1536:, a phantom phallus appeared in his hearth. The king visited an oracle of Tethys in Etrusca, who told him that a virgin must have intercourse with this phallus. Tarchetius instructed one of his daughters to do so, but she refused sending a handmaiden in her place. Angered, the king contemplated her execution; however, Vesta appeared to him in his sleep and forbade it. When the handmaid gave birth to twins by the phantom, Tarchetius handed them over to his subordinate, Teratius, with orders to destroy them. Teratius instead carried them to the shore of the river Tiber and laid them there. Then a she-wolf came to them and breastfed them, birds brought them food and fed them, before an amazed cow-herder came and took the children home with him. Thus they were saved, and when they were grown up, they set upon Tarchetius and overcame him. Plutarch concludes with a contrast between Promathion's version of Romulus' birth and that of the more credible
344:
1491:
971:
57:
1563:, whose knowledge of divination was well-known, told him it was a blessing that a birth by the hearth's phallus and a mortal woman would produce superior offspring. The king then chose Ocresia to have intercourse with it, for she had seen it first. During which either Vulcan, or the tutelary deity of the house, appeared to her. After disappearing, she conceived and delivered Tullius. This story of his birth could be based on his name as Servius would euphemistically mean "son of servant", because his mother was a handmaiden.
1139:: Vesta was the threshold and Janus the doorway. Similarly, Vesta and Janus were invoked in every sacrifice. It has been noted that because they were invoked so often, the evocation of the two came to simply mean, "to pray". In addition, Vesta was present with Janus in all sacrifices as well. It has also been noted that neither of them were consistently illustrated as human. This has been suggested as evidence of their ancient Italic origin, because neither of them was "fully anthropomorphized"
1180:
186:
994:: she was not only the most virgin and clean of all the gods, but was addressed as mother and granted fertility. Mythographers tell us that Vesta had no myths save being identified as one of the oldest of the gods who was entitled to preference in veneration and offerings over all other gods. Unlike most gods, Vesta was hardly depicted directly; nonetheless, she was symbolized by her flame, the fire stick, and a ritual phallus (the
4128:
1621:. The Alban Vestals at Bovillae (Albanae Longanae Bovillenses) were supposedly a continuation of the original Alban Vestals, and Lavinium had the Vestals of the Laurentes Lavinates, both orders rooted in ancient traditions that were thought to predate Rome's foundation. In a later period, Tibur's vestals are attested epigraphically. Vestals might have been present at the sanctuary of
3443:
3419:
3400:
1310:
for 30 years. It was because of this requirement that the
Vestales were named the Vestal virgins. They wore a particular style of dress and were not allowed to let the fire go out on pain of a whipping. On becoming a priestess, a Vestal Virgin was legally emancipated from her father's authority. The
273:
The myths depicting Vesta and her priestesses were few; the most notable of them were tales of miraculous impregnation of a virgin priestess by a phallus appearing in the flames of the sacred hearth — the manifestation of the goddess combined with a male supernatural being. In some Roman traditions,
1014:
had this to say: "And they regard the fire as consecrated to Vesta, because that goddess, being the Earth and occupying the central position in the universe, kindles the celestial fires from herself." Ovid agreed, saying: "Vesta is the same as the earth; both have the perennial fire: the Earth and
929:
to commemorate the new shrine of Vesta in
Augustus' home on the Palatine. The latter's hearth was the focus of the Imperial household's traditional religious observances. Various emperors led official revivals and promotions of the Vestals' cult, which in its various locations remained central to
1001:
While Vesta was the flame itself, the symbol of the phallus might relate to Vesta's function in fertility cults, but it maybe also invoked the goddess herself due to its relation to the fire stick used to light the sacred flame. She was sometimes thought of as a personification of the fire stick
1596:
and
Priapus. The Vesta-Priapus account is not as well developed as that involving Lotis, and critics suggest the account of Vesta and Priapus only exists to create a cult drama. Ovid says the donkey was adorned with necklaces of bread-bits in memory of the event. Elsewhere, he says donkeys were
1416:
which was usually curtained off) was opened, for the only time during the year, at which women offered sacrifices. As long as the curtain remained open, mothers could come, barefoot and disheveled, to leave offerings to the goddess in exchange for a blessing to them and their family. The animal
1019:
states it explicitly. The purity of the flames symbolised the vital force that is the root of the life of the community. It was also because the virgins' ritual concern extended to the agricultural cycle and ensured a good harvest that Vesta enjoyed the title of
1113:
explains that it would be poor judgement for a virgin bride to kick an object sacred to Vesta, a goddess who holds chastity sacred. On the other hand, it might merely have been because Romans considered it bad luck to trample any object sacred to the gods. In
1080:
1283:
1067:, who had the power to kindle or extinguish fires at will. All these mythical or semi-legendary characters show a mystical mastery of fire. Servius's hair was kindled by his father without hurting him, and even his statue in the temple of
808:. It was believed that from Lavinium, the worship of Vesta was transferred to Alba Longa, a belief evident in the custom of Roman magistrates going to Lavinium, when appointed to higher office, and offering sacrifice both to Vesta and the
1230:" (" pledge of destiny for the Roman empire"). Such was the Palladium's importance that when the Gauls sacked Rome in 390 BC, the Vestals first buried the Palladium before removing themselves to the safety of nearby
1247:
in the Roman sense of the word; that is, it was not a building consecrated by the augurs and so it could not be used for meetings by Roman officials. It has also been claimed that the shrine of Vesta in Rome was not a
985:
Depicted as a good-mannered deity who never involved herself in the quarreling of other gods, Vesta was ambiguous at times due to her contradictory association with the phallus. She is considered the embodiment of the
1587:
spotted her. As he approached her in order to violate her, the ass brought by
Silenus let out a timely bray, whereupon Vesta awoke and Priapus barely escaped the outraged gods. Mentioned in book 1 of the
252:. Their virginity was deemed essential to Rome's survival; if found guilty of inchastity, they were buried or entombed alive. As Vesta was considered a guardian of the Roman people, her festival, the
600:
847:, administered her temple and sustained its sacred fire. The existence of Vestal Virgins in Alba Longa is connected with early Roman traditions, for the mother of Romulus' and Remus,
4528:
262:
privileged matrons walked barefoot through the city to the temple, where they presented food-offerings. Such was Vesta's importance to Roman religion that following the rise of
1352:
a ritualised warning to be vigilant in his duties, using the phrase "Vigilasne rex, vigila!" In Cicero's opinion, the
Vestals ensured that Rome kept its contact with the gods.
835:
Worship of Vesta, like the worship of many gods, originated in the home, but in Roman historical tradition, it became an established cult of state during the reign of either
1417:
consecrated to Vesta, the donkey, was crowned with garlands of flowers and bits of bread on 9 June. The final day (15 June) was Q(uando) S(tercum) D(elatum) F(as) – the
343:
1015:
the sacred Fire are both symbolic of home." The sacred flames of the hearth were believed to be indispensable for the preservation and continuity of the Roman State:
1132:) with their feet may be the source of the tradition of a husband carrying his new bride across the threshold when entering their new home following their marriage.
