1060:
1073:
1369:, and is an adaptation found in several plants that grow in nutrient-poor soil. Carnivorous traps were naturally selected to allow these organisms to compensate for the nutrient deficiencies of their harsh environments and compensate for the reduced photosynthetic benefit. Phylogenetic studies have shown that carnivory in plants is a common adaptation in habitats with abundant sunlight and water but scarce nutrients. Carnivory has evolved independently six times in the angiosperms based on extant species, with likely many more carnivorous plant lineages now extinct.
485:—with a "jaw"-like clamping structure, which is formed by the terminal portion of each of the plant's leaves; when an insect makes contact with the open leaves, vibrations from the prey's movements ultimately trigger the "jaws" to shut via tiny hairs (called "trigger hairs" or "sensitive hairs") on their inner surfaces. Additionally, when an insect or spider touches one of these hairs, the trap prepares to close, only fully enclosing the prey if a second hair is contacted within (approximately) twenty seconds of the first contact. Triggers may occur as quickly as
831:
255:
843:
49:
962:, within 21 counties in North and South Carolina. As of 2019, it was considered extirpated in North Carolina in the inland counties of Moore, Robeson, and Lenoir, as well as the South Carolina coastal counties of Charleston and Georgetown. Remaining extant populations exist in North Carolina in Beaufort, Craven, Pamlico, Carteret, Jones, Onslow, Duplin, Pender, New Hanover, Brunswick, Columbus, Bladen, Sampson, Cumberland, and Hoke counties, and in South Carolina in Horry county.
859:
980:
902:. Small in stature and slow-growing, the Venus flytrap tolerates fire well and depends on periodic burning to suppress its competition. Fire suppression threatens its future in the wild. It survives in wet sandy and peaty soils. Although it has been successfully transplanted and grown in many locales around the world, it is native only to the coastal bogs of North and South Carolina in the United States, specifically within a 100-kilometer (60 mi) radius of
819:
1353:
115:
1577:
1731:. Since then, several poachers have been charged, with one man receiving 17 months in prison for poaching 970 Venus flytraps, and another man charged with 73 felony counts in 2019. Poachers may do greater harm to the wild populations than a simple count of individuals taken would indicate, as they may selectively harvest the largest plants at a site, which have more flowers and fruit and therefore generate more seeds than smaller plants.
789:
with narrow petioles and leaves at 45 degrees; and 'filiformis', with extremely narrow or linear petioles. Except for 'filiformis', all of these can be stages in leaf production of any plant depending on season (decumbent in summer versus short versus semi-erect in spring), length of photoperiod (long petioles in spring versus short in summer), and intensity of light (wide petioles in low light intensity versus narrow in brighter light).
690:
1184:
1194:
73:
1688:
residential and commercial development and road building directly eliminate flytrap habitat, while site preparation that entails ditching and draining can dry out soil in surrounding areas, destroying the viability of the species. Additionally, increased recreational use of natural areas in populated areas directly destroys the plants by crushing or uprooting them.
883:
1451:, such as rapid leaf and tentacle movement. The model proposes that plant carnivory by snap trap evolved from the flypaper traps, driven by increasing prey size. Bigger prey provides greater nutritional value, but large insects can easily escape the sticky mucilage of flypaper traps; the evolution of snap traps would therefore prevent escape and
2479:: Together with a Catalogue of Such Foreign Plants as Are Worthy of Being Encouraged in Our American Colonies, for the Purposes of Medicine, Agriculture, and Commerce. To Which is Added, the Figure and Botanical Description of a New Sensitive Plant, Called Dionæa muscipula: or, Venus's Fly-trap – (London, printed and sold by L. Davis, 1770).
971:
of more than 93% from a 1979 estimate of approximately 4,500,000 individuals. A 1958 study found 259 confirmed extant or historic sites. As of 2016, there were 71 known sites where the plant could be found in the wild. Of these 71 sites, only 20 were classified as having excellent or good long-term viability.
636:. In the letter he wrote: "We have a kind of Catch Fly Sensitive which closes upon anything that touches it. It grows in Latitude 34 but not in 35. I will try to save the seed here." A year later, Dobbs went into greater detail about the plant in a letter to Collinson dated Brunswick, 24 January 1760.
1472:
and other molecular components of insect and microbial pests. In the Venus flytrap, this same molecule has been found to be responsible for the activation of the plant's digestive glands. A few hours after the capture of prey, another set of genes is activated inside the glands, the same set of genes
1680:
The Venus flytrap is only found in the wild in a very particular set of conditions, requiring flat land with moist, acidic, nutrient-poor soils that receive full sun and burn frequently in forest fires, and is therefore sensitive to many types of disturbance. A 2011 review identified five categories
1473:
that is active in the roots of other plants, allowing them to absorb nutrients. The use of similar biological pathways in the traps as non-carnivorous plants use for other purposes indicates that somewhere in its evolutionary history, the Venus flytrap repurposed these genes to facilitate carnivory.
970:
A large-scale survey in 2019, conducted by the North
Carolina Natural Heritage Program, counted a total of 163,951 individual Venus flytraps in North Carolina and 4,876 in South Carolina, estimating a total of 302,000 individuals remaining in the wild in its native range. This represents a reduction
788:
The Venus flytrap exhibits variations in petiole shape and length and whether the leaf lies flat on the ground or extends up at an angle of about 40–60 degrees. The four major forms are: 'typica', the most common, with broad decumbent petioles; 'erecta', with leaves at a 45-degree angle; 'linearis',
1687:
is a major threat to the species. The human population of the coastal
Carolinas is rapidly expanding. For example, Brunswick County, North Carolina, which has the largest number of Venus flytrap populations, has seen a 27% increase in its human population from 2010 to 2018. As the population grows,
1595:. Most Venus flytraps found for sale in nurseries garden centers have been produced using this method, as this is the most cost-effective way to propagate them on a large scale. Regardless of the propagation method used, the plants will live for 20 to 30 years if cultivated in the right conditions.
926:
They are full sun plants, usually found only in areas with less than 10% canopy cover. The habitats where it thrives are typically either too nutrient-poor for many noncarnivorous plants to survive, or frequently disturbed by fires which regularly clear vegetation and prevent a shady overstory from
498:
The requirement of repeated, seemingly redundant triggering in this mechanism serves as a safeguard against energy loss and to avoid trapping objects with no nutritional value; the plant will only begin digestion after five more stimuli are activated, ensuring that it has caught a live prey animal
922:
formation that the soil cannot. They tolerate mild winters, and require a period of winter dormancy to survive freezing temperatures and low photoperiods. It is a common misconception that Venus flytraps require dormancy if kept indoors under sufficient artificial light. However, most professional
756:
The holes in the meshwork allow small prey to escape, presumably because the benefit that would be obtained from them would be less than the cost of digesting them. If the prey is too small and escapes, the trap will usually reopen within 12 hours. If the prey moves around in the trap, it tightens
736:
that are found on the upper surface of each of the lobes. The mechanism is so highly specialized that it can distinguish between living prey and non-prey stimuli, such as falling raindrops; two trigger hairs must be touched in succession within 20 seconds of each other or one hair touched twice in
681:
The Venus flytrap is a small plant whose structure can be described as a rosette of four to seven leaves, which arise from a short subterranean stem that is actually a bulb-like object. Each stem reaches a maximum size of about three to ten centimeters, depending on the time of year; longer leaves
640:
The great wonder of the vegetable kingdom is a very curious unknown species of
Sensitive. It is a dwarf plant. The leaves are like a narrow segment of a sphere, consisting of two parts, like the cap of a spring purse, the concave part outwards, each of which falls back with indented edges (like an
760:
Speed of closing can vary depending on the amount of humidity, light, size of prey, and general growing conditions. The speed with which traps close can be used as an indicator of a plant's general health. Venus flytraps are not as humidity-dependent as are some other carnivorous plants, such as
1464:. The gene activation observed in the leaves of the plants gives support to the hypothesis that the carnivorous mechanisms present in the flytrap are a specially adapted version of mechanisms used by non-carnivorous plants to defend against herbivorous insects. In many non-carnivorous plants,
1698:
requires fire every 3–5 years, and best thrives with annual brush fires. Although flytraps and their seeds are typically killed alongside their competition in fires, seeds from flytraps adjacent to the burnt zone propagate quickly in the ash and full sun conditions that occur after a fire
1529:
As the trap became more and more active, the energy required to "wrap" the prey increased. Plants that could somehow differentiate between actual insects and random detritus/rain droplets would have an advantage, thus explaining the specialization of inner tentacles into trigger
641:
iron spring fox-trap); upon anything touching the leaves, or falling between them, they instantly close like a spring trap, and confine any insect or anything that falls between them. It bears a white flower. To this surprising plant I have given the name of Fly trap
Sensitive.
3559:
Hsu YL, Cho CY, Kuo PL, Huang YT, Lin CC (August 2006). "Plumbagin (5-Hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) Induces
Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest in A549 Cells through p53 Accumulation via c-Jun NH2-Terminal Kinase-Mediated Phosphorylation at Serine 15 in Vitro and in Vivo".
993:
3393:
Bemm, Felix; Becker, Dirk; Larisch, Christina; Kreuzer, Ines; Escalante-Perez, Maria; Schulze, Waltraud X.; Ankenbrand, Markus; Weyer, Anna-Lena Van de; Krol, Elzbieta; Al-Rasheid, Khaled A.; Mithöfer, Axel; Weber, Andreas P.; Schultz, Jörg; Hedrich, Rainer (4 May 2016).
1236:
enzymes secreted by the glands. One of these enzymes includes GH18 chitinase, which breaks down chitin-containing exoskeleton of trapped insects. Synthesis of this enzyme begins with at least five action potentials, which will stimulate transcription of chitinase.
