381:
27:
241:
their weathering states. This is thus the design driver for the instrument. An identification of the ground composition based on measured spectra is only possible once a spectral library representing the surface conditions of Venus is available, which has been in the works at the
Planetary Spectroscopy Laboratory at DLR. By continuously monitoring the surface, it will be possible to further constrain the current volcanic activity. In addition to that, any surface information will contribute towards understanding the past evolution of Venus leading up to its current state.
656:
1633:
1627:
1639:
396:, France. First, a telescope with an aperture of 8 mm and a focal length of 40.5 mm projects the scene on the filter array. From there, it is then imaged on the focal plane through two more lenses with a combined magnification factor of 0.4. The optics have a total transmittance of 0.88, not taking into account the filters. The focal plane array (VEMFPA) consists of a
208:
The spectral windows were at the edge of Venus
Express' VIRTIS instrument's sensitive spectral range. VIRTIS also experienced thermal drifts and had issues with stray-light. This was because VIRTIS was not designed for ground mapping, yet it allowed for a proof-of-concept leading to VEM's design. VEM
693:
By optimising the detector for the relevant wavelengths, and by making use of the additional spectral ranges, the effects of atmosphere and stray-light are accounted for, thereby significantly lowering the uncertainty in the measurements — as described above. The uncertainties are further reduced by
284:
mission proposal in 2010. At the same time, the first Venus-analogue measurements began surfacing, making it possible to derive surface compositions from the measured Venus emissivities. EnVision's initial proposal was not accepted, and so the design was iterated upon so that a new proposal could be
639:
When looking at the spectral bands presented earlier, one can see that next to the six bands used for mineralogical measurements, eight more are present. Those additional bands are used to correct for the various effects altering the signal between the surface of Venus and the measuring spacecraft.
371:
scanner. It consists of the following subsystems: The optical sub-system (VEMO), the
Instrument Controller (VEMIC), the power supply (VEMPS), and the two-stage baffle (VEMBA). The development approach is analogue to what was successfully done when designing MERTIS. This means that one starts with a
240:
The goal of this instrument is to obtain a full mapping of the rock types, their iron content, and their redox states from orbit. Laboratory measurements have shown that a 4% difference in relative emissivity is sufficient to distinguish between the different rock types, and potentially identify
684:
Once applied, even for an orbit altitude of 8000 km, the SNR required to reach the necessary accuracy is theoretically attained with margins of more than 100% for all bands. For orbit altitudes around 250 km, the SNR is close to 10 times better than the one obtained at 8000 km. A
170:
While Earth and Venus are similar in many aspects, they evolved very differently and currently have distinct surface and atmospheric environments. Where Earth's surface has liquid water and supports life, Venus experiences a mean surface temperature of over 400 °C, and a
272:) and ground-based missions to study Venus. While these mostly represented proof of concepts, they gave rise to the idea for the Venus Emissivity Mapper, which is building on the flight heritage of all the aforementioned missions, especially so on VIRTIS and VMC aboard
603:
The instrument controller is the interface between the internal units and the spacecraft. It handles and processes all the data, and controls the subsystem. The system used in VEM is taken from MERTIS, with only the interfaces needing adaptation to comply with VEM.
3516:
625:
To keep stray- and sunlight out, a two-stage baffle is employed. The front part is mainly a screen to protect the spacecraft, while the back part is the one taking care of the stray-light. The baffle aims to reduce stray light to a factor of at least 10.
313:
proposal in 2014. It was initially selected for Phase A funding but not chosen for flight. In 2019, an updated proposal was submitted to the
Discovery Program, once more receiving Phase A funding. Two years later, in June 2021, the announcement about
190:
a challenge. As light travels through the atmosphere, it is attenuated by absorption and scattering, and it is blurred by the emissions of the atmosphere itself. Observations of Venus have shown that the surface can be observed through a number of
1126:
Helbert, Joern; Arnold, Gabriele E.; Walter, Ingo; Wendler, Dennis; Widemann, Thomas; Guignan, Gabriel; Marcq, Emmanuel; Börner, Anko; Jänchen, Judit; Maturilli, Alessandro; Kappel, David (2017). Strojnik, Marija; Kirk, Maureen S. (eds.).
612:
The main power draw is coming from the focal plane array and the instrument controller. This sub-system is heavily based upon the MERTIS PSU, as the latter is already flight-proven. The main part of the PS is a DC/DC converter from the
1497:
Helbert, Joern; Wendler, Dennis; Walter, Ingo; Widemann, Thomas; Marcq, Emmanuel; Guignan, Gabriel; Ferrari, Sabrina; Maturilli, Alessandro; Mueller, Nils; Kappel, David; Jaenchen, Judit (2016-09-14). Strojnik, Marija (ed.).
694:
having an overlapping ground coverage (to take care of short-term atmospheric variability), and repeated measurements (to reduce error due to uncertainty in water vapour content, cloud opacity, and surface window radiance).
356:), and their spectral features in the relevant windows, will be used to characterise the surface composition. This map of iron content will then, with topological data, be used to generate a map of inferred rock types.