4533:
1478:
where the sacrifice of cattle over flames is now dedicated to Vesta. This also marks the first participation of the Vestal
Virgins in rites associated with the
1124:, the bride Casina is cautioned to lift her feet carefully over the threshold following her wedding so she would have the upper hand in her marriage. Likewise,
930:
Rome's ancient traditional cults into the 4th century. Dedications in the Atrium of Vesta, dating predominantly AD 200 to 300, attest to the service of several
593:
1555:. In it, a phallus rose from the hearth of Vesta in Numa's palace, and Ocresia was the first to see it. She immediately informed the king and queen. King
1392:
Domestic and family life in general were represented by the festival of the goddess of the house and of the spirits of the storechamber – Vesta and the
4277:
2361:
Ovid VI. 269–270:"Vesta is the same as the earth, both have the perennial fire: the Earth and the sacred Fire are both symbolic of home." Earth being
518:
3689:
1187:
Where the majority of temples would have a statue, that of Vesta had a hearth. The fire was a religious center of Roman worship, the common hearth (
885:
gave part of his private house to the
Vestals as public property and incorporated a new shrine of Vesta within it. The old shrine remained in the
586:
4626:
1128:
cautions a bride to keep her feet over the threshold "with a good omen". It is possible that the concern that brides not touch the threshold (
3618:
3595:
3565:
3546:
3527:
3508:
3472:
3369:
3350:
3326:
3307:
3288:
3250:
3181:
3162:
3143:
3111:
3076:
3053:
4586:
574:
422:
3269:
3209:
3020:
4545:
1506:
Vesta had no official mythology, and she existed as an abstract goddess of the hearth and of chastity. Only in the account of Ovid at
1243:
540:
513:
353:
3637:
3001:
2982:
1256:
was not a building, but rather a sacred space that could contain a building of either rectangular or circular shape. In fact, early
1490:
1191:) of the whole Roman people. The Vestals were obliged to keep the sacred fire alight. If the fire went out, it must be lit from an
1199:
nor could it remain longer than strictly necessary in or on the nearby premises. It was carried by the
Vestales in vessels called
2369:, p. 90); V. 945: "the goddess comes plaited with various garlands and a thousand flowers." Flowers being a hint to Tellus.
4339:
1211:
1109:("threshold") was sacred to her: brides were careful not to step on it, else they commit sacrilege by kicking a sacred object.
1222:
as well. Both of these items are said to have been brought into Italy by Aeneas. The
Palladium of Athena was, in the words of
2735:
1912:
3682:
1260:
were often altars that were consecrated and later had buildings erected around them. The temple of Vesta in Rome was an
970:
675:
816:, whose images were kept in Vesta's temple. Alongside those household gods was Vesta, whom the Roman poet refers to as
266:, hers was one of the last non-Christian cults still active, until it was forcibly disbanded by the Christian emperor
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4576:
4210:
4184:
2842:
2730:
2060:
1879:
1839:
1548:
1011:
2693:
4606:
4344:
4179:
3102:
The Chiron
Dictionary of Greek & Roman Mythology: Gods and Goddesses, Heroes, Places, and Events of Antiquity
4601:
4459:
4438:
4428:
3835:
3698:
2878:
2869:
2312:
2184:
2164:
1499:
1303:
1299:
1110:
645:
402:
331:
241:
214:
1161:, Varro links Vesta to Tellus. He says: "They think Tellus... is Vesta, because she is 'vested' in flowers".
4616:
4591:
4581:
4443:
3675:
2936:
1648:
635:
1376:, to sacrifice"). This dough too was prepared by them on fixed days. Theirs also the task of preparing the
4611:
4271:
892:
s temple of Vesta, but Augustus' gift linked the public hearth of the state with the official home of the
550:
800:
and the first settlement by the Trojan refugees after their flight from Troy's destruction, led there by
244:. She was rarely depicted in human form, and was more often represented by the fire of her temple in the
4490:
4387:
4043:
3962:
3710:
472:
412:
56:
1789:
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which was inserted into a hollow piece of wood and rotated – in a phallic manner – to light her flame.
4485:
4369:
4323:
4113:
3957:
3730:
2898:
2887:
1643:
1532:
birth citing a compilation of Italian history by a Promathion. In this version, while Tarchetius was
1165:, however, had identified Vesta with Terra. Ovid hints at Vesta's connection to both of the deities.
567:
560:
3484:"On the Worship of Vesta, and the Holy Fire, in Ancient Rome: with an Account of the Vestal Virgins"
4523:
4329:
4215:
4189:
4048:
3897:
3887:
3850:
3243:
Rome and Her Monuments: Essays on the City and Literature of Rome in Honor of Katherine A. Geffcken
3030:
1760:
1533:
1465:
523:
432:
407:
301:
297:
150:
146:
674:(1898–1986), a French comparative philologist, surmised that the name of the goddess derives from
4402:
4028:
3992:
3952:
3927:
3830:
3810:
3750:
1556:
1148:
1056:
289:
132:
1764:
671:
1179:
185:
4540:
4500:
4154:
4108:
3972:
3922:
3795:
3775:
3770:
3755:
3633:
3614:
3591:
3561:
3542:
3523:
3504:
3468:
3389:
3365:
3346:
3340:
3322:
3303:
3284:
3265:
3246:
3205:
3177:
3158:
3139:
3107:
3072:
3049:
3016:
2997:
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1638:
1593:
1519:
1408:
1377:
1152:
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and simultaneously withdrew its public funding. In 391, despite official and public protests,
925:
805:
555:
313:
305:
275:
162:
154:
3228:
Frothinghom, A. L. (1914). "Circular Templum and Mundus. Was the Templum Only Rectangular?".
4433:
4164:
4083:
4023:
3882:
3860:
3845:
3601:
3483:
3117:
3059:
1622:
1359:
1316:
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869:
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309:
158:
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most likely because of the character of the cult of Vesta, the exact reason being unknown.
4596:
4555:
4550:
4469:
4464:
4317:
4285:
4169:
3702:
3430:
3069:
La Fille d'Athènes: la religion des filles à l'époque classique: mythes, cultes et société
2931:
2279:
1552:
1438:
1413:
1174:
1162:
1040:
809:
545:
390:
349:
279:
78:
3653:
1340:: woolen threads) that were an essential part of the Vestal costume were supplied by the
3520:
On Roman Time: The Codex-Calendar of 354 and the Rhythms of Urban Life in Late Antiquity
908:
was tied to the title of emperor; Emperors were automatically priests of Vesta, and the
4407:
4296:
4159:
3877:
3667:
3336:
3100:
1583:
came uninvited with his donkey. At some point during the feast, Vesta lay at rest, and
1461:
991:
844:
840:
494:
462:
225:
220:
4127:
1368:, a salted flour mixture to be sprinkled on sacrificial victims (hence the Latin verb
4570:
4334:
4258:
4174:
4103:
4073:
4053:
3902:
3825:
3815:
3716:
3447:
3423:
3404:
3043:
2925:
2892:
2860:
2851:
2093:
n. s. 7 (Zurich 1949) p. 48-66 as cited by D. P. Harmon "Religion in Latin Elegists"
1537:
1345:
1215:
1120:
987:
897:
887:
501:
483:
442:
284:
249:
245:
89:
691:
4397:
4392:
4354:
4251:
3800:
3740:
3611:
The Original Dysfunctional Family: Basic Classical Mythology for the New Millennium
2903:
1757:
1341:
1093:
951:
935:
776:
385:
267:
263:
3805:
1355:
A peculiar duty of the Vestals was the preparation and conservation of the sacred
1241:
Despite being one of the most spiritual of Roman Shrines, that of Vesta was not a
1079:
258:(7–15 June), was regarded as one of the most important Roman holidays. During the
3434:
288:, twelve of the most honored gods in the Roman pantheon. She was the daughter of
4149:
1456:
848:
3585:
4359:
4266:
4033:
4018:
4008:
3937:
3917:
3193:
La religion romaine archaïque, avec un appendice sur la religion des Étrusques
2970:
1579:
invited all the gods, satyrs, rural divinities, and nymphs to a feast, though
1474:
1364:
1157:
1102:
797:
3241:
Geffcken, Katherine A.; Dickison, Sheila Kathryn; Hallett, Judith P. (2000).
