3999:
2694:
4009:
299:
7800 km/h (4800 mph). At that point the rocket is 46 km high, but it already has enough speed to coast upward for almost four more minutes, reaching its peak of 300 km (186 miles) before starting its descent back to Earth. The payload made its final descent with a parachute and touch down about 80 km (50 miles) downrange of the launch site, where it can be recovered.
319:
O by solar UV radiation releases H and O, which diffuse into the upper atmosphere and eventually reach the exobase. The H atoms may be lost into space, while relatively fewer O atoms escape, mainly due to non-thermal processes. Understanding the details of escape today is a requirement to be able to
328:
atmosphere, a surface temperature of 750 K, and a surface pressure of 90 bar. The early
Venusian atmosphere is thought to have undergone either a moist or runaway greenhouse heating episode to produce these conditions, and this would have included hydrodynamic escape of light gases from the upper
413:
onto a separate detector, providing an image of the telescope field of view minus the light which passes through the spectrograph aperture. The Venus image on the aperture plate will be sufficiently dispersed by the objective prism that the Ly Ξ± image will be clearly separated from the longer
386:
has been designed and constructed for UV echelle line profile measurements with long-slit imaging. The Ebert-Fastie configuration employed in the design of the spectrograph has many characteristics well suited to the science needs of this mission. Symmetric off-axis reflections from a single
402:) objective prism mounted forward of the aperture plate is used to disperse the converging beam from the telescope: with the 1216 Γ
image focused onto the primary aperture, other wavelengths are excluded from the spectrograph producing a very low level of scattered light on the detector.
298:
The
Terrier stage fires for only 6 seconds after launch before it burns out and separates from the Mk 1, having accelerating from zero to 2100 km/h (1300 mph). The Black Brant coasts upward for 6 seconds, before firing for about 30 seconds, taking the payload to a speed of over
377:
The VeSpR telescope is a
Cassegrain design with a Dall-Kirkham figure, and with a 35 cm diameter ellipsoidal primary and a spherical secondary mirror providing 1β2 arc sec image quality within a few arc min of the optic axis. The telescope delivers a f/21 beam to the
266:
The Venus
Spectral Rocket Experiment (VeSpR) collected data on 27 November 2013, on the escape of water from Venus' atmosphere during the flight of the suborbital rocket. The sounding rocket carried the telescope above most of Earth's atmosphere where it could observe
368:
uses a 0.2 arc sec aperture, which provides 375 times less solid angle on the sky than a 3 x 5 arc sec region observed by this rocket telescope. For comparison, the ratio of telescope areas HST/rocket is roughly 50 times. With equivalent efficiencies,
373:
would need 4 hours of observing time to achieve the same S/N that the rocket obtains in 5 minutes. However, Hubble telescope is not allowed to point too close to the Sun to avoid damaging its instruments, so it cannot be used for this.
1611:
323:
The atmosphere of Venus is known to have undergone substantial evolution over geologic time. Evidence for this includes the present remarkable contrast between Venusβ atmosphere and the Earth's: Venus has very little water, a 95%
1109:
364:, and the chosen combination of imaging and dispersion scales provides high spectral resolution of emission line profiles with a several arc sec wide aperture for good sensitivity. For comparable spectral resolution the HST/
1576:
455:
1501:
2558:
2264:
2240:
3864:
1581:
329:
atmosphere to deplete possibly as much as an ocean of water. Support for this scenario comes from the measured ratio of D/H in Venus' atmosphere of roughly 1.6% from the
1728:
1457:
271:
light from Venus that would normally be absorbed by Earth's atmosphere. Total flight time was less than 10 minutes, and the telescope can be recovered and reused.
636:
391:
are employed to remove aberrations: the spatial resolution is limited by the telescope and the spectral resolution by the grating and aperture characteristics.
463:
1551:
3427:
2097:
1173:
1165:
258:. Measurements of this type cannot be done using Earth-based telescopes because Earth's atmosphere absorbs most UV light before it reaches the ground.
1648:
1274:
3869:
871:
3854:
3489:
2383:
1889:
1197:
428:
2553:
980:
919:
307:
The upper atmospheres of all three terrestrial planets are slowly evaporating into space, with the highest loss rate for the lightest atom,
3465:
3105:
3100:
3072:
3067:
2788:
2783:
2352:
1478:
365:
3929:
2129:
1993:
1953:
753:
409:
STIS. For a 5 arc sec aperture width, the measured resolution in the last flight was 0.055 Γ
FWHM. A camera is included to re-image the
394:
Use of a paraboloidal collimator, has produced 2 arc sec image quality with minimal astigmatism along the central 2β3 arc min. A 2 deg.