723:
2395:
1333:
420:, France. Narrow-band filters takes care of only transmitting the spectral region of interest. Based on the 4% relative emissivity that is needed to differentiate between the different rock types, the
2895:
2355:
372:
breadboard, moves on to a lab prototype, follows that up by an engineering prototype, and finally reaches the full qualification model. Along the way, risks are constantly identified and mitigated.
640:
By measuring the atmosphere on its own, the effects of it and the varying conditions it introduces can be considered. The same is done for stray-light, for which three dedicated channels are used.
722:
Helbert, Jörn; Säuberlich, Thomas; Dyar, Melinda D.; Ryan, Conor; Walter, Ingo; Réess, Jean-Michel; Rosas-Ortiz, Yaquelin M.; Peter, Gisbert; Maturilli, Alessandro; Arnold, Gabriele E. (2020).
1332:
Helbert, Jörn; Dyar, Melinda D.; Widemann, Thomas; Marcq, Emmanuel; Walter, Ingo; Guignan, Gabriel; Wendler, Dennis; Mueller, Nils; Kappel, David; Arnold, Gabriele E.; D'Amore, Mario (2018).
359:
In order for these measurements to be absolute rather than relative, the measurements are to be calibrated using the data gathered by the Venera landers when overflying their landings zones.
1390:
Ghail, Richard C.; Wilson, Colin; Galand, Marina; Hall, David; Cochrane, Chris; Mason, Philippa; Helbert, Joern; MontMessin, Franck; Limaye, Sanjay; Patel, Manish; Bowles, Neil (2012).
3636:
209:
will be the first instrument in orbit around Venus focussed solely on these spectral bands, allowing for a complete mapping of the surface composition and surface redox states.
2713:
3067:
1128:
2348:
2139:
407:
from Texas
Instruments. InGaAs detectors have been used in deep space successfully over many years, making it a safe choice. This specific unit is currently in use on the
3557:
3306:
3252:
403:
detector, which has a resolution of 640x512 pixel, a FOV of 30°×45°, a pixel pitch of 20 μm, and a pixel FOV of 0.07°×0.07°. The imaging electronics unit used is
2924:
2119:
2663:
2972:
2341:
3257:
3995:
3944:
2784:
2494:
1539:
424:(SNR) for each band is derived by running the respective radiative transfer model. The bands and their required SNRs are found in the following table:
4030:
3055:
3011:
3448:
2890:
2688:
2683:
2134:
2104:
3640:
3366:
2124:
2114:
3362:
2286:
829:"Venus surface thermal emission at 1 μ m in VIRTIS imaging observations: Evidence for variation of crust and mantle differentiation conditions"
2899:
2718:
1366:
1158:
751:
775:
Hashimoto, George L.; Roos-Serote, Maarten; Sugita, Seiji; Gilmore, Martha S.; Kamp, Lucas W.; Carlson, Robert W.; Baines, Kevin H. (2008).
648:
As the integration time for a satellite in orbit can hardly be optimised, a few other techniques are applied to get the highest possible
4146:
3277:
2291:
1213:
3272:
2809:
3311:
2939:
2919:
2693:
1502:(Report). Infrared Remote Sensing and Instrumentation XXIV. Vol. 9973. San Diego, California, United States. pp. 99730R.
1186:
923:"Surface brightness variations seen by VIRTIS on Venus Express and implications for the evolution of the Lada Terra region, Venus"
4071:
3409:
2934:
2789:
2703:
2311:
4172:
4115:
2794:
2477:
421:
4001:
3334:
2149:
1532:
1017:
Smrekar, S. E.; Stofan, E. R.; Mueller, N.; Treiman, A.; Elkins-Tanton, L.; Helbert, J.; Piccioni, G.; Drossart, P. (2010).
3568:
380:
26:
4061:
3831:
3424:
2187:
2046:
285:
made in 2014 and again in 2016. ESA selected it for an in-depth design study in 2018 and three years later, ESA declared
3172:
3049:
2986:
2909:
2779:
2222:
1264:"Deriving iron contents from past and future Venus surface spectra with new high-temperature laboratory emissivity data"
614:
384:
The measurement bands used for the Venus
Emissivity Mapper to take advantage of the gaps in the CO₂ atmosphere of Venus.
655:
2992:
2849:
2212:
3827:
1499:
3934:
3318:
3223:
1611:
671:
322:
3298:
2296:
1548:
1525:
178:
Little is known about Venus' surface composition. The dense atmosphere and its cloud layers are mostly opaque to
4141:
3869:
3506:
1902:
1836:
187:
921:
Helbert, Jörn; Müller, Nils; Kostama, Petri; Marinangeli, Lucia; Piccioni, Giuseppe; Drossart, Pierre (2008).
1237:
4136:
3038:
2455:
2207:
1799:
229:
50:
40:
827:
Mueller, N.; Helbert, J.; Hashimoto, G. L.; Tsang, C. C. C.; Erard, S.; Piccioni, G.; Drossart, P. (2008).