1649:. The current review commenced in 2018, after an initial "90-day" review found that action may be warranted. A previous review in 1993 resulted in a determination that the plant was a "Potential candidate without sufficient data on vulnerability". The
583:
Historically, the plant was also known by the slang term "tipitiwitchet" or "tippity twitchet", possibly an oblique reference to the plant's resemblance to human female genitalia. The term is similar to the term tippet-de-witchet which derives from
1013:
Most carnivorous plants selectively feed on specific prey. This selection is due to the available prey and the type of trap used by the organism. With the Venus flytrap, prey is limited to beetles, spiders and other crawling arthropods. The
1613:(cultivated varieties) have come into the market through tissue culture of selected genetic mutations, and these plants are raised in large quantities for commercial markets. The cultivars 'Akai Ryu' and 'South West Giant' have gained the
1714:
has been another cause of population decline. Harvesting Venus flytraps on public land became illegal in North
Carolina in 1958, and since then a legal cultivation industry has formed, growing tens of thousands of flytraps in commercial
4511:
1734:
Additionally, the species is particularly vulnerable to catastrophic climate events. Most Venus flytrap sites are only 2–4 meters (6.5 –13 feet) above sea level and are located in a region prone to hurricanes, making storm surges and
1511:, must have adapted to move the trap and its stalks in directions that maximized its chance of capturing and retaining such prey—in this particular case, longitudinally. Once adequately "wrapped", escape would be more difficult.
1501:. Nevertheless, it is possible to infer an evolutionary history based on phylogenetic studies of both genera. Researchers have proposed a series of steps that would ultimately result in the complex snap-trap mechanism:
2443:
1703:
s survival relies upon adequate seed production and dispersal from outside the burnt patches back into the burnt habitat, requiring a critical mass of populations, and exposing the success of any one population to
1211:
If the prey is unable to escape, it will continue to stimulate the inner surface of the lobes, and this causes a further growth response that forces the edges of the lobes together, eventually sealing the trap
4702:
4620:
3324:
Böhm, J.; Scherzer, S.; Krol, E.; Kreuzer, I.; von Meyer, K.; Lorey, C.; Mueller, T. D.; Shabala, L.; Monte, I.; Solano, R.; Al-Rasheid, K. A. S.; Rennenberg, H.; Shabala, S.; Neher, E.; Hedrich, R. (2016).
1681:
of threats for the species: agriculture, road-building, biological resource use (poaching and lumber activities), natural systems modifications (drainage and fire suppression), and pollution (fertilizer).
996:
1000:
999:
995:
994:
1001:
1587:
Plants can be propagated by seed, taking around four to five years to reach maturity. More commonly, they are propagated by clonal division in spring or summer. Venus flytraps can also be propagated
1176:; the plant knows if one of its trigger hairs have been touched, and remembers this for a few seconds. If a second touch occurs during that time frame, the flytrap closes. After closing, the flytrap
1540:
Completing the transition, the plant eventually developed the depressed digestive glands found inside the trap, rather than using the dews in the stalks, further differentiating it from genus
1708:. These dynamics make small, isolated populations particularly vulnerable to extirpation, for if there are no mature plants adjacent to the fire zone, there is no source of seeds post-fire.
2650:
1172:, allowing water to follow by osmosis, and the cells to collapse. Both of these mechanisms may play a role and have some experimental evidence to support them. Flytraps show an example of
998:
1658:
737:
rapid succession, whereupon the lobes of the trap will snap shut, typically in about one-tenth of a second. The edges of the lobes are fringed by stiff hair-like protrusions or
499:
worthy of consumption. These hairs also possess a heat sensor. A forest fire, for example, causes them to snap shut, making the plant more resilient to periods of summer fires.
2851:
Gray, Janet Bracey; Sorrie, Bruce A; Wall, Wade (2016). "Canebrakes of the
Sandhills Region of the Carolinas and Georgia: Fire History, Canebrake Area, and Species Frequency".
2440:
1505:
Larger insects usually walk over the plant, instead of flying to it, and are more likely to break free from sticky glands alone. Therefore, a plant with wider leaves, like
1537:
would lose their original function altogether, becoming the "teeth" and trigger hairs—an example of natural selection utilizing pre-existing structures for new functions.
4109:
4710:
4628:
939:
seeds germinate well in ash and sandy soil, with seedlings growing well in the open post-fire conditions. The seeds germinate immediately without a dormant period.
5352:
1694:
is another threat to the Venus flytrap. In the absence of regular fires, shrubs and trees encroach, outcompeting the species and leading to local extirpations.
5417:
1121:
of the trigger hairs; this is to avoid inadvertent triggering of the mechanism by dust and other wind-borne debris. In the open, untripped state, the lobes are
1489:. They generally do not form readily fossilizable structures such as thick bark or wood. As a result, there is no fossil evidence of the steps that might link
5587:
4793:
3140:
Suda, Hiraku; Mano, Hiroaki; Toyota, Masatsugu; Fukushima, Kenji; Mimura, Tetsuro; Tsutsui, Izuo; Hedrich, Rainer; Tamada, Yosuke; Hasebe, Mitsuyasu (2020).
830:
625:
5597:
2117:
502:
Although widely cultivated for sale, the population of the Venus flytrap has been rapidly declining in its native range. As of 2017, the species was under
2614:
Cameron, Kenneth M.; Wurdack, Kenneth J.; Jobson, Richard W. (2002). "Molecular evidence for the common origin of snap-traps among carnivorous plants".
4651:
5582:
1168:, thus elongating and changing the shape of the trap lobe. Alternatively, cells in the inner layers of the lobes and midrib may rapidly secrete other
950:
occurs naturally only along the coastal plain of North and South
Carolina in the U.S., with all known current sites within 90 km (56 mi) of
1672:. The Endangered Species Act specifies a two-year timeline for a species review. However, the species listing process takes 12.1 years on average.
1633:
has suffered a significant decline in its population in the wild. The population in its native range is estimated to have decreased 93% since 1979.
5300:
1699:
disturbance. Because the mature plants and new seedlings are typically destroyed in the regular fires that are necessary to maintain their habitat,
923:
carnivorous plant growers recommend dormancy, and Venus fly traps grown without dormancy may require more light, water, and food to remain healthy.
2550:
5365:
5313:
5126:
1646:
797:
The plant also has a flower on top of a long stem, about 6 inches (15 cm) long. The flower is pollinated from various flying insects such as
507:
842:
741:, which mesh together and prevent large prey from escaping. These protrusions, and the trigger hairs (also known as sensitive hairs) are likely
5489:
5440:
997:
858:
2250:
A Dictionary of Sexual
Language and Imagery in Shakespearean and Stuart Literature: Three Volume Set Volume I A–F Volume II G–P Volume III Q–Z
1915:
1609:
Venus flytraps are by far the most commonly recognized and cultivated carnivorous plant, and they are frequently sold as houseplants. Various
5146:
5136:
4119:
4057:
2769:
2530:
2365:
2314:
2287:
2257:
1797:
2680:"Quantification of insect nitrogen utilization by the Venus flytrap Dionaea muscipula catching prey with highly variable isotope signatures"
2078:
1059:
720:, and a pair of terminal lobes hinged at the midrib, forming the trap which is the true leaf. The upper surface of these lobes contains red
2162:
Varronianus: A Critical and
Historical Introduction to the Ethnography of Ancient Italy and to the Philological Study of the Latin Language
1533:
Ultimately, as the plant relied more on closing around the insect rather than gluing them to the leaf surface, the tentacles so evident in
1006:
3788:
Cameron, K. M.; Wurdack, K. J.; Jobson, R. W. (2002). "Molecular evidence for the common origin of snap-traps among carnivorous plants".
1133:
state that closes the trap, but the mechanism by which this occurs is still poorly understood. When the trigger hairs are stimulated, an
2785:
1792:
5622:
5617:
4734:
3305:
2889:
Roberts, Patricia R.; Oosting, H. J. (1958). "Responses of Venus Fly Trap (Dionaea muscipula) to Factors Involved in Its Endemism".
1975:
1458:
In 2016, a study of the expression of genes in the plant's leaves as they captured and digested prey was published in the journal,
5607:
5602:
4786:
1468:
serves as a signaling molecule for the activation of defense mechanisms, such as the production of hydrolases, which can destroy
5339:
1604:
427:
1224:, the same hormone that triggers the release of toxins as an anti-herbivore defense mechanism in non-carnivorous plants. (See
5396:
1642:
1455:(theft of prey captured by the plant before it can derive benefit from it), and would also permit a more complete digestion.
1029:(carnivorous plants that use a sticky trap instead of a snap trap) the reason for this evolutionary branching becomes clear.
596:, who gave the plant its scientific name in 1768, wrote that the plant name tippitywichit was an indigenous word from either
503:
31:
4676:
4326:"Many endangered species face long waits for protection: Scientists concerned about decreasing global diversity as a result"
3680:
Albert, V. A.; Williams, S. E.; Chase, M. W. (11 September 1992). "Carnivorous plants: phylogeny and structural evolution".
1072:
918:. The nutritional poverty of the soil is the reason it relies on such elaborate traps: insect prey provide the nitrogen for
695:
5370:
3520:
Galek H, Osswald WF, Elstner EF (1990). "Oxidative protein modification as predigestive mechanism of the carnivorous plant
2355:
818:
2477:
Directions for Bringing over Seeds and Plants, from the East Indies and Other Distant Countries, in a State of Vegetation
732:, snapping shut when stimulated by prey. The trapping mechanism is tripped when prey contacts one of the three hair-like
907:
609:
2245:
5515:
5131:
4779:
1963:
1661:(CITES) meaning international trade (including in parts and derivatives) is regulated by the CITES permitting system.
1614:
4560:
3058:
2943:
5627:
5502:
5141:
4300:
3623:
951:
931:
bamboos. Regular fire disturbance is an important part of its habitat, required every 3–5 years in most places for
903:
633:
3215:
2304:
2047:"Petition to list the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula Ellis) as Endangered under the 1973 Endangered Species Act"
5422:
5391:
5081:
2385:. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society ;v. 33, pt. L. American Philosophical Society. p. 104.
1817:
457:
412:
4594:
2121:
114:
5612:
5592:
5445:
4867:
4350:
Jennings, David E.; Rohr, Jason R. (1 May 2011). "A review of the conservation threats to carnivorous plants".
1382:. For most of the 20th century, this relationship was thought to be coincidental, more precisely an example of
1148:
It is hypothesized that there is a threshold of ion buildup for the Venus flytrap to react to stimulation. The
979:
5507:
4746:
4488:
4164:
1992:
3388:
3386:
2720:
2184:
5240:
4706:
4247:
1764:
1430:
1319:
1260:
652:
593:
208:
5292:
4073:
Jang, Gi-Won; Kim, Kwang-Soo; Park, Ro-Dong (2003). "Micropropagation of Venus fly trap by shoot culture".
2277:
1180:
additional stimulations of the trigger hairs, to five total, to start the production of digesting enzymes.
