Venus (mythology) - Knowledge (XXG)

1273: 2016: 2794: 2614: 2211: 2688: 2666: 2433: 2233: 2758: 2813: 2456: 2641: 2713: 2378: 2368: 2164:, a goddess of female chastity, Venus, myrtle and anything male were not only excluded, but unmentionable. The rites allowed women to drink the strongest, sacrificial wine, otherwise reserved for the Roman gods and Roman men; the women euphemistically referred to it as "honey". Under these special circumstances, they could get virtuously, religiously drunk on strong wine, safe from male intrusion and Venus' temptations. Outside of this context, ordinary wine (that is, Venus' wine) tinctured with myrtle oil was thought particularly suitable for women. 1706: 44: 2733: 524: 1680: 2776: 717: 1449:, appropriate to Venus' character and disposition. Vitruvius recommends the widest possible spacing between the temple columns, producing a light and airy space, and he offers Venus's temple in Caesar's forum as an example of how not to do it; the densely spaced, thickset columns darken the interior, hide the temple doors and crowd the walkways, so that matrons who wish to honour the goddess must enter her temple in single file, rather than arm-in arm. 1891: 3293:, 3.59 - 3.60; "The first Venus is the daughter of the Sky and the Day; I have seen her temple at Elis. The second was engendered from the sea‑foam, and as we are told became the mother by Mercury of the second Cupid. The third is the daughter of Jupiter and Dione, who wedded Vulcan, but who is said to have been the mother of Anteros by Mars. The fourth was conceived of Syria and Cyprus and is called Astarte; it is recorded that she married Adonis." 992: 1010: 425: 492:, are active and fiery. Venus absorbs and tempers the male essence, uniting the opposites of male and female in mutual affection. She is essentially assimilative and benign, and embraces several otherwise quite disparate functions. She can give military victory, sexual success, good fortune and prosperity. In one context, she is a goddess of prostitutes; in another, she turns the hearts of men and women from sexual vice to virtue. 6080: 1489: 2793: 1355:. The temple, cult and goddess probably retained much of the original's character and rites. Likewise, a shrine to Venus Verticordia ("Venus the changer of hearts"), established in 114 BC but with links to an ancient cult of Venus-Fortuna, was "bound to the peculiar milieu of the Aventine and the Circus Maximus" – a strongly plebeian context for Venus's cult, in contrast to her aristocratic cultivation as a 5583: 507:– but Venus and Juno are also likely "bookends" for the ceremony; Venus prepares the bride for "conubial bliss" and expectations of fertility within lawful marriage. Some Roman sources say that girls who come of age offer their toys to Venus; it is unclear where the offering is made, and others say this gift is to the Lares. In dice-games played with 709:("Venus the bald one"), a legendary form of Venus, attested only by post-Classical Roman writings which offer several traditions to explain this appearance and epithet. In one, it commemorates the virtuous offer by Roman matrons of their own hair to make bowstrings during a siege of Rome. In another, king 440:

Venus has been described as perhaps "the most original creation of the Roman pantheon", and "an ill-defined and assimilative" native goddess, combined "with a strange and exotic Aphrodite". Her cults may represent the religiously legitimate charm and seduction of the divine by mortals, in contrast to

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to legitimise his victories over his domestic and foreign opponents during Rome's late Republican civil and foreign wars; Rives finds it very unlikely that Sulla would have imposed this humiliating connection on unwilling or conquered domestic territories once allied to Samnium, such as Pompei. The

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Immediately after these remarks, Vitruvius prescribes the best positioning for temples to Venus' two divine consorts, Vulcan and Mars. Vulcan's should be outside the city, to reduce the dangers of fire, which is his element; Mars' too should be outside the city, so that "no armed frays may disturb

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known to please the gods and benefit the State. During her rites, her image was taken from her temple to the men's baths, where it was undressed and washed in warm water by her female attendants, then garlanded with myrtle. Women and men asked Venus Verticordia's help in affairs of the heart, sex,

1340:, ancestor of the Romans, so as far as the Romans were concerned, this was the homecoming of an ancestral goddess to her people. Soon after, Rome's defeat of Carthage confirmed Venus's goodwill to Rome, her links to its mythical Trojan past, and her support of its political and military hegemony. 819:

but now lost. Most copies of its Venus image would have been supported by dolphins, and worn diadems and carved veils, inferring her birth from sea-foam, and a consequent identity as Queen of the Sea, and patron of sailors and navigation. Roman copies would have embellished baths and gymnasiums.

1609:" wine, for everyday human use. Jupiter was patron of the strongest, purest, sacrificial grade wine, and controlled the weather on which the autumn grape-harvest would depend. At this festival, men and women alike drank the new vintage of ordinary, non-sacral wine (pressed at the previous year's 1633:. Kitchen gardens and market-gardens, and presumably vineyards were dedicated to her. Roman opinions differed on whose festival it was. Varro insists that the day was sacred to Jupiter, whose control of the weather governed the ripening of the grapes; but the sacrificial victim, a female lamb ( 496:'s theology identifies Venus with water as an aspect of the female principle. To generate life, the watery matrix of the womb requires the virile warmth of fire. To sustain life, water and fire must be balanced; excess of either one, or their mutual antagonism, is unproductive or destructive. 2126:), which was cultivated for its white, sweetly scented flowers, aromatic, evergreen leaves and its various medical-magical properties. Venus' statues, and her worshipers, wore myrtle crowns at her festivals. Before its adoption into Venus' cults, myrtle was used in the purification rites of 1664:

and Rome's senior magistrate; the festival is thought to mark the unprecedented promotion of a personal, family cult to one of the Roman state. Caesar's heir, Augustus, made much of these personal and family associations with Venus as an Imperial deity. The festival's rites are not known.

1984:("Venus and Cupid") is evidence of his cult, shared with Venus at her Temple just outside the Colline Gate and elsewhere. He would also have featured in many private household cults. In private and public areas alike, statues of Venus and Mars attended by Cupid, or Venus, Cupid and minor 1951:, forget her husband. When Aeneas rejects her love, and covertly leaves Carthage to fulfill his destiny as ancestor of the Roman people, Dido is said to invoke Anteros as "contrary to Cupid". She falls into hatred and despair, curses Rome, and when Aeneas leaves, commits suicide. 3250:

explicitly denies that the festival belongs to Venus; that implies he was aware of opposite scholarly and / or commonplace opinion. Lipka (2009) offers this apparent contradiction as an example of two Roman cults that offer "complementary functional foci".

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that referred to her different cult aspects, roles, and her functional similarities to other deities. Her "original powers seem to have been extended largely by the fondness of the Romans for folk-etymology, and by the prevalence of the religious idea

1613:) in honour of Venus, whose powers had provided humankind with this gift. Upper-class women gathered at Venus's Capitoline temple, where a libation of the previous year's vintage, sacred to Jupiter, was poured into a nearby ditch. Common girls ( 2015: 1204:, and festivals on August 12 and October 9. A sacrifice was annually dedicated to her on the latter date. In neo-classical art, her epithet as Victrix is often used in the sense of 'Venus Victorious over men's hearts' or in the context of the 1445:, and built "near to the gate" of the city, where it would be less likely to contaminate "the matrons and youth with the influence of lust". He finds the Corinthian style, slender, elegant, enriched with ornamental leaves and surmounted by 1272: 2202:, wore a myrtle crown, perhaps to purify themselves and their armies of blood-guilt. The ovation ceremony was assimilated to Venus Victrix ("Victorious Venus"), who was held to have granted and purified its relatively "easy" victory. 2613: 1617:) and prostitutes gathered at Venus' temple just outside the Colline gate, where they offered her myrtle, mint, and rushes concealed in rose-bunches and asked her for "beauty and popular favour", and to be made "charming and witty". 1492:

Fresco with a seated Venus, restored as a personification of Rome in the so-called "Dea Barberini" ("Barberini goddess"); Roman artwork, dated first half of the 4th century AD, from a room near the Baptistery of San Giovanni in

2687: 2152:. As goddess of love and sex, Venus played an essential role at Roman prenuptial rites and wedding nights, so myrtle and roses were used in bridal bouquets. Marriage itself was not a seduction but a lawful condition, under 2812: 3711:

Whoever threw "Venus" had the right to appoint a "King of the Feast"; the "Venus" throw was also known as the "Basilicus" (from the Greek "king"). See article by James Yates, M.A., F.R.S., and primary sources on entry

2732: 2248:. Many female nudes from this period of sculpture whose subjects are unknown are in modern art history conventionally called "Venus", even if they originally may have portrayed a mortal woman rather than operated as a 3066:, Venus was the divine mother of the Trojan prince Aeneas, and thus a divine ancestor of the Roman people as a whole. The Punic Wars saw many similar introductions of foreign cult, including the Phrygian cult to 1605:, king of the gods. It offered opportunity to supplicants to ask Venus' intercession with Jupiter, who was thought to be susceptible to her charms, and amenable to the effects of her wine. Venus was patron of " 3260:

Sulla may have set some form of precedent, but there is no evidence that he built her a Temple. Caesar's associations with Venus as both a personal and state goddess may also have been propagated in the Roman

2990:"At the midway between Ostia and Antium lies Lavinium that has a sanctuary of Aphrodite common to all Latin nations, but which is under the care of the Ardeans, who have entrusted the task to intendants". 967:(possibly meaning "pleasurable" or "passionate"). Further titles or variants acquired by Venus through the same process, or through orthographic variance, include Libentia, Lubentina, and Lubentini. 1314:), patron goddess of Carthage's Sicilian allies, could be persuaded to change her allegiance. Rome laid siege to Eryx and promised its goddess a magnificent temple as reward for her defection. They 752:. In some traditions, Titus Tatius was responsible for the introduction of lawful marriage to Rome, and Venus-Cloacina promoted, protected and purified sexual intercourse between married couples. 1887:) and elsewhere in Greece, acquiring wings, bow and arrows, and divine parents in the love-goddess Aphrodite and the war-god Ares. He had temples of his own, and shared others with Aphrodite. 499:

Prospective brides offered Venus a gift "before the wedding"; the nature of the gift, and its timing, are unknown. The wedding ceremony itself, and the state of lawful marriage, belonged to

1555:(Virile or strong Good Fortune)), whose cult was probably by far the older of the two. Venus Verticordia was invented in 220 BC, in response to advice from a Sibylline oracle during Rome's 2712: 3105:"At the battle of Pharsalus, Caesar also vowed a temple, in best republican fashion, to Venus Victrix, almost as if he were summoning Pompey's protectress to his side in the manner of an 2665: 2757: 2210: 6480: 3946:

Pliny the Elder, remarking Venus as a goddess of union and reconciliation, identifies the shrine with a legendary episode in Rome's earliest history, in which the Romans, led by

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were sometimes donated by wealthy sponsors, to serve both religious and artistic purposes. Cupid's roles in literary myth are usually limited to actions on behalf of Venus; in

748:, originally a stream, later covered over to function as Rome's main sewer. The rites conducted at the shrine were probably meant to purify the culvert's polluted waters and 575:(Venus' daughters) were said to bathe; but he also connects it to the Greek word for "dart", "needle", "arrow", whence "love's arrows" and love's bitter "cares and pangs". 2640: 1584:

was given her own temple. She was meant to persuade Romans of both sexes and every class, whether married or unmarried, to cherish the traditional sexual proprieties and

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In Roman cult inscriptions and theology, "Amor" is rare, and "Cupido" relatively common. No Roman temples seem dedicated to Cupid alone but the joint dedication formula

937:, and thus a god of Springtime. No such Triad seems to have existed prior to Baalbek's 15 BC colonisation by Augustus' veterans. It may be a modern scholarly artifice. 5600: 5370:

Fortuna. Recherches sur le culte de la Fortuna à Rome et dans le monde romain des origines à la mort de César. II. Les Transformations de Fortuna sous le République.

