199:: more or less circular regions in contact with neighbouring cells. Tracheids also have pits, but only vessel elements have openings at both ends that connect individual vessel elements to form a continuous tubular vessel. These end openings are called perforations or perforation plates. They have a variety of shapes: the most common are the simple perforation (a simple opening) and the scalariform perforation (several elongated openings in a ladder-like design). Other types include the foraminate perforation plate (several round openings) and the reticulate perforation plate (a net-like pattern, with many openings).
36:
844:
93:
180:
175:
and vessel elements. Vessel elements are the building blocks of vessels, the conducting pathways that constitute the major part of the water transporting system in flowering plants. Vessels form an efficient system for transporting water (including necessary minerals) from the root to the leaves and
211:
The presence of vessels in xylem has been considered to be one of the key innovations that led to the success of the flowering plants. It was once thought that vessel elements were an evolutionary innovation of flowering plants, but their absence from some basal
220:
suggest that this hypothesis must be re-examined; vessel elements in
Gnetales may not be homologous with those of angiosperms, or vessel elements that originated in a precursor to the angiosperms may have been subsequently lost in some basal lineages (e.g.,
202:
At maturity, the protoplast – the living material of the cell – dies and disappears, but the lignified cell walls persist. A vessel element is then a dead cell, but one that still has a function, and is still being protected by surrounding living cells.
191:. A long cell, oriented along the axis of the stem, called a "fusiform initial", divides along its length forming new vessel elements. The cell wall of a vessel element becomes strongly "lignified", i.e. it develops reinforcing material made of
284:. In these cases, it is generally agreed that the vessels evolved independently. It is possible that vessels may have appeared more than once among the angiosperms as well.
507:
171:
that conducts water (and substances dissolved in it) upwards from the roots to the shoots. Two kinds of cell are involved in xylem transport:
187:
In secondary xylem – the xylem that is produced as a stem thickens rather than when it first appears – a vessel element originates from the
476:
446:
79:
57:
500:
337:
878:
96:
493:
847:
456:. Eidgenössische Forschungsanstalt für Wald, Schnee und Landscaft, Birmensdorf (Hrsg.) Haupt, Bern und Stuttgart.
50:
44:
873:
61:
260:
596:
591:
570:
532:
472:
442:
391:
383:
281:
379:
795:
557:
524:
516:
375:
234:
226:
188:
828:
809:
766:
625:
136:
123:
409:
122:, the water conducting tissue of plants. Vessel elements are found in most angiosperms (
637:
576:
547:
168:
883:
867:
739:
697:
691:
581:
542:
222:
790:
733:
708:
277:
272:
196:
99:
image (top) and
Transmission Light Microscope image (bottom) of vessel elements in
726:
254:
230:
213:
17:
815:
771:
703:
652:
642:
615:
586:
537:
127:
387:
852:
820:
776:
713:
363:
313:
248:
92:
395:
179:
784:
760:
754:
744:
666:
604:
293:
266:
217:
172:
149:
145:
141:
610:
153:
647:
631:
485:
239:
192:
681:
676:
660:
178:
164:
131:
119:
91:
237:
as "primitively vesselless". Cronquist considered the vessels of
718:
489:
100:
29:
463:. Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki.
144:. Vessel elements are the main feature distinguishing the "
454:
Anatomie europäischer Hölzer - Anatomy of
European woods
441:. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
246:
Vessel-like cells have also been found in the xylem of
183:
Stained Xylem Vessel in Red/Orange (x400 magnification)
362:
Turner, Simon; Gallois, Patrick; Brown, David (2007).
338:"Vessels vs Tracheids, Similarities and Differences"
556:
523:
469:The Anatomy of Wood: Its Diversity and Variability
461:Introduction to Microscopic Wood Identification
501:
8:
243:to be convergent with those of angiosperms.
508:
494:
486:
216:and their presence in some members of the
195:. The side walls of a vessel element have
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
380:10.1146/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105236
43:This article includes a list of general
305:
7:
467:Wilson, K.; White, D. J. B. (1986).
118:) is one of the cell types found in
364:"Tracheary element differentiation"
439:The Evolutionary Biology of Plants
280:), and the enigmatic fossil group
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
471:. London: Stobart & Son Ltd.
843:
842:
34:
368:Annual Review of Plant Biology
1:
452:Schweingruber, F. H. (1990)
148:" of angiosperms from the "
900:
176:other parts of the plant.
838:
207:Evolutionary significance
314:"Vessel | plant anatomy"
459:Timonen, Tuuli (2002).
437:Niklas, Karl J. (1997)
318:Encyclopedia Britannica
64:more precise citations.