4177:
2154:
2144:
150:
through a distinct number of atmospheric spectral windows. It will be one of the two payloads onboard the
4151:
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2505:
2464:
2390:
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2306:
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2260:
2109:
2016:
1667:
1661:
1574:
649:
393:
280:
220:
157:
108:
3965:
3875:
3380:
3119:
2862:
2636:
2488:
2022:
1461:
1403:
1346:
1275:
1138:
1098:
1030:
983:
934:
887:
840:
788:
731:
397:
308:
261:
213:
151:
104:
3781:
3683:
2471:
2377:
1780:
1632:
267:
4076:
3951:
3822:
3624:
2561:
2333:
348:
content. However these elements lack observable features in the 1 μm spectral band. Instead,
225:
3764:
3666:
3520:
3491:
2967:
2301:
2227:
1591:
1427:
1372:
1164:
1062:
903:
875:
757:
368:
2708:
1448:
Glaze, Lori S.; Wilson, Colin F.; Zasova, Liudmila V.; Nakamura, Masato; Limaye, Sanjay (2018).
3980:
3629:
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2733:
2726:
2070:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1479:
1419:
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1309:
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1154:
1054:
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999:
952:
856:
806:
747:
304:
183:
2814:
2324:
Missions are ordered by launch date. indicates failure en route or before any data returned.
777:"Felsic highland crust on Venus suggested by Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer data"
3890:
2651:
2053:
1939:
1503:
1469:
1411:
1354:
1299:
1283:
1146:
1106:
1038:
991:
942:
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891:
848:
796:
739:
349:
179:
1626:
1085:
Helbert, Jorn; Dyar, M. Darby; Kappel, David; Maturilli, Alessandro; Mueller, Nils (2021).
724:"The Venus Emissivity Mapper (VEM): Advanced development status and performance evaluation"
3429:
3345:
3077:
2837:
2831:
2531:
2255:
1969:
1773:
617:, which is supplemented by external LC-filters and some additional specialised circuitry.
417:
192:
1465:
1407:
1350:
1279:
1142:
1102:
1034:
987:
938:
844:
792:
735:
3374:
3099:
3094:
2757:
2740:
2445:
2160:
1304:
1263:
172:
404:
175:
rich atmosphere with a surface pressure of about 92 times that of Earth at sea-level.
4166:
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3859:
3734:
3458:
3340:
2597:
1693:
1605:
1431:
1391:
1376:
1066:
907:
761:
685:
laboratory prototype showed potential for a later SNR performance of well over 1000.
333:
Observations will be made at night measuring the emissivity signal from the surface.
294:
274:
256:
197:
1334:"The Venus Emissivity Mapper (VEM): Obtaining global mineralogy of Venus from orbit"
1168:
972:"VIRTIS emissivity of Alpha Regio, Venus, with implications for tessera composition"
4092:
3918:
3854:
3749:
3651:
3542:
3453:
3385:
2547:
2265:
1238:"DLR Institute of Planetary Research - The Planetary Spectroscopy Laboratory group"
677:
664:
143:
1638:
971:
995:
1598:
408:
1517:
3727:
3714:
3604:
3597:
3463:
3435:
3112:
3105:
3083:
3005:
2774:
2657:
2627:
2580:
2573:
2541:
1989:
1984:
1737:
1474:
1449:
1415:
1111:
899:
1483:
1423:
1295:
1050:
1018:
1003:
956:
860:
810:
4120:
3958:
3864:
3720:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3618:
3611:
3476:
3469:
3442:
3351:
3267:
3143:
3136:
3130:
3015:
2843:
2616:
2609:
2567:
2554:
2536:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2182:
2177:
1979:
1974:
1964:
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1887:
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1732:
1717:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1042:
828:
451:
341:
1313:
1287:
1135:
Society of Photo-Optical
Instrumentation Engineers (Spie) Conference Series
1058:
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4037:
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2420:
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1826:
1821:
1816:
1727:
1711:
1672:
947:
922:
852:
801:
776:
1337:
876:"Idunn Mons on Venus: Location and extent of recently active lava flows"
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3573:
3183:
3089:
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3059:
3045:
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2928:
2914:
2763:
2698:
2076:
1507:
1358:
1150:
743:
548:
345:
321:
Building onto the heritage of previous missions, all subsystems have a
1086:
874:
D'Incecco, Piero; Müller, Nils; Helbert, Jörn; D'Amore, Mario (2017).
4066:
3694:
3689:
3591:
3390:
2998:
2979:
2769:
2722:
2677:
2499:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2243:
1923:
1918:
1897:
1892:
1793:
1767:
1762:
1722:
1345:. Vol. 10765. San Diego, United States: SPIE. pp. 102–113.
1137:. Vol. 10403. San Diego, United States: SPIE. pp. 137–146.
730:. Vol. 11502. Online Only, United States: SPIE. pp. 36–59.
428:
Spectral bands and their required SNRs to fulfill the 4% requirement
400:
337:
202:
659:
The laboratory prototype of the Venus
Emissivity Mapper instrument.
3357:
3293:
2799:
1552:
1187:"NASA Selects 2 Missions to Study 'Lost Habitable' World of Venus"
654:
379:
147:
3178:
2804:
2482:
353:
301:
118:
2337:
1521:
1019:"Recent Hotspot Volcanism on Venus from VIRTIS Emissivity Data"
2248:
2217:
1262:
Helbert, J.; Maturilli, A.; Dyar, M. D.; Alemanno, G. (2021).
122:
205:, pointing towards recent volcanic activity on the surface.