1147:
Counted among the agricultural deities, Vesta has been linked to the deities
4505:
4093:
3987:
2914:
2909:
2208:
1064:
508:
202:
46:
1429:: the filth was swept from the temple and carried next by the route called
1195:("auspicious tree", probably an oak). Water was not allowed into the inner
17:
3661:
1282:
843:(sources disagree, but most say Numa). The priestesses of Vesta, known as
4412:
4349:
4290:
4194:
4013:
3967:
3942:
3872:
3780:
3765:
3760:
3735:
2951:
2942:
2824:
2688:
2287:
2240:
2106:
1831:
1614:
1610:
1560:
1495:
1425:
observed mourning, and the temple was subjected to a purification called
1398:
1320:
1307:
1125:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1028:
978:
974:
918:
882:
867:
Roman tradition required that the leading priest of the Roman state, the
856:
793:
457:
373:
254:
117:
62:
4068:
4058:
3977:
3947:
3932:
3892:
3790:
2920:
2224:
1626:
1584:
1580:
1529:
1393:
1381:
1277:
1115:
1088:
1068:
1044:
1032:
939:
836:
813:
737:
198:
66:
61:
Rare depiction of Vesta in human form, as the central figure from the
4495:
4237:
4231:
4144:
4078:
4063:
4038:
3820:
3745:
3664:, from Tiresias: The Ancient Mediterranean Religions Source Database.
3262:
Hidden Lives, Public Personae: Women and Civic Life in the Roman West
2833:
1859:
1576:
1507:
1295:
1084:
1016:
916:("priests of Vesta"). In 12 BC, 28 April (first of the five day
801:
648:
as well. Another proposed etymology is that Vesta derives from Latin
623:
452:
447:
317:
237:
229:
194:
177:
99:
42:
1790:
https://archive.org/details/bronzetablesofig00poul/page/n19/mode/2up
3539:
The Vestal and the Fasces: Hegel, Lacan, Property, and the Feminine
1464:
on this day observe a blood sacrifice to her as well. Found in the
4364:
4088:
3912:
3867:
3855:
3840:
3785:
1618:
1489:
1479:
1356:
1281:
1231:
1178:
1136:
1078:
1036:
969:
900:
residence. This strengthened the connection between the office of
769:
749:
724:
437:
379:
184:
3446:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3422:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3403:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2472:
2470:
1540:
which he describes in a detailed narrative and lends support to.
248:. Entry to her temple was permitted only to her priestesses, the
4245:
4098:
2763:
2433:
2200:
1964:
1867:
1800:
1223:
829:
821:
613:
396:
233:
190:
3671:
1135:
In Roman belief, Vesta was present in all weddings, and so was
954:
closed the temple, and extinguished the sacred flame. Finally,
3907:
1677:
1675:
293:
136:
3342:
Women's Life in Greece and Rome: A Source Book in Translation
3042:
Bowerstock, Glenn Warren; Brown, Peter; Grabar, Oleg (1999).
1993:
1991:
1989:
1788:
Poultney, J.W. "Bronze Tables of Iguvium" 1959 pp. 331, 171
1043:, whose mother Ocresia becomes pregnant after sitting upon a
4126:
3174:
Les Origines et le développement du culte des pénates à Rome
1319:. A Vestal who broke her vow of chastity could be tried for
752:*Vesticius), itself related to Umbrian terms for 'libation'
3204:. Translated by Linda Lappin. University of Chicago Press.
2377:
2375:
2032:
2030:
792:
According to tradition, worship of Vesta in Italy began in
2609:
2607:
1923:
1921:
1601:
in thanks for the services they provided in the bakeries.
193:: the reverse depicts the cult statue of Vesta, holding a
1894:
1892:
1311:
Vestal Virgins lived together in a house near the Forum (
1071:
Primigenia was unharmed by fire after his assassination.
3558:
Augustus and the Family at the Birth of the Roman Empire
2263:
2261:
1592:
is a similar instance of Priapus' impropriety involving
1472:, a public holiday which by then had replaced the older
1027:
The fecundating power of sacred fire is testified to in
1705:
877:("publicly owned house"). After assuming the office of
1238:(i.e., the sacred repository of the temple of Vesta).
977:
of 60 BC; veiled and draped Vesta on the left, with a
3086:
Cecere, M. G. Granino (2003). "Vestali non di Roma".
2652:
1306:
class and were required to swear an oath of absolute
27:
Ancient Roman goddess of the hearth, home, and family
3501:
Virgil's Aeneid: Semantic Relations and Proper Names
3245:. Wauconda, Illinois: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers.
3136:
A Place at the Altar: Priestesses in Republican Rome
1047:
that appeared among the ashes of the ara of the god
934:. Vesta's worship began to decline with the rise of
644:("standing for ever"). This etymology is offered by
4516:
4478:
4452:
4421:
4380:
4308:
4224:
4203:
4137:
4001:
3709:
1551:recounts a local story regarding the birth of king
1402:(7 – 15 June). On the first day of festivities the
736:Poultney suggests that Vesta may be related to the
715:all conveying 'burning' and the second is found in
694:
639:
173:
168:
142:
128:
123:
113:
105:
95:
85:
74:
34:
3383:(in French). Société d'Édition Les Belles Lettres.
3300:The Roman Wedding: Ritual and Meaning in Antiquity
3099:
3045:Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World
1460:dedicated to Vesta for 9 June, and records of the
851:, was a priestess of Vesta, impregnated by either
3454:Morford, Mark P. O.; Lenardon, Robert J. (1999).
3321:. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
3048:. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
2637:
904:and the cult of Vesta. Henceforth, the office of
719:. (Beekes considers the Greek goddess-name Ἑστία
282:were conceived in this way. Vesta was among the
2992:Beard, Mary; North, John; Price, Simon (1998b).
2303:Holland (1962; 283, following Wissowa 1912: 103)
1951:
1939:
1855:
1827:
668:). None, except perhaps the last, are probable.
3035:Le vocabulaire des institutions indo-européenes
2449:
1203:which had a tiny foot that made them unstable.
3390:"The Temple and Atrium of Vesta and the Regia"
2509:
2507:
3683:
3364:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
3127:Studies in Latin Literature and Roman History
2429:
2337:
2021:
1980:
1666:
594:
8:
2121:Dionysius of Halicarnassus IV 2, 1–4; Ovid
1510:party does Vesta appear directly in a myth.
2476:
1913:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
1331:
1294:The Vestales were one of the few full-time
706:
700:
655:
649:
617:
565:
499:
3723:
3690:
3676:
3668:
3541:. London: University of California Press.
3467:. Vol. 55. Cornell University Press.
3458:(Sixth ed.). Oxford University Press.
2779:
2574:
2366:
2349:
2036:
1753:
601:
587:
327:
55:
3613:. Mundelein, Illinoi: Bolchazy-Carducci.
3223:. Vol. IV. London: Macmillan and Co.
2994:Religions of Rome: Volume 2, A Sourcebook
2791:
2759:
2757:
2613:
2461:
2381:
2095:Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römische Welt
2048:
1729:
1681:
1559:, upon hearing this, was astonished; but
1323:and if found guilty, buried alive in the
1158:Antiquitates rerum humanarum et divinarum
1010:Concerning the status of Vesta's hearth,
824:"). Vesta's sacred hearth was also named
2676:
2664:
2393:
1927:
1898:
1858:, pp. 189–190 vol. 1, note no. 77:
1830:, pp. 189–190 vol. 1, note no. 77:
1693:
3577:Le Forum romain et les forums impériaux
3319:Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide
3281:Ovid and the Fasti: An Historical Study
3037:(in French). Paris: Éditions de Minuit.