5287:
5168:
5060:
4806:
5206:
4766:
5318:
4993:
4853:
2597:
2383:
Diary of a journey through the Carolinas, Georgia and Florida : From July 1, 1765 to April 10, 1766
1618:
1091:
452:
231:
48:
4756:
4028:
3182:
1932:
927:
developing. It can be found living alongside herbaceous plants, grasses, sphagnum, and fire-dependent
5432:
5261:
4533:
4431:
4359:
3877:
3689:
3638:
3338:
2898:
2565:
2461:
1768:
1691:
1592:
1548:
Phylogenetic studies using molecular characters place the emergence of carnivory in the ancestors of
1522:
1383:
1110:
1081:
1018:
diet is 33% ants, 30% spiders, 10% beetles, and 10% grasshoppers, with fewer than 5% flying insects.
729:
4193:
2971:"Energetics and the evolution of carnivorous plants – Darwin's 'Most Wonderful plants in the world'"
682:
with robust traps are usually formed after flowering. Flytraps that have more than seven leaves are
5102:
4135:
3327:"The Venus Flytrap Dionaea muscipula Counts Prey-Induced Action Potentials to Induce Sodium Uptake"
3239:
Proceedings of the 4th International Carnivorous Plant Society Conference. Tokyo, Japan. pp. 77–81.
3232:
1910:
1684:
958:
specimens and old documents found 259 sites where the historical record documented the presence of
657:
62:
5409:
2801:
1668:
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has not indicated a timeline to conclude its current review of
1514:
Evolutionary pressure then selected for plants with shorter response time, in a manner similar to
651:
This was the first detailed recorded notice of the plant by Europeans. The description was before
254:
5554:
5494:
4839:
4492:
4457:
4393:
4325:
4090:
4007:
3662:
3585:
3497:
3395:
3278:
3122:
2922:
2868:
2589:
2411:
2089:
1863:
1723:
reported that demand for wild plants still exists, which "has led to a 'Venus flytrap crime ring.
1312:
1138:
915:
742:
267:
109:
77:
4475:
Luken, James (2007). "Performance of Dionaea muscipula as influenced by developing vegetation".
2826:
1776:
1657:
as a species of "Special Concern–Vulnerable". The species is protected under Appendix II of the
749:. Scientists have concluded that the snap trap evolved from a fly-paper trap similar to that of
5357:
2337:
1352:
1141:) is generated, which propagates across the lobes and stimulates cells in the lobes and in the
5453:
5248:
4802:
4568:
4449:
4375:
4115:
4053:
3999:
3991:
3950:
3932:
3893:
3850:
3805:
3765:
3713:
3705:
3654:
3577:
3541:
3489:
3481:
3433:
3415:
3372:
3354:
3301:
3270:
3190:
3163:
3114:
3036:
2992:
2914:
2765:
2701:
2631:
2581:
2526:
2425:
2361:
2310:
2283:
2276:
Mabey, Richard (2016). "The Challenge of Carnivorous Plants: The Tipitiwitchet (Chapter 16)".
2253:
2143:
1971:
1516:
1507:
1357:
1268:
1065:
597:
527:
519:
467:
408:
1152:
theory states that individual cells in the outer layers of the lobes and midrib rapidly move
5032:
4949:
4484:
4439:
4367:
4082:
4047:
3981:
3970:"On the Origin of Carnivory: Molecular Physiology and Evolution of Plants on an Animal Diet"
3940:
3924:
3885:
3840:
3797:
3755:
3697:
3646:
3569:
3533:
3471:
3460:"On the Origin of Carnivory: Molecular Physiology and Evolution of Plants on an Animal Diet"
3423:
3407:
3362:
3346:
3262:
3153:
3106:
3066:
3026:
2982:
2906:
2860:
2691:
2623:
2573:
2386:
1858:
1747:
In 2005, the Venus flytrap was designated as the state carnivorous plant of North Carolina.
1576:
1482:
1452:
1177:
1173:
1134:
1118:
1054:
717:
683:
307:
5458:
5383:
4771:
3986:
3969:
3746:
3476:
3459:
2447:
1919:
1760:
1460:
1411:
1399:
802:
689:
202:
152:
4534:"Venus Flytraps in Peril: Why Everyone's Favorite Carnivorous Houseplant Is Under Threat"
4354:. Ecoregional-scale monitoring within conservation areas, in a rapidly changing climate.
2166:
5217:
4435:
4363:
3881:
3693:
3642:
3342:
3249:
Hodick, Dieter; Sievers, Andreas (1988). "On the mechanism of closure of Venus flytrap (
2902:
2569:
2405:
5476:
5000:
4920:
4846:
3428:
3367:
3326:
2651:"Venus flytraps give insects that pollinate their flowers a break. They don't eat them"
1736:
1705:
1486:
1447:. Pre-adaptations to the evolution of snap traps were identified in several species of
1366:
1300:
1249:
1199:
713:
700:
601:
545:
423:
419:
175:
139:
5481:
3945:
3912:
2519:
2407:
Hortus Collinsonianus. An account of the plants cultivated by the late Peter Collinson
5576:
5378:
5151:
4897:
4831:
4444:
4419:
4011:
3760:
3741:
3666:
3537:
3501:
3031:
3014:
2331:
2046:
1849:
1840:
1756:
1650:
1465:
1292:
1228:
below) Once the digestive glands in the leaf lobes have been activated, digestion is
1221:
1213:
1086:
662:
82:
4496:
4461:
4094:
3282:
2872:
2549:
Forterre, Yoël; Skotheim, Jan M.; Dumais, Jacques; Mahadevan, L. (27 January 2005).
1839:
Schnell, D.; Catling, P.; Folkerts, G.; Frost, C.; Gardner, R.; et al. (2000).
1526:. The faster the closing, the less reliant on the flypaper model the plant would be.
1193:
1183:
665:
on 23 September 1768, in which he described the plant and proposed its English name
632:, penned the first written description of the plant in a letter to English botanist
5559:
5253:
4986:
4912:
4905:
4889:
3589:
3126:
2593:
2390:
2306:
The Cabaret of Plants: Forty Thousand Years of Plant Life and the Human Imagination
2279:
The Cabaret of Plants: Forty Thousand Years of Plant Life and the Human Imagination
1394:. It was not until 2002 that a molecular evolutionary study, by analyzing combined
1272:
1157:
629:
431:
2476:
1783:, even though available scientific evidence does not support these health claims.
1164:
and loosening the extracellular components, which allows them to swell rapidly by
1109:
The mechanism by which the trap snaps shut involves a complex interaction between
910:. There also appears to be a naturalized population of Venus flytraps in northern
5533:
4371:
3889:
3868:
Stokstad, E. (12 May 2016). "How the Venus flytrap acquired its taste for meat".
3829:(Droseraceae), based on chloroplast rbcL and nuclear 18S ribosomal DNA Sequences"
2759:
2696:
2679:
1240:
Oxidative protein modification is likely to be a pre-digestive mechanism used by
5520:
5404:
5326:
5200:
5053:
5007:
4934:
1780:
1662:
1395:
1386:. Some phylogenetic studies even suggested that the closest living relatives of
1334:
1304:
1149:
1130:
1103:
928:
882:
798:
775:
721:
569:
470:
185:
5468:
5227:
3300:. United States: Scientific American / Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 117.
3158:
3141:
2160:
2118:"Background Information on Venus Fly Traps – Venus Fly Trap naming and history"
5088:
5025:
4978:
4964:
4860:
4823:
4086:
3350:
3071:
2219:
1716:
1378:
1264:
769:
17:
5191:
4751:
4572:
4453:
4379:
3995:
3936:
3709:
3485:
3419:
3358:
3194:
3142:"Calcium dynamics during trap closure visualized in transgenic Venus flytrap"
2918:
2489:
2201:
2014:
1410:
were closely related and that the snap trap mechanism evolved only once in a
1340:
Digestion takes about ten days, after which the prey is reduced to a husk of
5274:
5109:
4957:
4941:
3701:
3604:
3573:
3396:"Venus flytrap carnivorous lifestyle builds on herbivore defense strategies"
2186:
Dictionarium Minus: A Compendious Dictionary English-Latin and Latin-English
1556:
million years ago, and the development of the snap-trap in the ancestors of
1280:
1276:
1252:
1233:
1229:
1217:
1187:
1095:
955:
899:
763:
531:
439:
5546:
4272:
4003:
3954:
3897:
3854:
3809:
3769:
3742:"Evolving Darwin's 'most wonderful' plant: ecological steps to a snap-trap"
3658:
3581:
3493:
3437:
3376:
3274:
3167:
3118:
3040:
3015:"Evolving Darwin's 'most wonderful' plant: ecological steps to a snap-trap"
2996:
2705:
2635:
2585:
1885:
3801:
3717:
3650:
3545:
3411:
2627:
1970:(1st ed.). Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 45.
1653:
classifies the species as "vulnerable". The State of North Carolina lists
1126:
5541:
5185:
5095:
5074:
5067:
5046:
4971:
4927:
4652:"Man charged with 73 counts of poaching Venus Flytrap, bond at $ 750,000"
3845:
3824:
2987:
2970:
1711:
1610:
1308:
1291:
extracts were pre-incubated with diaphorases and NADH in the presence of
891:
806:
733:
725:
482:
165:
4761:
2577:
1122:
5305:
4881:
4621:"A poacher who stole 970 venus flytraps in N.C. is sentenced to prison"
4420:"Long-Term Outcomes of Venus Flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) Establishment"
3928:
3266:
3110:
2926:
2745:
1443:
1326:
1296:
1245:
1165:
919:
911:
781:
557:
462:
415:
1220:
occurs. Release of the digestive enzymes is controlled by the hormone
1041:
are able to extract more nutrients from these larger bugs. This gives
5331:
5235:
5039:
4741:
1728:
1727:" In 2014, the state of North Carolina made Venus flytrap poaching a
1469:
1441:
snap traps evolved from the flypaper traps of a common ancestor with
1391:
1341:
1330:
1323:
1153:
1142:
1114:
1099:
746:
738:
589:
585:
478:
5162:
3911:
Turner, John G.; Ellis, Christine; Devoto, Alessandra (1 May 2002).
2910:
1080:
The Venus flytrap is one of a very small group of plants capable of
2864:
1417:
A 2009 study presented evidence for the evolution of snap traps of
1275:. Such oxidative modification could rupture animal cell membranes.
