Vestal Virgin - Knowledge (XXG)

47: 896: 1556:– who in fact wanted her property. This relationship gave rise to rumours. Plutarch says: "And yet when he was further on in years, he was accused of criminal intimacy with Licinia, one of the Vestal virgins and Licinia was formally prosecuted by a certain Plotius. Now Licinia was the owner of a pleasant villa in the suburbs which Crassus wished to get at a low price, and it was for this reason that he was forever hovering about the woman and paying his court to her until he fell under the abominable suspicion. And in a way, it was his avarice that absolved him from the charge of corrupting the Vestal, and he was acquitted by the judges. But he did not let Licinia go until he had acquired her property." Licinia became a Vestal in 85 and remained a Vestal until 61. The Vestals Arruntia, Perpennia M. f., and Popillia attended the inauguration of Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Niger as Flamen Martialis in 69. Licinia, Crassus' relative, was also present. 1560: 1303:

triumphed?" Whether she said this in flattery or derision; whether it proceeded from a consciousness of her innocence or contempt of the emperor, is uncertain; but she continued exclaiming in this manner, til she came to the place of execution, to which she was led, whether innocent or guilty I cannot say, at all events with every appearance and demonstration of innocence. As she was being lowered down into the subterranean vault, her robe happening to catch upon something in the descent, she turned round and disengaged it, when, the executioner offering his assistance, she drew herself back with horror, refusing to be so much as touched by him, as though it were a defilement to her pure and unspotted chastity: still preserving the appearance of sanctity up to the last moment; and, among all the other instances of her modesty, "She took great care to fall with decency."

1901: 1294: 755:(store-room) and its contents; collecting ritually pure water from a sacred spring; preparing substances used in public rites, presiding at the Vestalia and attending other festivals. Vesta's temple was essentially the temple of all Rome and its citizens; it was open all day, by night it was closed but only to men. The Vestals regularly swept and cleansed Vesta's shrine, functioning as surrogate housekeepers, in a religious sense, for all of Rome, and maintaining and controlling the connections between Rome's public and private religion. So long as their bodies remained unpenetrated, the walls of Rome would remain intact. Their flesh belonged to Rome, and when they died, whatever the cause of their death, their bodies remained within the city's boundary. 983: 1757: 1865: 185: 559:, acting as the father of the bride, might arrange a marriage with a suitable Roman nobleman on behalf of the retired Vestal, but no literary accounts of such marriages have survived; Plutarch repeats a claim that "few have welcomed the indulgence, and that those who did so were not happy, but were a prey to repentance and dejection for the rest of their lives, thereby inspiring the rest with superstitious fears, so that until old age and death they remained steadfast in their virginity". Some Vestals preferred to renew their vows. Occia was vestal for 57 years between 38 BC and 19 AD. 1788: 1384: 994: 1883: 1134:, having lifted up his hands to heaven and uttered a secret prayer, opened the litter, led forth the culprit, and placing her on the steps of the ladder which gave access to the subterranean cell, delivered her over to the common executioner and his assistants, who conducted her down, drew up the ladder, and having filled the pit with earth until the surface was level with the surrounding ground, left her to perish deprived of all the tributes of respect usually paid to the spirits of the departed. 563: 923:. Unlike any other Roman women, they could make a will of their own volition, and dispose of their property without the sanction of a male guardian. They could give their property to women, something forbidden even to men, under Roman law. As they embodied the Roman state, Vestals could give evidence in trials without first taking the customary oath to the State. They had custody of important wills and state documents, which were presumably locked away in the 46: 736: 1188: 1756: 27: 703: 1339: 4495: 879:'s public-private, women-only rites at her Aventine temple. They were also present, in some capacity, at the Bona Dea's overnight, women-only December festival, hosted by the wife of Rome's senior magistrate; the magistrate himself was supposed to stay elsewhere for the occasion. On May 15, Vestals and pontiffs collected ritual straw figures called 1166:

displeasure. The end of the Roman monarchy and the beginnings of the Republic involved extreme social tensions between Rome and her neighbours, and competition for power and influence between Rome's aristocrats and the commoner majority. In 483 BC, during a period of social conflict between patricians and plebeians, the Vestal