2718:
2598:
2586:
2405:
1997:
1815:
1741:
1659:
1252:because of its round shape. However, a
532:
471:
421:
364:
330:
3176:(in French). École française de Rome.
2975:Religions of Rome: Volume 1, A History
2803:
2748:
2706:
2417:
2365:in Latin, a hint to the goddess Terra
2267:
2252:
2009:
1776:
1717:
1206:The temple of Vesta held not only the
768:respectively. Perhaps also related to
31:
3465:Playing with Time: Ovid and the Fasti
3264:. New York: Oxford University Press.
3155:Encyclopedia of Greco-Roman Mythology
2973:; North, John; Price, Simon (1998a).
2625:
1706:Geffcken, Dickison & Hallett 2000
1468:, 13 February had become the holiday
779:also known as the Agnone Dedication.
219:
7:
3579:(in French). Paris: Hachette et Cie.
3071:(in French). Paris: Belles lettres.
1494:Temple of Vesta on the reverse of a
1348:. Once a year, the Vestals gave the
630:derives from its Greek counterpart,
358:sacrificing at the Temple of Jupiter
3537:Schroeder, Jeanne Lorraine (1998).
3463:Newlands, Carole Elizabeth (1995).
3362:A Commentary on Ovid: Fasti book VI
2653:Bowerstock, Brown & Grabar 1999
638:claimed to have derived from Greek
3522:. University of California Press.
3345:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
3283:. Oxford: Clarendon Press Oxford.
3195:(in French). Paris: Payot. part 2.
723:is probably unrelated.) See also
654:("clothe"), as well as from Greek
541:Glossary of ancient Roman religion
25:
3279:Herbert-Brown, Geraldine (1994).
3441:
3417:
3398:
3013:Etymological Dictionary of Greek
2874:In Vergilii Aeneidem commentarii
1234:. Such objects were kept in the
990:" by proponents of 20th Century
342:
3628:Wiseman, Timothy Peter (1995),
3230:American Journal of Archaeology
1183:Temple of Vesta in a 2009 photo
690:. The former is found in Greek
3632:, Cambridge University Press,
3518:Salzman, Michele Rene (1990).
3411:Middleton, John Henry (1892).
3388:Middleton, John Henry (1886).
3302:. Cambridge University Press.
3191:Dumézil, Georges (1974). "2".
3138:. Princeton University Press.
2996:. Cambridge University Press.
2977:. Cambridge University Press.
1952:Beard, North & Price 1998a
1940:Beard, North & Price 1998a
1856:Beard, North & Price 1998a
1828:Beard, North & Price 1998a
1362:used for the savouring of the
912:were sometimes referred to as
1:
4627:Characters in Roman mythology
3317:Johnston, Sarah Iles (2004).
3219:Frazer, James George (1929).
3106:. Chiron Publications. 1993.
1597:honored on 9 June during the
1544:Conception of Servius Tullius
756:(gen.sg.), 'pour a libation'
626:supposed that the Latin name
3590:. Harvard University Press.
3200:Fraschetti, Augusto (2001).
3153:Dixon-Kennedy, Mike (1998).
2286:, 28. 135, 28. 142, 29. 30;
1878:XV.730; Propertius IV.4.69;
1609:Vesta's cult is attested at
1228:fatale pignus imperii Romani
946:; in 382 he confiscated the
812:of the Roman state known as
4587:Domestic and hearth deities
3657:at Encyclopædia Britannica.
3499:Paschalis, Michael (1977).
3415:. Vol. 1. p. 295.
3413:The Remains of Ancient Rome
3360:Littlewood, R. Joy (2006).
3339:; Fant, Maureen B. (2005).
3134:DiLuzio, Meghan J. (2016).
2450:Morford & Lenardon 1999
1302:. They were drawn from the
1031:'s version of the birth of
695:
640:
4643:
4185:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
4124:
3503:. Clarendon Press Oxford.
3172:Dubourdieu, Annie (1989).
2952:Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus
2943:Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus
2843:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
2731:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
2061:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
1880:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
1840:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
1549:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
1517:
1514:Birth of Romulus and Remus
1442:(AD 224) the first day of
1290:depicted in a Roman statue
1275:
1172:
1012:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
682:, via the derivative form
316:. Her Greek equivalent is
4180:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus
3726:
3379:Marouzeau, Jules (2006).
3298:Hersch, Karen K. (2010).
3260:Hemelrijk, Emily (2015).
3129:. Vol. 315. Latomus.
3088:Studi di Epigrafia Latina
2022:Lefkowitz & Fant 2005
1963:Degrassi (1963) 66; 133;
1942:, pp. 189–190 vol. 1
1433:and then into the Tiber.
1421:was solemnly closed; the
1327:('Field of Wickedness').
1210:("sacred fire"), but the
1155:in separate accounts. In
962:("chief Vestal") in 394.
958:stepped down as the last
656:
616:derived Vesta from Latin
54:
39:
4439:Rape of the Sabine Women
3575:Thédenat, Henry (1908).
3381:Revue des études latines
3015:. Leiden-Boston: Brill.
2879:Maurus Servius Honoratus
2870:Maurus Servius Honoratus
2138:VII 678; Angelo Brelich
1874:I.527-8, III.29, VI.227;
1500:Quintus Cassius Longinus
932:Virgines Vestales Maxime
278:and the benevolent king
4444:Battle of Lacus Curtius
3609:Williams, Rome (2008).
3482:Noehden, G. H. (1817).
3011:Beekes, Robert (2010).
2910:Gaius Petronius Arbiter
2825:Gaius Valerius Catullus
1649:Temple of Vesta, Tivoli
1470:Virgo Vestalis parentat
1101:Vesta was connected to
1039:, in the birth of king
622:– "standing by power".
109:The hearth, sacred fire
4131:
3699:Ancient Roman religion
3662:Ancient texts on Vesta
3584:Watkin, David (2009).
3067:Brulé, Pierre (1987).
2932:Gaius Plinius Secundus
1567:Impropriety of Priapus
1528:, told a variation of
1503:
1454:. This year records a
1332:
1291:
1184:
1098:
1059:, and in the birth of
982:
707:
701:
686:which alternates with
650:
618:
566:
551:Ancient Greek religion
500:
206:
4130:
3556:Severy, Beth (2003).
3488:The Classical Journal
3125:Deroux, Carl (2008).
2921:Titus Maccius Plautus
2834:Marcus Tullius Cicero
1493:
1466:Codex-Calendar of 354
1315:), supervised by the
1288:Virgo Vestalis Maxima
1285:
1182:
1082:
973:
796:, the mother-city of
365:Practices and beliefs
188:
4324:Interpretatio graeca
2899:Publius Ovidius Naso
2888:Publius Ovidius Naso
2847:Romaike Archaiologia
1954:, p. 191 vol. 1
1644:House of the Vestals
1571:In book 6 of Ovid's
1450:and the last day is
568:Interpretatio Graeca
561:Gallo-Roman religion
4524:Classical mythology
4345:Theology of victory
4190:Kings of Alba Longa
3630:Remus: A Roman Myth
3456:Classical Mythology
3436:The History of Rome
2679:, pp. 136–138.
2667:, pp. 129–136.
2577:, pp. 228–229.
2479:, pp. 303–309.