5528:
5344:
5279:
3093:
Hodick, Dieter; Sievers, Andreas (1989). "The action potential of
2357:
The Poetics of Natural History: From John Bartram to William James
1575:
1351:
1316:
1284:
1192:
1182:
1071:
1058:
991:
978:
881:
688:
442:
126:
99:
93:
4394:"U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Brunswick County, North Carolina"
4222:
4165:"Federal Register / Vol. 82 / December 20, 2017 / Proposed Rules"
2517:
Raven, Peter H.; Evert, Ray Franklin; Eichhorn, Susan E. (2005).
1045:
an evolutionary advantage over their ancestral sticky trap form.
712:
The leaf blade is divided into two regions: a flat, heart-shaped
518:
The plant's common name (originally "Venus's flytrap") refers to
4561:"Venus Flytraps Need Protection From Poachers in North Carolina"
1256:
5266:
5166:
4775:
1772:
1169:
895:
745:
with the tentacles found in this plant's close relatives, the
538:, is Latin for both "mousetrap" and "flytrap". The Latin word
3624:"Nutrient limitation and stoichiometry of carnivorous plants"
4677:"Venus Flytrap State Carnivorous Plant | State Symbols USA"
2678:
W. Schulze; E.D. Schulze; I. Schulze & R. Oren (2001).
1161:
2145:
The London Magazine, Or, Gentleman's Monthly Intelligencer
1063:
Stages and timing of the Venus flytrap carnivory process,
4512:"The Venus Flytrap: Conserving the Carnivorous Curiosity"
4489:
10.3159/1095-5674(2007)134[45:PODMAI]2.0.CO;2
3823:
Rivadavia, F.; K. Kondo; M. Kato & M. Hasebe (2003).
2430:. Vol. 3–4. Haymarket Publishing. 1875. p. 306.
1771:
as a treatment for a variety of human ailments including
686:
formed by rosettes that have divided beneath the ground.
2944:"Biodiversity Day: Venus Flytrap Preservation | NC DNCR"
1125:(bent outwards), but in the closed state, the lobes are
1755:
Venus flytrap extract is available on the market as an
1659:
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
1376:
is shared with only one other carnivorous plant genus,
430:. Although various modern hybrids have been created in
4049:
Carnivorous Plants: Physiology, Ecology, and Evolution
1968:
Carnivorous plants: physiology, ecology, and evolution
1005:
A time lapse showing Venus flytrap catching prey (see
2220:"tippet-de-witchet, n. – Green's Dictionary of Slang"
1629:
Although widely cultivated for sale as a houseplant,
1583:'Akai Ryu', Japanese for 'Red Dragon', in cultivation
1129:(forming a cavity). It is the rapid flipping of this
1117:
and growth. The trap only shuts when there have been
886:
Map of the original distribution of the Venus flytrap
30:
This article is about the plant. For other uses, see
2079:"Venus Flytrap: Under Endangered Species Act review"
1665:
classified it as "Imperiled" (G2) in a 2018 review.
836:
Flowering Venus flytrap showing its long flower stem
5175:
5119:
5017:
4813:
3319:
3317:
1315:, it may be that the presence of oxygen-activating
1244:. Aqueous leaf extracts have been found to contain
4767:Criminal Podcast Episode Five: Dropping Like Flies
4301:"Comprehensive Report Species – Dionaea muscipula"
3968:Hedrich, Rainer; Fukushima, Kenji (17 June 2021).
3458:Hedrich, Rainer; Fukushima, Kenji (17 June 2021).
2761:Carnivorous Plants of the United States and Canada
2518:
2148:. Vol. October 1768. R. Baldwin. p. 523.
1433:. The molecular and physiological data imply that
1365:Carnivory in plants is a very specialized form of
616:("they (leaves) which wind around (or involve)").
4111:The Savage Garden: Cultivating Carnivorous Plants
3221:(Press release). Wiley ChemBioChem. January 2010.
2463:Letter 23 September 1768, London to Carl Linnaeus
2333:Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico: N–Z
1962:Ellison, Aaron M.; Adamec, Lubomír, eds. (2018).
1344:. The trap then reopens, and is ready for reuse.
450:. It is closely related to the waterwheel plant (
4747:Venus Flytrap Growing Guide and Distribution Map
3524:: an hypothesis based on in vitro experiments".
2120:. FlyTrapCare.com. 4 April 2008. Archived from
1719:for sale as household plants. Yet in 2016, the
1329:to render membrane-bound proteins of the prey (
914:as well as an introduced population in western
638:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3183:"Why Scientists Made Venus Flytraps That Glow"
2404:Lewis Weston Dillwyn; Peter Collinson (1843).
1497:, or either genus with their common ancestor,
864:The species produces small, shiny black seeds.
4787:
4145:. The Royal Horticultural Society. March 2020
522:, the Roman goddess of love. The genus name,
8:
4595:"Stealing Venus Flytrap plants now a felony"
2791:Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture.
2427:Gardeners Chronicle & New Horticulturist
2336:. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp.
1964:"4:Systematics and evolution of Droseraceae"
1864:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T39636A10253384.en
1372:The "snap trap" mechanism characteristic of
894:- and phosphorus-poor environments, such as
4477:The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society
4046:Ellison, Aaron M.; Adamec, Lubomír (2018).
4023:
4021:
1299:digestion of SA was facilitated. Since the
575:
567:
561:
551:
539:
5163:
4794:
4780:
4772:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3603:Produced by Neil Lucas (7 December 2009).
3233:Comparative physiology of the Droseraceae
2721:"How does the Venus flytrap digest flies?"
2525:(7th ed.). W.H. Freeman and Company.
2015:https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-023-02654-x
1076:Closeup of one of the hinged trigger hairs
253:
71:
47:
38:
4516:Journal of the American Botanical Council
4443:
4223:"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"
4114:. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press.
3985:
3944:
3844:
3759:
3475:
3427:
3366:
3157:
3070:
3030:
3008:
3006:
2986:
2807:. International Carnivorous Plant Society
2695:
2202:"How did the Venus flytrap get its name?"
1862:
1759:, sometimes as the prime ingredient of a
1033:consume smaller, aerial insects, whereas
310:(1998) name published without description
4136:"AGM Plants March 2020 RHS – ORNAMENTAL"
3515:
3513:
3511:
3237:– How do tentacles bend and traps close?
2360:. Rutgers University Press. p. 31.
1283:, associated with the regulation of the
5127:International Carnivorous Plant Society
4735:Images and movies of the Venus flytrap
3052:
3050:
2112:
2110:
1831:
1809:
814:
661:on 1 September 1768, and his letter to
4559:Mele, Christopher (28 November 2016).
2544:
2542:
2512:
2510:
2410:. W. C. Murray & D. Rees. p.
1160:) into their cell walls, lowering the
5147:List of carnivorous plant periodicals
5137:North American Sarracenia Conservancy
4757:Venus flytrap origins uncovered – BBC
4295:
4293:
4194:"Federal Register / Vol. 58, No. 188"
3987:10.1146/annurev-arplant-080620-010429
3740:Gibson, T. C.; Waller, D. M. (2009).
3477:10.1146/annurev-arplant-080620-010429
2938:
2936:
2884:
2882:
2673:
2671:
2271:
2269:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
1798:List of ineffective cancer treatments
1361:, with short, wide, sticky leaf traps
906:. One such place is North Carolina's
592:). In contrast, the English botanist
7:
5433:3c414fbe-7822-41d3-9c5f-fd6439fd5477
4075:Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
1763:named "Carnivora". According to the
624:On 2 April 1759, the North Carolina
5588:Carnivorous plants of North America
4752:The Carnivorous Plant FAQ: Flytraps
4650:Still, Johanna F. (18 March 2019).
4227:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2165:. J. W. Parker & Son. pp.
1991:Sumner, Thomas (20 November 2012).
1850:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1793:Carnivorous plants of North America
1137:(mostly involving calcium ions—see
757:and digestion begins more quickly.
5598:Endemic flora of the United States
2045:Waller, Donald (21 October 2016).
1943:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2023
1025:evolved from an ancestral form of
604:. The plant name according to the
495:of a second from initial contact.
25:
4172:Government Publishing Office (US)
4029:"Venus flytrap origins uncovered"
2969:Ellison, DM; Gotelli, NJ (2009).
2460:Ellis, John (23 September 1768).
1993:"Investigating the Venus Flytrap"
1767:, these products are promoted in
1481:Carnivorous plants are generally
1216:and forming a "stomach" in which
1037:consume larger terrestrial bugs.
5583:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
5508:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:275898-2
4593:Evans, Jon (18 September 2014).
4445:10.1111/j.1526-100X.2012.00888.x
3761:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02935.x
3181:Giaimo, Cara (12 October 2020).
3057:Pain, Stephanie (2 March 2022).
3032:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02935.x
2649:Guarino, Ben (7 February 2018).
2159:Donaldson, John William (1852).
2086:U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
1647:U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
1485:, and their traps the result of
857:
841:
829:
817:
530:"), refers to the Greek goddess
508:U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
113:
4709:. November 2008. Archived from
3013:Gibson, TC; Waller, DM (2009).
2252:. A&C Black. p. 1533.
1605:List of Venus flytrap cultivars
724:pigments and its edges secrete
428:East Coast of the United States
4762:The CP Photo Finder: "Dionaea"
3974:Annual Review of Plant Biology
3913:"The Jasmonate Signal Pathway"
3464:Annual Review of Plant Biology
2975:Journal of Experimental Botany
2764:(2nd ed.). Timber Press.
2684:Journal of Experimental Botany
2330:Hodge, Frederick Webb (1912).
2309:. W. W. Norton & Company.
2282:. W. W. Norton & Company.
1225:
890:The Venus flytrap is found in
588:and witchet (archaic term for
544:("mousetrap") is derived from
466:), all of which belong to the
32:Venus Flytrap (disambiguation)
1:
4619:Love, Shayla (28 July 2016).
4510:Yearsley, Connor (May 2017).
2802:"Grow Venus Flytraps Indoors"
2551:"How the Venus flytrap snaps"
1922:. Carnivorous Plant Database.
1477:Proposed evolutionary history
1287:family of proteins. When the
849:
4372:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.03.013
3890:10.1126/science.352.6287.756
3538:10.1016/0891-5849(90)90020-J
3059:"How plants turned predator"
2354:Irmscher, Christoph (1999).
2200:Rice, Barry (January 2007).