5138: 2179:, probably by others before him, and certainly into the early modern era. Although Venus played a central role in several wine festivals, the Roman god of wine was 1428:, would have underlined the point, with the image of avenging Mars "almost certainly" accompanied by that of his divine consort Venus, and possibly a statue of the 6485: 840:, goddess of both good and bad fortune and personification of luck, whose iconography includes the rudder of a ship, found in some Pompeian examples of the regal 3001:

Sp. Turrianus Proculus Gellianus ... pater patratus ... Lavinium sacrorum principiorum p(opuli) R(omani) Quirt(ium) nominisque Latini qui apud Laurentis coluntur

1239: 1057: 1250:, and was supposedly funded by fines imposed on Roman women for sexual misdemeanours. Its rites and character were probably influenced by or based on Greek 2160:. Venus was also a patron of the ordinary, everyday wine drunk by most Roman men and women; the seductive powers of wine were well known. In the rites to 3891: 2432: 484:

presents Venus as the yielding, watery female principle, essential to the generation and balance of life. Her male counterparts in the Roman pantheon,

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Sometimes interpreted as Eros-Cupid, as a symbol of the sexual union between the goddess and Anchises, but perhaps alluding also to the scene in the

1052:("Indulgent Venus"), Venus' first attested Roman epithet. It was used in the dedication of her first Roman temple, on August 19 in 295 BC during the 5641: 3115:, "apparently in fulfillment of the vow". The goddess helped provide a divine aura for her descendant, preparing the way for Caesar's own cult as a 2325: 1771:

by Venus in her heavenly form, the morning star, shining brightly before him in the daylight sky; much later, she lifts Caesar's soul to heaven. In

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festival of wine, vegetable growth and fertility. This was almost certainly Venus' oldest festival and was associated with her earliest known form,

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came to refer to any artistic depiction in post-classical art of a nude woman, even when there was no indication that the subject was the goddess.

713:' wife and other Roman women lost their hair during an epidemic; in hope of its restoration, unafflicted women sacrificed their own hair to Venus. 695:

on 5 October 134. This form of the goddess, and the taurobolium, are associated with the "Syrian Goddess", understood as a late equivalent to

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for the personification of "kindly" love. Where Cupid (lust) can be imperious, cruel, prone to mischief or even war-like, Amor softly persuades.

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showing the birth of Aphrodite from sea-foam, fully adult and supported by a more-than-lifesized scallop shell. The Italian Renaissance painter

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Cupid (lust or desire) and Amor (affectionate love) are taken to be different names for the same Roman love-god, the son of Venus, fathered by

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Venus' long association with wine reflects the inevitable connections between wine, intoxication and sex, expressed in the proverbial phrase

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or Mars. Childlike or boyish winged figures who accompany Venus, whether singly, in pairs or more, have been variously identified as Amores,

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above). Pompeii's Temple of Venus was built sometime in the 1st century BC, before Sulla's colonisation. This local form of Venus had Roman,

2083:("Venus the Fisher-woman") are almost exclusive to Pompeii. Both forms of Venus are represented within Pompeian homes of the well-off, with 464:

Venus seems to have had no origin myth until her association with Greek Aphrodite. Venus-Aphrodite emerged, already in adult form, from the

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Venus as a guide and protector of Aeneas and his descendants is a frequent motif in the Aeneid. See discussion throughout Williams (2003).

3111:. Three years after Pompey's defeat at the battle of Actium, Caesar dedicated his new Roman Forum, complete with a temple to his ancestor 1192:

vied with his patron Sulla and with Caesar for public recognition as her protégé. In 55 BC he dedicated a temple to her at the top of his

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Grossi, Olindo. "The Forum of Julius Caesar and the Temple of Venus Genetrix." Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 13 (1936): 215–2.

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stone as late as the 2nd century AD. From at least the 5th century BC he also had the form of an adolescent or pre-adolescent male, at

641:). Her worshippers cross-dressed - men wore women's clothes, and women wore men's. Macrobius says that Aristophanes called this figure 6573: 6497: 5257: 5236: 3235: 2170: 2107: 1606: 1231: 770: 3133:

the peace of the citizens, and that this divinity may, moreover, be ready to preserve them from their enemies and the perils of war."

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was taken to signify divine displeasure at sexual offenses among Romans of every category and class, including several men and three

1074:, Venus as a universal, natural creative force that informs the physical world. She is addressed as "Alma Venus" ("Mother Venus") by 6603: 5614: 5569: 5453: 5290: 4443: 3513: 3446: 2455: 6548: 2360:, composed in 1361–62. It is notable as the first collection devoted exclusively to biographies of women in Western literature. 875:("Venus the Mother"), as a goddess of motherhood and domesticity, with a festival on September 26, a personal ancestress of the 811:(Venus of the Sea"), because she smooths the waves for mariners. She is probably based on the influential image of Aphrodite by 6291: 5285:. I Tatti Renaissance Library. Vol. 1. Translated by Virginia Brown. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. xi. 2551: 2472: 2437: 1420:, adopted both claims as evidence of his inherent fitness for office, and divine approval of his rule. Augustus' new temple to 1180:("Venus the Victorious"), a Romanised aspect of the armed Aphrodite that Greeks had inherited from the East, where the goddess 445:

of divine forces through magic. The ambivalence of her persuasive functions has been perceived in the relationship of the root

2377: 2175:(loosely translated as "without food and wine, Venus freezes). It was used in various forms, notably by the Roman playwright, 2002:, the plot and its resolution are driven by Cupid's love for Psyche ("soul"), his filial disobedience, and his mother's envy. 6613: 6538: 5536: 5521: 1593:, Venus's acceptance of the epithet and its attendant responsibilities represented a change of heart in the goddess herself. 3973: 2425:, a degree of erotic beauty in her presentation was justified, which appealed to many artists and their patrons. Over time, 1781:

Venus came to Rome because she "preferred to be worshipped in the city of her own offspring". In Virgil's poetic account of

917:, though inconsistently and often on very slender grounds. She has been historically identified as one third of a so-called 5610: 4964:, edited by Anthony Grafton, Glenn W. Most, and Salvatore Settis (Harvard University Press, 2010), pp. 244–246; cf Cicero, 3366:

Ovid describes the rites observed in the early Imperial era, when the temple environs were part of the Gardens of Sallust.

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Schilling (1954) suggests that Venus began as an abstraction of personal qualities, later assuming Aphrodite's attributes.

2267: 1087: 683:(Celestial or Heavenly Venus), used from the 2nd century AD for Venus as an aspect of a syncretised supreme goddess. 3062:, setting off a train of events that led to war between the Greeks and Trojans, and eventually to Troy's destruction. In 6583: 6568: 6543: 5634: 3716:, pp. 1095‑1096 of William Smith, D.C.L., LL.D.: A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, John Murray, London, 1875. 3120: 2719: 2542: 1868: 1710: 1429: 338: 2095:

tend to be more playful, usually found in less formal and less public "non-reception" areas: here, she usually holds a

1044:. Some sources associate her with the myrtle-tree. Christian writers described her as a goddess of sloth and laziness. 2371:

Medieval representation of Venus, sitting on a rainbow, with her devotees who offer their hearts to her, 15th century.

2309: 429: 4886: 4713: 1573:(sexually pure) in Rome by a committee of Roman matrons. At first, this statue was probably housed in the temple of 6608: 6558: 6528: 6162: 6136: 4387: 2489: 2367: 2320: 2236:

Statue of nude Venus of the Capitoline type, Roman, 2nd century AD, from Campo Iemini, housed in the British Museum

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in Lavinium. Inscriptions found at Lavinium attest the presence of federal cults, without giving precise details.

6578: 6553: 6533: 6296: 6131: 2620: 1737:, the god of war. At other times, or in parallel myths and theologies, Venus was understood to be the consort of 240: 5055:

O'Hara, James J. (1990). "The significance of Vergil's Acidalia Mater, and Venus Erycina in Catullus and Ovid".

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O'Hara, James J. (1990). "The significance of Vergil's Acidalia Mater, and Venus Erycina in Catullus and Ovid".

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O'Hara, James J. (1990). "The significance of Vergil's Acidalia Mater, and Venus Erycina in Catullus and Ovid".