4038:
2049:
1777:
1465:
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996:
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948:
2664:
2418:
2410:
2137:
1345:
629:
1516:
1189:
521:
340:
of the night-side atmosphere. This large enhancement over cosmic abundances is consistent with the loss of an ocean's worth of H
4043:
2730:
2573:
2057:
2017:
1566:
1546:
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1101:
1085:
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2001:
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911:
815:
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1801:
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1258:
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1521:
622:
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1825:
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988:
887:
729:
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2628:
2578:
1061:
708:
423:
151:
3707:
3153:
3057:
2773:
2659:
2598:
254:(UV) light that is being emitted from Venus's atmosphere, which can provide information about the history of
3849:
3766:
3231:
2873:
2841:
2304:
2200:
2192:
1586:
692:
292:
356:
design to accomplish observations that other missions are not able to perform. The use of a pre-dispersing
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3306:
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2547:
2065:
1720:
1556:
1449:
1149:
855:
406:
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3422:
3417:
3022:
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1606:
1596:
1536:
1157:
932:
388:
283:β originally built as a surface-to-air missile and later repurposed to support science missions β and a
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1491:
3823:
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3342:
3326:
2679:
2568:
1985:
1969:
1712:
353:
284:
207:
141:
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4012:
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2778:
2723:
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2509:
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1769:
1616:
1393:
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3080:
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2613:
2490:
2474:
2312:
1977:
1571:
1511:
1353:
972:
964:
863:
721:
395:
360:
to prevent long wavelengths from entering the spectrograph permits a long-aperture approach to
287:
model Mk1 sounding rocket with a telescope inside developed by the Center for Space
Physics at
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3833:
3537:
3532:
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97:
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2849:
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2089:
1041:
660:
645:
4048:
4002:
3394:
3316:
3301:
3191:
3118:
3113:
3090:
3085:
3027:
2987:
2967:
2917:
2902:
2716:
1526:
1506:
1077:
357:
255:
4027:
3969:
3772:
3475:
3276:
3201:
3133:
3123:
2977:
2957:
2937:
2821:
1401:
1298:
1012:
676:
330:
280:
136:
3879:
3715:
3684:
3470:
3143:
3138:
3012:
2997:
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2912:
2854:
1561:
1385:
491:
383:
668:
3796:
3128:
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3002:
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2892:
2887:
2816:
1865:
1004:
903:
745:
593:
410:
379:
268:
251:
226:
3676:
3602:
3577:
3362:
3357:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3017:
2947:
2897:
2859:
2831:
2826:
2344:
1656:
1496:
1213:
561:
174:
51:
315:
radiation penetrates into the middle atmosphere, where photodissociation of H
3949:
3759:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3567:
3552:
3542:
2982:
2962:
2932:
2922:
2009:
1417:
1125:
940:
831:
3964:
3828:
3818:
3607:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3572:
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3522:
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956:
782:
774:
337:
308:
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1897:
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1664:
1377:
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1329:
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3725:
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3516:
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1873:
1841:
1833:
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1181:
1020:
847:
807:
684:
614:
2739:
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2391:
2328:
2248:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2150:
2081:
1945:
1905:
1857:
1849:
1817:
1809:
1409:
790:
320:
extrapolate into the past to learn the history of
Venusian water.
181:
2633:
2583:
2541:
2514:
2434:
2025:
1425:
1117:
250:) was a suborbital rocket telescope that collected data on the
40:
2712:
618:
405:
The spectrograph uses a replica of a prototype grating for the
594:"Science - The Escape of Water from the Atmosphere of Venus"
312:
2708:
3942:
3917:
3888:
3842:
3806:
3781:
3497:
3488:
3456:
3408:
3382:
3375:
3335:
3152:
3099:
3066:
2872:
2840:
2809:
2802:
2766:
2759:
2647:
2502:
2403:
2372:
1625:
1477:
1322:
1225:
1040:
931:
765:
720:
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652:
222:
214:
203:
198:
180:
170:
165:
147:
131:
116:
111:
93:
88:
72:
46:
36:
24:
336:, orbiting ion mass spectrometer (OIMS) data, and
556:
554:
552:
550:
548:
546:
544:
542:
522:"NASA's VeSpR rocket to probe Venus' atmosphere"
588:
586:
584:
582:
2724:
630:
450:
448:
446:
444:
8:
566:Center for Space Physics - Boston University
19:
598:Center for Space Physics, Boston University
496:Center for Space Physics, Boston University
3494:
3379:
2806:
2763:
2731:
2717:
2709:
656:
637:
623:
615:
18:
382:with a plate scale of 26 arc sec/mm. The
352:The VeSpR telescope is a special-purpose
279:VeSpR is a two-stage system, combining a
440:
429:Observations and explorations of Venus
120:01:50, November 27, 2013
568:. Boston University. 26 November 2013
516:
514:
512:
486:
484:
482:
480:
7:
414:wavelength continuum and emissions.
