Venus flytrap - Knowledge (XXG)

1060: 1073: 1369:, and is an adaptation found in several plants that grow in nutrient-poor soil. Carnivorous traps were naturally selected to allow these organisms to compensate for the nutrient deficiencies of their harsh environments and compensate for the reduced photosynthetic benefit. Phylogenetic studies have shown that carnivory in plants is a common adaptation in habitats with abundant sunlight and water but scarce nutrients. Carnivory has evolved independently six times in the angiosperms based on extant species, with likely many more carnivorous plant lineages now extinct. 485:—with a "jaw"-like clamping structure, which is formed by the terminal portion of each of the plant's leaves; when an insect makes contact with the open leaves, vibrations from the prey's movements ultimately trigger the "jaws" to shut via tiny hairs (called "trigger hairs" or "sensitive hairs") on their inner surfaces. Additionally, when an insect or spider touches one of these hairs, the trap prepares to close, only fully enclosing the prey if a second hair is contacted within (approximately) twenty seconds of the first contact. Triggers may occur as quickly as 831: 255: 843: 49: 962:, within 21 counties in North and South Carolina. As of 2019, it was considered extirpated in North Carolina in the inland counties of Moore, Robeson, and Lenoir, as well as the South Carolina coastal counties of Charleston and Georgetown. Remaining extant populations exist in North Carolina in Beaufort, Craven, Pamlico, Carteret, Jones, Onslow, Duplin, Pender, New Hanover, Brunswick, Columbus, Bladen, Sampson, Cumberland, and Hoke counties, and in South Carolina in Horry county. 859: 980: 902:. Small in stature and slow-growing, the Venus flytrap tolerates fire well and depends on periodic burning to suppress its competition. Fire suppression threatens its future in the wild. It survives in wet sandy and peaty soils. Although it has been successfully transplanted and grown in many locales around the world, it is native only to the coastal bogs of North and South Carolina in the United States, specifically within a 100-kilometer (60 mi) radius of 819: 1353: 115: 1577: 1731:. Since then, several poachers have been charged, with one man receiving 17 months in prison for poaching 970 Venus flytraps, and another man charged with 73 felony counts in 2019. Poachers may do greater harm to the wild populations than a simple count of individuals taken would indicate, as they may selectively harvest the largest plants at a site, which have more flowers and fruit and therefore generate more seeds than smaller plants. 789:

with narrow petioles and leaves at 45 degrees; and 'filiformis', with extremely narrow or linear petioles. Except for 'filiformis', all of these can be stages in leaf production of any plant depending on season (decumbent in summer versus short versus semi-erect in spring), length of photoperiod (long petioles in spring versus short in summer), and intensity of light (wide petioles in low light intensity versus narrow in brighter light).

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residential and commercial development and road building directly eliminate flytrap habitat, while site preparation that entails ditching and draining can dry out soil in surrounding areas, destroying the viability of the species. Additionally, increased recreational use of natural areas in populated areas directly destroys the plants by crushing or uprooting them.

883: 1451:, such as rapid leaf and tentacle movement. The model proposes that plant carnivory by snap trap evolved from the flypaper traps, driven by increasing prey size. Bigger prey provides greater nutritional value, but large insects can easily escape the sticky mucilage of flypaper traps; the evolution of snap traps would therefore prevent escape and 2479:: Together with a Catalogue of Such Foreign Plants as Are Worthy of Being Encouraged in Our American Colonies, for the Purposes of Medicine, Agriculture, and Commerce. To Which is Added, the Figure and Botanical Description of a New Sensitive Plant, Called Dionæa muscipula: or, Venus's Fly-trap – (London, printed and sold by L. Davis, 1770). 971:

of more than 93% from a 1979 estimate of approximately 4,500,000 individuals. A 1958 study found 259 confirmed extant or historic sites. As of 2016, there were 71 known sites where the plant could be found in the wild. Of these 71 sites, only 20 were classified as having excellent or good long-term viability.

636:. In the letter he wrote: "We have a kind of Catch Fly Sensitive which closes upon anything that touches it. It grows in Latitude 34 but not in 35. I will try to save the seed here." A year later, Dobbs went into greater detail about the plant in a letter to Collinson dated Brunswick, 24 January 1760. 1472:

and other molecular components of insect and microbial pests. In the Venus flytrap, this same molecule has been found to be responsible for the activation of the plant's digestive glands. A few hours after the capture of prey, another set of genes is activated inside the glands, the same set of genes

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The Venus flytrap is only found in the wild in a very particular set of conditions, requiring flat land with moist, acidic, nutrient-poor soils that receive full sun and burn frequently in forest fires, and is therefore sensitive to many types of disturbance. A 2011 review identified five categories

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that is active in the roots of other plants, allowing them to absorb nutrients. The use of similar biological pathways in the traps as non-carnivorous plants use for other purposes indicates that somewhere in its evolutionary history, the Venus flytrap repurposed these genes to facilitate carnivory.

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A large-scale survey in 2019, conducted by the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, counted a total of 163,951 individual Venus flytraps in North Carolina and 4,876 in South Carolina, estimating a total of 302,000 individuals remaining in the wild in its native range. This represents a reduction

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The Venus flytrap exhibits variations in petiole shape and length and whether the leaf lies flat on the ground or extends up at an angle of about 40–60 degrees. The four major forms are: 'typica', the most common, with broad decumbent petioles; 'erecta', with leaves at a 45-degree angle; 'linearis',

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is a major threat to the species. The human population of the coastal Carolinas is rapidly expanding. For example, Brunswick County, North Carolina, which has the largest number of Venus flytrap populations, has seen a 27% increase in its human population from 2010 to 2018. As the population grows,

1595:. Most Venus flytraps found for sale in nurseries garden centers have been produced using this method, as this is the most cost-effective way to propagate them on a large scale. Regardless of the propagation method used, the plants will live for 20 to 30 years if cultivated in the right conditions. 926:

They are full sun plants, usually found only in areas with less than 10% canopy cover. The habitats where it thrives are typically either too nutrient-poor for many noncarnivorous plants to survive, or frequently disturbed by fires which regularly clear vegetation and prevent a shady overstory from

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The requirement of repeated, seemingly redundant triggering in this mechanism serves as a safeguard against energy loss and to avoid trapping objects with no nutritional value; the plant will only begin digestion after five more stimuli are activated, ensuring that it has caught a live prey animal

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formation that the soil cannot. They tolerate mild winters, and require a period of winter dormancy to survive freezing temperatures and low photoperiods. It is a common misconception that Venus flytraps require dormancy if kept indoors under sufficient artificial light. However, most professional

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The holes in the meshwork allow small prey to escape, presumably because the benefit that would be obtained from them would be less than the cost of digesting them. If the prey is too small and escapes, the trap will usually reopen within 12 hours. If the prey moves around in the trap, it tightens

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that are found on the upper surface of each of the lobes. The mechanism is so highly specialized that it can distinguish between living prey and non-prey stimuli, such as falling raindrops; two trigger hairs must be touched in succession within 20 seconds of each other or one hair touched twice in

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The Venus flytrap is a small plant whose structure can be described as a rosette of four to seven leaves, which arise from a short subterranean stem that is actually a bulb-like object. Each stem reaches a maximum size of about three to ten centimeters, depending on the time of year; longer leaves

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The great wonder of the vegetable kingdom is a very curious unknown species of Sensitive. It is a dwarf plant. The leaves are like a narrow segment of a sphere, consisting of two parts, like the cap of a spring purse, the concave part outwards, each of which falls back with indented edges (like an

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Speed of closing can vary depending on the amount of humidity, light, size of prey, and general growing conditions. The speed with which traps close can be used as an indicator of a plant's general health. Venus flytraps are not as humidity-dependent as are some other carnivorous plants, such as

1464:. The gene activation observed in the leaves of the plants gives support to the hypothesis that the carnivorous mechanisms present in the flytrap are a specially adapted version of mechanisms used by non-carnivorous plants to defend against herbivorous insects. In many non-carnivorous plants, 1698:

requires fire every 3–5 years, and best thrives with annual brush fires. Although flytraps and their seeds are typically killed alongside their competition in fires, seeds from flytraps adjacent to the burnt zone propagate quickly in the ash and full sun conditions that occur after a fire

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As the trap became more and more active, the energy required to "wrap" the prey increased. Plants that could somehow differentiate between actual insects and random detritus/rain droplets would have an advantage, thus explaining the specialization of inner tentacles into trigger

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iron spring fox-trap); upon anything touching the leaves, or falling between them, they instantly close like a spring trap, and confine any insect or anything that falls between them. It bears a white flower. To this surprising plant I have given the name of Fly trap Sensitive.