2328:Holland (1962; 265)
2142:1949, pp.70, 97–98.
2089:A. Brelich "Vesta"
2000:, pp. 157–160.
1779:, pp. 471–472.
1708:, pp. 537–538.
1684:, pp. 335–336.
1498:issued in 55 BC by
1087:and scepter on the
676:Proto-Indo-European
641:hestanai dia pantos
4132:
3337:Lefkowitz, Mary R.
3221:Fastorum libri sex
2937:Naturalis Historia
2430:Herbert-Brown 1994
2338:Herbert-Brown 1994
1981:Herbert-Brown 1994
1667:Dixon-Kennedy 1998
1605:Vesta outside Rome
1534:king of Alba Longa
1504:
1431:clivus Capitolinus
1292:
1185:
1099:
1057:Tarquinius Priscus
983:
896:and the emperor's
403:funerary practices
207:
189:Coin issued under
4622:Household deities
4577:Vesta (mythology)
4564:
4563:
4541:Etruscan religion
4155:Romulus and Remus
4138:Legendary figures
4122:
4121:
3771:Castor and Pollux
3620:978-0-86516-690-5
3597:978-0-674-03341-2
3567:978-0-203-21143-4
3548:978-0-520-21145-2
3529:978-0-520-06566-6
3510:978-0-19-814688-9
3474:978-0-8014-3080-0
3371:978-0-19927-134-4
3352:978-0-8018-8310-1
3328:978-0-674-01517-3
3309:978-0-521-19610-9
3290:978-0-19-814935-4
3252:978-0-86516-457-4
3183:978-2-72830-162-1
3164:978-1-57607-094-9
3145:978-0-691-16957-6
3113:978-0-933029-82-8
3078:978-2-25160-363-6
3055:978-0-674-51173-6
3031:Benveniste, Émile
2806:, pp. 67–80.
2794:, pp. 64–65.
2736:Roman Antiquities
2639:Chiron Dictionary
2501:Dion. Hal. 2,67,2
2432:, p. 76;sf.
2396:, pp. 89–90.
2065:Roman Antiquities
1884:Roman Antiquities
1844:Roman Antiquities
1744:, part 2, chap. 2
1639:Clerical celibacy
1524:Plutarch, in his
1520:Romulus and Remus
1409:sanctum sanctorum
1372:, "to put on the
1063:, the founder of
926:senatus consultum
914:pontifices Vestae
611:
610:
556:Etruscan religion
514:agricultural gods
413:mystery religions
359:
276:Romulus and Remus
221:[ˈwɛs.ta]
183:
182:
75:Major cult center
49:, and sacred fire
16:(Redirected from
4634:
4607:Virgin goddesses
4434:Founding of Rome
4204:Legendary beings
4165:Tullus Hostilius
4002:Abstract deities
3861:Lares Familiares
3724:
3692:
3685:
3678:
3669:
3642:
3624:
3605:
3602:Internet Archive
3580:
3571:
3552:
3533:
3514:
3495:
3478:
3459:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3431:Mommsen, Theodor
3421:
3420:
3416:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3384:
3375:
3356:
3332:
3313:
3294:
3275:
3256:
3237:
3224:
3215:
3196:
3187:
3168:
3149:
3130:
3121:
3118:Internet Archive
3105:
3095:
3082:
3063:
3060:Internet Archive
3038:
3026:
3007:
2988:
2856:Annales Aciliani
2807:
2801:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2761:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2559:
2553:
2546:
2540:
2533:
2527:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2502:
2499:
2493:
2486:
2480:
2477:Frothinghom 1914
2474:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2370:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2326:
2320:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2295:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2222:
2216:
2198:
2192:
2182:
2176:
2162:
2156:
2149:
2143:
2132:
2126:
2119:
2113:
2104:
2098:
2087:
2081:
2074:
2068:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1916:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1887:
1853:
1847:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1761:Émile Benveniste
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1670:
1664:
1623:Diana Nemorensis
1436:In the military
1423:Flaminica Dialis
1335:
1317:Pontifex Maximus
1083:Vesta holding a
956:Coelia Concordia
944:pontifex maximus
942:stepped down as
906:pontifex maximus
902:pontifex maximus
894:pontifex maximus
879:pontifex maximus
870:pontifex maximus
710:
704:
698:
659:
658:
653:
643:
621:
603:
596:
589:
571:
505:
490:Capitoline Triad
348:
346:
336:
328:
296:, and sister of
274:Rome's founders
223:
218:
174:Greek equivalent
59:
45:, home, family,
32:
21:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4631:
4602:Roman goddesses
4567:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4556:Myth and ritual
4551:Greek mythology
4512:
4474:
4470:Pignora imperii
4465:Parabiago Plate
4448:
4417:
4376:
4310:
4304:
4286:Sibylline Books
4220:
4199:
4170:Servius Tullius
4133:
4118:
3997:
3713:
3705:
3696:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3627:
3621:
3608:
3598:
3587:The Roman Forum
3583:
3574:
3568:
3555:
3549:
3536:
3530:
3517:
3511:
3498:
3481:
3475:
3462:
3453:
3442:
3429:
3418:
3410:
3399:
3387:
3378:
3372:
3359:
3353:
3335:
3329:
3316:
3310:
3297:
3291:
3278:
3272:
3271:978-019025188-8
3259:
3253:
3240:
3227:
3218:
3212:
3211:978-022626093-8
3199:
3190:
3184:
3171:
3165:
3152:
3146:
3133:
3124:
3114:
3098:
3085:
3079:
3066:
3056:
3041:
3029:
3023:
3022:978-900417418-4
3010:
3004:
2991:
2985:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2956:Life of Romulus
2820:
2815:
2810:
2802:
2798:
2790:
2786:
2780:Littlewood 2006
2778:
2774:
2762:
2755:
2747:
2743:
2729:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2705:
2701:
2694:Life of Romulus
2687:
2683:
2675:
2671:
2663:
2659:
2651:
2647:
2636:
2632:
2624:
2620:
2612:
2605:
2597:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2575:Fraschetti 2001
2573:
2569:
2560:
2556:
2547:
2543:
2534:
2530:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2487:
2483:
2475:
2468:
2460:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2438:History of Rome
2428:
2424:
2416:
2412:
2404:
2400:
2392:
2388:
2380:
2373:
2367:Littlewood 2006
2360:
2356:
2350:Littlewood 2006
2348:
2344:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2284:Natural History
2280:Pliny the Elder
2278:
2274:
2266:
2259:
2251:
2247:
2239:
2235:
2223:
2219:
2199:
2195:
2183:
2179:
2163:
2159:
2150:
2146:
2133:
2129:
2120:
2116:
2105:
2101:
2088:
2084:
2075:
2071:
2059:
2055:
2051:, p. xiii.