291:. Integration took place at NASA's
456:"Venus Spectral Rocket Experiment"
14:
2665:List of proposed space telescopes
1346:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
4007:
3998:
3997:
2693:
2692:
244:Venus Spectral Rocket Experiment
20:Venus Spectral Rocket Experiment
1567:Nautilus Deep Space Observatory
1:
2675:List of heliophysics missions
3930:Artificial objects on Venus
3925:Geological mapping of Venus
2655:Great Observatories program
16:Suborbital rocket telescope
4075:
2146:Orbiting Solar Observatory
528:. Z News. 26 November 2013
4039:Space science experiments
3993:
3980:Neith (hypothetical moon)
2746:
2698:Category:Space telescopes
2688:
424:List of missions to Venus
236:
232:
194:
190:
186:300 km (190 mi)
161:
157:
152:White Sands Missile Range
107:
103:
84:
80:
32:
3708:Pioneer Venus Multiprobe
3058:List of coronae on Venus
2660:List of space telescopes
562:"Project VeSpR Homepage"
3850:European Venus Explorer
3466:Venus-crosser asteroids
293:Wallops Flight Facility
218:35 cm (14 in)
4044:Ultraviolet telescopes
3710: / Pioneer 13
3704: / Pioneer 12
1986:HEAO-2 (Einstein Obs.)
407:Hubble Space Telescope
371:Hubble Space Telescope
344:O over geologic time.
3702:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
3023:Scalloped margin dome
2993:Quetzalpetlatl Corona
1607:Space Solar Telescope
171:Reference system
89:Spacecraft properties
2680:List of planetariums
1577:NRO donation to NASA
362:echelle spectroscopy
124:2013-11-27T01:50
4054:2013 in spaceflight
2376:(Mission completed)
661:Radio and Microwave
600:. Boston University
21:
3081:Guinevere Planitia
2973:Nightingale Corona
2313:Suzaku (Astro-EII)
2138:OAO-3 (Copernicus)
2122:Mikhailo Lomonosov
1970:Hinotori (Astro-A)
1572:New Worlds Mission
396:magnesium fluoride
389:collimating mirror
311:. At Venus, solar
166:Orbital parameters
4021:
4020:
3938:
3937:
3834:Venus Life Finder
3505:Sputnik programme
3484:
3483:
3371:
3370:
2868:
2867:
2706:
2705:
2604:SIM & SIMlite
1978:Hisaki (SPRINT-A)
1938:Hakucho (CORSA-b)
1492:Astro-1 Telescope
1318:
1317:
334:mass spectrometer
289:Boston University
240:
239:
98:Boston University
4066:
4059:Sounding rockets
4034:Space telescopes
4011:
4001:
4000:
3903:Inspiration Mars
3495:
3380:
3353:Surface features
3008:Sacajawea Patera
2807:
2794:Mapping of Venus
2764:
2751:Outline of Venus
2733:
2726:
2719:
2710:
2696:
2695:
2495:
2491:Hitomi (Astro-H)
2487:
2479:
2471:
2463:
2455:
2447:
2439:
2431:
2423:
2415:
2396:
2388:
2377:
2365:
2357:
2349:
2341:
2333:
2325:
2317:
2309:
2301:
2293:
2285:
2277:
2269:
2261:
2253:
2245:
2237:
2229:
2221:
2213:
2205:
2197:
2142:
2134:
2126:
2118:
2110:
2102:
2094:
2086:
2078:
2070:
2062:
2054:
2046:
2038:
2030:
2022:
2014:
2006:
1998:
1990:
1982:
1974:
1966:
1958:
1950:
1942:
1934:
1926:
1918:
1910:
1902:
1894:
1886:
1878:
1870:
1862:
1854:
1846:
1838:
1830:
1822:
1814:
1806:
1798:
1790:
1782:
1774:
1766:
1741:
1733:
1725:
1717:
1709:
1701:
1693:
1685:
1677:
1669:
1661:
1653:
1645:
1637:
1470:
1462:
1454:
1446:
1438:
1430:
1422:
1414:
1406:
1398:
1390:
1382:
1374:
1366:
1358:
1350:
1342:
1334:
1311:
1303:
1295:
1287:
1279:
1271:
1263:
1255:
1247:
1239:
1228:or unclassified)
1218:
1210:
1202:
1194:
1186:
1178:
1170:
1162:
1154:
1146:
1138:
1130:
1122:
1114:
1106:
1098:
1090:
1082:
1074:
1066:
1058:
1033:
1025:
1017:
1009:
1001:
993:
985:
977:
973:Hinode (Solar-B)
969:
961:
953:
945:
924:
916:
908:
900:
892:
884:
876:
868:
864:Hinode (Solar-B)
860:
852:
844:
836:
828:
820:
812:
804:
796:
787:
779:
758:
750:
742:
734:
713:
705:
697:
689:
681:
673:
657:
646:Space telescopes
639:
632:
625:
616:
609:
608:
606:
605:
590:
577:
576:
574:
573:
558:
537:
536:
534:
533:
518:
507:
506:
504:
503:
492:"What is VeSpR?"