606:Handbook of American Indians
566:("flytrap") is derived from
411:native to the temperate and
27:Species of carnivorous plant
5132:Insectivorous Plant Society
4248:"Threatened Search Results"
4052:. Oxford University Press.
3825:"Phylogeny of the sundews,
2088:. June 2017. Archived from
1615:Royal Horticultural Society
696:Curtis's Botanical Magazine
438:is the only species of the
5644:
5142:List of carnivorous plants
3833:American Journal of Botany
3790:American Journal of Botany
3296:Chamovitz, Daniel (2012).
3159:10.1038/s41477-020-00773-1
2827:"Venus Flytraps (Dionaea)"
2697:10.1093/jexbot/52.358.1041
2616:American Journal of Botany
2183:Wase, Christopher (1662).
1941:Plants of the World Online
1602:
1425:from a flypaper trap like
1402:sequences, indicated that
1322:function as extracellular
1255:that couples to different
1052:
952:Wilmington, North Carolina
904:Wilmington, North Carolina
534:, while the species name,
29:
5623:Symbols of North Carolina
3351:10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.057
3072:10.1146/knowable-030122-1
2494:The Carnivorous Plant FAQ
2244:Williams, Gordon (2001).
2206:The Carnivorous Plant FAQ
477:catches its prey—chiefly
273:
266:
261:
252:
237:
230:
110:Scientific classification
108:
91:
69:
60:
55:
46:
41:
5618:Plants described in 1768
4418:Luken, James O. (2012).
4305:explorer.natureserve.org
873:Habitat and distribution
824:Venus flytrap flower bud
5608:Flora of South Carolina
5603:Flora of North Carolina
5018:Protocarnivorous genera
4807:protocarnivorous plants
4707:American Cancer Society
4499:– via bioone.org.
4352:Biological Conservation
4108:D'Amato, Peter (1998).
4087:10.1023/A:1021203811457
3702:10.1126/science.1523408
3574:10.1124/jpet.105.098863
2758:Schnell, D. E. (2002).
2391:2027/uc1.32106020417272
2303:Mabey, Richard (2016).
1765:American Cancer Society
1751:In alternative medicine
1706:metapopulation dynamics
935:to thrive. After fire,
3923:(suppl 1): S153–S164.
3231:Williams, S. E. 2002.
2446:29 August 2017 at the
2441:The Nature Conservancy
2381:Bartram, John (1942).
1643:Endangered Species Act
1584:
1362:
1333:) more susceptible to
1203:
1190:
1077:
1069:
1010:
984:
887:
704:
649:
620:Discovery by Europeans
576:
568:
562:
552:
540:
504:Endangered Species Act
298:Sol. (1990) as synonym
280:Raf., spelling variant
3802:10.3732/ajb.89.9.1503
3651:10.1055/s-2006-923956
3412:10.1101/gr.202200.115
3216:"The Trap Snaps Shut"
2891:Ecological Monographs
2628:10.3732/ajb.89.9.1503
2224:greensdictofslang.com
1857:: e.T39636A10253384.
1641:The species is under
1619:Award of Garden Merit
1579:
1560:and its sister genus
1355:
1196:
1186:
1075:
1062:
1049:Mechanism of trapping
1004:
982:
898:, wet savannahs, and
885:
730:rapid plant movements
692:
453:Aldrovanda vesiculosa
4273:"Appendices | CITES"
3846:10.3732/ajb.90.1.123
3562:J Pharmacol Exp Ther
2746:Insectivorous Plants
2744:Darwin, C. R. 1875.
2142:Ellis, John (1768).
2124:on 17 December 2008.
1918:24 July 2020 at the
1909:Schlauer, J. (N.d.)
1769:alternative medicine
1739:a long-term threat.
1593:plant tissue culture
1523:Drosera glanduligera
1384:convergent evolution
1197:Chrysomelid beetle,
728:. The lobes exhibit
669:and scientific name
556:("trap"), while the
375:Drosera sessiliflora
361:(Raf.) Steud. (1840)
352:(Raf.) Steud. (1840)
348:Dionaea sessiliflora
289:(Raf.) Steud. (1840)
4737:(Dionaea muscipula)
4713:on 18 February 2015
4683:. 26 September 2014
4681:statesymbolsusa.org
4540:. 30 September 2019
4538:www.mentalfloss.com
4436:2012ResEc..20..669L
4424:Restoration Ecology
4364:2011BCons.144.1356J
4203:. 30 September 1993
3882:2016Sci...352..756S
3694:1992Sci...257.1491A
3688:(5076): 1491–1495.
3643:2006PlBio...8..740E
3622:AM Ellison (2006).
3526:Free Radic Biol Med
3343:2016CBio...26..286B
2903:1958EcoM...28..193R
2831:Brian's Carnivorous
2725:Scientific American
2603:on 2 December 2007.
2578:10.1038/nature03185
2570:2005Natur.433..421F
1995:. insidescience.com
1818:CITES Annotation #4
1568:million years ago.
1564:to approximately 48
1414:of the two genera.
1313:degradative enzymes
1311:and possibly other
1279:is known to induce
954:. A 1958 survey of
848:Closeup of flower (
658:The London Magazine
63:Conservation status
4814:Carnivorous genera
4565:The New York Times
4174:. 20 December 2017
3929:10.1105/tpc.000679
3298:What a Plant Knows
3267:10.1007/BF00395768
3187:The New York Times
3111:10.1007/BF00394867
2988:10.1093/jxb/ern179
2690:(358): 1041–1049.
1701:D. muscipula'
1585:
1363:
1204:
1191:
1139:calcium in biology
1078:
1070:
1011:
985:
888:
852:20 mm in diameter)
705:
693:Illustration from
315:Dionaea heterodoxa
5628:Vulnerable plants
5570:
5569:
5469:Dionaea_muscipula
5454:Open Tree of Life
5241:dionaea-muscipula
5207:Dionaea muscipula
5177:Dionaea muscipula
5169:Taxon identifiers
5160:
5159:
4121:978-0-89815-915-8
4059:978-0-19-877984-1
3522:Dionaea muscipula
3251:Dionaea muscipula
3152:(10): 1219–1224.
3095:Dionaea muscipula
3063:Knowable Magazine
2787:Dionaea muscipula
2771:978-0-88192-540-1
2564:(7024): 421–425.
2532:978-0-7167-1007-3
2521:Biology of Plants
2367:978-0-8135-2615-7
2316:978-0-393-24877-7
2289:978-0-393-24877-7
2259:978-0-485-11393-8
2095:on 6 October 2019
1935:Dionaea muscipula
1912:Dionaea muscipula
1843:Dionaea muscipula
1737:rising sea levels
1696:D. muscipula
1670:Dionaea muscipula
1655:Dionaea muscipula
1631:D. muscipula
1581:Dionaea muscipula
1550:Dionaea muscipula
1517:Drosera burmannii
1508:Drosera falconeri
1358:Drosera falconeri
1295:(SA), subsequent
1269:hydrogen peroxide
1242:Dionaea muscipula
1066:Knowable Magazine
1002:
960:D. muscipula
948:Dionaea muscipula
937:D. muscipula
933:D. muscipula
807:checkered beetles
671:Dionaea muscipula
626:colonial governor
608:derives from the
436:D. muscipula
409:carnivorous plant
404:Dionaea muscipula
395:
394:
389:
380:
371:
366:Drosera corymbosa
362:
353:
344:
339:Dionaea sensitiva
335:
327:Dionaea muscicapa
323:
311:
299:
290:
285:Dionaea corymbosa
281:
241:Dionaea muscipula
223:D. muscipula
212:
103:
86:
16:(Redirected from
5635:
5563:
5562:
5550:
5549:
5537:
5536:
5524:
5523:
5511:
5510:
5498:
5497:
5485:
5484:
5472:
5471:
5462:
5461:
5449:
5448:
5436:
5435:
5426:
5425:
5413:
5412:
5400:
5399:
5387:
5386:
5374:
5373:
5361:
5360:
5348:
5347:
5335:
5334:
5322:
5321:
5309:
5308:
5296:
5295:
5283:
5282:
5270:
5269:
5257:
5256:
5244:
5243:
5231:
5230:
5221:
5220:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5196:
5195:
5194:
5164:
4950:Palaeoaldrovanda
4796:
4789:
4782:
4773:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4699:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4647:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4627:. Archived from
4616:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4472:
4466:
4465:
4447:
4415:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4358:(5): 1356–1363.
4347:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4297:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4198:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4169:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4140:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4025:
4016:
4015:
3989:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3948:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3848:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3796:(9): 1503–1509.
3785:
3774:
3773:
3763:
3737:
3722:
3721:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3628:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3517:
3506:
3505:
3479:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3431:
3390:
3381:
3380:
3370:
3321:
3312:
3311:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3246:
3240:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3161:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3074:
3054:
3045:
3044:
3034:
3010:
3001:
3000:
2990:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2940:
2931:
2930:
2886:
2877:
2876:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2806:
2798:
2792:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2755:
2749:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2699:
2675:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2622:(9): 1503–1509.