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Hsu YL, Cho CY, Kuo PL, Huang YT, Lin CC (August 2006). "Plumbagin (5-Hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) Induces Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest in A549 Cells through p53 Accumulation via c-Jun NH2-Terminal Kinase-Mediated Phosphorylation at Serine 15 in Vitro and in Vivo".

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Bemm, Felix; Becker, Dirk; Larisch, Christina; Kreuzer, Ines; Escalante-Perez, Maria; Schulze, Waltraud X.; Ankenbrand, Markus; Weyer, Anna-Lena Van de; Krol, Elzbieta; Al-Rasheid, Khaled A.; Mithöfer, Axel; Weber, Andreas P.; Schultz, Jörg; Hedrich, Rainer (4 May 2016).

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enzymes secreted by the glands. One of these enzymes includes GH18 chitinase, which breaks down chitin-containing exoskeleton of trapped insects. Synthesis of this enzyme begins with at least five action potentials, which will stimulate transcription of chitinase.

1649:. The current review commenced in 2018, after an initial "90-day" review found that action may be warranted. A previous review in 1993 resulted in a determination that the plant was a "Potential candidate without sufficient data on vulnerability". The 583:

Historically, the plant was also known by the slang term "tipitiwitchet" or "tippity twitchet", possibly an oblique reference to the plant's resemblance to human female genitalia. The term is similar to the term tippet-de-witchet which derives from

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Most carnivorous plants selectively feed on specific prey. This selection is due to the available prey and the type of trap used by the organism. With the Venus flytrap, prey is limited to beetles, spiders and other crawling arthropods. The

1613:(cultivated varieties) have come into the market through tissue culture of selected genetic mutations, and these plants are raised in large quantities for commercial markets. The cultivars 'Akai Ryu' and 'South West Giant' have gained the 1714:

has been another cause of population decline. Harvesting Venus flytraps on public land became illegal in North Carolina in 1958, and since then a legal cultivation industry has formed, growing tens of thousands of flytraps in commercial

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Additionally, the species is particularly vulnerable to catastrophic climate events. Most Venus flytrap sites are only 2–4 meters (6.5 –13 feet) above sea level and are located in a region prone to hurricanes, making storm surges and

1511:, must have adapted to move the trap and its stalks in directions that maximized its chance of capturing and retaining such prey—in this particular case, longitudinally. Once adequately "wrapped", escape would be more difficult. 1501:. Nevertheless, it is possible to infer an evolutionary history based on phylogenetic studies of both genera. Researchers have proposed a series of steps that would ultimately result in the complex snap-trap mechanism: 2443: 1703:

s survival relies upon adequate seed production and dispersal from outside the burnt patches back into the burnt habitat, requiring a critical mass of populations, and exposing the success of any one population to

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If the prey is unable to escape, it will continue to stimulate the inner surface of the lobes, and this causes a further growth response that forces the edges of the lobes together, eventually sealing the trap

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Böhm, J.; Scherzer, S.; Krol, E.; Kreuzer, I.; von Meyer, K.; Lorey, C.; Mueller, T. D.; Shabala, L.; Monte, I.; Solano, R.; Al-Rasheid, K. A. S.; Rennenberg, H.; Shabala, S.; Neher, E.; Hedrich, R. (2016).

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of threats for the species: agriculture, road-building, biological resource use (poaching and lumber activities), natural systems modifications (drainage and fire suppression), and pollution (fertilizer).

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Plants can be propagated by seed, taking around four to five years to reach maturity. More commonly, they are propagated by clonal division in spring or summer. Venus flytraps can also be propagated

1176:; the plant knows if one of its trigger hairs have been touched, and remembers this for a few seconds. If a second touch occurs during that time frame, the flytrap closes. After closing, the flytrap 1540:

Completing the transition, the plant eventually developed the depressed digestive glands found inside the trap, rather than using the dews in the stalks, further differentiating it from genus

1708:. These dynamics make small, isolated populations particularly vulnerable to extirpation, for if there are no mature plants adjacent to the fire zone, there is no source of seeds post-fire. 2650: 1172:, allowing water to follow by osmosis, and the cells to collapse. Both of these mechanisms may play a role and have some experimental evidence to support them. Flytraps show an example of 998: 1658: 737:

rapid succession, whereupon the lobes of the trap will snap shut, typically in about one-tenth of a second. The edges of the lobes are fringed by stiff hair-like protrusions or

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worthy of consumption. These hairs also possess a heat sensor. A forest fire, for example, causes them to snap shut, making the plant more resilient to periods of summer fires.

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Gray, Janet Bracey; Sorrie, Bruce A; Wall, Wade (2016). "Canebrakes of the Sandhills Region of the Carolinas and Georgia: Fire History, Canebrake Area, and Species Frequency".

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Larger insects usually walk over the plant, instead of flying to it, and are more likely to break free from sticky glands alone. Therefore, a plant with wider leaves, like

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would lose their original function altogether, becoming the "teeth" and trigger hairs—an example of natural selection utilizing pre-existing structures for new functions.

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seeds germinate well in ash and sandy soil, with seedlings growing well in the open post-fire conditions. The seeds germinate immediately without a dormant period.

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is another threat to the Venus flytrap. In the absence of regular fires, shrubs and trees encroach, outcompeting the species and leading to local extirpations.

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of the trigger hairs; this is to avoid inadvertent triggering of the mechanism by dust and other wind-borne debris. In the open, untripped state, the lobes are

1489:. They generally do not form readily fossilizable structures such as thick bark or wood. As a result, there is no fossil evidence of the steps that might link 5587: 4793: 3140:

Suda, Hiraku; Mano, Hiroaki; Toyota, Masatsugu; Fukushima, Kenji; Mimura, Tetsuro; Tsutsui, Izuo; Hedrich, Rainer; Tamada, Yosuke; Hasebe, Mitsuyasu (2020).

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Although widely cultivated for sale, the population of the Venus flytrap has been rapidly declining in its native range. As of 2017, the species was under

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Cameron, Kenneth M.; Wurdack, Kenneth J.; Jobson, Richard W. (2002). "Molecular evidence for the common origin of snap-traps among carnivorous plants".

4651: 5582: 1168:, thus elongating and changing the shape of the trap lobe. Alternatively, cells in the inner layers of the lobes and midrib may rapidly secrete other 950:

occurs naturally only along the coastal plain of North and South Carolina in the U.S., with all known current sites within 90 km (56 mi) of

1672:. The Endangered Species Act specifies a two-year timeline for a species review. However, the species listing process takes 12.1 years on average. 1633:

has suffered a significant decline in its population in the wild. The population in its native range is estimated to have decreased 93% since 1979.