488:
475:
474:
472:
471:
462:. Archived from
452:
127:
125:
112:Start of mission
73:Mission duration
68:
65:
63:
61:
59:
57:
55:
53:
22:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4017:
3989:
3934:
3913:
3890:
3884:
3838:
3802:
3777:
3748:CassiniβHuygens
3650:Mariner program
3480:
3452:
3404:
3367:
3331:
3148:
3104:
3095:
3071:
3062:
2878:
2876:
2864:
2850:Aphrodite Terra
2836:
2798:
2755:
2742:
2737:
2707:
2702:
2684:
2670:X-ray telescope
2643:
2525:Constellation-X
2498:
2493:
2485:
2477:
2469:
2461:
2453:
2445:
2437:
2429:
2421:
2413:
2399:
2394:
2386:
2375:
2374:
2368:
2363:
2361:Yokoh (Solar-A)
2355:
2347:
2339:
2331:
2329:Tenma (Astro-B)
2323:
2315:
2307:
2299:
2291:
2283:
2275:
2267:
2259:
2251:
2243:
2235:
2227:
2219:
2211:
2203:
2195:
2140:
2132:
2124:
2116:
2108:
2100:
2092:
2090:LISA Pathfinder
2084:
2076:
2068:
2060:
2052:
2044:
2036:
2028:
2020:
2012:
2004:
1996:
1988:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1956:
1948:
1946:HALCA (MUSES-B)
1940:
1932:
1924:
1922:Ginga (Astro-C)
1916:
1908:
1900:
1892:
1884:
1876:
1868:
1860:
1852:
1844:
1836:
1828:
1820:
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1804:
1796:
1788:
1780:
1772:
1764:
1739:
1731:
1723:
1715:
1707:
1699:
1691:
1683:
1675:
1667:
1659:
1651:
1643:
1641:Akari (Astro-F)
1635:
1621:
1473:
1468:
1460:
1452:
1444:
1436:
1428:
1420:
1412:
1404:
1396:
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1364:
1356:
1348:
1340:
1332:
1314:
1309:
1301:
1293:
1285:
1277:
1269:
1261:
1253:
1245:
1237:
1227:
1226:Other (particle
1221:
1216:
1208:
1200:
1192:
1184:
1176:
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1160:
1152:
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1136:
1128:
1120:
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1056:
1036:
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1023:
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983:
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943:
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914:
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592:
591:
580:
571:
569:
560:
559:
540:
531:
529:
520:
519:
510:
501:
499:
498:. November 2013
490:
489:
478:
469:
467:
454:
453:
442:
437:
420:
401:
350:
343:
327:
318:
305:
281:Terrier missile
277:
275:Sounding rocket
264:
182:Apogee altitude
139:
137:Terrier missile
123:
121:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4072:
4070:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
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4036:
4026:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4005:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3900:
3894:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3793:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3705:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3501:
3499:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3462:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3414:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3386:
3384:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3232:Goeppert-Mayer
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3158:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3119:Artemis Chasma
3116:
3114:Aikhulu Chasma
3110:
3108:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3091:Sedna Planitia
3088:
3086:Lakshmi Planum
3083:
3077:
3075:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3028:Siddons Patera
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2988:Pavlova Corona
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2968:Maxwell Montes
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2918:Ciuacoatl Mons
2915:
2910:
2905:
2903:Artemis Corona
2900:
2895:
2890:
2884:
2882:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2768:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2713:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2488:
2480:
2472:
2464:
2456:
2448:
2440:
2432:
2424:
2416:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2389:
2380:
2378:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2358:
2350:
2342:
2334:
2326:
2318:
2310:
2302:
2294:
2286:
2278:
2270:
2262:
2254:
2246:
2238:
2230:
2222:
2214:
2206:
2198:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2143:
2135:
2127:
2119:
2111:
2103:
2095:
2087:
2079:
2071:
2063:
2055:
2047:
2039:
2031:
2023:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1991:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1919:
1911:
1903:
1895:
1887:
1879:
1871:
1863:
1855:
1847:
1839:
1831:
1823:
1815:
1807:
1802:Compton (CGRO)
1799:
1791:
1783:
1775:
1767:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1734:
1729:ASCA (Astro-D)
1726:
1718:
1710:
1702:
1694:
1686:
1678:
1670:
1662:
1654:
1646:
1638:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1527:Hypertelescope
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1507:Fresnel Imager
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1483:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1463:
1455:
1447:
1439:
1431:
1423:
1415:
1407:
1399:
1391:
1383:
1375:
1367:
1359:
1351:
1343:
1335:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1304:
1296:
1288:
1280:
1272:
1264:
1256:
1248:
1240:
1231:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1211:
1203:
1195:
1187:
1179:
1171:
1163:
1155:
1150:Max Valier Sat
1147:
1139:
1131:
1123:
1115:
1107:
1099:
1091:
1086:HXMT (Insight)
1083:
1078:Einstein Probe
1075:
1067:
1062:Chandra (AXAF)
1059:
1050:
1048:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1026:
1018:
1010:
1002:
994:
986:
978:
970:
962:
954:
946:
937:
935:
929:
928:
926:
925:
917:
909:
901:
893:
885:
877:
869:
861:
853:
845:
837:
829:
821:
813:
805:
797:
793:constellation
788:
780:
771:
769:
763:
762:
760:
759:
751:
743:
735:
726:
724:
718:
717:
715:
714:
706:
698:
690:
682:
674:
665:
663:
654:
650:
649:
644:
642:
641:
634:
627:
619:
611:
610:
578:
538:
508:
476:
439:
438:
436:
433:
432:
431:
426:
419:
416:
399:
349:
346:
341:
325:
316:
304:
301:
276:
273:
263:
260:
256:water on Venus
238:
237:
234:
233:
230:
229:
224:
220:
219:
216:
212:
211:
205:
201:
200:
196:
195:
192:
191:
188:
187:
184:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
163:
162:
159:
158:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
133:
129:
128:
118:
114:
113:
109:
108:
105:
104:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
86:
85:
82:
81:
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
48:
44:
43:
38:
34:
33:
30:
29:
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4071:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4004:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3887:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3774:
3773:Venus Express
3771:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3697:Pioneer Venus
3695:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3471:Venus trojans
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3267:Maria Celeste
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3134:Devana Chasma
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3124:Baltis Vallis
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2978:Onatah Corona
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2958:Jaszai Patera
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2938:Heng-o Corona
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2908:BaΚ½het Corona
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2875:
2871:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2822:Asteria Regio
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2729:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2699:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2492:
2489:
2484:
2481:
2476:
2473:
2468:
2465:
2460:
2457:
2452:
2449:
2444:
2441:
2436:
2433:
2428:
2425:
2420:
2417:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2393:
2390:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2371:
2362:
2359:
2354:
2351:
2346:
2343:
2338:
2335:
2330:
2327:
2322:
2321:Taiyo (SRATS)
2319:
2314:
2311:
2306:
2303:
2298:
2295:
2290:
2287:
2282:
2279:
2274:
2271:
2266:
2263:
2258:
2255:
2250:
2247:
2242:
2239:
2234:
2231:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2215:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2139:
2136:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2120:
2115:
2112:
2107:
2104:
2099:
2096:
2091:
2088:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2072:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2040:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2024:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2008:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1984:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1936:
1931:
1928:
1923:
1920:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1864:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1808:
1803:
1800:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1784:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1768:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1735:
1730:
1727:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1711:
1706:
1703:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1687:
1682:
1679:
1674:
1671:
1666:
1663:
1658:
1655:
1650:
1647:
1642:
1639:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1480:
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1402:Solar-C EUVST
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1013:Solar Orbiter
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675:
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628:
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621:
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466:on 2014-08-31
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332:
331:Pioneer Venus
321:
314:
310:
302:
300:
296:
295:in Virginia.
294:
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67:
49:
45:
42:
39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
3909:Terraforming
3898:Colonization
3880:Shukrayaan-1
3795:
3788:
3765:
3758:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3716:Vega program
3685:Zond program
3675:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3548:Venera 1964A
3144:Ganis Chasma
3139:Diana Chasma
3013:Sachs Patera
2998:Pancake dome
2928:Fotla Corona
2913:Boala Corona
2855:Ishtar Terra
2546:
2529:
2373:Hibernating
2125:(2016β2019?)