611:. Other versions of Venus' birth show her standing on land or shoreline, wringing the sea-water from her hair. 43: 6593: 6563: 6411: 6390: 6380: 5787: 5650: 5332: 5312: 4039: 3959: 3415: 3277: 2895: 1936: 1860: 1806: 1645: 1498: 1457: 1297: 1277: 972: 945:("Venus with the beautiful buttocks"), a statue, and possibly a statue type, after a lost Greek original. From 884: 855: 618: 564: 442: 370: 272: 3033:

Her Sicillian form probably combined elements of Aphrodite and a more warlike Carthaginian-Phoenician Astarte

979:, who also became synonymous with death; a temple was dedicated to Venus Libitina in Libitina's grove on the 6395: 5627: 5322: 5308: 4528: 4035: 3897: 3411: 3096:

Plutarch's original Greek translates this adopted surname, Felix, as Epaphroditus (Aphrodite's beloved); see

1660:. Caesar dedicated the temple during his extraordinarily lavish quadruple triumph. At the same time, he was 1580:, perhaps as divine reinforcement against the perceived moral and religious failings of its cult. In 114 BC 864: 523: 5587: 4688: 4660: 4157:"Jupiter, Venus and Mercury of Heliopolis (Baalbek). The images of the 'triad' and its alleged syncretisms" 6588: 6223: 5494: 5428:

Lloyd-Morgan, G. (1986). "Roman Venus: public worship and private rites." In M. Henig and A. King (eds.),

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Cicero presents Anteros as a "third Cupid", fathered by Mars and birthed by a "third Venus", the huntress

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outlook, sees Cupid as a deity of greed and blind passion, morally inferior to Amor. The Roman playwright

1767:, refugee from Troy's destruction and eventual ancestor of the Roman people. Virgil's Aeneas is guided to 1214: 1185: 934: 797:, may have preserved some Erycine features of her cult. It was considered suitable for "common girls" and 567:

speculates this "rare" and "strangely recondite epithet" as reference to a mooted "Fountain of Acidalia" (

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the formal, contractual relations between most members of Rome's official pantheon and the state, and the

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The aristocratic ideology of an increasingly Hellenised Venus is "summarized by the famous invocation to

2598:. Although the name of the actual deity is not known, the knowing contrast between the obese and fertile 6442: 6339: 5995: 5914: 5662: 4721: 4698: 4670: 3901: 1439: 1145: 679: 330: 236: 5542:

Wagenvoort, Hendrik, "The Origins of the goddess Venus" (first published as "De deae Veneris origine",

503:– whose mythology allows her only a single marriage, and no divorce from her habitually errant spouse, 5605: 1381:("Lucky") as a surname, acknowledging his debt to heaven-sent good fortune and his particular debt to 991: 703:, the latter being another supposedly Trojan "Mother of the Romans", as well as "Mother of the Gods". 6437: 6321: 6275: 6065: 5909: 5682: 4308:"Exploring the sanctuary of Venus and its sacred grove: politics, cult and identity in Roman Pompeii" 2846: 2348: 2300: 1516: 1343:

The Capitoline cult to Venus seems to have been reserved to higher status Romans. A separate cult to

1137: 1114:("Venus the Fisher-woman") a goddess of the sea, and trade. For Sulla's claims of Venus' favour, see 1060:. It was sited somewhere near the Aventine Hill and Circus Maximus, and played a central role in the 998: 782: 359: 279: 1679: 1009: 6475: 6281: 6167: 6141: 6000: 5849: 5839: 5802: 2836: 2819: 2724: 2587: 2512: 2414: 2281: 2245: 1836: 1790: 1742: 1602: 1347:

as a fertility deity, was established in 181 BC, in a traditionally plebeian district just outside

1193: 816: 504: 302: 294: 1397:, and celebrating his triumph of 54 BC with coins that showed her crowned with triumphal laurels. 6598: 6354: 5980: 5944: 5904: 5879: 5782: 5762: 5702: 5448:. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. (pp. 92, 165–167, 408–409, 411) 5278: 5194: 5072: 5037: 4995: 4770: 4596: 4381: 4337: 4329: 4178: 4137: 4062:

Stone Sculptures, The Greek, Roman and Etruscan Collections of the Harvard University Art Museums

3918: 3808: 3770: 3047: 2741:, one of the long-time mistresses of King Charles II of England, as Venus with her son as Cupid ( 2357: 2139: 1840: 1738: 1205: 1033: 918: 898: 763: 608: 485: 477: 143: 2091:, draped with a mantle, standing rigidly upright with her right arm across her chest. Images of 716: 511:, a popular pastime among Romans of all classes, the luckiest, best possible roll was known as " 4197:

The Aphrodite of Knidos and Her Successors: A Historical Review of the Female Nude in Greek Art

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Venus, setting fire to the castle where the Rose is imprisoned, in the medieval French romance

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of the entire Roman state, its people and fortunes. It was the largest temple in Ancient Rome.

1336:("Venus the Mother"), Roman tradition made Venus the mother and protector of the Trojan prince 6492: 6452: 6106: 6060: 5934: 5874: 5747: 5727: 5722: 5707: 5565: 5532: 5517: 5473: 5449: 5416: 5384: 5336: 5327: 5286: 5253: 5232: 4449: 4439: 4416: 4406: 4369: 4359: 3733: 3509: 3484: 3442: 3312: 3051: 2851: 2704: 2442: 1890: 1864: 1715: 1548: 1522: 1394: 1219: 1156: 1053: 604: 350: 3479:

de Simone, Carlo (2017). "Messapic". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.).

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was her natural state, it was socially acceptable to depict her unclothed. As the goddess of

1332:. Shorn of her more overtly Carthaginian characteristics, this "foreign Venus" became Rome's 6385: 6116: 6035: 5975: 5834: 5812: 5797: 5355: 5186: 5064: 5029: 4987: 4815: 4762: 4588: 4319: 4168: 4129: 3979: 3800: 3762: 3178: 3063: 2804: 2382: 2330: 2305: 2276: 2153: 1989: 1786: 1734: 1661: 1470:, underlining the Imperial unity of Rome and its provinces, and making Venus the protective 1462: 1289: 1149: 1015: 946: 941: 595: 500: 489: 290: 209: 139: 65: 48: 5465: 6507: 6502: 6421: 6416: 6269: 6237: 6121: 5654: 5376: 5265: 5156: 4693: 4665: 4303: 3930: 3173: 2785: 2595: 2583: 2535: 2504: 2422: 2290: 2024: 1935:(reciprocal love) for him. Some sources suggest Anteros as avenger of "slighted love". In 1726: 1722: 1649: 1621: 1552: 1502: 1483: 1319: 1301: 1281: 1201: 1141: 1102: 1098: 1061: 1048: 929:). The "Syrian Mercury" is sometimes thought as another sun-god, or a syncretised form of 786: 725: 670:, "to pull up one's clothes" to reveal her male genitalia. The gesture traditionally held 424: 298: 268: 252: 110: 81: 5595: 4579:

Orlin, Eric M. (2002). "Foreign cults in republican Rome: Rethinking the pomerial rule".

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of her counterpart, Aphrodite, but with significant exceptions. In some Latin mythology,

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as a personal, divine ancestress – apparently a long-standing family tradition among the

3914: 6359: 6248: 6111: 5829: 5619: 4467: 4281: 3376: 2925: 2919: 2901: 2886: 2679: 2576: 1994: 1966: 1899: 1725:, the literary concept of Venus is mantled in whole-cloth borrowings from the literary 1690: 1564: 1371: 1367: 1197: 1041: 980: 660: 654: 114: 6079: 2240:

Roman and Hellenistic art produced many variations on the goddess, often based on the

1513:, "to open", with reference to the springtime blossoming of trees and flowers. In the 1488: 28:

Goddess of love, beauty, desire, sex, fertility, prosperity, prostitution, and victory

6522: 6286: 6210: 6126: 6055: 6025: 6005: 5854: 5777: 5767: 5668: 5198: 4341: 4214: 4096:

Liou-Gilles, B. (1996). "Naissance de la ligue latine. Mythe et culte de fondation".

3192: 2942: 2800: 2260: 2199: 2131: 2115: 1760: 1656:, who claimed her personal favour as his divine patron, and ancestral goddess of the 1653: 1567:. The statue of Venus Verticordia was dedicated by a young woman, chosen as the most 1438:

recommends that any new temple to Venus be sited according to rules laid down by the

1401: 1326: 1305: 1247: 1037: 880: 790: 774: 759: 749: 745: 710: 264: 35: 6349: 6344: 6306: 6203: 5752: 5692: 4928: 4839: 4791: 3955: 3432: 3360: 3202: 2951: 2913: 2867: 2856: 2841: 2675: 2527: 2157: 2043:

Images of Venus have been found in domestic murals, mosaics and household shrines (

1957:'s Fasti, Book 4, invokes Venus not by name but as "Mother of the Twin Loves", the 1777: 1657: 1413: 1352: 1255: 1243: 1096:

was Pompeii's protective goddess, antedating Sulla's imposition of a colonia named

876: 599:(Venus "rising from the sea"), based on a once-famous painting by the Greek artist 508: 5757: 3234:

For associations of kind between Roman deities and their sacrificial victims, see

3225:

Vegetable-growers may have been involved in the dedications as a corporate guild.

591:

had no evident connection to Venus. It was almost certainly not a cultic epithet.

5444: 5214:

For the total exclusion of myrtle (and therefore Venus) at Bona Dea's rites, see

3436: 1525:

during the early centuries AD, Venus became identified with the Germanic goddess

6101: 3067: 2981:

Ashby (1929) finds the existence of a temple to Venus Calva "very doubtful"; see

2823: 2738: 2602:

and the classical conception of Venus has raised resistance to the terminology.

2599: 2410: 2249: 2188: 2149: 2135: 2096: 1884: 1798: 1698: 1685: 1585: 1467: 1106:

after his family and Venus, following his siege and capture of Pompeii from the

959:"), probably arising through the semantic similarity and cultural links between 844:. A form of Venus usually identified as Venus Felix was adopted by the dictator 836:("Lucky Venus"), probably a traditional epithet, combining aspects of Venus and 721: 688: 512: 4057: 1385:, for his extraordinarily fortunate political and military career. His protégé 6311: 6218: 5985: 5970: 5960: 5889: 5869: 5190: 5177:

Versnel, H.S. (April 1992). "The Festival for Bona Dea and the Thesmophoria".

4887:"The Sidus Iulium, the divinity of men, and the Golden Age in Virgil's Aeneid" 4324: 4307: 3344:, 7. 59: 16. 203. See also Catullus C. 3. 1, 13. 2: Horace, 1. 19. 1 :4. 1. 5. 3280:

holds Cupid disguised as Ascanius in her lap as she falls in love with Aeneas.