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disturbance. Because the mature plants and new seedlings are typically destroyed in the regular fires that are necessary to maintain their habitat,

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carnivorous plant growers recommend dormancy, and Venus fly traps grown without dormancy may require more light, water, and food to remain healthy.

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The plant also has a flower on top of a long stem, about 6 inches (15 cm) long. The flower is pollinated from various flying insects such as

507: 842: 741:, which mesh together and prevent large prey from escaping. These protrusions, and the trigger hairs (also known as sensitive hairs) are likely 5489: 5440: 997: 858: 2250:

A Dictionary of Sexual Language and Imagery in Shakespearean and Stuart Literature: Three Volume Set Volume I A–F Volume II G–P Volume III Q–Z

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Venus flytraps are by far the most commonly recognized and cultivated carnivorous plant, and they are frequently sold as houseplants. Various

5146: 5136: 4119: 4057: 2769: 2530: 2365: 2314: 2287: 2257: 1797: 2680:"Quantification of insect nitrogen utilization by the Venus flytrap Dionaea muscipula catching prey with highly variable isotope signatures" 2078: 1059: 720:, and a pair of terminal lobes hinged at the midrib, forming the trap which is the true leaf. The upper surface of these lobes contains red 2162:

Varronianus: A Critical and Historical Introduction to the Ethnography of Ancient Italy and to the Philological Study of the Latin Language

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Ultimately, as the plant relied more on closing around the insect rather than gluing them to the leaf surface, the tentacles so evident in

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Cameron, K. M.; Wurdack, K. J.; Jobson, R. W. (2002). "Molecular evidence for the common origin of snap-traps among carnivorous plants".

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state that closes the trap, but the mechanism by which this occurs is still poorly understood. When the trigger hairs are stimulated, an

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Roberts, Patricia R.; Oosting, H. J. (1958). "Responses of Venus Fly Trap (Dionaea muscipula) to Factors Involved in Its Endemism".

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In 2016, a study of the expression of genes in the plant's leaves as they captured and digested prey was published in the journal,

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serves as a signaling molecule for the activation of defense mechanisms, such as the production of hydrolases, which can destroy

5339: 1604: 427: 1224:, the same hormone that triggers the release of toxins as an anti-herbivore defense mechanism in non-carnivorous plants. (See 5396: 1642: 1455:(theft of prey captured by the plant before it can derive benefit from it), and would also permit a more complete digestion. 1029:(carnivorous plants that use a sticky trap instead of a snap trap) the reason for this evolutionary branching becomes clear. 596:, who gave the plant its scientific name in 1768, wrote that the plant name tippitywichit was an indigenous word from either 503: 31: 4676: 4326:"Many endangered species face long waits for protection: Scientists concerned about decreasing global diversity as a result" 3680:

Albert, V. A.; Williams, S. E.; Chase, M. W. (11 September 1992). "Carnivorous plants: phylogeny and structural evolution".

1072: 918:. The nutritional poverty of the soil is the reason it relies on such elaborate traps: insect prey provide the nitrogen for 695: 5370: 3520:

Galek H, Osswald WF, Elstner EF (1990). "Oxidative protein modification as predigestive mechanism of the carnivorous plant

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Directions for Bringing over Seeds and Plants, from the East Indies and Other Distant Countries, in a State of Vegetation

732:, snapping shut when stimulated by prey. The trapping mechanism is tripped when prey contacts one of the three hair-like 907: 609: 2245: 5515: 5131: 4779: 1963: 1661:(CITES) meaning international trade (including in parts and derivatives) is regulated by the CITES permitting system. 1614: 4560: 3058: 2943: 5627: 5502: 5141: 4300: 3623: 951: 931:

bamboos. Regular fire disturbance is an important part of its habitat, required every 3–5 years in most places for

903: 633: 3215: 2304: 2047:"Petition to list the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula Ellis) as Endangered under the 1973 Endangered Species Act" 5422: 5391: 5081: 2385:. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society ;v. 33, pt. L. American Philosophical Society. p. 104. 1817: 457: 412: 4594: 2121: 114: 5612: 5592: 5445: 4867: 4350:

Jennings, David E.; Rohr, Jason R. (1 May 2011). "A review of the conservation threats to carnivorous plants".

1382:. For most of the 20th century, this relationship was thought to be coincidental, more precisely an example of 1148:

It is hypothesized that there is a threshold of ion buildup for the Venus flytrap to react to stimulation. The

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Jang, Gi-Won; Kim, Kwang-Soo; Park, Ro-Dong (2003). "Micropropagation of Venus fly trap by shoot culture".

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additional stimulations of the trigger hairs, to five total, to start the production of digesting enzymes.

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Diary of a journey through the Carolinas, Georgia and Florida : From July 1, 1765 to April 10, 1766

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developing. It can be found living alongside herbaceous plants, grasses, sphagnum, and fire-dependent

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Phylogenetic studies using molecular characters place the emergence of carnivory in the ancestors of

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diet is 33% ants, 30% spiders, 10% beetles, and 10% grasshoppers, with fewer than 5% flying insects.

729: 4193: 2971:"Energetics and the evolution of carnivorous plants – Darwin's 'Most Wonderful plants in the world'" 682:

with robust traps are usually formed after flowering. Flytraps that have more than seven leaves are

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Proceedings of the 4th International Carnivorous Plant Society Conference. Tokyo, Japan. pp. 77–81.

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specimens and old documents found 259 sites where the historical record documented the presence of

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The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has not indicated a timeline to conclude its current review of

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Evolutionary pressure then selected for plants with shorter response time, in a manner similar to

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This was the first detailed recorded notice of the plant by Europeans. The description was before

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reported that demand for wild plants still exists, which "has led to a 'Venus flytrap crime ring.

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Luken, James (2007). "Performance of Dionaea muscipula as influenced by developing vegetation".

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as a species of "Special Concern–Vulnerable". The species is protected under Appendix II of the

749:. Scientists have concluded that the snap trap evolved from a fly-paper trap similar to that of 5357: 2337: 1352: 1141:) is generated, which propagates across the lobes and stimulates cells in the lobes and in the 5453: 5248: 4802: 4568: 4449: 4375: 4115: 4053: 3999: 3991: 3950: 3932: 3893: 3850: 3805: 3765: 3713: 3705: 3654: 3577: 3541: 3489: 3481: 3433: 3415: 3372: 3354: 3301: 3270: 3190: 3163: 3114: 3036: 2992: 2914: 2765: 2701: 2631: 2581: 2526: 2425: 2361: 2310: 2283: 2276:

Mabey, Richard (2016). "The Challenge of Carnivorous Plants: The Tipitiwitchet (Chapter 16)".

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theory states that individual cells in the outer layers of the lobes and midrib rapidly move

5032: 4949: 4484: 4439: 4367: 4082: 4047: 3981: 3970:"On the Origin of Carnivory: Molecular Physiology and Evolution of Plants on an Animal Diet" 3940: 3924: 3885: 3840: 3797: 3755: 3697: 3646: 3569: 3533: 3471: 3460:"On the Origin of Carnivory: Molecular Physiology and Evolution of Plants on an Animal Diet" 3423: 3407: 3362: 3346: 3262: 3153: 3106: 3066: 3026: 2982: 2906: 2860: 2691: 2623: 2573: 2386: 1858: 1747:

In 2005, the Venus flytrap was designated as the state carnivorous plant of North Carolina.