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in the Sabine-Roman war, as a treasonous Vestal Virgin. Most Vestals named in Roman historical accounts are presented as examples of wrongdoing, threats to the well-being of the state, and punishment. While Tarpeia's status as a virgin is common to most accounts, her status as a vestal was likely the

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At the present day, too, it is a general belief, that our Vestal virgins have the power, by uttering a certain prayer, to arrest the flight of runaway slaves, and to rivet them to the spot, provided they have not gone beyond the precincts of the City. If then these opinions be once received as truth,

143:, a bloodless death that must seem voluntary. Their sexual partners, if known, were publicly beaten to death. These were infrequent events; most vestals retired with a generous pension and universal respect. They were then free to marry, though few of them did. Some appear to have renewed their vows. 1314:

were whipped and "put to death" for breaking their vows of celibacy, and that their offspring were to be thrown into the river. According to Livy, Rhea Silvia, mother of Romulus and Remus, had been forced to become a Vestal Virgin, and was chained and imprisoned when she gave birth. Dionysius also

1302:

As they were leading her to the place of execution, she called upon Vesta, and the rest of the gods, to attest her innocence; and, amongst other exclamations, frequently cried out, "Is it possible that Cæsar can think me polluted, under the influence of whose sacred functions he has conquered and

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man and woman, possibly to avert divine outrage at the ritual killing of the Vestal priestesses involved. According to Erdkamp, this may have also been intended to restore divine support for Rome's success on the battlefield, evidenced by later successful auguries. The initial charges against the

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Dionysius of Halicarnasus names Orbinia, a Vestal put to death in 471. Livy names a Vestal Postumia, tried for inchastity in 420, but acquitted with a warning to take her position more seriously: Minucia was put to death for inchastity in 337: and Sextilia, put to death for adultery in 273. Some

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If a Vestal died before her contracted term ended, potential replacements would be presented in the quarters of the chief Vestal to select the most virtuous. Unlike normal inductees, these candidates did not have to be prepubescent, nor even virgins; they could be young widows or even divorcees,

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for a minimum period of 30 years. A thirty-year commitment was divided into three-decade-long periods during which Vestals were respectively students, servants, and teachers. Vestals typically retired with a state pension in their late 30s to early 40s and thereafter were free to marry. The

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The laws of our ancestors provided for the Vestal virgins and the ministers of the gods a moderate maintenance and just privileges. This gift was preserved inviolate till the time of the degenerate moneychangers, who diverted the maintenance of sacred chastity into a fund for the payment of base

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Vesta's acolytes vowed to serve her for at least thirty years, study and practise her rites in service of the Roman State, and maintain their chastity throughout. In addition to their obligations on behalf of Rome, Vestals had extraordinary rights and privileges, some of which were granted to no

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Extinction of Vesta's sacred fire through Vestal negligence could be expiated by the scourging or beating of the offender, carried out "in the dark and through a curtain to preserve their modesty". The sacred fire could then be relit, using the correct rituals and the purest materials. Loss of

1326:

Postumia, though innocent according to Livy, was suspected and tried for unchastity on grounds of her immodest attire and over-familiar manner. Some Vestals were acquitted. Some cleared themselves through ordeals or miraculous deeds; in a celebrated case during the mid-Republic, the Vestal

1165:

are "extremely rare"; most took place during military or religious crisis. Some Vestals were probably used as scapegoats; their political alliances and alleged failure to observe oaths and duties were held to account for civil disturbances, wars, famines, plagues and other signs of divine

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Vestals are said to have committed suicide when accused; Caparronia did so in 266: essential trial details are often lacking. Livy states that two Vestals, Floronia and Opimia, were convicted of unchastity in 216. One committed suicide, the other was buried alive - he does not say which.

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insulted an aged Vestal, said to be the last of her kind. It is unclear from Zosimos's narrative whether Vesta's cult was still functioning, maintained by that single Vestal, or moribund. Cameron is skeptical of the entire tale, noting that Theodosius did not visit Rome in 394.