3043: 2749: 2465: 2460: 2241: 2065: 1755: 1556: 1421: 812: 798: 671: 643: 638: 260: 248: 4735: 4420: 1370:, some leading Romans laid personal claims to Venus' favour. The general and 6457: 6045: 5939: 5360: 5347: 4684: 4656: 4453: 4373: 3216:

Romans considered personal ethics or mentality to be functions of the heart.

3084: 2591: 2406: 2053: 2048: 1943:, Cupid is a deceptive agent of Venus, impersonating Aeneas' son and making 1923: 1802: 1674: 1569: 1560: 1543: 1435: 1360: 1251: 1170: 1161: 1130:

is also a regal form of "Nature Mother" and a guarantor of success in love.

1079: 1075: 914: 910: 860: 630: 626: 587:

is likely a literary conceit, formed by Virgil from earlier usages in which

286: 282: 244: 185: 106: 52: 5229:

The Mirror of the Gods, How Renaissance Artists Rediscovered the Pagan Gods

2594:

sculptures of rounded female forms have been conventionally referred to as

2087:

more commonly found in formal reception spaces, typically depicted in full

1036:(or Murcus, or Murtia). Murcia was associated with Rome's Mons Murcia (the 5582: 5493:, (English translation), University of Chicago Press, 1991. pp. 146. 5484:

La Religion Romaine de Vénus depuis les origines jusqu'au temps d'Auguste.

4901: 4819: 3562:

La religion romaine de Venus depuis les origines jusqu'au temps d' Auguste

2352:, a collection of biographies of historical and mythological women by the 2138:. Likewise, Roman folk-etymology transformed the ancient, obscure goddess 1254:'s cults, which were already diffused in various forms throughout Italian 740:("Venus the Purifier"); a fusion of Venus with the Etruscan water goddess 305:

as the embodiment of love and sexuality. As such, she is usually depicted

6364: 6301: 6242: 6146: 5965: 5919: 5894: 5824: 5732: 5717: 5712: 5687: 5432:(pp. 179–188). Oxford: Oxford Committee for Archaeology Monograph 8. 5215: 5205: 4753:

Carter, Jesse Benedict (1900). "The cognomina of the goddess 'Fortuna'".

4629: 3662: 3389: 3107: 2946: 2907: 2402: 2353: 2221: 2216: 2184: 2161: 2127: 2062: 1999: 1970: 1948: 1919: 1915: 1876: 1872: 1782: 1750: 1442: 1417: 1356: 1348: 1315: 1293: 1174:, sexuality expressed within socially permitted bounds, hence marriage. 1107: 1065: 1019: 976: 956: 794: 741: 692: 637:, bearded, with male genitalia but in female attire and figure (see also 481: 465: 428:

A 2nd- or 3rd-century bronze figurine of Venus, in the collection of the

161: 4333: 4199:, University of Michigan Press, 2007, pp 100–102, ISBN 978-0-472-03277-8 4182: 3042:

Venus' links with Troy can be traced to the epic, mythic history of the

6020: 6010: 5929: 5899: 5884: 5844: 5742: 5514:

From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins: Sex and Category in Roman Religion

4600: 4141: 3958:

and carrying branches of myrtle, met there to make peace following the

3947: 3812: 3686:

From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins: Sex and category in Roman religion

2938: 2561: 2225: 2195: 2180: 2176: 2088: 2036: 2028: 2020: 1974: 1826: 1794: 1597: 1575: 1453: 1425: 1264: 930: 906: 902: 850: 837: 767: 696: 648: 600: 535: 528: 398: 56: 5076: 5041: 4999: 4774: 4173: 4156: 3774: 6447: 6189: 6183: 6096: 6030: 6015: 5990: 5772: 5697: 5268:, Natural History, Ch 23, line 152–58; and Book 15, Ch.38, line 125}} 4943: 4755:

Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association

3951: 3657: 3272: 3059: 2657: 2632: 2418: 2145: 2119: 2032: 1940: 1911: 1903: 1895: 1856: 1848: 1810: 1768: 1764: 1746: 1694: 1626: 1532: 1527: 1446: 1389:

competed for Venus' support, dedicating (in 55 BC) a large temple to

1386: 1337: 1209: 1189: 1181: 1119: 1064:. It was supposedly funded by fines imposed on women found guilty of 778: 700: 634: 572: 555: 550: 473: 458: 256: 195: 165: 157: 129: 91: 5169:

Versnel, H.S. (1994). "Transition and reversal in myth and ritual".

4592: 4358:. John Joseph Dobbins, Pedar William Foss. London: Routledge. 2007. 4133: 3804: 5462:. London and Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul. (pp. 319–322) 5068: 5033: 4991: 4766: 4548:

Lipka gives a foundation date of 181 BC for Venus' Colline temple.

3869:

Experiencing Rome: Culture, Identity, and Power in the Roman Empire

3766: 1894:

Fragmentary base for an altar of Venus and Mars, showing cupids or

1867:

as a generative power with neither mother nor father. Eros was the

1032:("Venus of the Myrtle"), merging Venus with the little-known deity 826:

honoured by all the Latins with a federal cult at the temple named

6316: 6040: 5864: 5819: 5807: 5792: 5737: 5102:

Leonard A. Curchin, Leonard A., "Personal Wealth in Roman Spain,"

4872: 4854: 4257:"The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome", v. 1, p. 167 4209: 3247: 3116: 2861: 2454: 2431: 2386: 2376: 2366: 2231: 2209: 2134:; later, Cloacina's association with Venus' sacred plant made her 2100: 2058: 2014: 1889: 1844: 1830: 1730: 1678: 1487: 1374: 1318:

her image, brought it to Rome and installed it in a temple on the

1271: 845: 715: 522: 493: 423: 153: 70: 5606:

Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (ca 2400 images of Venus)

2099:, and sits amidst landscape scenery, accompanied by at least one 6197: 6050: 4834: 4492: 3993: 3481:

Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics

3355: 3197: 3055: 2111: 1954: 1944: 1880: 1852: 1822: 1772: 1590: 926: 922: 729: 659:. Several examples of Greek and Roman sculpture show her in the 576: 306: 5623: 5381:

Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages

4806:

de Cazanove, Olivier (1988). "Jupiter, Liber et le vin latin".

4405:. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 1184:"remained a goddess of war, and Venus could bring victory to a 5859: 3012:

Eden (1963) states that Varro rationalises the connections as

2019:

A medallion painting from the House of Marcus Fabius Rufus in

879:

and, more broadly, the divine ancestress of the Roman people.

651:

wrote of worshipping "nurturing Venus" whether female or male

527:

Venus and Mars, with Cupid attending, in a wall painting from

457:'love drink' or 'addicting'), in the sense of "a charm, magic 218: 55:. From a garden wall at the Casa della Venere in conchiglia, 3438:

A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology and Folk Culture

3392:" means "The Good Goddess". She was also a "Women's goddess". 1078:

in the introductory lines of his vivid, poetic exposition of

6078: 5335:, Cambridge, Mass., and London, England, 2007. (hardcover). 3867:

Dominic Montserrat, "Reading Gender in the Roman World," in

3732:. The Catholic University of America Press. pp. 52 ff. 3014:"lubendo libido, libidinosus ac Venus Libentina et Libitina" 2110:

are for the most part the same as Aphrodite's. They include

534:

Like other major Roman deities, Venus was given a number of

301:, Venus became one of the most widely referenced deities of 255:, she was the ancestor of the Roman people through her son, 5489:

Schilling, R., in Bonnefoy, Y., and Doniger, W. (Editors),

1644:(September 26) was held under state auspices from 46 BC at 1086:. She seems to have been a favourite of Lucretius' patron, 224: 5601:

The Roman goddess Venus – highlights at The British Museum

5348:"Venus in Pompeian Domestic Space: Decoration and Context" 1304:

suggested that Carthage might be defeated if the Venus of

5250:

Bona Dea : The sources and a description of the cult

2027:

and depicting the Greco-Roman goddess Venus-Aphrodite in

1759:, embellished an existing connection between Venus, whom 1637:), may be evidence that it once belonged to Venus alone. 4544: 4542: 3791:

Marcovich, Miroslav (1996). "From Ishtar to Aphrodite".

3462: 3460: 3458: 3142:

The widely spaced, open style preferred by Vitruvius is

1961:. "Amor" is the Latin name preferred by Roman poets and 921:, and thus a wife to presumed sun-god "Syrian Jupiter" ( 785:

by the elite and respectable matrons at a temple on the

543:

which sanctioned any identifications made in this way."

5091:

Divine Qualities: Cult and Community in Republican Rome

3975:

A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology

3839:

Venerem igitur almum adorans, sive femina sive mas est,

3702:, Cambridge University Press, 2010, pp. 66–67, 231-266. 3420:

Religions of Rome: Volume 2, a Sourcebook, illustrated,

1977:, however, has Venus, Cupid and Amor working together. 1022:, with enthroned Venus Felix holding Victory on reverse 691:(a form of bull sacrifice), performed at her shrine in 362: 267:

claimed her as his ancestor. Venus was central to many

4476:

Realencyclopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft

3854:

Penner, Todd C., Stichele, Caroline Van der, editors,

3729:

Forgotten Paths: Etymology and the allegorical mindset

2142:

into "Venus of the Myrtles, whom we now call Murcia".

1763:

had adopted as his protectress, and the Trojan prince

4474:(1972) 1983:80, noting C. Koch on "Venus Victrix" in 1805:

and the Egyptians, assisted by bizarre and unhelpful

1509:) which Roman etymologists understood to derive from 744:, who had an ancient shrine above the outfall of the 227: 221: 5317:

Religions of Rome: Volume 1, a History, illustrated,

4266:

Elisabeth Asmis, "Lucretius' Venus and Stoic Zeus",

4120:

Rives, James (1994). "Venus Genetrix outside Rome".