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2596:. Archived from
2555:
2546:
2537:
2536:
2524:
2514:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2490:"Venus flytraps"
2486:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2457:
2451:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2273:
2264:
2263:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2197:
2191:
2190:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2139:
2126:
2125:
2114:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2094:
2083:
2075:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2042:
2017:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1929:
1923:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1866:
1836:
1820:
1814:
1726:
1692:Fire suppression
1453:kleptoparasitism
1301:secretory glands
1174:memory in plants
1135:action potential
1119:two stimulations
1055:Plant arithmetic
1007:more videos here
1003:
988:Prey selectivity
861:
851:
845:
833:
821:
803:longhorn beetles
647:
579:
573:
565:
555:
543:
494:
493:
489:
387:
384:Drosera uniflora
378:
369:
360:
357:Dionaea uniflora
351:
342:
330:
318:
306:
297:
288:
279:
257:
243:
201:
118:
117:
97:
80:
75:
74:
51:
39:
21:
5643:
5642:
5638:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5633:
5632:
5613:Plant cognition
5593:Dionaea (plant)
5573:
5572:
5571:
5566:
5558:
5553:
5545:
5540:
5532:
5527:
5519:
5514:
5506:
5501:
5493:
5488:
5480:
5475:
5467:
5465:
5457:
5452:
5444:
5439:
5431:
5429:
5421:
5416:
5408:
5403:
5395:
5390:
5382:
5377:
5369:
5364:
5356:
5351:
5343:
5338:
5330:
5325:
5317:
5312:
5304:
5299:
5291:
5286:
5278:
5273:
5265:
5260:
5252:
5247:
5239:
5234:
5226:
5224:
5216:
5214:
5205:
5204:
5199:
5190:
5189:
5184:
5171:
5161:
5156:
5115:
5013:
4815:
4809:
4800:
4731:
4726:
4716:
4714:
4703:"Venus Flytrap"
4701:
4700:
4696:
4686:
4684:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4660:
4658:
4656:Port City Daily
4649:
4648:
4644:
4634:
4632:
4631:on 29 July 2016
4625:Washington Post
4618:
4617:
4613:
4603:
4601:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4577:
4575:
4558:
4557:
4553:
4543:
4541:
4532:
4531:
4527:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4417:
4416:
4412:
4402:
4400:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4334:
4332:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4309:
4307:
4299:
4298:
4291:
4281:
4279:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4256:
4254:
4252:plants.usda.gov
4246:
4245:
4241:
4231:
4229:
4221:
4220:
4216:
4206:
4204:
4196:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4177:
4175:
4167:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4148:
4146:
4138:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4122:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4060:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4027:
4026:
4019:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3787:
3786:
3777:
3747:New Phytologist
3739:
3738:
3725:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3626:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3519:
3518:
3509:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3442:
3440:
3400:Genome Research
3392:
3391:
3384:
3331:Current Biology
3323:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3230:
3226:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3199:
3197:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3077:
3075:
3056:
3055:
3048:
3019:New Phytologist
3012:
3011:
3004:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2953:
2951:
2942:
2941:
2934:
2911:10.2307/1942208
2888:
2887:
2880:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2835:
2833:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2784:Giblin, D. Nd.
2783:
2779:
2772:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2743:
2739:
2729:
2727:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2677:
2676:
2669:
2659:
2657:
2655:Washington Post
2648:
2647:
2643:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2600:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2516:
2515:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2475:
2471:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2450:– Venus Flytrap
2448:Wayback Machine
2439:
2435:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2275:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2228:
2226:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2199:
2198:
2194:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2141:
2140:
2129:
2116:
2115:
2108:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2065:
2055:
2053:
2044:
2043:
2020:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1961:
1960:
1956:
1946:
1944:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1920:Wayback Machine
1908:
1904:
1894:
1892:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1867:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1823:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1789:
1777:Crohn's disease
1761:patent medicine
1753:
1745:
1724:
1678:
1639:
1627:
1607:
1601:
1574:
1479:
1461:Genome Research
1412:common ancestor
1400:chloroplast DNA
1350:
1209:
1092:telegraph plant
1057:
1051:
992:
990:
977:
968:
945:
880:
875:
870:
869:
868:
865:
862:
853:
846:
837:
834:
825:
822:
795:
710:
708:Fly trap leaves
679:
667:Venus's Flytrap
648:
645:
634:Peter Collinson
622:
516:
491:
487:
486:
386:
377:
368:
359:
350:
341:
331:St.Hil. (1824)
329:
319:D'Amato (1998)
317:
305:
303:Dionaea dentata
296:
294:Dionaea crinita
287:
248:
245:
239:
226:
200:
112:
104:
87:
76:
72:
65:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5641:
5639:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5575:
5574:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5564:
5560:wfo-0000943687
5551:
5538:
5525:
5512:
5499:
5486:
5473:
5463:
5450:
5437:
5427:
5414:
5401:
5388:
5375:
5362:
5349:
5336:
5323:
5310:
5297:
5284:
5271:
5258:
5245:
5232:
5222:
5212:
5197:
5181:
5179:
5173:
5172:
5167:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5123:
5121:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5106:
5099:
5092:
5085:
5078:
5071:
5064:
5057:
5050:
5043:
5036:
5029:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5004:
5001:Triphyophyllum
4997:
4990:
4982:
4975:
4968:
4961:
4954:
4945:
4938:
4931:
4924:
4921:Fischeripollis
4916:
4909:
4901:
4893:
4885:
4878:
4871:
4864:
4857:
4850:
4843:
4836:
4827:
4819:
4817:
4811:
4810:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4791:
4784:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4730:
4729:External links
4727:
4725:
4724:
4694:
4668:
4642:
4611:
4585:
4551:
4525:
4502:
4467:
4430:(6): 669–670.
4410:
4398:www.census.gov
4385:
4342:
4317:
4289:
4264:
4239:
4214:
4185:
4156:
4127:
4120:
4100:
4065:
4058:
4038:
4017:
3980:(1): 133–153.
3960:
3917:The Plant Cell
3903:
3860:
3839:(1): 123–130.
3815:
3775:
3754:(3): 575–587.
3723:
3672:
3637:(6): 740–747.
3614:
3595:
3568:(2): 484–494.
3551:
3532:(5): 427–434.
3507:
3470:(1): 133–153.
3450:
3406:(6): 812–825.
3382:
3337:(3): 286–295.
3313:
3306:
3288:
3241:
3224:
3207:
3173:
3132:
3085:
3046:
3025:(1): 575–587.
3002:
2961:
2932:
2897:(2): 193–218.
2878:
2865:10.2179/16-112
2859:(4): 280–291.
2843:
2818:
2793:
2777:
2770:
2750:
2737:
2719:Leege, Lissa.
2711:
2667:
2641:
2606:
2538:
2531:
2506:
2481:
2469:
2452:
2433:
2417:
2396:
2373:
2366:
2346:
2322:
2315:
2295:
2288:
2265:
2258:
2236:
2211:
2192:
2175:
2151:
2127:
2106:
2063:
2018:
2006:
1983:
1976:
1954:
1924:
1902:
1877:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1788:
1785:
1752:
1749:
1744:
1741:
1721:New York Times
1677:
1674:
1645:review by the
1638:
1635:
1626:
1623:
1603:Main article:
1600:
1597:
1573:
1570:
1546:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1527:
1512:
1487:primary growth
1478:
1475:
1431:molecular data
1367:foliar feeding
1349:
1346:
1250:naphthoquinone
1208:
1205:
1145:between them.
1082:rapid movement
1050:
1047:
989:
986:
983:A closing trap
976:
973:
967:
964:
944:
941:
879:
876:
874:
871:
867:
866:
863:
856:
854:
847:
840:
838:
835:
828:
826:
823:
816:
813:
812:
811:
794:
791:
714:photosynthesis
709:
706:
701:William Curtis
678:
675:
643:
621:
618:
550:("mouse") and
526:("daughter of
515:
512:
506:review by the
424:South Carolina
420:North Carolina
393:
392:
391:
390:
381:
372:
363:
354:
345:
343:Salisb. (1796)
336:
333:sphalm.typogr.
324:
312:
300:
291:
282:
271:
270:
264:
263:
259:
258:
250:
249:
246:
235:
234:
228:
227:
220:
218:
214:
213:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
176:Caryophyllales
173:
169:
168:
163:
156:
155:
150:
143:
142:
137:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
106:
105:
92:
89:
88:
70:
67:
66:
61:
58:
57:
53:
52:
44:
43:
42:Venus flytrap
26:
24:
18:Venus fly-trap
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5640:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5561:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5464:
5460:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5428:
5424:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5223:
5219:
5213:
5208:
5202:
5198:
5193:
5187:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5165:
5153:
5152:Pitcher plant
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5118:
5112:
5111:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5100:
5098:
5097:
5093:
5091:
5090:
5086:
5084:
5083:
5079:
5077:
5076:
5072:
5070:
5069:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5058:
5056:
5055:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5037:
5035:
5034:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5016:
5010:
5009:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4998:
4996:
4995:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4969:
4967:
4966:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4946:
4944:
4943:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4898:Droserapollis
4894:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4832:Archaeamphora
4828:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4797:
4792:
4790:
4785:
4783:
4778:
4777:
4774:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4732:
4728:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4698:
4695:
4682:
4678:
4672:
4669:
4657:
4653:
4646:
4643:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4615:
4612:
4600:
4596:
4589:
4586:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4555:
4552:
4539:
4535:
4529:
4526:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4506:
4503:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4471:
4468:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4414:
4411:
4399:
4395:
4389:
4386:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4346:
4343:
4331:
4327:
4321:
4318:
4306:
4302:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4278:
4274:
4268:
4265:
4253:
4249:
4243:
4240:
4228:
4224:
4218:
4215:
4202:
4195:
4189:
4186:
4173:
4166:
4160:
4157:
4144:
4137:
4131:
4128:
4123:
4117:
4113:
4112:
4104:
4101:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4069:
4066:
4061:
4055:
4051:
4050:
4042:
4039:
4034:
4030:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3964:
3961:
3956:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3907:
3904:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3876:(6287): 756.