184:
103:
879:Plant stem morphology
182:
95:
755:Meristematic tissue
261:Pteridium aquilinum
517:Biological tissues
432:Further references
342:Easy Biology Class
185:
104:
27:Component of Xylem
861:
860:
648:Phloem parenchyma
282:Gigantopteridales
167:is the tissue in
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
891:
846:
845:
796:Vascular cambium
682:Xylem parenchyma
510:
503:
496:
487:
482:
425:
424:
422:
421:
406:
400:
399:
359:
353:
352:
350:
349:
334:
328:
327:
325:
324:
310:
264:(bracken fern),
258:(spike-mosses),
235:Arthur Cronquist
233:), described by
227:Trochodendraceae
189:vascular cambium
140:, but absent in
124:flowering plants
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
38:
37:
30:
21:
899:
898:
894:
893:
892:
890:
889:
888:
864:
863:
862:
857:
834:
767:Ground meristem
626:Vascular tissue
597:Subsidiary cell
552:
519:
514:
479:
466:
434:
429:
428:
419:
417:
408:
407:
403:
361:
360:
356:
347:
345:
336:
335:
331:
322:
320:
312:
311:
307:
302:
290:
209:
169:vascular plants
162:
114:(also called a
86:
75:
69:
66:
56:Please help to
55:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Vessel elements
15:
12:
11:
5:
897:
895:
887:
886:
881:
876:
866:
865:
859:
858:
856:
855:
850:
839:
836:
835:
833:
832:
825:
824:
823:
818:
801:
800:
799:
798:
793:
781:
780:
779:
774:
769:
750:
749:
748:
747:
742:
730:
723:
722:
721:
716:
711:
706:
687:
686:
685:
684:
679:
674:
672:Vessel element
669:
657:
656:
655:
650:
645:
640:
638:Companion cell
621:
620:
619:
618:
613:
601:
600:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
577:Bulliform cell
562:
560:
554:
553:
551:
550:
545:
540:
535:
529:
527:
521:
520:
515:
513:
512:
505:
498:
490:
484:
483:
477:
464:
457:
450:
433:
430:
427:
426:
414:Biology Online
410:"Xylem vessel"
401:
354:
329:
304:
303:
301:
298:
297:
296:
289:
286:
252:(horsetails),
208:
205:
161:
158:
126:) and in some
108:vessel element
88:
87:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
896:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
874:Plant anatomy
872:
871:
869:
854:
851:
849:
841:
840:
837:
831:
830:
826:
822:
819:
817:
814:
813:
812:
811:
806:
803:
802:
797:
794:
792:
789:
788:
787:
786:
782:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
764:
763:
762:
757:
756:
752:
751:
746:
743:
741:
738:
737:
736:
735:
731:
729:
728:
724:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
701:
700:
699:
694:
693:
692:Ground tissue
689:
688:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
664:
663:
662:
658:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
635:
634:
633:
628:
627:
623:
622:
617:
614:
612:
609:
608:
607:
606:
602:
598:
595:
593:
592:Pavement cell
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
574:
573:
572:
567:
566:Dermal tissue
564:
563:
561:
559:
555:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
530:
528:
526:
522:
518:
511:
506:
504:
499:
497:
492:
491:
488:
480:
478:0-85442-033-9
474:
470:
465:
462:
458:
455:
451:
448:
447:0-226-58082-2
444:
440:
436:
435:
431:
415:
411:
405:
402:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
358:
355:
343:
339:
333:
330:
319:
315:
309:
306:
299:
295:
292:
291:
287:
285:
283:
279:
278:aquatic ferns
275:
274:
269:
268:
263:
262:
257:
256:
251:
250:
244:
242:
241:
236:
232:
228:
224:
223:Amborellaceae
219:
215:
206:
204:
200:
198:
194:
190:
181:
177:
174:
170:
166:
159:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
112:vessel member
109:
102:
98:
94:
84:
81:
73:
70:November 2014
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
827:
808:
804:
791:Cork cambium
783:
759:
753:
734:Sclerenchyma
732:
725:
709:Chlorenchyma
696:
690:
671:
659:
643:Phloem fiber
630:
624:
603:
569:
565:
468:
460:
453:
438:
418:. Retrieved
416:. 2019-10-07
413:
404:
371:
367:
357:
346:. Retrieved
344:. 2016-12-12
341:
332:
321:. Retrieved
317:
308:
273:Regnellidium
271:
265:
259:
253:
247:
245:
238:
210:
201:
186:
163:
135:
116:xylem vessel
115:
111:
107:
105:
76:
67:
48:
727:Collenchyma
677:Xylem fiber
374:: 407–433.
255:Selaginella
231:Winteraceae
214:angiosperms
128:gymnosperms
62:introducing
868:Categories
816:Endodermis
772:Procambium
704:Aerenchyma
698:Parenchyma
653:Sieve tube
616:Phelloderm
587:Guard cell
538:Epithelial
533:Connective
420:2021-12-31
348:2021-12-31
323:2021-03-30
300:References
45:references
853:Histology
821:Exodermis
785:Secondary
777:Protoderm
714:Mesophyll
571:Epidermis
388:1543-5008
249:Equisetum
173:tracheids
848:Category
745:Sclereid
667:Tracheid
605:Periderm
543:Muscular
396:17472568
294:Tracheid
288:See also
267:Marsilea
218:Gnetales
154:conifers
150:softwood
146:hardwood
142:conifers
130:such as
761:Primary
611:Phellem
582:Cuticle
548:Nervous
525:Animals
160:Anatomy
137:Ephedra
58:improve
810:Cortex
632:Phloem
558:Plants
475:
445:
394:
386:
240:Gnetum
229:, and
193:lignin
132:cycads
47:, but
829:Stele
805:Mixed
740:Fiber
661:Xylem
165:Xylem
152:" of
120:xylem
884:Wood
719:Pith
473:ISBN
443:ISBN
392:PMID
384:ISSN
270:and
197:pits
134:and
376:doi
110:or
101:Oak
97:SEM
870::
807::
758::
695::
629::
568::
412:.
390:.
382:.
372:58
370:.
366:.
340:.
316:.
225:,
156:.
106:A
509:e
502:t
495:v
481:.
449:.
423:.
398:.
378::
351:.
326:.
276:(
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
54:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