4013:

Prostitution, Sexuality, and the Law in Ancient Rome

2937:

Eden (1963) discusses possible associations between

2385:. In this story Venus is portrayed as the mother of 1689:

holding an infant, probably Aeneas, as Anchises and

1400:

Pompey's erstwhile friend, ally, and later opponent

415: 389:('to adore, revere, honor, venerate, worship'), and 343: 278:

The Romans adapted the myths and iconography of her

215: 6468: 6430: 6404: 6373: 6332: 6260: 6176: 6155: 6089: 5953: 5661: 5611:'Venus Chiding Cupid for Learning to Cast Accounts' 4403:

The fires of Vesuvius : Pompeii lost and found

1160:("Venus the Changer of Hearts"), celebrated at the 1136:("Heavenly Venus"), used as the title of a book by 212: 191: 181: 176: 149: 135: 125: 120: 102: 87: 76: 64: 21: 5404:Hammond, N.G.L. and Scullard, H.H. (eds.) (1970). 4616:Typology and Structure of Roman Historical Reliefs 4030: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4022: 3700:The Roman Wedding: Ritual and Meaning in Antiquity 720:Imperial image of Venus suggesting influence from 5439:. London: A. Zwemmer Ltd. (pp. 272–263, 424) 4436:Cities of Vesuvius : Pompeii and Herculaneum 3609:R., Schilling (1962). "La relation Venus venia". 2799:Iris presenting the wounded Venus to Mars by Sir 1246:. It was dedicated in 295 BC, at a site near the 889:an iconological type of statue of Aphrodite/Venus 5562:Astarte und Venus. Eine foto-lyrische Annäherung 5408:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (p. 113) 5372:Rome: Ecole Française de Rome, pp. 378–395. 3786: 3784: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3483:. Vol. 3. Walter de Gruyter. p. 1843. 3159:The origin is unknown, but it might derive from 3070:, who also had mythical links to Troy. See also 2822:, "Venus and Cupid on a Dolphin", 19th century, 2586:, since the discovery in 1908 of the so-called " 1741:or as mother of the "second cupid", fathered by 1601:(April 23), a wine festival shared by Venus and 1164:for her ability to transform untethered desire ( 239:whose functions encompass love, beauty, desire, 16:Ancient Roman goddess of love, sex and fertility 5502:. London: Thames and Hudson. (pp. 97, 107) 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3163:, an Etruscan form of Greek Aphrodite's name. 1914:, Eros shared cult with a twin, named Anteros. 5500:Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic 5445:A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome 5115:Kaufmann-Heinimann, in Rüpke (ed), pp. 197–98. 3856:Mapping Gender in Ancient Religious Discourses 3146:. The densely pillared style he criticises is 2156:'s authority; so myrtle was excluded from the 1404:went still further. He claimed the favours of 1110:. Venus also had a distinctive, local form as 353: 5635: 5437:Pictorial Dictionary of Ancient Rome Volume 1 5015: 5013: 5011: 5009: 4618:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 8–9. 4574: 4572: 4556: 4554: 4523: 4521: 4519: 3422:Cambridge University Press, 1998, 2.1a, p. 27 2955:, which the Romans considered an aphrodisiac. 8: 5546:, Series IV, 17, 1964, pp. 47 – 77) in 5509:. Munich: Hirmer Verlag. (pp. 213–228). 5139:"Transition and reversal in myth and ritual" 4115: 4113: 4111: 3890:Platner, Samuel Ball; Ashby, Thomas (1929). 3590:Eden, P.T. (1963). "Venus and the Cabbage". 3441:. London: Hurst & Company. p. 251. 1424:, divine father of Rome's legendary founder 807:(Venus of the "fair voyage"), also known as 5557:. Oxford; Clarendon Press. (pp. 80–90) 5171:Inconsistencies in Greek and Roman Religion 5143:Inconsistencies in Greek and Roman Religion 3978:. London: John Murray – via Perseus, 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 2168: 1789:, the future emperor is allied with Venus, 1514: 1324: 1309: 1296:, Rome suffered a disastrous defeat at the 865:a specific sculpture at the Vatican Museums 687:is the earliest known Roman recipient of a 421:('to strive for, wish for, desire, love'). 408: 402: 324: 318: 5675: 5642: 5628: 5620: 5548:Pietas: selected studies in Roman religion 5430:Pagan Gods and Shrines of the Roman Empire 5020:Wlosok, Antonie (1975). "Amor and Cupid". 4046:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. 3893:A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome 3187:Nine books of memborable deeds and sayings 3183:Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium libri IX 1855:. The most ancient of these is Eros, whom 1416:. When Caesar was assassinated, his heir, 42: 5359: 4323: 4172: 4044:Religions of Rome: A history, illustrated 3534:(photograph). Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon 3504:Mallory, J.P.; Adams, D.Q., eds. (1997). 1721:As with most major gods and goddesses in 5093:, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 177. 3858:, p. 22, 2007, Brill, isbn 90-04-15447-7 1931:(love) for his wife; in return, she has 1704: 1001:on reverse, from February or March 44 BC 4581:Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 4098:Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire 3627: 3466: 3404: 2879: 2609: 2130:, the Etruscan-Roman goddess of Rome's 1898:playing with the war-god's weapons and 1531:, giving rise to the loan translation " 413:('to hunt') through to common PIE root 5057:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 5022:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 4980:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 4587:. University of Michigan Press: 1–18. 4379: 4282:"Myths of Pompeii: reality and legacy" 4015:. Oxford University Press. p. 25. 3755:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 1393:as part of his lavishly appointed new 1288:In 217 BC, in the early stages of the 472:) produced by the severed genitals of 51:, alluding to the birth-myth of Greek 18: 5397:Eden, P.T., "Venus and the Cabbage", 5352:Theoretical Roman Archaeology Journal 5124: 4894:Leeds International Classical Studies 4509:Orlin, Eric (2007), in Rüpke, J, ed. 3508:. Taylor & Francis. p. 158. 3506:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 2924: 2918: 2906: 2900: 2057:, places an image of Venus among the 1939:' 4th century commentary on Virgil's 1551:("Venus the Changer of Hearts"), and 1122:and local Pompeiian influences. Like 901:"), a Romano-Syrian form of Venus at 7: 4312:Papers of the British School at Rome 3900:. p. 551 – via Penelope, 3564:. Paris, FR: Editions E. de Boccard. 2560:Venus of Cherchell, Gsell museum in 2039:; it is dated to the 1st century BC. 1505:. Her sacred month was April (Latin 1242:in the heat of a battle against the 1230:The first known temple to Venus was 1218:, a half-nude reclining portrait of 887:in 46 BC. This name has attached to 3962:. Also cited in Wagenvoort, p. 180. 1927:8. 1, features a dinner-guest with 971:links Venus to a patron-goddess of 5173:. Vol. 2. Brill. p. 262; 5145:. Vol. 2. Brill. p. 262. 3639:Linked through an adjectival form 3119:and the formal institution of the 2401:Venus became a popular subject of 2171:sine Cerere et Baccho friget Venus 2148:was thought a particularly potent 997:Julius Caesar, with Venus holding 925:) and mother of "Syrian Mercury" ( 14: 5319:Cambridge University Press, 1998. 4808:Revue de l'histoire des religions 4563:Roman Gods: A conceptual approach 1625:(August 19), originally a rustic 5581: 5482:Schilling, R. (1982) (2nd ed.). 2811: 2792: 2774: 2756: 2731: 2711: 2686: 2664: 2639: 2612: 1547:(April 1) was held in honour of 1008: 990: 617:("Bearded Venus"), mentioned in 443:unofficial, illicit manipulation 208: 5413:Sexual Morality in Ancient Rome 5406:The Oxford Classical Dictionary 5401:, 91, (1963), pp. 448–459. 4873:https://doi.org/10.2307/4238590 4646:Orlin, in Rüpke (ed), pp. 67–69 3871:(Routledge, 2000), pp. 172–173. 2114:, which were offered in Venus' 1697:look on (Roman-era relief from 1503:festivals of the Roman calendar 1499:official (state-sponsored) cult 1258:. Its dedication date connects 863:. The same epithet is used for 633:describes a statue of Venus in 5613:by Sir Joshua Reynolds at the 5596:Britannica Online Encyclopedia 5491:Roman and European Mythologies 5486:Paris: Editions E. de Boccard. 5415:. Cambridge University Press. 5346:Brain, Carla (23 March 2017). 5231:, Oxford UP, 2005, pp. 218_219 4513:, Blackwell publishing, p. 62. 4075:Frutinal templum Veneris Fruti 4060:, citing Vermuele and Brauer, 3793:Journal of Aesthetic Education 2397:Art in the classical tradition 1875:, where he was embodied as an 1749:, in compliment to his patron 983:, "hardly later than 300 BC". 789:. A later temple, outside the 1: 5529:The Cults of the Roman Empire 5470:A Companion to Roman Religion 5248:Brouwer, Henrik H.J. (1997). 4511:A Companion to Roman Religion 4286:Baltic Journal of Art History 4195:Havelock, Christine Mitchell, 4155:Kropp, Andreas J. M. (2010). 4073:Paulus-Festus s. v. p. 80 L: 3050:, in which the Trojan prince 2742: 2697: 2650: 2625: 2517: 2494: 2479: 2445: 2187:and the early Roman wine-god 1652:, in fulfillment of a vow by 1058:Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges 5159:, Natural History, 15,119–21 4697:. 1.5 – via Penelope, 4669:. 7.1 – via Penelope, 4056:Christie's online catalogue 4011:McGinn, Thomas A.J. (1998). 2720:Mars Being Disarmed by Venus 1992:, one of the stories within 1589:betrothal and marriage. For 1408:in his military success and 905:, variously identified with 329:('love, charm') stem from a 275:under numerous cult titles. 5560:Gerd Scherm, Brigitte Tast 5460:Room's Classical Dictionary 5411:Langlands, Rebecca (2006). 5252:. E.J. Brill. p. 337. 3375:Murcia had a shrine at the 3315:(more usually described as 2764:Tannhäuser in the Venusberg 1430:deceased and deified Caesar 1040:), and had a shrine in the 856:Venus Felix et Roma Aeterna 430:Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon 407:('favour, permission') and 6630: 6137:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus 6076: 4714:"Temple of Venus and Rome" 3726:del Bello, Davide (2007). 2964:For further exposition of 2847:Planets in astrology#Venus 2011:Signs, context and symbols 1820: 1672: 1481: 1322:, as one of Rome's twelve 1200:. She had a shrine on the 583:only in the latter sense. 449:with its Latin derivative 416: 377:('attractive, charming'), 344: 6574:Sexuality in ancient Rome 6132:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus 5678: 5512:Staples, Ariadne (1998). 5472:, Wiley-Blackwell, 2007. 5191:10.1017/S0017383500023974 4966:On the nature of the Gods 4787:Langlands, p. 59, citing 4438:. London: Phoenix Press. 