1668:(1962, 1964)
1562:Nano-JASMINE
1386:NEO Surveyor
1310:(since 2006)
1302:(since 2020)
1294:(since 1995)
1286:(since 2019)
1278:(since 2017)
1270:(since 2008)
1262:(since 2015)
1254:(since 2015)
1246:(since 2011)
1238:(since 1997)
1217:(since 1999)
1209:(since 2024)
1201:(since 2023)
1193:(since 2022)
1185:(since 2012)
1177:(since 2017)
1169:(since 2018)
1161:(since 2009)
1153:(since 2017)
1145:(since 2004)
1137:(since 2024)
1129:(since 2019)
1121:(since 2021)
1113:(since 2020)
1105:(since 2008)
1097:(since 2002)
1089:(since 2017)
1081:(since 2024)
1073:(since 2015)
1065:(since 1999)
1057:(since 2015)
1032:(since 2004)
1024:(since 2006)
1016:(since 2020)
1008:(since 2008)
1000:(since 1995)
992:(since 2010)
984:(since 2013)
976:(since 2006)
968:(since 2021)
960:(since 2015)
952:(since 2022)
944:(since 2023)
923:(since 2018)
915:(since 2004)
907:(since 2008)
899:(since 1995)
891:(since 2010)
883:(since 2001)
875:(since 2013)
867:(since 2006)
859:(since 1990)
851:(since 2005)
843:(since 2013)
835:(since 2021)
827:(since 2023)
819:(since 2015)
811:(since 2019)
803:(since 2021)
795:(since 2013)
786:(since 2015)
778:(since 2018)
757:(since 2009)
749:(since 2008)
741:(since 2001)
733:(since 2022)
712:(since 2024)
704:(since 1994)
696:(since 2018)
688:(since 2006)
680:(since 2020)
672:(since 2018)
602:. Retrieved
597:
570:. Retrieved
565:
530:. Retrieved
525:
500:. Retrieved
495:
468:. Retrieved
464:the original
459:
404:
393:
384:spectrograph
376:
351:
322:
306:
297:
278:
265:
247:
243:
241:
94:Manufacturer
3797:BepiColombo
3490:Exploration
3343:Geodynamics
3327:Yablochkina
3129:Dali Chasma
3053:Zisa Corona
3003:Renpet Mons
2953:Irnini Mons
2943:Iaso Tholus
2893:Akna Montes
2888:Abeona Mons
2817:Alpha Regio
2784:Dune fields
2486:(2014β2015)
2438:(2012β2013)
2404:Lost/Failed
2395:(1998β2010)
2387:(1998β2005)
2364:(1991β2001)
2356:(2001β2010)
2340:(1970β1973)
2332:(1983β1985)
2324:(1975β1980)
2316:(2005β2015)
2308:(2003β2020)
2300:(2011β2019)
2292:(1979β1985)
2284:(1975β1979)
2276:(1972β1973)
2268:(1992β2004)
2260:(1995β2012)
2252:(1990β1999)
2244:(2002β2018)
2236:(1983β1984)
2228:(2009β2013)
2212:(2006β2016)
2141:(1972β1981)
2133:(1968β1973)
2117:(1996β1997)
2109:(2003β2019)
2101:(2015β2017)
2093:(2015β2017)
2085:(1997β2002)
2077:(1990β2001)
2069:(2009β2018)
2061:(1996β2004)
2053:(1978β1996)
2045:(1996β1998)
2037:(1995β1996)
2013:(1989β1993)
2005:(2000β2008)
1997:(1979β1981)
1989:(1978β1982)
1981:(2013β2023)
1973:(1981β1991)
1965:(2009β2013)
1957:(1977β1979)
1949:(1997β2005)
1941:(1979β1985)
1933:(1989β1998)
1925:(1987β1991)
1917:(1990β1992)
1909:(2003β2013)
1901:(1987β2001)
1893:(1999β2007)
1885:(1992β2001)
1877:(1983β1986)
1866:Explorer 11
1837:(2017β2019)
1829:(1989β1993)
1821:(1975β1982)
1813:(2006β2013)
1805:(1991β2000)
1797:(2003β2008)
1789:(1996β2003)
1781:(1974β1976)
1773:(1983β1991)
1732:(1993β2000)
1724:(1973β1974)
1716:(2017β2019)
1708:(1979β1982)
1700:(1974β1980)
1692:(1971β1972)
1684:(1967β1969)
1660:(1962β1972)
1652:(1993β2005)
1644:(2006β2011)
1636:(2007β2024)
933:Ultraviolet
411:focal plane
380:focal plane