1576: 1482: 1452: 1177: 1173: 1134: 1118: 1054: 717: 683: 307: 5458: 5383: 4771: 3986: 3969: 3746: 3476: 3459: 2447: 1919: 1760: 1460: 1411: 1399: 802: 689: 202: 152: 4534:"Venus Flytraps in Peril: Why Everyone's Favorite Carnivorous Houseplant Is Under Threat" 4354:. Ecoregional-scale monitoring within conservation areas, in a rapidly changing climate. 2166: 5217: 4435: 4363: 3881: 3693: 3642: 3342: 3249:

Hodick, Dieter; Sievers, Andreas (1988). "On the mechanism of closure of Venus flytrap (

2902: 2569: 2405: 5476: 5000: 4920: 4846: 3428: 3367: 3326: 2651:"Venus flytraps give insects that pollinate their flowers a break. They don't eat them" 1736: 1705: 1486: 1447:. Pre-adaptations to the evolution of snap traps were identified in several species of 1366: 1300: 1249: 1199: 713: 700: 601: 545: 423: 419: 175: 139: 5481: 3945: 3912: 2519: 2407:

Hortus Collinsonianus. An account of the plants cultivated by the late Peter Collinson

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below) Once the digestive glands in the leaf lobes have been activated, digestion is

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Forterre, Yoël; Skotheim, Jan M.; Dumais, Jacques; Mahadevan, L. (27 January 2005).

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Schnell, D.; Catling, P.; Folkerts, G.; Frost, C.; Gardner, R.; et al. (2000).

1526:. The faster the closing, the less reliant on the flypaper model the plant would be. 1193: 1183: 665:

on 23 September 1768, in which he described the plant and proposed its English name

632:, penned the first written description of the plant in a letter to English botanist 5559: 5253: 4986: 4912: 4905: 4889: 3589: 3126: 2593: 2390: 2306:

The Cabaret of Plants: Forty Thousand Years of Plant Life and the Human Imagination

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The Cabaret of Plants: Forty Thousand Years of Plant Life and the Human Imagination

1394:. It was not until 2002 that a molecular evolutionary study, by analyzing combined 1272: 1157: 629: 431: 2476: 1783:, even though available scientific evidence does not support these health claims. 1164:

and loosening the extracellular components, which allows them to swell rapidly by

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The mechanism by which the trap snaps shut involves a complex interaction between

910:. There also appears to be a naturalized population of Venus flytraps in northern 5533: 4371: 3889: 3868:

Stokstad, E. (12 May 2016). "How the Venus flytrap acquired its taste for meat".

3829:(Droseraceae), based on chloroplast rbcL and nuclear 18S ribosomal DNA Sequences" 2759: 2696: 2679: 1240:

Oxidative protein modification is likely to be a pre-digestive mechanism used by

5520: 5404: 5326: 5200: 5053: 5007: 4934: 1780: 1662: 1395: 1386:. Some phylogenetic studies even suggested that the closest living relatives of 1334: 1304: 1149: 1130: 1103: 928: 882: 798: 775: 721: 569: 470: 185: 5468: 5227: 3300:. United States: Scientific American / Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 117. 3158: 3141: 2160: 2118:"Background Information on Venus Fly Traps – Venus Fly Trap naming and history" 5088: 5025: 4978: 4964: 4860: 4823: 4086: 3350: 3071: 2219: 1716: 1378: 1264: 769: 5191: 4751: 4572: 4453: 4379: 3995: 3936: 3709: 3485: 3419: 3358: 3194: 3142:"Calcium dynamics during trap closure visualized in transgenic Venus flytrap" 2918: 2489: 2201: 2014: 1410:

were closely related and that the snap trap mechanism evolved only once in a

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Digestion takes about ten days, after which the prey is reduced to a husk of

17: 5274: 5109: 4957: 4941: 3701: 3604: 3573: 3396:"Venus flytrap carnivorous lifestyle builds on herbivore defense strategies" 2186:

Dictionarium Minus: A Compendious Dictionary English-Latin and Latin-English

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million years ago, and the development of the snap-trap in the ancestors of

1280: 1276: 1252: 1233: 1229: 1217: 1187: 1095: 955: 899: 763: 531: 439: 5546: 4272: 4003: 3954: 3897: 3854: 3809: 3769: 3742:"Evolving Darwin's 'most wonderful' plant: ecological steps to a snap-trap" 3658: 3581: 3493: 3437: 3376: 3274: 3167: 3118: 3040: 3015:"Evolving Darwin's 'most wonderful' plant: ecological steps to a snap-trap" 2996: 2705: 2635: 2585: 1885: 3801: 3717: 3650: 3545: 3411: 2627: 1970:(1st ed.). Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 45. 1653:

classifies the species as "vulnerable". The State of North Carolina lists

1126: 5541: 5185: 5095: 5074: 5067: 5046: 4971: 4927: 4652:"Man charged with 73 counts of poaching Venus Flytrap, bond at $ 750,000" 3845: 3824: 2987: 2970: 1711: 1610: 1308: 1291:

extracts were pre-incubated with diaphorases and NADH in the presence of

891: 806: 733: 725: 482: 165: 4761: 2577: 1122: 5305: 4881: 4621:"A poacher who stole 970 venus flytraps in N.C. is sentenced to prison" 4420:"Long-Term Outcomes of Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) Establishment" 3928: 3266: 3110: 2926: 2745: 1443: 1326: 1296: 1245: 1165: 919: 911: 781: 557: 462: 415: 1220:

occurs. Release of the digestive enzymes is controlled by the hormone

1041:

are able to extract more nutrients from these larger bugs. This gives

5331: 5235: 5039: 4741: 1728: 1727:" In 2014, the state of North Carolina made Venus flytrap poaching a 1469: 1441:

snap traps evolved from the flypaper traps of a common ancestor with

1391: 1341: 1330: 1323: 1153: 1142: 1114: 1099: 746: 738: 589: 585: 478: 5162: 3911:

Turner, John G.; Ellis, Christine; Devoto, Alessandra (1 May 2002).

2910: 1080:

The Venus flytrap is one of a very small group of plants capable of

2864: 1417:

A 2009 study presented evidence for the evolution of snap traps of

1275:. Such oxidative modification could rupture animal cell membranes. 5528: 5344: 5279: 3093:

Hodick, Dieter; Sievers, Andreas (1989). "The action potential of

2357:

The Poetics of Natural History: From John Bartram to William James

1575: 1351: 1316: 1284: 1192: 1182: 1071: 1058: 991: 978: 881: 688: 442: 126: 99: 93: 4394:"U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Brunswick County, North Carolina" 4222: 4165:"Federal Register / Vol. 82 / December 20, 2017 / Proposed Rules" 2517:

Raven, Peter H.; Evert, Ray Franklin; Eichhorn, Susan E. (2005).

1045:

an evolutionary advantage over their ancestral sticky trap form.

712:

The leaf blade is divided into two regions: a flat, heart-shaped

518:

The plant's common name (originally "Venus's flytrap") refers to

4561:"Venus Flytraps Need Protection From Poachers in North Carolina" 1256: 5266: 5166: 4775: 1772: 1169: 895: 745:

with the tentacles found in this plant's close relatives, the

538:, is Latin for both "mousetrap" and "flytrap". The Latin word 3624:"Nutrient limitation and stoichiometry of carnivorous plants" 4677:"Venus Flytrap State Carnivorous Plant | State Symbols USA" 2678:

W. Schulze; E.D. Schulze; I. Schulze & R. Oren (2001).

1161: 2145:

The London Magazine, Or, Gentleman's Monthly Intelligencer

1063:

Stages and timing of the Venus flytrap carnivory process,

4512:"The Venus Flytrap: Conserving the Carnivorous Curiosity" 4489:

10.3159/1095-5674(2007)134[45:PODMAI]2.0.CO;2

3823:

Rivadavia, F.; K. Kondo; M. Kato & M. Hasebe (2003).

2430:. Vol. 3–4. Haymarket Publishing. 1875. p. 306. 1771:

as a treatment for a variety of human ailments including

686:

formed by rosettes that have divided beneath the ground.