4325:10.1017/S0068246200000817 4270:, 110, (1982), p. 458 ff. 3972:Smith, William. "Venus". 3684:Staples, Ariadne (1998). 3321:On the nature of the Gods 3291:On the nature of the Gods 2818:Anonymous (France) after 2079:("Venus of Pompeii") and 2075:The Venus types known as 2023:, Italy, executed in the 1733:was the son of Venus and 1466:(Eternal Rome) on Rome's 621:' commentary on Virgil's 49:Venus rising from the sea 41: 33: 26: 6604:Deities of wine and beer 6391:Rape of the Sabine Women 5333:Harvard University Press 3960:rape of the Sabine women 3841:as quoted by Macrobius, 3364:. 4:869–70, cf. I35–I38. 2413:period in Europe. As a " 2194:Roman generals given an 2183:, identified with Greek 2061:(household gods) of the 1797:. Octavian's opponents, 1669:Mythology and literature 1298:battle of Lake Trasimene 1278:Temple of Venus Genetrix 1226:Cult history and temples 1082:physics and philosophy, 1038:Aventine's lesser height 973:funerals and undertakers 963:(as "a free woman") and 885:Temple of Venus Genetrix 337:('desire'), itself from 6549:Love and lust goddesses 6396:Battle of Lacus Curtius 5527:Turcan, Robert (2001). 5498:Scullard, H.H. (1981). 5442:Richardson, L. (1992). 5361:10.16995/TRAC2016_51_66 5331:, The Belknap Press of 4962:The Classical Tradition 4885:Williams, M.F. (2003). 4614:Torelli, Mario (1992). 4561:Lipka, Michael (2009). 4434:Grant, Michael (2005). 3898:Oxford University Press 2803:, 1820 – Ante Library, 2461:Venus, Mars, and Vulcan 2346:Venus is remembered in 2118:rites, and above all, 1366:Towards the end of the 1128:Venus Physica Pompeiana 1094:Venus Physica Pompeiana 363: 354: 6083: 5651:Ancient Roman religion 5615:Lady Lever Art Gallery 5553:Weinstock, S. (1971). 5368:Champeaux, J. (1987). 5137:Versnel, H.S. (1994). 4720:– via Penelope, 4386:: CS1 maint: others ( 3560:Schilling, R. (1954). 3064:Rome's foundation myth 2890: 2468: 2452: 2389: 2372: 2337:Post-classical culture 2237: 2229: 2169: 2040: 1998:, by the Roman author 1907: 1785:'s victory at the sea- 1718: 1702: 1515: 1494: 1452:In 135 AD the Emperor 1349:Rome's sacred boundary 1325: 1310: 1285: 935:"dying and rising" god 732: 666:, from the Greek verb 531: 432: 409: 403: 385:('of Venus, erotic'), 333:form reconstructed as 325: 319: 156:(in later tradition); 6614:Legendary progenitors 6539:Deities in the Aeneid 6082: 5516:. London: Routledge. 4960:See entry "Cupid" in 4820:10.3406/rhr.1988.1888 4094:CIL X 797; cited in 3054:chose Aphrodite over 2926:[ˈvɛ(ː)nɛris] 2458: 2435: 2380: 2370: 2235: 2213: 2191:(Father of Freedom). 2018: 1893: 1708: 1682: 1673:Further information: 1491: 1275: 1146:Christian Griepenkerl 719: 607:used the type in his 526: 427: 303:Greco-Roman mythology 271:, and was revered in 6276:Interpretatio graeca 5590:at Wikimedia Commons 5507:Die Götter der Römer 4535:. The Belknap Press. 4401:Beard, Mary (2008). 4356:The world of Pompeii 4232:, IV. 16; Arnobius, 4042:; North, J. (1998). 3929:Eden (1963), citing 3353:Eden (1963), citing 2908:[ˈu̯ɛnɛɾɪs̠] 2349:De Mulieribus Claris 1902:. From the reign of 1517:interpretatio romana 1144:, and a painting by 1138:Basilius von Ramdohr 655:sive femina sive mas 323:and the common noun 6584:Planetary goddesses 6569:Nudity in mythology 6544:Fertility goddesses 6476:Classical mythology 6297:Theology of victory 6142:Kings of Alba Longa 5383:. Leiden · Boston. 5279:Boccaccio, Giovanni 5210:Quaestiones Romanae 5155:Eden (1963) citing 5106:32.2 (1983), p. 230 4718:Encyclopedia Romana 4280:Lill, Anne (2011). 3880:Turcan, pp. 141–43. 3643:: William W. Skeat 3121:Roman Imperial cult 2920:[ˈvɛ(ː)nus] 2837:History of nude art 2725:Jacques-Louis David 2647:Venus with a Mirror 2588:Venus of Willendorf 2513:Venus with a Mirror 2316:Venus, Pan and Eros 2246:Aphrodite of Cnidus 2198:, a lesser form of 1813:, lose the battle. 1559:, when a series of 895:Venus Heliopolitana 815:, once housed in a 339:Proto-Indo-European 295:classical tradition 269:religious festivals 263:and fled to Italy. 259:, who survived the 192:Albanian equivalent 6084: 5505:Simon, E. (1990). 3919:Walters Art Museum 3698:Hersch, Karen K., 3048:Judgement of Paris 2902:[ˈu̯ɛnʊs̠] 2553:The Birth of Venus 2544:The Birth of Venus 2474:The Birth of Venus 2469: 2453: 2438:The Birth of Venus 2417:" figure for whom 2390: 2373: 2358:Giovanni Boccaccio 2255:Examples include: 2238: 2230: 2041: 1908: 1851:or forms of Greek 1809:such as "barking" 1719: 1711:The Birth of Venus 1703: 1683:A Venus-Aphrodite 1497:Venus was offered 1495: 1286: 1206:Judgement of Paris 919:Heliopolitan Triad 899:Heliopolis Syriaca 853:built a temple to 733: 674:or magical power. 609:The Birth of Venus 532: 433: 381:('charm, grace'), 317:The Latin theonym 251:, and victory. In 6609:Alcohol goddesses 6559:Fortune goddesses 6529:Venus (mythology) 6516: 6515: 6493:Etruscan religion 6107:Romulus and Remus 6090:Legendary figures 6074: 6073: 5723:Castor and Pollux 5586:Media related to 5478:978-1-4051-2943-5 5458:Room, A. (1983). 5435:Nash, E. (1962). 5421:978-0-521-85943-1 5390:978-90-04-16797-1 5341:978-0-674-02613-1 5328:The Roman Triumph 5181:. Second Series. 5179:Greece & Rome 4533:The Roman Triumph 4412:978-0-674-02976-7 4365:978-0-415-17324-7 4234:Adversus Nationes 4174:10.4000/syria.681 3739:978-0-8132-1484-9 3490:978-3-11-054243-1 2941:or the "Venus of 2705:Peter Paul Rubens 2443:Sandro Botticelli 2394: 2393: 1859:categorises as a 1716:Alexandre Cabanel 1582:Venus Verticordia 1549:Venus Verticordia 1523:Germanic pantheon 1220:Pauline Bonaparte 1157:Venus Verticordia 1054:Third Samnite War 817:temple by the sea 783:in Romanised form 647:. The Latin poet 605:Sandro Botticelli 280:Greek counterpart 201: 200: 6621: 6579:Venusian deities 6554:Mother goddesses 6534:Beauty goddesses 6386:Founding of Rome 6156:Legendary beings 6117:Tullus Hostilius 5954:Abstract deities 5813:Lares Familiares 5676: 5644: 5637: 5630: 5621: 5585: 5394: 5377:de Vaan, Michiel 5365: 5363: 5297: 5296: 5275: 5269: 5263: 5245: 5239: 5225: 5219: 5213: 5202: 5174: 5166: 5160: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5134: 5128: 5127:, pp. 51–56 5122: 5116: 5113: 5107: 5100: 5094: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5052: 5046: 5045: 5017: 5004: 5003: 4975: 4969: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4940: 4934: 4933: 4922: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4912: 4906: 4900:. Archived from 4891: 4882: 4876: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4851: 4845: 4844: 4830: 4824: 4823: 4803: 4797: 4796: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4740:Etymology Online 4732: 4726: 4725: 4709: 4703: 4702: 4681: 4675: 4674: 4653: 4647: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4626: 4620: 4619: 4611: 4605: 4604: 4576: 4567: 4566: 4558: 4549: 4546: 4537: 4536: 4525: 4514: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4489: 4483: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4431: 4425: 4424: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4385: 4377: 4352: 4346: 4345: 4327: 4304:Carroll, Maureen 4300: 4294: 4293: 4277: 4271: 4264: 4258: 4255: 4249: 4244:, 1, 33, 5 – cf 4226: 4220: 4219: 4206: 4200: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4176: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4117: 4106: 4105: 4092: 4086: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4032: 4017: 4016: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3980:Tufts University 3969: 3963: 3944: 3938: 3927: 3921: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3887: 3881: 3878: 3872: 3865: 3859: 3852: 3846: 3836: 3830: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3788: 3779: 3778: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3723: 3717: 3709: 3703: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3681: 3668: 3667: 3654: 3648: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3606: 3600: 3599: 3587: 3566: 3565: 3557: 3544: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3531:Vénus – figurine 3526: 3520: 3519: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3453: 3452: 3429: 3423: 3409: 3393: 3386: 3380: 3373: 3367: 3365: 3351: 3345: 3330: 3324: 3309: 3303: 3300: 3294: 3287: 3281: 3268: 3262: 3258: 3252: 3245: 3239: 3232: 3226: 3223: 3217: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3190: 3179:Valerius Maximus 3170: 3164: 3157: 3151: 3140: 3134: 3130: 3124: 3103: 3097: 3094: 3088: 3077: 3071: 3040: 3034: 3031: 3025: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2997: 2991: 2988: 2982: 2979: 2973: 2962: 2956: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2922: 2917: 2910: 2904: 2899: 2884: 2820:François Boucher 2815: 2805:Chatsworth House 2796: 2778: 2760: 2747: 2744: 2735: 2715: 2702: 2699: 2690: 2668: 2655: 2652: 2643: 2630: 2627: 2621:Venus Anadyomene 2616: 2582:In the field of 2522: 2519: 2499: 2496: 2484: 2481: 2450: 2447: 2383:Roman de la Rose 2363: 2362: 2331:Venus Kallipygos 2306:Venus Anadyomene 2282:Venus de' Medici 2277:Capitoline Venus 2252:of the goddess. 2228:, 1st century AD 2174: 2093:Venus Pescatrice 2081:Venus Pescatrice 1990:Cupid and Psyche 1910:At Elis, and in 1863:, emerging from 1861:primordial deity 1807:Egyptian deities 1787:battle of Actium 1662:pontifex maximus 1615:vulgares puellae 1520: 1330: 1313: 1302:Sibylline oracle 1290:Second Punic War 1240:Q. Fabius Gurges 1150:Aphrodite Urania 1112:Venus Pescatrice 1012: 994: 942:Venus Kallipygos 781:, and worshiped 596:Venus Anadyomene 453:('poison'; from 419: 418: 412: 406: 366: 357: 347: 346: 328: 322: 291:Latin literature 234: 233: 230: 229: 226: 223: 220: 217: 214: 182:Greek equivalent 46: 19: 6629: 6628: 6624: 6623: 6622: 6620: 6619: 6618: 6594:Roman goddesses 6564:Peace goddesses 6519: 6518: 6517: 6512: 6508:Myth and ritual 6503:Greek mythology 6464: 6426: 6422:Pignora imperii 6417:Parabiago Plate 6400: 6369: 6328: 6262: 6256: 6238:Sibylline Books 6172: 6151: 6122:Servius Tullius 6085: 6070: 5949: 5665: 5657: 5648: 5578: 5391: 5375: 5354:(2016): 51–66. 