388:
The optics sub-system is a three lens system, provided by
367:
VEM is a multispectral imaging instrument, operating as a
970:
Gilmore, Martha S.; Mueller, Nils; Helbert, Jörn (2015).
389:
16:
Spectrometer for mapping the surface composition of Venus
254:
Spectral windows have been used by several space-based (
325:
of at least 6, thereby giving VEM an overall TRL of 6.
156:
mission, and will also be the VenSpec-M channel of the
300:
The Venus
Emissivity Mapper was also submitted to the
822:
820:
224:
mission in June 2021. The principal investigator is
4129:
4106:
4085:
4054:
4023:
3988:
3979:
3899:
3889:
3847:
3815:
3808:
3799:
3773:
3757:
3748:
3675:
3659:
3650:
3584:
3550:
3541:
3499:
3490:
3417:
3408:
3286:
3245:
3236:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3164:
3157:
3029:
2883:
2876:
2823:
2644:
2635:
2626:
2454:
2369:
2274:
2236:
2200:
2170:
2097:
2090:
2063:
2038:
2009:
2002:
1932:
1911:
1845:
1809:
1703:
1653:
1646:
1584:
1566:
1559:
1133:. Infrared Remote Sensing and Instrumentation XXV.
128:
114:
100:
95:
85:
77:
72:
64:
56:
46:
36:
1214:"ESA selects revolutionary Venus mission EnVision"
728:Infrared Remote Sensing and Instrumentation XXVIII
336:Typically, igneous rocks are identified by their
2364:Science instruments on satellites and spacecraft
1339:Infrared Remote Sensing and Instrumentation XXVI
1336:. In Strojnik, Marija; Kirk, Maureen S. (eds.).
1392:"EnVision: taking the pulse of our twin planet"
31:Detailed design of the Venus Emissivity Mapper
2349:
1533:
1087:"Importance of Orbital Spectroscopy on Venus"
8:
19:
278:. VEM was first put forward as part of the
3985:
3896:
3812:
3805:
3754:
3656:
3547:
3496:
3414:
3242:
3213:
3206:
3161:
2880:
2641:
2632:
2356:
2342:
2334:
2094:
2006:
1650:
1563:
1540:
1526:
1518:
1450:"Future of Venus Research and Exploration"
25:
18:
1500:The Venus Emissivity Mapper (VEM) concept
1473:
1303:
1110:
946:
800:
426:
703:
667:during one dwell time (for slow orbits)
146:for mapping the surface composition of
318:' official selection was made public.
1443:
1441:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1208:
1206:
1180:
1178:
228:, and the instrument is built by the
7:
1080:
1078:
1076:
717:
715:
713:
711:
709:
707:
652:performance. Those improvements are:
4147:Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter
2292:List of artificial objects on Venus
1130:The Venus Emissivity Mapper concept
14:
132:2028 (planned) and 2031 (planned)
1637:
1631:
1625:
416:The filter array is provided by
91:6 bands between 0.86 and 1.18 μm
4116:International Lunar Observatory
2927:(TRMM, Terra, Aura, Suomi NPP,
833:Journal of Geophysical Research
781:Journal of Geophysical Research
162:mission's spectrometer suite.
1:
4062:High Resolution Stereo Camera
2287:Observations and explorations
2188:NASA Uranus orbiter and probe
726:. In Strojnik, Marija (ed.).
599:Instrument controller (VEMIC)
2223:Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar
996:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.04.008
927:Geophysical Research Letters
212:VEM was selected for NASA's
2993:Radiation Budget Instrument
1185:Potter, Sean (2021-06-02).
880:Planetary and Space Science
293:aboard — the fifth M-class
4194:
3319:Infrared Space Observatory
1903:Pioneer Venus Small Probes
1612:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer
201:was able to observe fresh
2320:
1623:
1475:10.1007/s11214-018-0528-z
1416:10.1007/s10686-011-9244-3
1112:10.3847/25c2cfeb.62e629cb
900:10.1016/j.pss.2016.12.002
444:
441:
438:
435:
410:ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter
24:
4142:Inertial Stellar Compass
3507:Raman Laser Spectrometer
1837:Pioneer Venus Multiprobe
672:Time-Delayed Integration
4137:Deep Space Atomic Clock
3396:Venus Emissivity Mapper
2208:European Venus Explorer
1043:10.1126/science.1186785
892:2017P&SS..136...25D
195:. Using this technique
140:Venus Emissivity Mapper
4173:Spacecraft instruments
1396:Experimental Astronomy
1288:10.1126/sciadv.aba9428
689:Reducing uncertainties
660:
615:Interpoint SMRT series
385:
218:mission and for ESA's
4152:Plasma Wave Subsystem
3263:Multispectral Scanner
2587:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
2391:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
2017:Venus Orbiter Mission
1668:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
1454:Space Science Reviews
658:
644:Signal-to-noise ratio
422:signal-to-noise ratio
394:Observatoire de Paris
383:
193:narrow infrared bands
3120:Mars Climate Orbiter
2762:RM-08 and MTVZA-OK (
2201:Cancelled / concepts
948:10.1029/2008gl033609
853:10.1029/2008JE003118
802:10.1029/2008JE003134
630:Signal optimisations
608:Power system (VEMPS)
250:History and heritage
60:VIS/NIR spectrometer
4077:Mars Orbiter Camera
1549:Spacecraft missions
1466:2018SSRv..214...89G
1408:2012ExA....33..337G
1351:2018SPIE10765E..0DH
1280:2021SciA....7.9428H
1143:2017SPIE10403E..0JH
1103:2021BAAS...53d.066H
1091:Bulletin of the AAS
1035:2010Sci...328..605S
988:2015Icar..254..350G
939:2008GeoRL..3511201H
845:2008JGRE..113.0B17M
793:2008JGRE..113.0B24H
736:2020SPIE11502E..08H
635:Atmospheric effects
429:
21:
4055:Imagers/telescopes
3203:Spectrophotometers
2302:Manned Venus flyby
1592:Parker Solar Probe
1508:10.1117/12.2237568
1359:10.1117/12.2320112
1151:10.1117/12.2275666
744:10.1117/12.2567634
661:
450:Center Wavelength
427:
386:
186:radiation, making
4160:
4159:
4097:Rosalind Franklin
4019:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4006:Rosalind Franklin
3981:Mass spectrometer
3975:
3974:
3911:Rosalind Franklin
3885:
3884:
3795:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3744:
3743:
3652:Triaxial fluxgate
3537:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3511:Rosalind Franklin
3486:
3485:
3410:UV-visible (UVVS)
3404:
3403:
3300:Rosalind Franklin
3238:Visible-IR (VIRS)
3232:
3231:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3153:
3152:
2872:
2871:
2684:DMSP 5D-2/F13-F15
2331:
2330:
2237:Program overviews
2196:
2195:
2091:Proposed missions
2086:
2085:
2071:Venus Life Finder
1998:
1997:
1621:
1620:
1368:978-1-5106-2101-5
1160:978-1-5106-1263-1
1029:(5978): 605–608.
753:978-1-5106-3810-5
596:
595:
350:transition metals
305:Discovery Program
136:
135:
4185:
3998:(Europa Clipper)
3986:
3947:(on ExoMars TGO)
3897:
3891:Neutral particle
3813:
3806:
3755:
3657:
3643:(Europa Clipper)
3548:
3497:
3415:
3243:
3214:
3207:
3162:
3158:Ultraviolet (UV)
2881:
2877:Infrared-visible
2642:
2633:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2335:
2297:List of missions
2213:Inspiration Mars
2095:
2007:
2003:Planned missions
1940:Tyazhely Sputnik
1651:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1564:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1519:
1512:
1511:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1477:
1445:
1436:
1435:
1402:(2–3): 337–363.
1387:
1381:
1380:
1344:
1329:
1318:
1317:
1307:
1268:Science Advances
1259:
1246:
1245:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1210:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1182:
1173:
1172:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1082:
1071:
1070:
1014:
1008:
1007:
967:
961:
960:
950:
918:
912:
911:
871:
865:
864:
824:
815:
814:
804:
772:
766:
765:
719:
430:
88:
29:
22:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4125:
4108:
4102:
4081:
4050:
4011:
3971:
3881:
3843:
3801:
3787:
3782:Cassini–Huygens
3769:
3740:
3684:Cassini–Huygens
3671:
3646:
3580:
3529:
3482:
3430:Mariner 6 and 7
3400:
3346:Mariner 6 and 7
3282:
3228:
3210:Long wavelength
3190:
3149:
3078:Mariner 6 and 7
3025:
2954:MESSR and VTIR
2868:
2838:Electra (radio)
2832:Cassini-Huygens
2819:
2622:
2472:Cassini–Huygens
2450:
2378:Cassini–Huygens
2365:
2362:
2332:
2327:
2316:
2270:
2232:
2192:
2166:
2082:
2059:
2034:
1994:
1933:Failed launches
1928:
1907:
1841:
1805:
1781:Cassini–Huygens
1699:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1617:
1580:
1560:Active missions
1555:
1546:
1516:
1515:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1447:
1446:
1439:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1369:
1342:
1331:
1330:
1321:
1274:(3): eaba9428.
1261:
1260:
1249:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1222:
1220:
1212:
1211:
1204:
1195:
1193:
1184:
1183:
1176:
1161:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1084:
1083:
1074:
1016:
1015:
1011:
969:
968:
964:
920:
919:
915:
873:
872:
868:
826:
825:
818:
774:
773:
769:
754:
721:
720:
705:
700:
691:
678:Spatial binning
650:signal-to-noise
646:
637:
632:
623:
610:
601:
378:
365:
331:
307:as part of the
291:VEM (VenSpec-M)
252:
247:
238:
168:
96:Host spacecraft
86:
57:Instrument type
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4191:
4189:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4165:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4112:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
3999:
3992:
3990:
3989:Interplanetary
3983:
3977:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3942:
3932:
3923:
3914:
3903:
3901:
3900:Interplanetary
3894:
3887:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3851:
3849:
3848:Interplanetary
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3825:
3819:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3777:
3775:
3774:Interplanetary
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3761:
3759:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3679:
3677:
3676:Interplanetary
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3663:
3661:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3634:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3588:
3586:
3585:Interplanetary
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3566:
3560:
3554:
3552:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3514:
3503:
3501:
3500:Interplanetary
3494:
3488:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3427:
3421:
3419:
3418:Interplanetary
3412:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3375:Europa Clipper
3360:
3355:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3332:
3321:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3296:
3290:
3288:
3287:Interplanetary
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3249:
3247:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3217:Interplanetary
3211:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3176:
3168:
3166:
3159:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3053:
3043:
3033:
3031:
3030:Interplanetary
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2970:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2952:
2949:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2893:
2887:
2885:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2859:
2847:
2840:
2835:
2827:
2825:
2824:Interplanetary
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2760:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2661:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2639:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2601:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2485:
2483:ExoMars lander
2480:
2475:
2468:
2460:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2381:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2338:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2099:
2098:Venus missions
2092:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2074:
2067:
2065:
2064:Descent probes
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2051:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2013:
2011:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1913:
1912:Balloon probes
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1813:
1811:
1810:Descent probes
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1796:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1657:
1655:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1595:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1570:
1568:
1561:
1557:
1556:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1522:
1514:
1513:
1489:
1437:
1382:
1367:
1319:
1247:
1229:
1202:
1174:
1159:
1118:
1072:
1009:
962:
913:
866:
839:(E9): E00B17.