2047:
2043:
2037:Fraschetti 2001
2035:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2008:
2004:
1996:
1987:
1979:
1975:
1962:
1958:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1926:
1919:
1909:
1905:
1897:
1890:
1854:
1850:
1836:Life of Romulus
1826:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1799:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1765:Georges Dumézil
1754:Benveniste 1969
1752:
1748:
1740:
1736:
1728:
1724:
1716:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1692:
1688:
1680:
1673:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1635:
1607:
1569:
1553:Servius Tullius
1546:
1526:Life of Romulus
1522:
1516:
1488:
1439:Feriale Duranum
1390:
1325:Campus Sceleris
1280:
1274:
1177:
1175:Temple of Vesta
1171:
1163:Verrius Flaccus
1145:
1077:
1041:Servius Tullius
1008:
968:
960:Vestalis Maxima
881:in 12 BC,
865:
790:
785:
672:Georges Dumézil
607:
546:Roman mythology
528:
524:divine emperors
509:underworld gods
467:
463:Fratres Arvales
417:
360:
357:
350:Marcus Aurelius
334:
332:
326:
280:Servius Tullius
228:goddess of the
215:Classical Latin
213:
79:Temple of Vesta
70:
65:of a bakery at
50:
41:Goddess of the
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4640:
4638:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4617:Donkey deities
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4592:Fire goddesses
4589:
4584:
4582:Dii Familiaris
4579:
4569:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4526:
4520:
4518:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4488:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4408:Pythagoreanism
4405:
4403:Peripateticism
4400:
4395:
4390:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4320:
4314:
4312:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4297:The Golden Ass
4288:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4269:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4255:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4216:Barnacle goose
4213:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4160:Numa Pompilius
4157:
4152:
4147:
4141:
4139:
4135:
4134:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
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4086:
4081:
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4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
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4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
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3965:
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3955:
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3808:
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3743:
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3733:
3727:
3721:
3707:
3706:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3659:
3649:
3648:External links
3646:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3625:
3619:
3606:
3596:
3581:
3572:
3566:
3553:
3547:
3534:
3528:
3515:
3509:
3496:
3479:
3473:
3460:
3451:
3439:. Vol. I.
3427:
3408:
3385:
3376:
3370:
3357:
3351:
3333:
3327:
3314:
3308:
3295:
3289:
3276:
3270:
3257:
3251:
3238:
3225:
3216:
3210:
3197:
3188:
3182:
3169:
3163:
3150:
3144:
3131:
3122:
3112:
3096:
3090:(in Italian).
3083:
3077:
3064:
3054:
3039:
3027:
3021:
3008:
3002:
2989:
2983:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2949:
2940:
2929:
2918:
2907:
2896:
2885:
2876:
2867:
2865:Noctes Atticae
2858:
2849:
2840:
2831:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2796:
2792:Hemelrijk 2015
2784:
2782:, p. 103.
2772:
2753:
2741:
2723:
2711:
2699:
2681:
2669:
2657:
2655:, p. 449.
2645:
2630:
2628:, p. 112.
2618:
2614:Marouzeau 2006
2603:
2601:, p. 164.
2591:
2589:, p. 197.
2579:
2567:
2554:
2541:
2528:
2515:
2503:
2494:
2481:
2466:
2464:, p. 395.
2462:Middleton 1886
2454:
2452:, p. 510.
2442:
2422:
2420:, p. 100.
2410:
2408:, p. 284.
2398:
2386:
2384:, p. 295.
2382:Middleton 1892
2371:
2354:
2342:
2330:
2321:
2305:
2296:
2272:
2270:, p. 274.
2257:
2255:, p. 181.
2245:
2233:
2217:
2193:
2177:
2157:
2144:
2127:
2114:
2099:
2091:Albae Vigiliae
2082:
2069:
2053:
2049:Schroeder 1998
2041:
2026:
2024:, p. 306.
2014:
2002:
1985:
1973:
1956:
1944:
1932:
1930:, p. 307.
1917:
1910:William Smith
1903:
1888:
1848:
1820:
1818:, p. 214.
1808:
1793:
1781:
1769:
1746:
1734:
1730:Paschalis 1977
1722:
1720:, p. 299.
1710:
1698:
1686:
1682:Schroeder 1998
1671:
1669:, p. 318.
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1634:
1631:
1606:
1603:
1568:
1565:
1545:
1542:
1518:Main article:
1515:
1512:
1487:
1484:
1462:Arval Brethren
1452:Vesta cluditur
1389:
1386:
1300:Roman religion
1276:Main article:
1273:
1272:Vestal Virgins
1270:
1208:ignes aeternum
1189:focus publicus
1173:Main article:
1170:
1167:
1144:
1141:
1076:
1073:
1007:
1004:
992:psychoanalysis
988:Phallic Mother
967:
964:
938:. In ca. 379,
875:domus publicus
864:
861:
845:Vestal Virgins
841:Numa Pompilius
810:household gods
804:and guided by
789:
786:
784:
781:
748:(dat.) (as if
609:
608:
606:
605:
598:
591:
583:
580:
579:
578:
577:
572:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
535:
534:
533:Related topics
530:
529:
527:
526:
521:
519:childhood gods
516:
511:
506:
497:
495:Aventine Triad
492:
487:
479:
476:
475:
469:
468:
466:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
429:
426:
425:
419:
418:
416:
415:
410:
405:
400:
393:
388:
383:
376:
370:
367:
366:
362:
361:
347:
339:
338:
325:
322:
250:Vestal Virgins
242:Roman religion
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
166:
165:
144:
140:
139:
130:
126:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
97:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
76:
72:
71:
60:
52:
51:
40:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4639:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4612:Dii Consentes
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4515:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4477:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4330:Imperial cult
4328:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4311:and practices
4307:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4261:
4260:
4259:Metamorphoses
4256:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4244:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4175:Ancus Marcius
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4129:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4104:Tranquillitas
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3717:Dii Consentes
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3693:
3688:
3686:
3681:
3679:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3639:0-521-41981-6
3635:
3631:
3626:
3622:
3616:
3612:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3593:
3589:
3588:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3560:. Routledge.
3559:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3525:
3521:
3516:
3512:
3506:
3502:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3449:
3448:public domain
3438:
3437:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3424:public domain
3414:
3409:
3406:
3405:public domain
3395:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3320:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3160:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3104:
3103:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3003:0-521-45015-2
2999:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2984:0-521-30401-6
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2861:Aulus Gellius
2859:
2857:
2853:
2852:Gaius Acilius
2850:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2805:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2751:, p. 49.
2750:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2724:
2721:, p. 57.
2720:
2715:
2712:
2709:, p. 41.
2708:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2677:Newlands 1995
2673:
2670:
2666:
2665:Newlands 1995
2661:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2619:
2616:, p. 39.
2615:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2394:Thédenat 1908
2390:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2352:, p. 90.
2351:
2346:
2343:
2340:, p. 97.
2339:
2334:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2171:8.29; 2.469;
2170:
2166:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2100:
2097:1986 p. 1971.
2096:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2042:
2039:, p. 29.
2038:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2015:
2012:, p. 92.
2011:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1983:, p. 75.
1982:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1928:Johnston 2004
1924:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1907:
1904:
1901:, p. 20.
1900:
1899:Williams 2008
1895:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1876:Metamorphoses
1873:
1869:
1866:II.296, 597;
1865:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1735:
1732:, p. 78.
1731:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1699:
1696:, p. 11.