5345: 5305: 5300: 5293: 5277: 5276: 5272: 5266:Pliny the Elder 5260: 5247: 5246: 5242: 5227:Bull, Malcolm, 5226: 5222: 5204: 5176: 5168: 5167: 5163: 5157:Pliny the Elder 5154: 5150: 5136: 5135: 5131: 5123: 5119: 5114: 5110: 5101: 5097: 5088: 5084: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5019: 5018: 5007: 4977: 4976: 4972: 4959: 4955: 4942: 4941: 4937: 4925: 4923: 4919: 4910: 4908: 4904: 4889: 4884: 4883: 4879: 4870: 4866: 4853: 4852: 4848: 4833: 4832:Staples citing 4831: 4827: 4805: 4804: 4800: 4788: 4786: 4782: 4752: 4751: 4747: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4711: 4710: 4706: 4694:De architectura 4683: 4682: 4678: 4666:De architectura 4655: 4654: 4650: 4645: 4641: 4628: 4627: 4623: 4613: 4612: 4608: 4593:10.2307/4238789 4578: 4577: 4570: 4560: 4559: 4552: 4547: 4540: 4527: 4526: 4517: 4508: 4504: 4497:Ab Urbe Condita 4491: 4490: 4486: 4465: 4461: 4446: 4433: 4432: 4428: 4413: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4378: 4366: 4354: 4353: 4349: 4302: 4301: 4297: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4265: 4261: 4256: 4252: 4242:Ab Urbe Condita 4230:De civitate Dei 4227: 4223: 4208: 4207: 4203: 4194: 4190: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4134:10.2307/1192570 4119: 4118: 4109: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4084: 4080: 4072: 4068: 4055: 4051: 4034: 4033: 4020: 4010: 4009: 4005: 3998:Ab Urbe Condita 3992: 3991: 3987: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3945: 3941: 3935:Natural History 3931:Pliny the Elder 3928: 3924: 3913: 3909: 3889: 3888: 3884: 3879: 3875: 3866: 3862: 3853: 3849: 3837: 3833: 3824: 3820: 3805:10.2307/3333191 3790: 3789: 3782: 3752: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3725: 3724: 3720: 3710: 3706: 3697: 3693: 3683: 3682: 3671: 3656: 3655: 3651: 3638: 3634: 3626: 3622: 3608: 3607: 3603: 3589: 3588: 3569: 3559: 3558: 3547: 3537: 3535: 3528: 3527: 3523: 3516: 3503: 3502: 3498: 3491: 3478: 3477: 3473: 3465: 3456: 3449: 3431: 3430: 3426: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3396: 3387: 3383: 3374: 3370: 3354: 3352: 3348: 3331: 3327: 3319:). See Cicero, 3310: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3288: 3284: 3269: 3265: 3259: 3255: 3246: 3242: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3196: 3189:]. 8.15.12; 3177: 3174:Sibylline Books 3171: 3167: 3158: 3154: 3141: 3137: 3131: 3127: 3104: 3100: 3095: 3091: 3078: 3074: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3011: 3007: 2998: 2994: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2976: 2963: 2959: 2936: 2932: 2912: 2911: 2896:Classical Latin 2894: 2893: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2852:Hottentot Venus 2833: 2826: 2816: 2807: 2797: 2788: 2786:Boris Kustodiev 2779: 2770: 2761: 2752: 2745: 2736: 2727: 2723:(1822–1825) by 2716: 2707: 2700: 2694:Venus and Cupid 2691: 2682: 2669: 2660: 2653: 2644: 2635: 2628: 2617: 2608: 2596:Venus figurines 2584:prehistoric art 2520: 2505:Venus of Urbino 2497: 2482: 2448: 2399: 2344: 2339: 2291:Esquiline Venus 2214:Venus riding a 2208: 2085:Venus Pompeiana 2077:Venus Pompeiana 2013: 2008: 1982:Venus Cupidoque 1833: 1821:Main articles: 1819: 1727:Greek mythology 1723:Roman mythology 1677: 1671: 1650:Forum of Caesar 1631:Venus Obsequens 1622:Vinalia Rustica 1611:vinalia rustica 1553:Fortuna Virilis 1486: 1484:Roman festivals 1480: 1363:"all-goddess". 1320:Capitoline Hill 1282:Forum of Caesar 1276:Remains of the 1260:Venus Obsequens 1236:Venus Obsequens 1228: 1202:Capitoline Hill 1142:Pompeo Marchesi 1084:De Rerum Natura 1062:Vinalia Rustica 1049:Venus Obsequens 1027: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1023: 1013: 1004: 1003: 1002: 995: 953:Venus Libertina 795:sacred boundary 787:Capitoline Hill 699:, or the Roman 685:Venus Caelestis 521: 438: 393:('adoration'). 349:('desire'; cf. 315: 293:. In the later 253:Roman mythology 211: 207: 113: 111:Vinalia Rustica 109: 60: 29: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6627: 6625: 6617: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6521: 6520: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6489: 6488: 6478: 6472: 6470: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6462: 6461: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6440: 6434: 6432: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6408: 6406: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6377: 6375: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6367: 6362: 6360:Pythagoreanism 6357: 6355:Peripateticism 6352: 6347: 6342: 6336: 6334: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6326: 6325: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6272: 6266: 6264: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6254: 6253: 6252: 6249:The Golden Ass 6240: 6235: 6234: 6233: 6221: 6216: 6215: 6214: 6207: 6195: 6194: 6193: 6180: 6178: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6170: 6168:Barnacle goose 6165: 6159: 6157: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6112:Numa Pompilius 6109: 6104: 6099: 6093: 6091: 6087: 6086: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5957: 5955: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5816: 5815: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5679: 5673: 5659: 5658: 5649: 5647: 5646: 5639: 5632: 5624: 5618: 5617: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5592: 5591: 5577: 5576:External links 5574: 5573: 5572: 5558: 5551: 5550:, Brill, 1980. 5540: 5525: 5510: 5503: 5496: 5487: 5480: 5463: 5456: 5440: 5433: 5426: 5409: 5402: 5395: 5389: 5373: 5366: 5343: 5320: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5298: 5291: 5270: 5259:978-9004086067 5258: 5240: 5237:978-0195219234 5220: 5161: 5148: 5129: 5117: 5108: 5095: 5082: 5069:10.2307/311293 5047: 5034:10.2307/311134 5005: 4992:10.2307/311293 4970: 4953: 4935: 4924:Orlin, citing 4917: 4877: 4864: 4846: 4825: 4814:(3): 245–265. 4798: 4780: 4767:10.2307/282639 4745: 4727: 4712:Grout, James. 4704: 4676: 4648: 4639: 4621: 4606: 4568: 4550: 4538: 4515: 4502: 4484: 4468:Walter Burkert 4459: 4444: 4426: 4411: 4393: 4364: 4347: 4295: 4272: 4259: 4250: 4221: 4201: 4188: 4147: 4128:(4): 294–306. 4107: 4087: 4078: 4066: 4049: 4018: 4003: 3985: 3964: 3939: 3922: 3907: 3882: 3873: 3860: 3847: 3831: 3818: 3780: 3767:10.2307/311293 3745: 3738: 3718: 3704: 3691: 3669: 3649: 3647:. s.v. "venom" 3632: 3630:, p. 660. 3620: 3601: 3567: 3545: 3521: 3514: 3496: 3489: 3471: 3469:, p. 663. 3454: 3447: 3424: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3394: 3381: 3377:Circus Maximus 3368: 3346: 3325: 3304: 3295: 3282: 3263: 3253: 3240: 3227: 3218: 3209: 3165: 3152: 3135: 3125: 3113:Venus Genetrix 3098: 3089: 3072: 3035: 3026: 3017: 3005: 2992: 2983: 2974: 2970:nomen est omen 2957: 2930: 2891:Venus, Veneris 2878: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2871: 2870: 2865: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2832: 2829: 2828: 2827: 2817: 2810: 2808: 2798: 2791: 2789: 2780: 2773: 2771: 2762: 2755: 2753: 2737: 2730: 2728: 2717: 2710: 2708: 2692: 2685: 2683: 2680:Hallwyl Museum 2670: 2663: 2661: 2645: 2638: 2636: 2618: 2611: 2607: 2604: 2580: 2579: 2577:Antonio Canova 2564: 2558: 2549: 2540: 2532: 2524: 2509: 2501: 2490:Sleeping Venus 2486: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2391: 2374: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2334: 2333: 2328: 2326:Venus of Capua 2323: 2321:Venus Genetrix 2318: 2313: 2303: 2301:Venus of Arles 2298: 2293: 2287: 2286: 2285: 2284: 2279: 2271: 2270: 2265: 2224:, fresco from 2207: 2204: 2136:Venus Cloacina 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 1995:The Golden Ass 1967:Cato the Elder 1818: 1815: 1670: 1667: 1642:Venus Genetrix 1640:A festival of 1598:Vinalia urbana 1565:Vestal Virgins 1507:Mensis Aprilis 1479: 1476: 1410:Venus Genetrix 1368:Roman Republic 1334:Venus Genetrix 1227: 1224: 1198:Campus Martius 1188:or a Caesar". 1140:, a relief by 1042:Circus Maximus 1014: 1007: 1006: 1005: 996: 989: 988: 987: 986: 985: 981:Esquiline Hill 969:Venus Libitina 877:Julian lineage 872:Venus Genetrix 738:Venus Cloacina 728:, or from the 585:Venus Acidalia 561:mater acidalia 559:(1.715–22, as 547:Venus Acidalia 520: 517: 468:(Greek αφρός, 437: 434: 314: 311: 273:Roman religion 199: 198: 193: 189: 188: 183: 179: 178: 174: 173: 151: 147: 146: 137: 133: 132: 127: 123: 122: 118: 117: 115:Vinalia Urbana 104: 100: 99: 89: 85: 84: 78: 74: 73: 68: 62: 61: 59:. Before AD 79 47: 39: 38: 31: 30: 27: 24: 23: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6626: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6589:Dii Consentes 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6467: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6445: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6429: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6403: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6372: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6331: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6309: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6282:Imperial cult 6280: 6278: 6277: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6263:and practices 6259: 6251: 6250: 6246: 6245: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6232: 6231: 6227: 6226: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6213: 6212: 6211:Metamorphoses 6208: 6206: 6205: 6201: 6200: 6199: 6196: 6192: 6191: 6187: 6186: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6175: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6154: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6127:Ancus Marcius 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6088: 6081: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6056:Tranquillitas 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5952: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5680: 5677: 5674: 5671: 5670: 5669:Dii Consentes 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5645: 5640: 5638: 5633: 5631: 5626: 5625: 5622: 5616: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5589: 5584: 5580: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5570:3-88842-603-0 5567: 5563: 5559: 5556: 5552: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5538: 5534: 5531:. Blackwell. 