285:Black Brant
269:ultraviolet
252:ultraviolet
227:Ultraviolet
223:Wavelengths
148:Launch site
142:Black Brant
140:2nd stage:
135:1st stage:
117:Launch date
4028:Categories
3985:Phosphorus
3960:In fiction
3955:In culture
3677:Mariner 10
3603:Kosmos 482
3578:Kosmos 167
3538:Sputnik 21
3533:Sputnik 20
3528:Sputnik 19
3363:Venusquake
3358:Venus snow
3287:Merit Ptah
3222:De Lalande
3048:Ushas Mons
3043:Theia Mons
3038:Skadi Mons
3018:Sapas Mons
2948:Idunn Mons
2898:Anala Mons
2860:Lada Terra
2832:Ovda Regio
2827:Beta Regio
2779:Atmosphere
2345:Vanguard 3
1657:Alouette 1
1497:AstroSat-2
1214:XMM-Newton
730:James Webb
604:2013-11-27
572:2013-11-27
532:2013-11-27
502:2013-11-28
470:2013-11-27
435:References
354:Cassegrain
338:IR spectra
262:Objectives
208:Cassegrain
175:Suborbital
76:10 minutes
3975:Mythology
3950:Cytherean
3760:MESSENGER
3670:Mariner 5
3663:Mariner 2
3656:Mariner 1
3643:Venera 16
3638:Venera 15
3633:Venera 14
3628:Venera 13
3623:Venera 12
3618:Venera 11
3613:Venera 10
3568:Kosmos 96
3553:Kosmos 27
3543:Kosmos 21
3510:Sputnik 7
3458:Asteroids
3376:Astronomy
3292:Mona Lisa
3237:Golubkina
3227:Dickinson
3207:Cleopatra
2983:Ozza Mons
2963:Maat Mons
2933:Gula Mons
2923:Fand Mons
2880:volcanoes
2874:Mountains
2774:Arachnoid
2760:Geography
2548:Eddington
2503:Cancelled
2010:Hipparcos
1418:Spektr-UV
1283:Mini-EUSO
1275:ISS-CREAM
1126:Spektr-RG
1046:Gamma-ray
941:Aditya-L1
832:Hayabusa2
709:Queqiao 2
653:Operating
348:Telescope
4003:Category
3965:Hesperus
3889:Proposed
3843:Proposed
3829:Venera-D
3819:EnVision
3790:Akatsuki
3734:Magellan
3608:Venera 9
3598:Venera 8
3593:Venera 7
3588:Venera 6
3583:Venera 5
3573:Venera 4
3563:Venera 3
3558:Venera 2
3523:Venera 1
3519:program
3410:Transits
3322:Wheatley
3312:Stefania
3257:Isabella
3252:Guilbert
3217:Danilova
3073:plateaus
3033:Sif Mons
2789:Features
2599:Sentinel
2297:Spektr-R
2233:RELIKT-1
2074:Kristall
1962:Herschel
1786:BeppoSAX
1542:JEM-EUSO
1537:iWF-MAXI
1479:Proposed
1442:LiteBIRD
1434:Spektr-M
1166:MinXSS-2
1094:INTEGRAL
957:Astrosat
783:Astrosat
722:Infrared
418:See also
309:hydrogen
215:Diameter
37:Operator
3943:Related
3905:(flyby)
3824:VERITAS
3814:DAVINCI
3807:Planned
3782:Current
3767:Shin'en
3741:Galileo
3390:Aspects
3383:General
3348:Geology
3297:Nanichi
3282:Meitner
3247:Gregory
3187:Aurelia
3182:Ariadne
3154:Craters
3106:valleys
3101:Canyons
2803:Regions
2767:General
2648:Related
2559:FINESSE
2537:Destiny
2520:Astro-G
2483:Tsubame
2475:Astro-E
2451:ABRIXAS
2305:Spitzer
2289:Solwind
2241:R/HESSI
2201:Orion 2
2193:Orion 1
1898:Kvant-1
1794:CHIPSat
1757:Astro-2
1737:Astro-1
1713:ASTERIA
1705:Ariel 6
1697:Ariel 5
1689:Ariel 4
1681:Ariel 3
1673:Ariel 2
1665:Ariel 1
1626:Retired
1617:THESEUS
1602:Solar-D
1597:PhoENiX
1437:(2030+)
1394:JASMINE
1362:Xuntian
1330:SPHEREx
1323:Planned
872:NEOSSat
767:Optical
693:Queqiao
303:Science
122: (
47:Website
4013:Portal
3891:crewed
3865:VISAGE
3754:IKAROS
3726:Vega 2
3721:Vega 1
3690:Zond 1
3517:Venera
3476:Zoozve
3400:Phases
3272:Mariko
3262:Jeanne
3242:Grimke
3212:Cunitz
3197:Barton
3177:Alcott
3172:Agnesi
3167:Adivar