2944:"Biodiversity Day: Venus Flytrap Preservation | NC DNCR" 1125:(bent outwards), but in the closed state, the lobes are 1755:

Venus flytrap extract is available on the market as an

1659:

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

1376:

is shared with only one other carnivorous plant genus,

430:. Although various modern hybrids have been created in 4049:

Carnivorous Plants: Physiology, Ecology, and Evolution

1968:

Carnivorous plants: physiology, ecology, and evolution

1005:

A time lapse showing Venus flytrap catching prey (see

2220:"tippet-de-witchet, n. – Green's Dictionary of Slang" 1629:

Although widely cultivated for sale as a houseplant,

1583:'Akai Ryu', Japanese for 'Red Dragon', in cultivation 1129:(forming a cavity). It is the rapid flipping of this 1117:

and growth. The trap only shuts when there have been

886:

Map of the original distribution of the Venus flytrap

30:

This article is about the plant. For other uses, see

2079:"Venus Flytrap: Under Endangered Species Act review" 1665:

classified it as "Imperiled" (G2) in a 2018 review.

836:

Flowering Venus flytrap showing its long flower stem

5175: 5119: 5017: 4813: 3319: 3317: 1315:, it may be that the presence of oxygen-activating 1244:. Aqueous leaf extracts have been found to contain 4767:Criminal Podcast Episode Five: Dropping Like Flies 4301:"Comprehensive Report Species – Dionaea muscipula" 3968:Hedrich, Rainer; Fukushima, Kenji (17 June 2021). 3458:Hedrich, Rainer; Fukushima, Kenji (17 June 2021). 2761:Carnivorous Plants of the United States and Canada 2518: 2148:. Vol. October 1768. R. Baldwin. p. 523. 1433:. The molecular and physiological data imply that 1365:Carnivory in plants is a very specialized form of 616:("they (leaves) which wind around (or involve)"). 4111:The Savage Garden: Cultivating Carnivorous Plants 3221:(Press release). Wiley ChemBioChem. January 2010. 2463:Letter 23 September 1768, London to Carl Linnaeus 2333:Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico: N–Z 1962:Ellison, Aaron M.; Adamec, Lubomír, eds. (2018). 1344:. The trap then reopens, and is ready for reuse. 450:. It is closely related to the waterwheel plant ( 4747:Venus Flytrap Growing Guide and Distribution Map 3524:: an hypothesis based on in vitro experiments". 2120:. FlyTrapCare.com. 4 April 2008. Archived from 1719:for sale as household plants. Yet in 2016, the 1329:to render membrane-bound proteins of the prey ( 914:as well as an introduced population in western 638: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3183:"Why Scientists Made Venus Flytraps That Glow" 2404:Lewis Weston Dillwyn; Peter Collinson (1843). 1497:, or either genus with their common ancestor, 864:The species produces small, shiny black seeds. 4787: 4145:. The Royal Horticultural Society. March 2020 522:, the Roman goddess of love. The genus name, 8: 4595:"Stealing Venus Flytrap plants now a felony" 2791:Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture. 2427:Gardeners Chronicle & New Horticulturist 2336:. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 1964:"4:Systematics and evolution of Droseraceae" 1864:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T39636A10253384.en 1372:The "snap trap" mechanism characteristic of 894:- and phosphorus-poor environments, such as 4477:The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 4046:Ellison, Aaron M.; Adamec, Lubomír (2018). 4023: 4021: 1299:digestion of SA was facilitated. Since the 575: 567: 561: 551: 539: 5163: 4794: 4780: 4772: 3783: 3781: 3779: 3603:Produced by Neil Lucas (7 December 2009). 3233:Comparative physiology of the Droseraceae 2721:"How does the Venus flytrap digest flies?" 2525:(7th ed.). W.H. Freeman and Company. 2015:https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-023-02654-x 1076:Closeup of one of the hinged trigger hairs 253: 71: 47: 38: 4516:Journal of the American Botanical Council 4443: 4223:"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species" 4114:. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. 3985: 3944: 3844: 3759: 3475: 3427: 3366: 3157: 3070: 3030: 3008: 3006: 2986: 2807:. International Carnivorous Plant Society 2695: 2202:"How did the Venus flytrap get its name?" 1862: 1759:, sometimes as the prime ingredient of a 1033:consume smaller, aerial insects, whereas 310:(1998) name published without description 4136:"AGM Plants March 2020 RHS – ORNAMENTAL" 3515: 3513: 3511: 3237:– How do tentacles bend and traps close? 2360:. Rutgers University Press. p. 31. 1283:, associated with the regulation of the 5127:International Carnivorous Plant Society 4735:Images and movies of the Venus flytrap 3052: 3050: 2112: 2110: 1831: 1809: 814: 661:on 1 September 1768, and his letter to 4559:Mele, Christopher (28 November 2016). 2544: 2542: 2512: 2510: 2410:. W. C. Murray & D. Rees. p. 1160:) into their cell walls, lowering the 5147:List of carnivorous plant periodicals 5137:North American Sarracenia Conservancy 4757:Venus flytrap origins uncovered – BBC 4295: 4293: 4194:"Federal Register / Vol. 58, No. 188" 3987:10.1146/annurev-arplant-080620-010429 3740:Gibson, T. C.; Waller, D. M. (2009). 3477:10.1146/annurev-arplant-080620-010429 2938: 2936: 2884: 2882: 2673: 2671: 2271: 2269: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 1798:List of ineffective cancer treatments 1361:, with short, wide, sticky leaf traps 906:. One such place is North Carolina's 592:). In contrast, the English botanist 7: 5433:3c414fbe-7822-41d3-9c5f-fd6439fd5477 4075:Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 1763:named "Carnivora". According to the 624:On 2 April 1759, the North Carolina 5588:Carnivorous plants of North America 4752:The Carnivorous Plant FAQ: Flytraps 4650:Still, Johanna F. (18 March 2019). 4227:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2165:. J. W. Parker & Son. pp. 1991:Sumner, Thomas (20 November 2012). 1850:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1793:Carnivorous plants of North America 1137:(mostly involving calcium ions—see 757:and digestion begins more quickly. 5598:Endemic flora of the United States 2045:Waller, Donald (21 October 2016). 1943:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2023 1025:evolved from an ancestral form of 604:. The plant name according to the 495:of a second from initial contact. 25: 4172:Government Publishing Office (US) 4029:"Venus flytrap origins uncovered" 2969:Ellison, DM; Gotelli, NJ (2009). 2460:Ellis, John (23 September 1768). 1993:"Investigating the Venus Flytrap" 1767:, these products are promoted in 1481:Carnivorous plants are generally 1216:and forming a "stomach" in which 1037:consume larger terrestrial bugs. 5583:IUCN Red List vulnerable species 5508:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:275898-2 4593:Evans, Jon (18 September 2014). 4445:10.1111/j.1526-100X.2012.00888.x 3761:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02935.x 3181:Giaimo, Cara (12 October 2020). 3057:Pain, Stephanie (2 March 2022). 