816:
787:(E9): E00B24.
767:
752:
702:
701:
699:
696:
690:
687:
682:
681:
680:(macro-pixels)
675:
668:
645:
642:
636:
633:
631:
628:
622:
621:Baffle (VEMBA)
619:
609:
606:
600:
597:
594:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
544:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
497:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
447:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
398:Xenics XSW-640
377:
374:
364:
361:
330:
327:
251:
248:
246:
243:
237:
234:
188:remote sensing
173:carbon dioxide
167:
164:
134:
133:
130:
126:
125:
116:
112:
111:
102:
98:
97:
93:
92:
89:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
48:
44:
43:
38:
34:
33:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4190:
4179:
4178:Spectrometers
4176:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4105:
4098:
4094:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4007:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3928:Venus Express
3925:ASPERA-4 (on
3924:
3921:
3920:
3916:ASPERA-3 (on
3915:
3912:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3809:Ion detectors
3807:
3804:
3798:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3772:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3737:
3736:
3735:Venus Express
3732:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3525:
3523:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2975:(Terra, Aqua)
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2689:DMSP 5D-2/F16
2687:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2638:
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2629:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2598:Venus Express
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2578:
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2469:
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2466:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2456:Radio science
2453:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
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2300:
2298:
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2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2261:Pioneer Venus
2259:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2229:
2226:
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2209:
2206:
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2199:
2189:
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2176:
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2169:
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2158:
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2138:
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2128:
2126:
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2102:
2100:
2096:
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2078:
2075:
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2069:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
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1941:
1938:
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1931:
1925:
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1910:
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1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1694:Venus Express
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1647:Past missions
1645:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1606:Solar Orbiter
1604:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1589:
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1577:
1576:
1572:
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1215:
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1108:
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1036:
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1024:
1020:
1013:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
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989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
966:
963:
958:
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949:
944:
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936:
932:
928:
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917:
914:
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905:
901:
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889:
885:
881:
877:
870:
867:
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854:
850:
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834:
830:
823:
821:
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808:
803:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
771:
768:
763:
759:
755:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
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704:
697:
695:
688:
686:
679:
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673:
669:
666:
663:
662:
657:
653:
651:
643:
641:
634:
629:
627:
620:
618:
616:
607:
605:
598:
591:
588:
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582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
550:
546:
545:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
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470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
453:
449:
448:
432:
431:
425:
423:
419:
418:CNES Toulouse
414:
412:
411:
406:
405:LM98640QML-SP
402:
399:
395:
391:
382:
376:Optics (VEMO)
375:
373:
370:
362:
360:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
334:
328:
326:
324:
319:
317:
312:
311:
306:
303:
298:
296:
295:Cosmic Vision
292:
288:
283:
282:
277:
276:
275:Venus Express
271:
270:
265:
264:
259:
258:
257:Venus Express
249:
244:
242:
235:
233:
231:
227:
223:
222:
217:
216:
210:
206:
204:
200:
199:
198:Venus Express
194:
189:
185:
181:
176:
174:
165:
163:
161:
160:
155:
154:
149:
145:
141:
131:
127:
124:
120:
117:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
94:
90:
87:Spectral band
84:
80:
76:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
52:
49:
45:
42:
39:
35:
28:
23:
4107:Astronomical
4096:
4093:MicrOmega-IR
4043:
4036:
4033:(on InSight)
4024:Seismometers
4005:
3964:
3950:
3938:
3926:
3919:Mars Express
3917:
3910:
3874:
3780:
3750:Helium vapor
3733:
3726:
3719:
3682:
3628:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3543:Magnetometer
3522:Perseverance
3521:
3510:
3475:
3468:
3441:
3434:
3395:
3350:
3328:
3324:
3299:
3142:
3135:
3111:
3104:
3082:
3039:Schiaparelli
3037:
3036:COMARS+ (on
2951:Kanopus-V-IK
2861:
2853:
2842:
2830:
2615:
2608:
2596:
2579:
2572:
2560:
2553:
2548:Mars Express
2546:
2504:
2487:
2470:
2463:
2383:
2376:
2307:Terraforming
2282:Colonization
2159:
2054:MBR Explorer
2045:
1798:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1710:
1692:
1660:
1597:
1573:
1492:
1457:
1453:
1399:
1395:
1385:
1338:
1271:
1267:
1241:
1232:
1221:. Retrieved
1217:
1194:. Retrieved
1190:
1134:
1129:
1121:
1094:
1090:
1026:
1022:
1012:
979:
975:
965:
930:
926:
916:
883:
879:
869:
836:
832:
784:
780:
770:
727:
692:
683:
665:Oversampling
647:
638:
624:
611:
602:
445:Stray Light
415:
409:
387:
366:
358:
335:
332:
320:
315:
309:
299:
290:
286:
279:
273:
268:
262:
255:
253:
239:
226:Jörn Helbert
219:
214:
211:
207:
196:
177:
169:
158:
152:
144:spectrometer
139:
137:
47:Manufacturer
4109:instruments
4086:Microscopes
2752:Meteor-M2-1
2741:Meteor-3M-1
2079:(2031–2032)
1599:BepiColombo
1218:www.esa.int
982:: 350–361.