3875:
3871:
3864:
3861:
3856:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3828:
3819:
3816:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3771:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3676:
3673:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3631:Plant Biology
3625:
3618:
3615:
3610:
3606:
3599:
3596:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3555:
3552:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3454:
3451:
3439:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3320:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3307:9780374533885
3303:
3299:
3292:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3236:
3235:sensu stricto
3228:
3225:
3217:
3211:
3208:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3177:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3146:Nature Plants
3143:
3136:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3086:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2962:
2950:. 21 May 2019
2949:
2948:www.ncdcr.gov
2945:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2844:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2788:
2781:
2778:
2773:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2656:
2652:
2645:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2607:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2528:
2523:
2522:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2470:
2465:
2464:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2437:
2434:
2429:
2428:
2421:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2400:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2374:
2369:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2342:titipiwitshik
2339:
2335:
2334:
2326:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2299:
2296:
2291:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2237:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2193:
2188:
2187:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2155:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2010:
2007:
1994:
1987:
1984:
1979:
1977:9780198779841
1973:
1969:
1965:
1958:
1955:
1942:
1938:
1936:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1906:
1903:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1835:
1832:
1826:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1757:herbal remedy
1750:
1748:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1732:
1730:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1651:IUCN Red List
1648:
1644:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1466:jasmonic acid
1463:
1462:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1427:Drosera regia
1424:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1324:pre-digestive
1321:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1293:serum albumin
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1222:jasmonic acid
1219:
1215:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1158:hydrogen ions
1155:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1087:Mimosa pudica
1083:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1061:
1056:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1008:
987:
981:
974:
972:
965:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
942:
940:
938:
934:
930:
924:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
884:
877:
872:
860:
855:
844:
839:
832:
827:
820:
815:
810:
808:
804:
800:
792:
790:
786:
784:
783:
778:
777:
772:
771:
766:
765:
758:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
707:
702:
698:
697:
691:
687:
685:
676:
674:
672:
668:
664:
663:Carl Linnaeus
660:
659:
654:
642:
637:
635:
631:
627:
619:
617:
615:
614:titipiwitshik
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
581:
578:
572:
571:
564:
559:
554:
549:
548:
542:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
513:
511:
509:
505:
500:
496:
484:
480:
476:
472:
469:
465:
464:
459:
455:
454:
449:
448:
444:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
414:
410:
406:
405:
400:
399:Venus flytrap
385:
382:
376:
373:
367:
364:
358:
355:
349:
346:
340:
337:
334:
328:
325:
322:
316:
313:
309:
304:
301:
295:
292:
286:
283:
278:
275:
274:
272:
269:
265:
262:Distribution
260:
256:
251:
244:
242:
236:
233:
232:Binomial name
229:
225:
224:
219:
216:
215:
210:
207:
204:
199:
198:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
145:
144:
141:
140:Tracheophytes
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
116:
111:
107:
101:
95:
90:
84:
79:
68:
64:
59:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5176:
5108:
5101:
5094:
5087:
5082:Paepalanthus
5080:
5073:
5066:
5059:
5052:
5045:
5038:
5031:
5024:
5006:
4999:
4992:
4987:Saxonipollis
4985:
4977:
4970:
4963:
4956:
4948:
4940:
4933:
4926:
4919:
4913:Drosophyllum
4911:
4906:Droseridites
4904:
4896:
4890:Droserapites
4888:
4880:
4874:
4873:
4868:Darlingtonia
4866:
4859:
4852:
4845:
4838:
4830:
4822:
4736:
4717:22 September
4715:. Retrieved
4711:the original
4697:
4685:. Retrieved
4680:
4671:
4659:. Retrieved
4655:
4645:
4633:. Retrieved
4629:the original
4624:
4614:
4602:. Retrieved
4599:www.wect.com
4598:
4588:
4576:. Retrieved
4564:
4554:
4542:. Retrieved
4537:
4528:
4519:
4515:
4505:
4483:(1): 45–52.
4480:
4476:
4470:
4427:
4423:
4413:
4401:. Retrieved
4397:
4388:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4333:. Retrieved
4330:ScienceDaily
4329:
4320:
4308:. Retrieved
4304:
4280:. Retrieved
4276:
4267:
4255:. Retrieved
4251:
4242:
4230:. Retrieved
4226:
4217:
4205:. Retrieved
4200:
4188:
4176:. Retrieved
4171:
4159:
4149:11 September
4147:. Retrieved
4142:
4130:
4110:
4103:
4081:(1): 95–98.
4078:
4074:
4068:
4048:
4041:
4032:
3977:
3973:
3963:
3920:
3916:
3906:
3873:
3869:
3863:
3836:
3832:
3826:
3818:
3793:
3789:
3751:
3745:
3685:
3681:
3675:
3634:
3630:
3617:
3608:
3598:
3565:
3561:
3554:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3467:
3463:
3453:
3441:. Retrieved
3403:
3399:
3334:
3330:
3297:
3291:
3261:(1): 32–42.
3258:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3234:
3227:
3210:
3198:. Retrieved
3186:
3176:
3149:
3145:
3135:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3076:. Retrieved
3062:
3022:
3018:
2981:(1): 19–42.
2978:
2974:
2964:
2952:. Retrieved
2947:
2894:
2890:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2836:21 September
2834:. Retrieved
2830:
2821:
2809:. Retrieved
2796:
2786:
2780:
2760:
2753:
2740:
2728:. Retrieved
2724:
2714:
2687:
2683:
2658:. Retrieved
2654:
2644:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2598:the original
2561:
2557:
2520:
2497:. Retrieved
2493:
2484:
2472:
2462:
2455:
2436:
2426:
2420:
2406:
2399:
2382:
2376:
2356:
2349:
2341:
2332:
2325:
2305:
2298:
2278:
2249:
2239:
2227:. Retrieved
2223:
2214:
2205:
2195:
2185:
2178:
2170:
2161:
2154:
2144:
2122:the original
2097:. Retrieved
2090:the original
2085:
2054:. Retrieved
2050:
2009:
1997:. Retrieved
1986:
1967:
1957:
1945:. Retrieved
1940:
1934:
1927:
1911:
1905:
1893:. Retrieved
1889:
1886:"Appendices"
1880:
1868:. Retrieved
1854:
1848:
1842:
1834:
1812:
1754:
1746:
1743:Designations
1733:
1720:
1710:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:Habitat loss
1683:
1679:
1669:
1667:
1654:
1640:
1630:
1628:
1625:Conservation
1608:
1588:
1586:
1580:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1547:
1541:
1534:
1521:
1515:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1459:
1457:
1448:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1407:
1403:
1387:
1377:
1373:
1371:
1364:
1356:
1339:
1288:
1273:autoxidation
1248:such as the
1241:
1239:
1214:hermetically
1210:
1198:
1147:
1108:
1104:bladderworts
1085:
1079:
1064:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1012:
969:
959:
947:
946:
943:Distribution
936:
932:
925:
889:
796:
787:
780:
774:
768:
762:
759:
755:
750:
711:
694:
680:
670:
666:
656:
655:' letter to
650:
646:Arthur Dobbs
639:
630:Arthur Dobbs
623:
613:
605:
582:
574:("fly") and
546:
535:
523:
517:
501:
497:
474:
461:
458:cosmopolitan
451:
446:
445:
435:
403:
402:
398:
396:
383:
374:
365:
356:
347:
338:
332:
326:
320:
314:
302:
293:
284:
276:
240:
238:
222:
221:
205:
196:
195:
159:
146:
133:
36:
5405:NatureServe
5327:iNaturalist
5201:Wikispecies
5103:Proboscidea
5054:Drymocallis
5008:Utricularia
4935:Heliamphora
4816:(† extinct)
4803:Carnivorous
4661:15 December
4635:15 December
4578:15 December
4544:15 December
4403:15 December
4335:15 December
4310:15 December
4257:15 December
4232:15 December
4207:14 December
4201:cdn.loc.gov
4178:14 December
3105:(1): 8–18.
2954:14 December
2099:15 December
2056:14 December
1870:19 November
1816:Subject to
1781:skin cancer
1717:greenhouses
1663:NatureServe
1572:Cultivation
1429:, based on
1335:proteolytic
1305:Droseraceae
1263:to produce
1261:diaphorases
1259:-dependent
1188:Muscoid fly
1150:acid growth
1021:Given that
929:Arundinaria
908:Green Swamp
793:Other parts
779:, and some
776:Heliamphora
722:anthocyanin
703:(1746–1799)
677:Description
471:Droseraceae
432:cultivation
413:subtropical
388:Raf. (1833)
379:Raf. (1833)
370:Raf. (1833)
186:Droseraceae
153:Angiosperms
96:Appendix II
5577:Categories
5477:Plant List
5089:Passiflora
5026:Aracamunia
4979:Sarracenia
4965:Pinguicula
4861:Cephalotus
4840:Brocchinia
4824:Aldrovanda
4687:17 October
4282:14 January
4143:rhs.org.uk
3611:. BBC One.
3200:19 October
2229:21 January
2189:. Maxwell.
1947:30 October
1895:14 January
1827:References
1562:Aldrovanda
1495:Aldrovanda
1483:herbaceous
1439:Aldrovanda
1423:Aldrovanda
1408:Aldrovanda
1388:Aldrovanda
1379:Aldrovanda
1265:superoxide
1111:elasticity
1084:, such as
1053:See also:
966:Population
916:Washington
900:canebrakes
799:sweat bees
770:Cephalotus
743:homologous
653:John Ellis
594:John Ellis
456:) and the
78:Vulnerable
5482:kew-62109
5293:220004158
5110:Stylidium
4958:Philcoxia
4942:Nepenthes
4573:0362-4331
4454:1526-100X
4380:0006-3207
4277:cites.org
4012:231595236
3996:1543-5008
3937:1532-298X
3710:0036-8075
3667:260253121
3502:231595236
3486:1543-5008
3420:1088-9051
3359:0960-9822
3253:Ellis)".
3195:0362-4331
2919:1557-7015
2730:20 August
1611:cultivars
1599:Cultivars
1390:were the
1348:Evolution
1337:attacks.
1320:cofactors
1309:proteases
1281:apoptosis
1277:Plumbagin
1253:plumbagin
1234:hydrolase
1230:catalysed
1226:Evolution
1218:digestion
1207:Digestion
1096:starfruit
975:Carnivory
764:Nepenthes
734:trichomes
716:-capable
563:muscipula
541:muscipula
536:muscipula
532:Aphrodite
514:Etymology
483:arachnids
460:sundews (
440:monotypic
426:, on the
217:Species:
123:Kingdom:
5547:11400032
5542:Tropicos
5529:Species+
5466:PalDat:
5410:2.159781
5358:11196344
5345:275898-2
5186:Wikidata
5120:See also
5096:Plumbago
5075:Lathraea
5068:Ibicella
5061:Geranium
5047:Dipsacus
5033:Capsella
4994:Triantha
4972:Roridula
4928:Genlisea
4854:Catopsis
4497:14022318
4462:84408526
4095:40976899
4033:BBC News
4004:33434053
3955:12045275
3898:27174967
3855:21659087
3810:21665752
3770:19573135
3659:17203429
3605:"Plants"
3582:16632641
3494:33434053
3438:27197216
3377:26804557
3283:23445586
3275:24201419
3168:33020606
3119:24221411
3097:Ellis".
3078:11 March
3041:19573135
2997:19213724
2873:89603409
2853:Castanea
2706:11432920
2660:2 August
2636:21665752
2586:15674293
2444:Archived
2246:"wicket"
1999:18 March
1937:J.Ellis"
1916:Archived
1787:See also
1712:Poaching
1589:in vitro
1327:oxidants
1307:contain
1246:quinones
1131:bistable
956:herbaria
892:nitrogen
726:mucilage
684:colonies
644:—
598:Cherokee
577:decipula
553:decipula
416:wetlands
321:nom.nud.
268:Synonyms
182:Family:
166:Eudicots
83:IUCN 2.3
5392:MoBotPF
5306:5421410
5192:Q155825
4882:Drosera
4875:Dionaea
4604:21 July
4432:Bibcode
4360:Bibcode
4035:. 2009.