1695:
1694:Williams 2008
1690:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1660:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1538:Fabius Pictor
1535:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1448:Vesta apperit
1445:
1441:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1346:flamen dialis
1343:
1339:
1334:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1313:Atrium Vestae
1309:
1305:
1301:
1298:positions in
1297:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1216:Pallas Athena
1213:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1181:
1176:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1055:wife of king
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1005:
1003:
999:
997:
993:
989:
980:
976:
972:
965:
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
948:Atrium Vestae
945:
941:
937:
933:
928:
927:
922:) was chosen
921:
920:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
889:
888:Forum Romanum
884:
880:
876:
872:
871:
862:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
787:
782:
780:
778:
774:
771:
767:
763:
760:(imv.) from *
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
734:
732:
729:
726:
722:
718:
714:
709:
703:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
667:
664:, "hearth" =
663:
652:
647:
642:
637:
633:
629:
625:
620:
615:
604:
599:
597:
592:
590:
585:
584:
582:
581:
576:
573:
570:
569:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
538:
537:
536:
531:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
504:
503:
502:Indigitamenta
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
485:
484:Dii Consentes
481:
480:
478:
477:
474:
470:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
430:
428:
427:
424:
420:
414:
411:
409:
408:imperial cult
406:
404:
401:
399:
398:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
381:
377:
375:
372:
371:
369:
368:
363:
355:
351:
345:
341:
340:
337:
329:
323:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:
285:Dii Consentes
281:
277:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
256:
251:
247:
246:Forum Romanum
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
222:
216:
211:
204:
201:, within her
200:
196:
192:
187:
179:
176:
172:
167:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
145:
141:
138:
134:
131:
127:
122:
119:
116:
112:
108:
104:
101:
98:
94:
91:
90:Forum Romanum
88:
84:
80:
77:
73:
69:, 1st century
68:
64:
58:
53:
48:
44:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4460:Gubernaculum
4429:Golden Bough
4398:Neoplatonism
4393:Epicureanism
4322:
4295:
4276:
4257:
4250:
4236:
3982:
3741:Anna Perenna
3715:
3654:
3629:
3610:
3600:– via
3586:
3576:
3557:
3538:
3519:
3500:
3491:
3487:
3464:
3455:
3435:
3412:
3394:Archaeologia
3393:
3380:
3361:
3341:
3318:
3299:
3280:
3261:
3242:
3233:
3229:
3220:
3201:
3192:
3173:
3154:
3135:
3126:
3116:– via
3101:
3091:
3087:
3068:
3058:– via
3044:
3034:
3012:
2993:
2974:
2955:
2947:Life of Numa
2946:
2935:
2924:
2913:
2902:
2891:
2882:
2873:
2864:
2855:
2846:
2837:
2828:
2799:
2787:
2775:
2767:
2744:
2734:
2726:
2719:Wiseman 1995
2714:
2702:
2692:
2684:
2672:
2660:
2648:
2638:
2633:
2621:
2599:Mommsen 1894
2594:
2587:DiLuzio 2016
2582:
2570:
2562:
2557:
2549:
2544:
2539:1, 12,9; 7,2
2536:
2531:
2523:
2518:
2497:
2489:
2484:
2457:
2445:
2440:, 26. 27. 14
2437:
2425:
2413:
2406:Dumézil 1974
2401:
2389:
2362:
2357:
2345:
2333:
2324:
2316:
2308:
2299:
2291:
2283:
2275:
2248:
2236:
2228:
2220:
2212:
2204:
2196:
2188:
2180:
2172:
2168:
2160:
2152:
2147:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2125:VI, 633–636.
2122:
2117:
2109:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2077:
2072:
2064:
2056:
2044:
2017:
2005:
1998:Salzman 1990
1976:
1968:
1959:
1947:
1935:
1911:
1906:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1863:
1851:
1843:
1835:
1823:
1816:Noehden 1817
1811:
1803:
1796:
1784:
1772:
1758:glottologist
1749:
1742:Dumézil 1974
1737:
1725:
1713:
1701:
1689:
1662:
1608:
1598:
1589:
1572:
1570:
1547:
1525:
1523:
1505:
1473:
1469:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1419:penus Vestae
1418:
1407:
1404:penus Vestae
1403:
1397:
1391:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1354:
1350:rex sacrorum
1349:
1342:rex sacrorum
1337:
1329:
1324:
1312:
1293:
1287:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1240:
1236:penus Vestae
1235:
1227:
1219:
1207:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1156:
1146:
1134:
1129:
1119:
1106:
1100:
1097:(ca. 253 AD)
1094:antoninianus
1092:
1051:by order of
1026:
1024:("Mother").
1021:
1009:
1000:
995:
984:
981:next to her.
959:
952:Theodosius I
947:
943:
936:Christianity
931:
923:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
893:
886:
878:
874:
873:reside in a
868:
866:
863:Roman Empire
834:
828:("hearth of
825:
818:Vesta Iliaca
817:
791:
777:Oscan Tablet
772:
765:
761:
757:
753:
745:
741:
735:
730:
720:
716:
712:
687:
683:
679:
670:
665:
661:
631:
627:
612:
482:
395:
378:
354:head covered
335:ancient Rome
283:
272:
268:Theodosius I
264:Christianity
259:
253:
209:
208:
29:
4534:Persecution
4486:Gallo-Roman
4278:Res divinae
4150:Rhea Silvia
3202:Roman Women
2971:Beard, Mary
2838:Pro Fonteio
2804:Cecere 2003
2749:Deroux 2008
2707:Deroux 2008
2513:Gaius 1,145
2418:Severy 2003
2268:Hersch 2010
2253:Hersch 2010
2155:VI 625–626.
2080:VI. 269–270
2010:Watkin 2009
1777:Beekes 2010
1718:Frazer 1929
1486:Mythography
1457:supplicatio
1427:stercoratio
1193:arbor felix
1143:Agriculture
826:Iliaci foci
820:("Vesta of
766:westikato:d
666:focus urbis
423:Priesthoods
333:Religion in
270:in AD 391.
169:Equivalents
18:Vesta (god)
4571:Categories
4479:Variations
4381:Philosophy
4360:Capitolium
4267:Propertius
4034:Averruncus
4019:Aeternitas
4009:Abundantia
3938:Proserpina
2770:VI. 319-48
2626:Brulé 1987
2537:Noct. Att.
2243:61.159–161
2207:, 1.12.2;
1846:II.64.5–69
1767:'s theory)
1763:speaks on
1557:Tarquinius
1475:parentalia
1414:her temple
1365:mola salsa
1264:and not a
1220:di Penates
1105:, and the
1103:liminality
966:Depictions
910:pontifices
830:Ilium/Troy
822:Ilium/Troy
798:Alba Longa
711:and Vedic
433:Pontifices
4506:Mithraism
4491:Mysteries
4340:Palladium
4318:Festivals
4094:Securitas
4044:Concordia
3988:Vertumnus
3806:Dīs Pater
3703:mythology
2915:Satyricon
2213:Satyricon
2209:Petronius
1655:Citations
1388:Festivals
1304:patrician
1212:Palladium
1065:Praeneste
775:from the
758:uesticatu
754:uestisiar
742:Uestisier
619:vi stando
391:festivals
324:Etymology
224:) is the
203:hexastyle
124:Genealogy
114:Festivals
47:virginity
4546:Glossary
4517:See also
4413:Stoicism
4388:Cynicism
4350:Pomerium
4309:Concepts
4291:Apuleius
4211:She-wolf
4195:Hersilia
4114:Victoria
4014:Aequitas
3968:Summanus
3958:Silvanus
3943:Quirinus
3873:Libertas
3836:Hercules
3781:Cloacina
3766:Carmenta
3761:Bona Dea
3736:Angerona
3731:Agenoria
3433:(1894).
3033:(1969).
2883:Eclogues
2689:Plutarch
2317:Ad. Aen.
2288:Plutarch
2241:Catullus
2107:Plutarch
2067:II 66, 3
1971:4.943-54
1832:Plutarch
1633:See also
1615:Lavinium
1611:Bovillae
1599:Vestalia
1561:Tanaquil
1530:Romulus'
1508:Cybele's
1496:denarius
1444:Vestalia
1399:Vestalia
1380:for the
1378:suffimen
1370:immolare
1357:salamoia
1321:incestum
1308:chastity
1218:and the
1126:Catullus
1075:Marriage
1061:Caeculus
1053:Tanaquil
1049:Vulcanus
1029:Plutarch
996:fascinus
975:Denarius
919:Floralia
898:Palatine
883:Augustus
857:Hercules
794:Lavinium
762:westikia
733:"fire."