547:Target SNR
436:Mineralogy
352:(primarily
245:Description
232:in Berlin.
142:(VEM) is a
129:Launch date
4167:Categories
3816:Near-Earth
3758:Near-Earth
3728:Pioneer 11
3660:Near-Earth
3598:Pioneer 10
3551:Near-Earth
3436:Mariner 10
3246:Near-Earth
3165:Near-Earth
3118:PMIRR (on
3106:Pioneer 10
3084:Mariner 10
3006:Sentinel-3
2884:Near-Earth
2775:Sentinel-3
2746:MTVZA-GYa
2709:Kanopus-ST
2658:Sentinel-6
2645:Near-Earth
2628:Radiometer
2478:Europa-UVS
1970:3MV-1 No.2
1960:2MV-2 No.1
1955:2MV-1 No.2
1950:2MV-1 No.1
1614:(en route)
1608:(en route)
1602:(en route)
1594:(en route)
1242:www.dlr.de
1223:2021-06-11
1196:2021-06-11
1097:(4): 066.
698:References
101:Spacecraft
78:Resolution
73:Properties
4121:MoonLIGHT
3959:Mariner 2
3939:Curiosity
3865:Mariner 2
3802:detectors
3721:MESSENGER
3700:Mariner 2
3612:Voyager 1
3470:Voyager 1
3443:MESSENGER
3352:MESSENGER
3337:(on Juno)
3325:Voyager 1
3268:SCIAMACHY
3137:Voyager 1
3100:2M No.522
3095:2M No.521
3016:Suomi NPP
2844:Mariner 2
2749:Meteor-M2
2736:, MOS-1b)
2637:Microwave
2610:Voyager 1
2568:Pioneer 7
2555:MESSENGER
2512:Mariner 2
2183:Laplace-P
2178:Mercury-P
2047:Dragonfly
1975:Kosmos 27
1965:Kosmos 21
1945:Mariner 1
1788:MESSENGER
1743:Venera 11
1733:Mariner 5
1718:Mariner 2
1484:0038-6308
1460:(5): 89.
1432:254469798
1424:0922-6435
1377:134509078
1296:2375-2548
1067:206525323
1051:0036-8075
1004:0019-1035
957:0094-8276
908:125921659
886:: 25–33.
861:0148-0227
811:0148-0227
762:222110973
670:Discrete
369:pushbroom
342:potassium
323:TRL level
297:mission.
4038:Viking 1
3957:SPS (on
3907:ADRON-RM
3893:detector
3860:ASPERA-4
3855:ASPERA-3
3800:Particle
3563:QuakeSat
3363:E-THEMIS
3126:Venera 9
2968:Meteor-2
2946:ADEOS II
2758:Nimbus 7
2704:GPM Core
2671:ADEOS II
2604:Venera 9
2592:Sakigake
2506:Magellan
2465:Akatsuki
2416:Venera 4
2385:Magellan
2218:TMK-Mavr
2130:Venera-D
2029:EnVision
2010:Orbiters
1853:Venera 7
1817:Venera 3
1728:Venera 2
1712:Venera 1
1673:Venera 9
1662:Magellan
1654:Orbiters
1575:Akatsuki
1567:Orbiters
1314:33523894
1169:56090625
1059:20378775
433:Purpose
287:EnVision
281:EnVision
221:EnVision
184:infrared
166:Overview
159:EnVision
115:Operator
109:EnVision
65:Function
37:Operator
3966:Ulysses
3876:Ulysses
3837:Proba-2
3823:DEMETER
3574:Proba-2
3565:1 and 2
3517:SHERLOC
3307:MA-MISS
3184:Proba-2
3090:Mars 96
3073:Luna 13
3060:InSight
3046:Diviner
3020:NOAA-21
3004:SLSTR (
2929:NOAA-20
2920:AVNIR-2
2863:Rosetta
2815:Zond-PP
2764:Sich-1M
2739:MTVZA (
2699:Envisat
2678:Shizuku
2676:AMSR2 (
2656:AMR-C (
2495:InSight
2489:Galileo
2275:Related
2256:Mariner
2077:DAVINCI
2023:VERITAS
1846:Landers
1800:Shin-en
1774:Galileo
1462:Bibcode
1404:Bibcode
1347:Bibcode
1305:7810366
1276:Bibcode
1139:Bibcode
1099:Bibcode
1031:Bibcode
1023:Science
984:Bibcode
935:Bibcode
888:Bibcode
841:Bibcode
789:Bibcode
732:Bibcode
439:Clouds
346:silicon
329:Science
316:VERITAS
