paired:
1747:Surface
1675:Surface
1657:of the
1588:4569944
1550:1828277
1454:9858370
1410:5560332
1361:4272448
1312:7202561
1263:4324838
1169:1281421
1129:4700161
1078:9638959
1034:6982598
908:6392950
864:1573067
782:9048594
690:7413790
655:1202103
507:4811195
472:5480868
437:3011420
429:4795550
409:Bibcode
401:Science
377:6673626
322:Surgery
266:obesity
262:satiety
211:of the
209:nucleus
207:) is a
107:D014697
78:Basilar
62:Part of
57:Details
2143:other:
1871:K cell
1866:M cell
1861:P cell
1779:nuclei
1586:
1557:
1547:
1503:
1497:391177
1495:
1460:
1452:
1417:
1407:
1368:
1358:
1319:
1309:
1270:
1260:
1219:
1211:
1178:469715
1176:
1166:
1127:
1121:880486
1119:
1084:
1076:
1041:
1031:
992:
957:
949:
914:
906:
871:
861:
822:
780:
739:
731:
696:
688:
653:
618:
583:
548:
542:487120
540:
505:
470:
435:
427:
384:
374:
292:, the
73:Artery
2072:zones
1501:S2CID
1458:S2CID
1217:S2CID
1125:S2CID
1082:S2CID
955:S2CID
912:S2CID
820:S2CID
800:(PDF)
737:S2CID
694:S2CID
546:S2CID
433:S2CID
217:et al
179:[
168:62332
90:Latin
1953:PCML
1584:PMID
1555:PMID
1493:PMID
1450:PMID
1415:PMID
1366:PMID
1317:PMID
1268:PMID
1209:PMID
1174:PMID
1117:PMID
1074:PMID
1039:PMID
990:PMID
947:PMID
904:PMID
869:PMID
778:PMID
729:PMID
686:PMID
651:PMID
616:PMID
581:PMID
538:PMID
503:PMID
468:PMID
425:PMID
382:PMID
191:The
156:5729
139:TA98
102:MeSH
1817:VPL
1813:VPM
1576:doi
1545:PMC
1537:doi
1485:doi
1442:doi
1405:PMC
1397:doi
1356:PMC
1348:doi
1344:109
1307:PMC
1299:doi
1258:PMC
1248:doi
1201:doi
1197:291
1164:PMC
1156:doi
1152:288
1109:doi
1066:doi
1029:PMC
1021:doi
982:doi
978:119
939:doi
896:doi
859:PMC
851:doi
847:134
812:doi
768:doi
764:138
721:doi
678:doi
643:doi
608:doi
604:199
573:doi
569:147
530:doi
526:174
495:doi
491:226
460:doi
417:doi
405:182
372:PMC
362:doi
203:or
201:VMH
197:VMN
163:FMA
151:TA2
119:398
2317::
1885:MD
1856:LG
1851:MG
1834:LP
1829:LD
1809:VP
1804:VL
1800:VA
1790:AN
1582:.
1570:.
1553:.
1543:.
1533:51
1531:.
1527:.
1499:.
1491:.
1479:.
1456:.
1448:.
1436:.
1413:.
1403:.
1391:.
1387:.
1364:.
1354:.
1342:.
1338:.
1315:.
1305:.
1293:.
1289:.
1266:.
1256:.
1244:10
1242:.
1238:.
1215:.
1207:.
1195:.
1172:.
1162:.
1150:.
1146:.
1123:.
1115:.
1103:.
1080:.
1072:.
1062:92
1060:.
1037:.
1027:.
1017:32
1015:.
1011:.
988:.
976:.
953:.
945:.
935:50
933:.
910:.
902:.
890:.
867:.
857:.
845:.
841:.
818:.
808:76
806:.
802:.
776:.
762:.
758:.
735:.
727:.
717:87
715:.
692:.
684:.
674:24
672:.
649:.
639:89
637:.
614:.
602:.
579:.
567:.
544:.
536:.
524:.
501:.
489:.
466:.
456:71
454:.
431:.
423:.
415:.
403:.
380:.
370:.
358:27
356:.
352:.
288:,
248:,
199:,
128:ID
2301:)
2297:(
2132:/
2105::
2039:/
1815:/
1811:/
1802:/
1776:/
1646:e
1639:t
1632:v
1590:.
1578::
1572:9
1561:.
1539::
1507:.
1487::
1481:8
1464:.
1444::
1438:9
1421:.
1399::
1393:2
1372:.
1350::
1323:.
1301::
1295:2
1274:.
1250::
1223:.
1203::
1180:.
1158::
1131:.
1111::
1105:2
1088:.
1068::
1045:.
1023::
996:.
984::
961:.
941::
918:.
898::
892:8
875:.
853::
826:.
814::
784:.
770::
743:.
723::
700:.
680::
657:.
645::
622:.
610::
587:.
575::
552:.
532::
509:.
497::
474:.
462::
439:.
419::
411::
388:.
364::
195:(
183:]
34:.
20:)
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