699:, Latin
688:*h₁w-es-
684:*h₁eu-s-
636:Cornutus
634:, which
458:Epulones
453:Fetiales
448:Flamines
443:Vestales
374:libation
260:Vestalia
255:Vestalia
143:Siblings
118:Vestalia
63:Lararium
4529:Decline
4453:Objects
4355:Temples
4335:Charity
4069:Laverna
4059:Fortuna
4049:Feronia
3978:Veritas
3948:Salacia
3933:Priapus
3918:Penates
3898:Neptune
3893:Minerva
3888:Mercury
3851:Jupiter
3791:Dea Dia
3756:Bellona
3711:Deities
2829:Carmina
2818:Ancient
2813:Sources
2739:, 2.1–4
2697:, 2.3–6
2561:Cicero
2313:Servius
2231:816–817
2225:Plautus
2185:Servius
2165:Servius
2136:Ad Aen.
2110:Romulus
1886:II.65.2
1806:vi. 265
1585:Priapus
1581:Silenus
1394:Penates
1382:Parilia
1333:februae
1278:Vestals
1266:templum
1254:templum
1250:templum
1244:templum
1201:futiles
1116:Plautus
1111:Servius
1089:reverse
1069:Fortuna
1045:phallus
1033:Romulus
940:Gratian
837:Romulus
814:Penates
783:History
746:Vestiçe
744:(gen.)/
738:Umbrian
646:Servius
575:Decline
473:Deities
438:Augures
386:temples
302:Neptune
298:Jupiter
205:temple.
199:scepter
151:Neptune
147:Jupiter
129:Parents
96:Animals
67:Pompeii
4597:Hestia
4496:Cybele
4422:Events
4370:Celtic
4238:Aeneid
4232:Virgil
4145:Aeneas
4079:Pietas
4064:Fontus
4039:Caelus
4029:Annona
4024:Africa
3993:Vulcan
3953:Saturn
3928:Pomona
3831:Genius
3821:Faunus
3811:Egeria
3751:Aurora
3746:Apollo
3636:
3617:
3594:
3564:
3545:
3526:
3507:
3471:
3396:: 395.
3368:
3349:
3325:
3306:
3287:
3268:
3249:
3208:
3180:
3161:
3142:
3110:
3075:
3052:
3019:
3000:
2981:
2963:Modern
2926:Casina
2893:Amores
2535:Gell.
2522:Plut.
2488:Plut.
2319:1.292)
2229:Casina
2205:Amores
2175:6. 273
2151:Ovid,
2134:Serv.
2112:2.1–6.
2076:Ovid,
1864:Aeneid
1860:Virgil
1627:Aricia
1577:Cybele
1360:muries
1296:clergy
1258:templa
1169:Temple
1149:Tellus
1121:Casina
1091:of an
1085:patera
1017:Cicero
1006:Hearth
849:Silvia
802:Aeneas
788:Origin
773:Veskeí
728:Celtic
725:Gallic
721:Hestia
713:osathi
696:heuein
680:*h₁eu-
662:hestia
651:vestio
632:Hestia
624:Cicero
318:Hestia
312:, and
290:Saturn
238:family
236:, and
230:hearth
226:virgin
195:patera
178:Hestia
133:Saturn
106:Symbol
100:Donkey
81:, Rome
43:hearth
4365:Cella
4272:Varro
4252:Fasti
4225:Texts
4109:Terra
4089:Salus
4054:Fides
3983:Vesta
3973:Venus
3923:Pluto
3913:Orcus
3868:Liber
3856:Lares
3841:Janus
3826:Flora
3816:Fauna
3796:Diana
3786:Cupid
3776:Ceres
3655:Vesta
2904:Fasti
2768:Fasti
2563:Font.
2552:2, 21
2548:Ovid
2526:10, 4
2363:Terra
2153:Fasti
2140:Vesta
2123:Fasti
2078:Fasti
1969:Fasti
1872:Fasti
1804:Fasti
1625:near
1619:Tibur
1594:Lotis
1590:Fasti
1573:Fasti
1480:Manes
1396:– on
1338:lanas
1262:aedes
1232:Caere
1197:aedes
1153:Terra
1137:Janus
1130:limen
1107:limen
1037:Remus
1022:Mater
839:, or
806:Venus
770:Oscan
764:and *
750:Latin
717:Vesta
708:ustio
692:εὕειν
678:root
657:ἑστία
628:Vesta
380:votum
314:Ceres
306:Pluto
210:Vesta
163:Ceres
155:Pluto
86:Abode
35:Vesta
4501:Isis
4246:Ovid
4099:Spes
4084:Roma
3883:Mars
3878:Luna
3846:Juno
3801:Dies
3701:and
3634:ISBN
3615:ISBN
3592:ISBN
3562:ISBN
3543:ISBN
3524:ISBN
3505:ISBN
3469:ISBN
3366:ISBN
3347:ISBN
3323:ISBN
3304:ISBN
3285:ISBN
3266:ISBN
3247:ISBN
3206:ISBN
3178:ISBN
3159:ISBN
3140:ISBN
3108:ISBN
3073:ISBN
3050:ISBN
3017:ISBN
2998:ISBN
2979:ISBN
2764:Ovid
2641:1993
2550:Fas.
2524:Numa
2492:10,2
2490:Numa
2434:Livy
2292:Q.R.
2201:Ovid
2191:8.29
2189:Ecl.
2173:Aen.
2169:Ecl.
1965:Ovid
1868:Ovid
1838:22;
1801:Ovid
1617:and
1374:mola
1344:and
1330:The
1286:The
1224:Livy
1151:and
1035:and
979:lamp
853:Mars
832:").
740:god
731:visc
702:urit
614:Ovid
397:ludi
310:Juno
292:and
234:home
197:and
191:Nero
159:Juno
135:and
4074:Pax
3963:Sol
3908:Ops
3903:Nox
2954:in
2945:in
2934:in
2923:in
2912:in
2901:in
2890:in
2881:in
2872:in
2863:in
2854:in
2845:in
2836:in
2827:in
2565:48.
1446:is
1412:of
1226:: "
1214:of
998:).
924:ex
855:or
294:Ops
240:in
137:Ops
4573::
3492:15
3490:.
3486:.
3392:.
3234:18
3232:.
3157:.
3092:20
2766:,
2756:^
2733:,
2691:,
2606:^
2506:^
2469:^
2436:,
2374:^
2294:31
2290:,
2282:,
2260:^
2227:,
2215:30
2211:,
2203:,
2187:,
2167:,
2063:,
2029:^
1988:^
1967:,
1920:^
1891:^
1882:,
1870:,
1862:,
1842:,
1834:,
1674:^
1629:.
1613:,
1575::
1482:.
1384:.
1118:'
859:.
705:,
320:.
308:,
304:,
300:,
232:,
161:,
157:,
153:,
149:,
3720:)
3714:(
3691:e
3684:t
3677:v
3623:.
3604:.
3570:.
3551:.
3532:.
3513:.
3494:.
3477:.
3450:.
3426:.
3407:.
3374:.
3355:.
3331:.
3312:.
3293:.
3274:.
3255:.
3236:.
3214:.
3186:.
3167:.
3148:.
3120:.
3094:.
3081:.
3062:.
3025:.
3006:.
2987:.
2643:.
2315:(
1756:(
1502:.
1406:(
1336:(
986:"
890:'
660:(
602:e
595:t
588:v
356:)
352:(
217::
212:(
20:)
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