3032:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02935.x 2649:Guarino, Ben (7 February 2018). 2159:Donaldson, John William (1852). 2086:U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 1647:U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 1485:, and their traps the result of 857: 841: 829: 817: 530:"), refers to the Greek goddess 508:U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 113: 4709:. November 2008. Archived from 3013:Gibson, TC; Waller, DM (2009). 2252:. A&C Black. p. 1533. 1605:List of Venus flytrap cultivars 724:pigments and its edges secrete 428:East Coast of the United States 4762:The CP Photo Finder: "Dionaea" 3974:Annual Review of Plant Biology 3913:"The Jasmonate Signal Pathway" 3464:Annual Review of Plant Biology 2975:Journal of Experimental Botany 2764:(2nd ed.). Timber Press. 2684:Journal of Experimental Botany 2330:Hodge, Frederick Webb (1912). 2309:. W. W. Norton & Company. 2282:. W. W. Norton & Company. 1225: 890:The Venus flytrap is found in 588:and witchet (archaic term for 544:("mousetrap") is derived from 466:), all of which belong to the 32:Venus Flytrap (disambiguation) 1: 4619:Love, Shayla (28 July 2016). 4510:Yearsley, Connor (May 2017). 2802:"Grow Venus Flytraps Indoors" 2551:"How the Venus flytrap snaps" 1922:. Carnivorous Plant Database. 1477:Proposed evolutionary history 1287:family of proteins. When the 849: 4372:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.03.013 3890:10.1126/science.352.6287.756 3538:10.1016/0891-5849(90)90020-J 3059:"How plants turned predator" 2354:Irmscher, Christoph (1999). 2200:Rice, Barry (January 2007). 606:Handbook of American Indians 566:("flytrap") is derived from 411:native to the temperate and 27:Species of carnivorous plant 5132:Insectivorous Plant Society 4248:"Threatened Search Results" 4052:. Oxford University Press. 3825:"Phylogeny of the sundews, 2088:. June 2017. Archived from 1615:Royal Horticultural Society 696:Curtis's Botanical Magazine 438:is the only species of the 5644: 5142:List of carnivorous plants 3833:American Journal of Botany 3790:American Journal of Botany 3296:Chamovitz, Daniel (2012). 3159:10.1038/s41477-020-00773-1 2827:"Venus Flytraps (Dionaea)" 2697:10.1093/jexbot/52.358.1041 2616:American Journal of Botany 2183:Wase, Christopher (1662). 1941:Plants of the World Online 1602: 1425:from a flypaper trap like 1402:sequences, indicated that 1322:function as extracellular 1255:that couples to different 1052: 952:Wilmington, North Carolina 904:Wilmington, North Carolina 534:, while the species name, 29: 5623:Symbols of North Carolina 3351:10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.057 3072:10.1146/knowable-030122-1 2494:The Carnivorous Plant FAQ 2244:Williams, Gordon (2001). 2206:The Carnivorous Plant FAQ 477:catches its prey—chiefly 273: 266: 261: 252: 237: 230: 110:Scientific classification 108: 91: 69: 60: 55: 46: 41: 5618:Plants described in 1768 4418:Luken, James O. (2012). 4305:explorer.natureserve.org 873:Habitat and distribution 824:Venus flytrap flower bud 5608:Flora of South Carolina 5603:Flora of North Carolina 5018:Protocarnivorous genera 4807:protocarnivorous plants 4707:American Cancer Society 4499:– via bioone.org. 4352:Biological Conservation 4108:D'Amato, Peter (1998). 4087:10.1023/A:1021203811457 3702:10.1126/science.1523408 3574:10.1124/jpet.105.098863 2758:Schnell, D. E. (2002). 2391:2027/uc1.32106020417272 2303:Mabey, Richard (2016). 1765:American Cancer Society 1751:In alternative medicine 1706:metapopulation dynamics 935:to thrive. After fire, 3923:(suppl 1): S153–S164. 3231:Williams, S. E. 2002. 2446:29 August 2017 at the 2441:The Nature Conservancy 2381:Bartram, John (1942). 1643:Endangered Species Act 1584: 1362: 1333:) more susceptible to 1203: 1190: 1077: 1069: 1010: 984: 887: 704: 649: 620:Discovery by Europeans 576: 568: 562: 552: 540: 504:Endangered Species Act 298:Sol. (1990) as synonym 280:Raf., spelling variant 3802:10.3732/ajb.89.9.1503 3651:10.1055/s-2006-923956 3412:10.1101/gr.202200.115 3216:"The Trap Snaps Shut" 2891:Ecological Monographs 2628:10.3732/ajb.89.9.1503 2224:greensdictofslang.com 1857:: e.T39636A10253384. 1641:The species is under 1619:Award of Garden Merit 1579: 1560:and its sister genus 1355: 1196: 1186: 1075: 1062: 1049:Mechanism of trapping 1004: 982: 898:, wet savannahs, and 885: 730:rapid plant movements 692: 453:Aldrovanda vesiculosa 4273:"Appendices | CITES" 3846:10.3732/ajb.90.1.123 3562:J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2746:Insectivorous Plants 2744:Darwin, C. R. 1875. 2142:Ellis, John (1768). 2124:on 17 December 2008. 1918:24 July 2020 at the 1909:Schlauer, J. (N.d.) 1769:alternative medicine 1739:a long-term threat. 1593:plant tissue culture 1523:Drosera glanduligera 1384:convergent evolution 1197:Chrysomelid beetle, 728:. The lobes exhibit 669:and scientific name 556:("trap"), while the 375:Drosera sessiliflora 361:(Raf.) Steud. (1840) 352:(Raf.) Steud. (1840) 348:Dionaea sessiliflora 289:(Raf.) Steud. (1840) 4737:(Dionaea muscipula) 4713:on 18 February 2015 4683:. 26 September 2014 4681:statesymbolsusa.org 4540:. 30 September 2019 4538:www.mentalfloss.com 4436:2012ResEc..20..669L 4424:Restoration Ecology 4364:2011BCons.144.1356J 4203:. 30 September 1993 3882:2016Sci...352..756S 3694:1992Sci...257.1491A 3688:(5076): 1491–1495. 3643:2006PlBio...8..740E 3622:AM Ellison (2006). 3526:Free Radic Biol Med 3343:2016CBio...26..286B 2903:1958EcoM...28..193R 2831:Brian's Carnivorous 2725:Scientific American 2603:on 2 December 2007. 2578:10.1038/nature03185 2570:2005Natur.433..421F 1995:. insidescience.com 1818:CITES Annotation #4 1568:million years ago. 1564:to approximately 48 1414:of the two genera. 1313:degradative enzymes 1311:and possibly other 1279:is known to induce 954:. A 1958 survey of 848:Closeup of flower ( 658:The London Magazine 63:Conservation status 4814:Carnivorous genera 4565:The New York Times 4174:. 20 December 2017 3929:10.1105/tpc.000679 3298:What a Plant Knows 3267:10.1007/BF00395768 3187:The New York Times 3111:10.1007/BF00394867 2988:10.1093/jxb/ern179 2690:(358): 1041–1049. 1701:D. muscipula' 1585: 1363: 1204: 1191: 1139:calcium in biology 1078: 1070: 1011: 985: 888: 852:20 mm in diameter) 705: 693:Illustration from 315:Dionaea heterodoxa 5628:Vulnerable plants 5570: 5569: 5469:Dionaea_muscipula 5454:Open Tree of Life 5241:dionaea-muscipula 5207:Dionaea muscipula 5177:Dionaea muscipula 5169:Taxon identifiers 5160: 5159: 4121:978-0-89815-915-8 4059:978-0-19-877984-1 3522:Dionaea muscipula 3251:Dionaea muscipula 3152:(10): 1219–1224. 3095:Dionaea muscipula 3063:Knowable Magazine 2787:Dionaea muscipula 2771:978-0-88192-540-1 2564:(7024): 421–425. 