3162:Addams
3068:Plains
2842:Terrae
2624:TAUVEX
2531:Darwin
2510:Aelita
2494:(2016)
2478:(2000)
2470:(1999)
2462:(1996)
2459:HETE-1
2454:(1999)
2446:(1965)
2430:(1976)
2422:(1970)
2414:(1966)
2348:(1959)
2265:SAMPEX
2225:Planck
2220:(2018)
2217:PicSat
2209:PAMELA
2204:(1973)
2196:(1971)
2098:MinXSS
2066:Kepler
2029:(1983)
2021:(2024)
2002:HETE-2
1994:HEAO-3
1954:HEAO-1
1930:Granat
1874:EXOSAT
1869:(1961)
1861:(2010)
1853:(2008)
1845:(1993)
1834:CXBN-2
1770:Astron
1765:(1995)
1740:(1990)
1676:(1964)
1649:ALEXIS
1592:PETREL
1552:LUVOIR
1502:EXCEDE
1469:(2035)
1461:(2035)
1458:Athena
1453:(2033)
1445:(2032)
1429:(2030)
1421:(2030)
1413:(2029)
1405:(2028)
1397:(2028)
1389:(2027)
1381:(2027)
1373:(2027)
1365:(2026)
1357:(2026)
1349:(2026)
1341:(2026)
1338:K-EUSO
1333:(2025)
1307:STEREO
1243:AMS-02
1206:XPoSat
1182:NuSTAR
1021:STEREO
965:Hibari
856:Hubble
848:HiRISE
824:Euclid
816:DSCOVR
808:CHEOPS
685:STEREO
210:design
132:Rocket
64:/index
62:/vespr
4049:Venus
3918:Other
3395:Orbit
3336:Other
3317:Wanda
3302:Riley
3192:Balch
2810:Regio
2740:Venus
2619:SPOrt
2614:SPICA
2594:OSO K
2589:OSO J
2443:OSO C
2427:CORSA
2419:OAO-B
2411:OAO-1
2392:TRACE
2337:Uhuru
2281:SAS-C
2273:SAS-B
2249:ROSAT
2186:OSO 8
2181:OSO 7
2176:OSO 6
2171:OSO 5
2166:OSO 4
2161:OSO 3
2156:OSO B
2151:OSO 1
2130:OAO-2
2082:LEGRI
2018:ILO-X
1914:Gamma
1906:GALEX
1858:EPOXI
1850:EPOCh
1818:Cos-B
1810:CoRoT
1745:BBXRT
1633:AGILE
1612:THEIA
1582:ORBIS
1532:ILO-1
1517:HabEx
1512:FOCAL
1487:Arcus
1450:Taiji
1410:ARIEL
1354:PLATO
1259:DAMPE
1251:CALET
1198:XRISM
1174:NICER
1142:Swift
1110:GECAM
1102:Fermi
1070:DAMPE
1054:CALET
1042:X-ray
1029:Swift
1005:SOLAR
949:ASO-S
912:Swift
904:SOLAR
800:CHASE
791:BRITE
746:SOLAR
358:prism
248:VeSpR
66:.html
60:/PASS
28:VeSpR
25:Names
3970:Life
3870:VICI
3860:VISE
3855:VAMP
3498:Past
3448:2012
3443:2004
3438:1882
3433:1874
3428:1769
3423:1761
3418:1639
3307:Ruth
3277:Mead
3202:Buck
2639:XIPE
2634:XEUS
2609:SNAP
2584:LOFT
2579:JDEM
2564:GEMS
2554:FAME
2542:EChO
2515:AOSO
2467:WIRE
2435:CXBN
2384:SWAS
2353:WMAP
2257:RXTE
2106:MOST
2058:IXAE
2034:IRTS
2026:IRAS
1890:FUSE
1882:EUVE
1826:COBE
1557:Lynx
1547:LUCI
1466:LISA
1426:UVEX
1378:LORD
1370:COSI
1291:SOHO
1267:IBEX
1190:LEIA
1158:MAXI
1134:SVOM
1118:IXPE
1044:and
997:SOHO
981:IRIS
920:TESS
896:SOHO
880:Odin
840:Gaia
754:WISE
738:Odin
701:Wind
669:NCLE
460:NASA
398:(MgF
366:STIS
242:The
204:Type
199:Main
58:/csp
56:.edu
41:NASA
3875:VOX
3103:and
3070:and
2877:and
2629:TPF
2574:IXO
2569:HOP
2114:MSX
2050:IUE
2042:ISO
1842:DXS
1778:ANS
1761:HUT
1750:HUT
1721:ATM
1587:OST
1522:HWO
1235:ACE
989:SDO
888:SDO
775:Aoi
526:ANI
54:.bu
52:www
4030::
1763:)
596:.
581:^
564:.
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524:.
511:^
494:.
479:^
458:.
443:^
324:CO
313:UV
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2718:v
1759:(
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624:v
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473:.
400:2
342:2
326:2
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246:(
126:)
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