3878:Bibcode
3870:Science
3827:Drosera
3718:1523408
3690:Bibcode
3682:Science
3639:Bibcode
3590:6880736
3546:2292436
3429:4889972
3368:4751343
3339:Bibcode
3127:3114033
2927:1942208
2899:Bibcode
2594:4340043
2566:Bibcode
2499:13 June
2171:cipula.
1676:Threats
1558:Dionaea
1552:to 85.6
1542:Drosera
1535:Drosera
1499:Drosera
1491:Dionaea
1449:Drosera
1444:Drosera
1435:Dionaea
1419:Dionaea
1404:Dionaea
1396:nuclear
1392:sundews
1374:Dionaea
1331:insects
1297:tryptic
1289:Dionaea
1166:osmosis
1127:concave
1100:sundews
1043:Dionaea
1039:Dionaea
1035:Dionaea
1031:Drosera
1027:Drosera
1023:Dionaea
1016:Dionaea
920:protein
912:Florida
878:Habitat
782:Drosera
773:, most
751:Drosera
747:sundews
718:petiole
602:Catawba
558:homonym
524:Dionaea
490:⁄
479:insects
475:Dionaea
463:Drosera
447:Dionaea
407:) is a
308:D'Amato
247:J.Ellis
209:J.Ellis
197:Dionaea
192:Genus:
172:Order:
127:Plantae
98: (
81: (
5490:PLANTS
5430:NZOR:
5397:279896
5319:405268
5267:584643
5236:ARKive
5215:AoFP:
5040:Colura
4847:Byblis
4742:ARKive
4571:
4495:
4460:
4452:
4378:
4118:
4093:
4056:
4010:
4002:
3994:
3953:
3946:151253
3943:
3935:
3896:
3853:
3808:
3768:
3716:
3708:
3665:
3657:
3588:
3580:
3544:
3500:
3492:
3484:
3443:26 May
3436:
3426:
3418:
3375:
3365:
3357:
3304:
3281:
3273:
3255:Planta
3193:
3166:
3125:
3117:
3099:Planta
3039:
2995:
2925:
2917:
2871:
2811:2 June
2768:
2704:
2634:
2592:
2584:
2558:Nature
2529:
2364:
2313:
2286:
2256:
1974:
1729:felony
1637:Status
1591:using
1566:
1554:
1530:hairs.
1470:chitin
1342:chitin
1178:counts
1143:midrib
1123:convex
1115:turgor
1090:, the
610:Renape
590:vagina
586:tippet
468:family
277:Dionea
5534:21371
5495:DIMU4
5459:14971
5441:NZPCN
5384:39636
5371:22008
5353:IRMNG
5332:52666
5280:DJOMU
5254:36B65
5225:APA:
4493:S2CID
4458:S2CID
4197:(PDF)
4168:(PDF)
4139:(PDF)
4091:S2CID
4008:S2CID
3663:S2CID
3627:(PDF)
3586:S2CID
3498:S2CID
3279:S2CID
3219:(PDF)
3123:S2CID
2923:JSTOR
2869:S2CID
2805:(PDF)
2601:(PDF)
2590:S2CID
2554:(PDF)
2093:(PDF)
2082:(PDF)
2051:USFWS
2013:doi:
1890:CITES
1804:Notes
1317:redox
1285:Bcl-2
1271:upon
1200:Paria
739:cilia
612:word
570:musca
560:word
528:Dione
520:Venus
443:genus
160:Clade
147:Clade
134:Clade
100:CITES
94:CITES
56:Leaf
5521:5893
5503:POWO
5446:4586
5423:4362
5418:NCBI
5379:IUCN
5366:ITIS
5340:IPNI
5314:GRIN
5301:GBIF
5275:EPPO
5228:5519
5218:1651
4805:and
4719:2013
4689:2019
4663:2019
4637:2019
4606:2017
4580:2019
4569:ISSN
4546:2019
4522:(5).
4450:ISSN
4405:2019
4376:ISSN
4337:2019
4312:2019
4284:2022
4259:2019
4234:2019
4209:2019
4180:2019
4151:2020
4116:ISBN
4054:ISBN
4000:PMID
3992:ISSN
3951:PMID
3933:ISSN
3894:PMID
3851:PMID
3806:PMID
3766:PMID
3714:PMID
3706:ISSN
3655:PMID
3609:Life
3578:PMID
3542:PMID
3490:PMID
3482:ISSN
3445:2016
3434:PMID
3416:ISSN
3373:PMID
3355:ISSN
3302:ISBN
3271:PMID
3202:2020
3191:ISSN
3164:PMID
3115:PMID
3080:2022
3037:PMID
2993:PMID
2956:2019
2915:ISSN
2838:2023
2813:2023
2766:ISBN
2732:2008
2702:PMID
2662:2020
2632:PMID
2582:PMID
2527:ISBN
2501:2005
2362:ISBN
2311:ISBN
2284:ISBN
2254:ISBN
2231:2020
2101:2019
2058:2019
2001:2018
1972:ISBN
1949:2023
1897:2022
1872:2021
1855:2000
1779:and
1493:and
1437:and
1421:and
1406:and
1398:and
1267:and
1257:NADH
1170:ions
1102:and
896:bogs
805:and
481:and
422:and
397:The
211:1768
203:Sol.
5555:WFO
5516:RHS
5288:FNA
5262:EoL
5249:CoL
4740:at
4485:doi
4481:134
4440:doi
4368:doi
4356:144
4083:doi
3982:doi
3941:PMC
3925:doi
3886:doi
3874:352
3841:doi
3798:doi
3756:doi
3752:183
3698:doi
3686:257
3647:doi
3570:doi
3566:318
3534:doi
3472:doi
3424:PMC
3408:doi
3363:PMC
3347:doi
3263:doi
3259:179
3154:doi
3107:doi
3103:174
3067:doi
3027:doi
3023:183
2983:doi
2907:doi
2861:doi
2692:doi
2624:doi
2574:doi
2562:433
2387:hdl
2338:759
2167:431
1859:doi
1773:HIV
1617:'s
1520:or
1303:of
1232:by
699:by
600:or
547:mus
418:of
5579::
5557::
5544::
5531::
5518::
5505::
5492::
5479::
5456::
5443::
5420::
5407::
5394::
5381::
5368::
5355::
5342::
5329::
5316::
5303::
5290::
5277::
5264::
5251::
5238::
5203::
5188::
4705:.
4679:.
4654:.
4623:.
4597:.
4567:.
4563:.
4536:.
4520:14
4518:.
4514:.
4491:.
4479:.
4456:.
4448:.
4438:.
4428:20
4426:.
4422:.
4396:.
4374:.
4366:.
4328:.
4303:.
4292:^
4275:.
4250:.
4225:.
4199:.
4170:.
4141:.
4089:.
4079:72
4077:.
4031:.
4020:^
4006:.
3998:.
3990:.
3978:72
3976:.
3972:.
3949:.
3939:.
3931:.
3921:14
3919:.
3915:.
3892:.
3884:.
3872:.
3849:.
3837:90
3835:.
3831:.
3804:.
3794:89
3792:.
3778:^
3764:.
3750:.
3744:.
3726:^
3712:.
3704:.
3696:.
3684:.
3661:.
3653:.
3645:.
3633:.
3629:.
3607:.
3584:.
3576:.
3564:.
3540:.
3528:.
3510:^
3496:.
3488:.
3480:.
3468:72
3466:.
3462:.
3432:.
3422:.
3414:.
3404:26
3402:.
3398:.
3385:^
3371:.
3361:.
3353:.
3345:.
3335:26
3333:.
3329:.
3316:^
3277:.
3269:.
3257:.
3189:.
3185:.
3162:.
3148:.
3144:.
3121:.
3113:.
3101:.
3065:.
3061:.
3049:^
3035:.
3021:.
3017:.
3005:^
2991:.
2979:60
2977:.
2973:.
2946:.
2935:^
2921:.
2913:.
2905:.
2895:28
2893:.
2881:^
2867:.
2857:81
2855:.
2829:.
2723:.
2700:.
2688:52
2686:.
2682:.
2670:^
2653:.
2630:.
2620:89
2618:.
2588:.
2580:.
2572:.
2560:.
2556:.
2541:^
2509:^
2492:.
2412:18
2340:.
2268:^
2248:.
2222:.
2204:.
2169:.
2130:^
2109:^
2084:.
2066:^
2049:.
2021:^
1966:.
1939:.
1888:.
1853:.
1847:.
1775:,
1621:.
1162:pH
1113:,
1106:.
1098:,
1094:,
850:c.
809:.
801:,
785:.
767:,
753:.
673:.
628:,
580:.
510:.
492:10
473:.
434:,
206:ex
162::
149::
136::
4984:†
4953:?
4947:†
4918:†
4903:†
4895:†
4887:†
4835:?
4829:†
4795:e
4788:t
4781:v
4721:.
4691:.
4665:.
4639:.
4608:.
4582:.
4548:.
4487::
4464:.
4442::
4434::
4407:.
4382:.
4370::
4362::
4339:.
4314:.
4286:.
4261:.
4236:.
4211:.
4182:.
4153:.
4124:.
4097:.
4085::
4062:.
4014:.
3984::
3957:.
3927::
3900:.
3888::
3880::
3857:.
3843::
3812:.
3800::
3772:.
3758::
3720:.
3700::
3692::
3669:.
3649::
3641::
3635:8
3592:.
3572::
3548:.
3536::
3530:9
3504:.
3474::
3447:.
3410::
3379:.
3349::
3341::
3310:.
3285:.
3265::
3204:.
3170:.
3156::
3150:6
3129:.
3109::
3082:.
3069::
3043:.
3029::
2999:.
2985::
2958:.
2929:.
2909::
2901::
2875:.
2863::
2840:.
2815:.
2789:.
2774:.
2748:.
2734:.
2708:.
2694::
2664:.
2638:.
2626::
2576::
2568::
2535:.
2503:.
2466:.
2414:.
2393:.
2389::
2370:.
2319:.
2292:.
2262:.
2233:.
2208:.
2103:.
2060:.
2003:.
1980:.
1951:.
1933:"
1899:.
1874:.
1861::
1845:"
1841:"
1725:'
1544:.
1156:(
1154:H
1009:)
488:1
401:(
102:)
85:)
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.