5530: 5526: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5508: 5504: 5501: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5488: 5485: 5481: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5464: 5461: 5457: 5455: 5454:0-8018-4300-6 5451: 5447: 5446: 5441: 5438: 5434: 5431: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5407: 5403: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5371: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5344: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5329: 5324: 5321: 5318: 5315:, North, J., 5314: 5310: 5307: 5306: 5302: 5294: 5292:0-674-01130-9 5288: 5284: 5280: 5274: 5271: 5267: 5261: 5255: 5251: 5244: 5241: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5224: 5221: 5217: 5211: 5207: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5172: 5165: 5162: 5158: 5152: 5149: 5144: 5140: 5133: 5130: 5126: 5121: 5118: 5112: 5109: 5105: 5099: 5096: 5092: 5089:Clark, Anna, 5086: 5083: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5051: 5048: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4974: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4957: 4954: 4949: 4945: 4939: 4936: 4931: 4930: 4921: 4918: 4907:on 2014-06-11 4903: 4899: 4895: 4888: 4881: 4878: 4874: 4868: 4865: 4860: 4859:Lingua Latina 4856: 4850: 4847: 4842: 4841: 4836: 4829: 4826: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4802: 4799: 4794: 4793: 4784: 4781: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4749: 4746: 4741: 4737: 4731: 4728: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4708: 4705: 4700: 4696: 4695: 4690: 4686: 4680: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4667: 4662: 4658: 4652: 4649: 4643: 4640: 4635: 4634:Life of Sulla 4631: 4625: 4622: 4617: 4610: 4607: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4575: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4557: 4555: 4551: 4545: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4530: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4506: 4503: 4498: 4494: 4488: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4463: 4460: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4445:1-898800-45-6 4441: 4437: 4430: 4427: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4408: 4404: 4397: 4394: 4389: 4383: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4361: 4357: 4351: 4348: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4299: 4296: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4276: 4273: 4269: 4263: 4260: 4254: 4251: 4248:= "slothful". 4247: 4243: 4239: 4236:, IV. 9. 16; 4235: 4231: 4225: 4222: 4217: 4216: 4215:Lingua Latina 4211: 4205: 4202: 4198: 4192: 4189: 4184: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4151: 4148: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4108: 4103: 4099: 4091: 4088: 4085:Strabo V 3, 5 4082: 4079: 4076: 4070: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4053: 4050: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4007: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3989: 3986: 3981: 3977: 3976: 3968: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3943: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3916: 3911: 3908: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3894: 3886: 3883: 3877: 3874: 3870: 3864: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3835: 3832: 3828: 3822: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3787: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3749: 3746: 3741: 3735: 3731: 3730: 3722: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3705: 3701: 3695: 3692: 3687: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3670: 3665: 3664: 3659: 3653: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3636: 3633: 3629: 3624: 3621: 3616: 3612: 3605: 3602: 3597: 3593: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3563: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3546: 3533: 3532: 3525: 3522: 3517: 3515:1-884964-98-2 3511: 3507: 3500: 3497: 3492: 3486: 3482: 3475: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3455: 3450: 3448:1-85065-570-7 3444: 3440: 3439: 3434: 3433:Elsie, Robert 3428: 3425: 3421: 3418:, North, J., 3417: 3413: 3408: 3405: 3399: 3391: 3385: 3382: 3378: 3372: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3357: 3350: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3329: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3308: 3305: 3299: 3296: 3292: 3286: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3274: 3267: 3264: 3257: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3241: 3237: 3231: 3228: 3222: 3219: 3213: 3210: 3205: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3193:Cumaean Sibyl 3188: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3169: 3166: 3162: 3156: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3139: 3136: 3129: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3109: 3102: 3099: 3093: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3081:Venus Physica 3076: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3039: 3036: 3030: 3027: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3009: 3006: 3002: 2996: 2993: 2987: 2984: 2978: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2961: 2958: 2954: 2953: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2934: 2931: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2880: 2873: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2814: 2809: 2806: 2802: 2801:George Hayter 2795: 2790: 2787: 2783: 2782:Russian Venus 2777: 2772: 2769: 2765: 2759: 2754: 2751: 2740: 2734: 2729: 2726: 2722: 2721: 2714: 2709: 2706: 2695: 2689: 2684: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2667: 2662: 2659: 2648: 2642: 2637: 2634: 2623: 2622: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2578: 2574: 2573:Venus Italica 2570: 2569: 2568:Venus Victrix 2565: 2563: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2530: 2529: 2525: 2515: 2514: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2477: 2475: 2471: 2470: 2467: 2463: 2462: 2457: 2444: 2440: 2439: 2434: 2430: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2396: 2388: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2369: 2365: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2350: 2341: 2336: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2288: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2274: 2273: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2262: 2261:Venus de Milo 2258: 2257: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2234: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2218: 2212: 2206:Classical art 2205: 2203: 2201: 2200:Roman triumph 2197: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2172: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2116:Porta Collina 2113: 2109: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2055: 2050: 2046: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2010: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1996: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1959:gemini amores 1956: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1779: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1761:Julius Caesar 1758: 1757: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1717: 1713: 1712: 1707: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1687: 1681: 1676: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1654:Julius Caesar 1651: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1623: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1599: 1594: 1592: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1577: 1572: 1571: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1545: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1518: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1490: 1485: 1477: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1464: 1460:to Venus and 1459: 1455: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1406:Venus Victrix 1403: 1402:Julius Caesar 1398: 1396: 1392: 1391:Venus Victrix 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1345:Venus Erycina 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1329: 1328: 1327:dii consentes 1321: 1317: 1312: 1311:Venus Erycina 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1283: 1279: 1274: 1270: 1268: 1266: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1248:Aventine Hill 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1216: 1215:Venus Victrix 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1178:Venus Victrix 1175: 1173: 1172: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1158: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1124:Venus Physica 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1072:Venus Physica 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1050: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1021: 1017: 1011: 1000: 993: 984: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 948: 944: 943: 938: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 890: 886: 882: 881:Julius Caesar 878: 874: 873: 868: 866: 862: 858: 857: 852: 847: 843: 842:Venus Physica 839: 835: 831: 829: 825: 821: 818: 814: 810: 806: 805:Venus Euploia 802: 800: 796: 792: 791:Porta Collina 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 769: 765: 761: 757: 756:Venus Erycina 753: 751: 747: 746:Cloaca Maxima 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 718: 714: 712: 711:Ancus Marcius 708: 704: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 681: 675: 673: 669: 665: 662: 658: 656: 650: 646: 645: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 615:Venus Barbata 612: 610: 606: 602: 598: 597: 592: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 569:fons acidalia 566: 562: 558: 557: 552: 548: 544: 542: 537: 530: 525: 518: 516: 514: 510: 506: 502: 497: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 462: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 435: 431: 426: 422: 420: 411: 405: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 365: 361: 356: 352: 348: 340: 336: 332: 327: 321: 312: 310: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 281: 276: 274: 270: 266: 265:Julius Caesar 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 237:Roman goddess 232: 205: 197: 194: 190: 187: 184: 180: 175: 171: 167: 163: 160:(fathered by 159: 155: 152: 148: 145: 141: 138: 134: 131: 128: 124: 119: 116: 112: 108: 105: 101: 97: 93: 90: 86: 83: 82:common myrtle 79: 75: 72: 69: 67: 63: 58: 54: 50: 45: 40: 37: 36:Dii Consentes 32: 25: 20: 6412:Gubernaculum 6381:Golden Bough 6350:Neoplatonism 6345:Epicureanism 6274: 6247: 6228: 6209: 6202: 6188: 5924: 5693:Anna Perenna 5667: 5561: 5555:Divus Julius 5554: 5547: 5543: 5528: 5513: 5506: 5499: 5490: 5483: 5469: 5459: 5443: 5436: 5429: 5412: 5405: 5398: 5380: 5369: 5351: 5326: 5316: 5303:Bibliography 5283:Famous Women 5282: 5273: 5249: 5243: 5228: 5223: 5209: 5182: 5178: 5170: 5164: 5151: 5142: 5132: 5125:Brain (2017) 5120: 5111: 5103: 5098: 5090: 5085: 5060: 5056: 5050: 5025: 5021: 4983: 4979: 4973: 4968:, 3.59-3.60. 4965: 4961: 4956: 4950:. 8.696–700. 4947: 4938: 4927: 4920: 4909:. 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