310:VERITAS
289:— with
269:Cassini
263:Galileo
215:VERITAS
180:visible
153:VERITAS
105:VERITAS
4099:rover)
4067:HiRISE
4008:rover)
3996:MASPEX
3952:Nozomi
3913:rover)
3695:Magsat
3690:FIELDS
3637:ICEMAG
3592:FIELDS
3513:rover)
3459:SPICAV
3454:SPICAM
3391:SPICAV
3386:SPICAM
3323:IRIS (
3173:EURECA
2999:GCOM-C
2997:SGLI (
2987:EURECA
2980:JERS-1
2770:Seasat
2723:MOPITT
2669:AMSR (
2666:(AQUA)
2664:AMSR-E
2562:Nozomi
2500:Kaguya
2446:WISDOM
2411:MARSIS
2406:SHARAD
2401:SELENE
2396:REASON
2244:Venera
2171:Flybys
2161:Zephyr
2140:VISAGE
2073:(2025)
2056:(2028)
2050:(2028)
2039:Flybys
2031:(2031)
2025:(2031)
2019:(2028)
1919:Vega 1
1893:Vega 1
1794:IKAROS
1763:Vega 1
1723:Zond 1
1704:Flybys
1585:Flybys
1482:
1430:
1422:
1375:
1365:
1312:
1302:
1294:
1167:
1157:
1065:
1057:
1049:
1002:
976:Icarus
955:
933:(11).
906:
859:
809:
760:
750:
500:Width
442:Water
401:InGaAs
363:Design
344:, and
338:sodium
203:basalt
68:Mapper
4072:LORRI
3945:FREND
3765:Swarm
3667:Swarm
3524:rover
3492:Raman
3449:NOMAD
3425:Alice
3381:Ralph
3358:MERIS
3335:JIRAM
3302:rover
3294:AKARI
3171:ORI (
3012:VIIRS
2985:ORI (
2978:OPS (
2973:MODIS
2958:MOS-1
2944:GLI (
2925:CERES
2915:AVNIR
2904:Terra
2896:ASTER
2891:AVHRR
2810:WSF-M
2800:SSMIS
2795:SSM/I
2734:MOS-1
2732:MSR (
2727:Terra
2714:MIRAS
2370:Radar
2312:VeSpR
2228:Vesta
2150:VOICE
2120:HOVER
2115:HAVOC
1553:Venus
1428:S2CID
1373:S2CID
1343:(PDF)
1165:S2CID
1063:S2CID
904:S2CID
758:S2CID
674:(TDI)
495:1370
492:1060
486:1150
480:1510
477:1310
474:1195
471:1180
468:1110
465:1020
390:LESIA
148:Venus
81:10 km
4130:Misc
4031:SEIS
4002:MOMA
3937:(on
3832:DSLP
3830:and
3828:TPMU
3641:PIMS
3639:and
3630:Juno
3569:SGVM
3558:GOES
3373:(on
3371:SUDA
3367:MISE
3327:and
3312:ISEM
3278:TRMM
3258:MOMS
3253:CASE
3179:LYRA
3068:IRIS
3058:(on
3048:(on
2940:ERSS
2935:ERBS
2910:AIRS
2900:MISR
2855:Juno
2805:TRMM
2790:SMOS
2785:SMMR
2780:SMAP
2719:MISR
2694:ERSS
2652:AQUA
2532:6, 7
2266:Vega
2145:VISE
2135:VICI
2125:VAMP
2110:CUVE
2105:AREE
1480:ISSN
1420:ISSN
1363:ISBN
1310:PMID
1292:ISSN
1191:NASA
1155:ISBN
1055:PMID
1047:ISSN
1000:ISSN
953:ISSN
857:ISSN
807:ISSN
748:ISBN
583:100
580:100
577:134
574:134
571:134
568:125
565:145
489:790
483:960
462:990
459:910
456:860
302:NASA
266:and
236:Goal
182:and
138:The
121:and
119:NASA
107:and
3935:DAN
3870:SPS
3625:MAG
3464:UVS
3273:TES
3224:ISO
3056:HP3
3050:LRO
2850:MWR
2249:3MV
2155:VOX
1990:482
1985:167
1551:to
1504:doi
1470:doi
1458:214
1412:doi
1355:doi
1300:PMC
1284:doi
1147:doi
1107:doi
1039:doi
1027:328
992:doi
980:254
943:doi
896:doi
884:136
849:doi
837:113
797:doi
785:113
740:doi
562:43
559:44
556:53
553:53
533:30
530:40
527:30
524:30
521:12
518:12
515:20
512:15
509:30
506:60
503:40
230:DLR
123:ESA
51:DLR
41:DLR
20:VEM
4169::
3715:10
3605:11
3369:,
3365:,
3131:10
3113:11
3018:,
2962:1b
2898:,
2721:,
2581:11
2574:10
2542:10
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