2532:978-0-7167-1007-3 2521:Biology of Plants 2367:978-0-8135-2615-7 2316:978-0-393-24877-7 2289:978-0-393-24877-7 2259:978-0-485-11393-8 2095:on 6 October 2019 1935:Dionaea muscipula 1912:Dionaea muscipula 1843:Dionaea muscipula 1737:rising sea levels 1696:D. muscipula 1670:Dionaea muscipula 1655:Dionaea muscipula 1631:D. muscipula 1581:Dionaea muscipula 1550:Dionaea muscipula 1517:Drosera burmannii 1508:Drosera falconeri 1358:Drosera falconeri 1295:(SA), subsequent 1269:hydrogen peroxide 1242:Dionaea muscipula 1066:Knowable Magazine 1002: 960:D. muscipula 948:Dionaea muscipula 937:D. muscipula 933:D. muscipula 807:checkered beetles 671:Dionaea muscipula 626:colonial governor 608:derives from the 436:D. muscipula 409:carnivorous plant 404:Dionaea muscipula 395: 394: 389: 380: 371: 366:Drosera corymbosa 362: 353: 344: 339:Dionaea sensitiva 335: 327:Dionaea muscicapa 323: 311: 299: 290: 285:Dionaea corymbosa 281: 241:Dionaea muscipula 223:D. muscipula 212: 103: 86: 16:(Redirected from 5635: 5563: 5562: 5550: 5549: 5537: 5536: 5524: 5523: 5511: 5510: 5498: 5497: 5485: 5484: 5472: 5471: 5462: 5461: 5449: 5448: 5436: 5435: 5426: 5425: 5413: 5412: 5400: 5399: 5387: 5386: 5374: 5373: 5361: 5360: 5348: 5347: 5335: 5334: 5322: 5321: 5309: 5308: 5296: 5295: 5283: 5282: 5270: 5269: 5257: 5256: 5244: 5243: 5231: 5230: 5221: 5220: 5211: 5210: 5209: 5196: 5195: 5194: 5164: 4950:Palaeoaldrovanda 4796: 4789: 4782: 4773: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4699: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4627:. Archived from 4616: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4556: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4447: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4358:(5): 1356–1363. 4347: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4297: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4269: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4198: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4169: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4140: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4025: 4016: 4015: 3989: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3948: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3848: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3796:(9): 1503–1509. 3785: 3774: 3773: 3763: 3737: 3722: 3721: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3628: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3517: 3506: 3505: 3479: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3431: 3390: 3381: 3380: 3370: 3321: 3312: 3311: 3293: 3287: 3286: 3246: 3240: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3161: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3074: 3054: 3045: 3044: 3034: 3010: 3001: 3000: 2990: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2940: 2931: 2930: 2886: 2877: 2876: 2848: 2842: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2806: 2798: 2792: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2755: 2749: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2699: 2675: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2622:(9): 1503–1509. 2611: 2605: 2604: 2602: 2596:. Archived from 2555: 2546: 2537: 2536: 2524: 2514: 2505: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2490:"Venus flytraps" 2486: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2457: 2451: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2378: 2372: 2371: 2351: 2345: 2344: 2327: 2321: 2320: 2300: 2294: 2293: 2273: 2264: 2263: 2241: 2235: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2216: 2210: 2209: 2197: 2191: 2190: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2156: 2150: 2149: 2139: 2126: 2125: 2114: 2105: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2094: 2083: 2075: 2062: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2042: 2017: 2011: 2005: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1988: 1982: 1981: 1959: 1953: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1929: 1923: 1907: 1901: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1882: 1876: 1875: 1873: 1871: 1866: 1836: 1820: 1814: 1726: 1692:Fire suppression 1453:kleptoparasitism 1301:secretory glands 1174:memory in plants 1135:action potential 1119:two stimulations 1055:Plant arithmetic 1007:more videos here 1003: 988:Prey selectivity 861: 851: 845: 833: 821: 803:longhorn beetles 647: 579: 573: 565: 555: 543: 494: 493: 489: 387: 384:Drosera uniflora 378: 369: 360: 357:Dionaea uniflora 351: 342: 330: 318: 306: 297: 288: 279: 257: 243: 201: 118: 117: 97: 80: 75: 74: 51: 39: 21: 5643: 5642: 5638: 5637: 5636: 5634: 5633: 5632: 5613:Plant cognition 5593:Dionaea (plant) 5573: 5572: 5571: 5566: 5558: 5553: 5545: 5540: 5532: 5527: 5519: 5514: 5506: 5501: 5493: 5488: 5480: 5475: 5467: 5465: 5457: 5452: 5444: 5439: 5431: 5429: 5421: 5416: 5408: 5403: 5395: 5390: 5382: 5377: 5369: 5364: 5356: 5351: 5343: 5338: 5330: 5325: 5317: 5312: 5304: 5299: 5291: 5286: 5278: 5273: 5265: 5260: 5252: 5247: 5239: 5234: 5226: 5224: 5216: 5214: 5205: 5204: 5199: 5190: 5189: 5184: 5171: 5161: 5156: 5115: 5013: 4815: 4809: 4800: 4731: 4726: 4716: 4714: 4703:"Venus Flytrap" 4701: 4700: 4696: 4686: 4684: 4675: 4674: 4670: 4660: 4658: 4656:Port City Daily 4649: 4648: 4644: 4634: 4632: 4631:on 29 July 2016 4625:Washington Post 4618: 4617: 4613: 4603: 4601: 4592: 4591: 4587: 4577: 4575: 4558: 4557: 4553: 4543: 4541: 4532: 4531: 4527: 4509: 4508: 4504: 4474: 4473: 4469: 4417: 4416: 4412: 4402: 4400: 4392: 4391: 4387: 4349: 4348: 4344: 4334: 4332: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4309: 4307: 4299: 4298: 4291: 4281: 4279: 4271: 4270: 4266: 4256: 4254: 4252:plants.usda.gov 4246: 4245: 4241: 4231: 4229: 4221: 4220: 4216: 4206: 4204: 4196: 4192: 4191: 4187: 4177: 4175: 4167: 4163: 4162: 4158: 4148: 4146: 4138: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4122: 4107: 4106: 4102: 4072: 4071: 4067: 4060: 4045: 4044: 4040: 4027: 4026: 4019: 3967: 3966: 3962: 3910: 3909: 3905: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3822: 3821: 3817: 3787: 3786: 3777: 3747:New Phytologist 3739: 3738: 3725: 3679: 3678: 3674: 3626: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3602: 3601: 3597: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3519: 3518: 3509: 3457: 3456: 3452: 3442: 3440: 3400:Genome Research 3392: 3391: 3384: 3331:Current Biology 3323: 3322: 3315: 3308: 3295: 3294: 3290: 3248: 3247: 3243: 3230: 3226: 3218: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3199: 3197: 3180: 3179: 3175: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3092: 3091: 3087: 3077: 3075: 3056: 3055: 3048: 3019:New Phytologist 3012: 3011: 3004: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2953: 2951: 2942: 2941: 2934: 2911:10.2307/1942208 2888: 2887: 2880: 2850: 2849: 2845: 2835: 2833: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2799: 2795: 2784:Giblin, D. Nd. 2783: 2779: 2772: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2743: 2739: 2729: 2727: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2677: 2676: 2669: 2659: 2657: 2655:Washington Post 2648: 2647: 2643: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2600: 2553: 2548: 2547: 2540: 2533: 2516: 2515: 2508: 2498: 2496: 2488: 2487: 2483: 2475: 2471: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2450:– Venus Flytrap 2448:Wayback Machine 2439: 2435: 2424: 2423: 2419: 2403: 2402: 2398: 2380: 2379: 2375: 2368: 2353: 2352: 2348: 2329: 2328: 2324: 2317: 2302: 2301: 2297: 2290: 2275: 2274: 2267: 2260: 2243: 2242: 2238: 2228: 2226: 2218: 2217: 2213: 2199: 2198: 2194: 2182: 2181: 2177: 2158: 2157: 2153: 2141: 2140: 2129: 2116: 2115: 2108: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2081: 2077: 2076: 2065: 2055: 2053: 2044: 2043: 2020: 2012: 2008: 1998: 1996: 1990: 1989: 1985: 1978: 1961: 1960: 1956: 1946: 1944: 1931: 1930: 1926: 1920:Wayback Machine 1908: 1904: 1894: 1892: 1884: 1883: 1879: 1869: 1867: 1838: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1823: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1789: 1777:Crohn's disease 1761:patent medicine 1753: 1745: 1724: 1678: 1639: 1627: 1607: 1601: 1574: 1479: 1461:Genome Research 1412:common ancestor 1400:chloroplast DNA 1350: 1209: 1092:telegraph plant 1057: 1051: 992: 990: 977: 968: 945: 880: 875: 870: 869: 868: 865: 862: 853: 846: 837: 834: 825: 822: 795: 710: 708:Fly trap leaves 679: 667:Venus's Flytrap 648: 645: 634:Peter Collinson 622: 516: 491: 487: 486: 386: 377: 368: 359: 350: 341: 331:St.Hil. (1824) 329: 319:D'Amato (1998) 317: 305: 303:Dionaea dentata 296: 294:Dionaea crinita 287: 248: 245: 239: 226: 200: 112: 104: 87: 76: 72: 65: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5641: 5639: 5631: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5575: 5574: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5564: 5560:wfo-0000943687 5551: 5538: 5525: 5512: 5499: 5486: 5473: 5463: 5450: 5437: 5427: 5414: 5401: 5388: 5375: 5362: 5349: 5336: 5323: 5310: 5297: 5284: 5271: 5258: 5245: 5232: 5222: 5212: 5197: 5181: 5179: 5173: 5172: 5167: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5123: 5121: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5113: 5106: 5099: 5092: 5085: 5078: 5071: 5064: 5057: 5050: 5043: 5036: 5029: 5021: 5019: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5011: 5004: 5001:Triphyophyllum 4997: 4990: 4982: 4975: 4968: 4961: 4954: 4945: 4938: 4931: 4924: 4921:Fischeripollis 4916: 4909: 4901: 4893: 4885: 4878: 4871: 4864: 4857: 4850: 4843: 4836: 4827: 4819: 4817: 4811: 4810: 4801: 4799: 4798: 4791: 4784: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4730: 4729:External links 4727: 4725: 4724: 4694: 4668: 4642: 4611: 4585: 4551: 4525: 4502: 4467: 4430:(6): 669–670. 4410: 4398:www.census.gov 4385: 4342: 4317: 4289: 4264: 4239: 4214: 4185: 4156: 4127: 4120: 4100: 4065: 4058: 4038: 4017: 3980:(1): 133–153. 3960: 3917:The Plant Cell 3903: 3860: 3839:(1): 123–130. 3815: 3775: 3754:(3): 575–587. 3723: 3672: 3637:(6): 740–747. 3614: 3595: 3568:(2): 484–494. 3551: 3532:(5): 427–434. 3507: 3470:(1): 133–153. 3450: 3406:(6): 812–825. 3382: 3337:(3): 286–295. 3313: 3306: 3288: 3241: 3224: 3207: 3173: 3132: 3085: 3046: 3025:(1): 575–587. 3002: 2961: 2932: 2897:(2): 193–218. 2878: 2865:10.2179/16-112 2859:(4): 280–291. 2843: 2818: 2793: 2777: 2770: 2750: 2737: 2719:Leege, Lissa. 2711: 2667: 2641: 2606: 2538: 2531: 2506: 2481: 2469: 2452: 2433: 2417: 2396: 2373: 2366: 2346: 2322: 2315: 2295: 2288: 2265: 2258: 2236: 2211: 2192: 2175: 2151: 2127: 2106: 2063: 2018: 2006: 1983: 1976: 1954: 1924: 1902: 1877: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1821: 1808: 1807: 1805: 1802: 1801: 1800: 1795: 1788: 1785: 1752: 1749: 1744: 1741: 1721:New York Times 1677: 1674: 1645:review by the 1638: 1635: 1626: 1623: 1603:Main article: 1600: 1597: 1573: 1570: 1546: 1545: 1538: 1531: 1527: 1512: 1487:primary growth 1478: 1475: 1431:molecular data 1367:foliar feeding 1349: 1346: 1250:naphthoquinone 1208: 1205: 1145:between them. 1082:rapid movement 1050: 1047: 989: 986: 983:A closing trap 976: 973: 967: 964: 944: 941: 879: 876: 874: 871: 867: 866: 863: 856: 854: 847: 840: 838: 835: 828: 826: 823: 816: 813: 812: 811: 794: 791: 714:photosynthesis 709: 706: 701:William Curtis 678: 675: 643: 621: 618: 550:("mouse") and 526:("daughter of 515: 512: 506:review by the 424:South Carolina 420:North Carolina 393: 392: 391: 390: 381: 372: 363: 354: 345: 343:Salisb. (1796) 336: 333:sphalm.typogr. 324: 312: 300: 291: 282: 271: 270: 264: 263: 259: 258: 250: 249: 246: 235: 234: 228: 227: 220: 218: 214: 213: 193: 189: 188: 183: 179: 178: 176:Caryophyllales 173: 169: 168: 163: 156: 155: 150: 143: 142: 137: 130: 129: 124: 120: 119: 106: 105: 92: 89: 88: 70: 67: 66: 61: 58: 57: 53: 52: 44: 43: 42:Venus flytrap 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5640: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5561: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5460: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5428: 5424: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5223: 5219: 5213: 5208: 5202: 5198: 5193: 5187: 5183: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5165: 5153: 5152:Pitcher plant 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5107: 5105: 5104: 5100: 5098: 5097: 5093: 5091: 5090: 5086: 5084: 5083: 5079: 5077: 5076: 5072: 5070: 5069: 5065: 5063: 5062: 5058: 5056: 5055: 5051: 5049: 5048: 5044: 5042: 5041: 5037: 5035: 5034: 5030: 5028: 5027: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5016: 5010: 5009: 5005: 5003: 5002: 4998: 4996: 4995: 4991: 4989: 4988: 4983: 4981: 4980: 4976: 4974: 4973: 4969: 4967: 4966: 4962: 4960: 4959: 4955: 4952: 4951: 4946: 4944: 4943: 4939: 4937: 4936: 4932: 4930: 4929: 4925: 4923: 4922: 4917: 4915: 4914: 4910: 4908: 4907: 4902: 4900: 4899: 4898:Droserapollis 4894: 4892: 4891: 4886: 4884: 4883: 4879: 4877: 4876: 4872: 4870: 4869: 4865: 4863: 4862: 4858: 4856: 4855: 4851: 4849: 4848: 4844: 4842: 4841: 4837: 4834: 4833: 4832:Archaeamphora 4828: 4826: 4825: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4797: 4792: 4790: 4785: 4783: 4778: 4777: 4774: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4739: 4738: 4733: 4732: 4728: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4698: 4695: 4682: 4678: 4672: 4669: 4657: 4653: 4646: 4643: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4615: 4612: 4600: 4596: 4589: 4586: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4555: 4552: 4539: 4535: 4529: 4526: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4506: 4503: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4471: 4468: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4414: 4411: 4399: 4395: 4389: 4386: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4346: 4343: 4331: 4327: 4321: 4318: 4306: 4302: 4296: 4294: 4290: 4278: 4274: 4268: 4265: 4253: 4249: 4243: 4240: 4228: 4224: 4218: 4215: 4202: 4195: 4189: 4186: 4173: 4166: 4160: 4157: 4144: 4137: 4131: 4128: 4123: 4117: 4113: 4112: 4104: 4101: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4069: 4066: 4061: 4055: 4051: 4050: 4042: 4039: 4034: 4030: 4024: 4022: 4018: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3964: 3961: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3942: 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