4189: 5011, found in Rome near the basilica of St. Saba, now in the Lapidary Gallery of the Vatican Museum. It is a dedicatory inscription on a little base, possibly of a statuette that was housed in the home of the same vestal on the Little Aventine. M. G. Granino Cecere, 1428:

were said to represent Vesta's fire; and the white, virginity, or sexual purity. The stola is associated with Roman citizen-matrons and Vestals, not with brides. This covering of the body by way of the gown and veils "signals the prohibitions that governed sexuality". The

673:. The chief Vestal was probably the most influential and independent of Rome's high priestesses, committed to maintaining several different cults, maintaining personal connections to her birth family, and cultivating the society of her equals among the Roman elite. The 1467:(veil) when travelling outdoors, performing public rites or offering sacrifices. Respectable matrons were also expected to wear veils in public. One who appeared in public without her veil could be thought to have repudiated her marriage, making herself "available". 1435:

communicates the message of "hands off" and asserts their virginity. The prescribed everyday hairstyle for Vestals, and for brides only on their wedding day, comprised six or seven braids; this was thought to date back to the most ancient of times. In 2013

480:, promoted the Vestals' moral reputation and presence at public functions, and restored several of their customary privileges that had fallen into abeyance. They were held in awe and attributed certain mysterious and supernatural powers and abilities. 1237:

by the three accused. Aemilia, who had supposedly incited the two others to follow her example, was condemned outright and put to death. Marcia, who was accused of only one offence, and Licinia, who was accused of many, were at first acquitted by the

933:; anyone who assaulted a Vestal was, in effect, assaulting an embodiment of Rome and its gods, and could be killed with impunity. As no magistrate held power over the Vestals, the lictors of magistrates who encountered a Vestal had to lower their 1900: 772:, head of his priestly college. His influence and status grew during the Republican era, and the religious post became an important, lifetime adjunct to the political power of the annually elected consulship. When Augustus became 1117:

and other badges of office, was scourged, was attired like a corpse, placed in a close litter, and borne through the forum attended by her weeping kindred, with all the ceremonies of a real funeral, to a rising ground called the

1843:, who lived and worked in Italy for seventeen years, became famous for meticulously researched images of Vestals in all aspects of their daily life and worship, making some thirty paintings of Vestals between 1863 and 1899. 845:

used by priests and priestesses to consecrate (dedicate to the gods) the animal victims offered in public sacrifices. The Vestals' activities thus provided a shared link to various public, and possibly some private cults.

107:

The Vestals were unlike any other public priesthood. They were chosen before puberty from several suitable candidates, freed from any legal ties and obligations to their birth family, and enrolled in Vesta's priestly

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Vestals could exploit their familial and social connections, as well as their unique, untouchable status and privileges, taking the role of patron and protector. Cicero describes how the Vestal Claudia, daughter of

618:(beloved), to be a Vestal priestess, who will carry out sacred rites which it is the law for a Vestal priestess to perform on behalf of the Roman people, on the same terms as her who was a Vestal 'on the best terms 579:

To obtain entry into the order, a girl had to be free of physical, moral, and mental defects, have two living parents, and be a daughter of a free-born resident of Rome. From at least the mid-Republican era, the

1501:, walked beside her father in his triumphal procession, to repulse a tribune of the plebs, who wanted to veto the triumph. Cicero also records a Vestal Fonteia, present during the trial of her brother in 69. 4410: 2360: 416:

Priesthoods with similar functions to the Vestals of Rome had an ancient and deeply embedded religious role in various surrounding Latin communities. According to Livy, the Vestals had pre-Roman origins at

630:

and Domitius Pollio offered their daughters as Vestal candidates in 19 AD to fill such a vacant position. Equally matched, Pollio's daughter was chosen only because Agrippa had been recently divorced. The

1036:("peace of the gods") was disrupted by some undetected impropriety, unnatural phenomenon or religious offence. Romans had a duty to report any suspected prodigies to the Senate, who in turn consulted the 1475:

From the institution of the Vestal priesthood to its abolition, an unknown number of Vestals held office. Some are named in Roman myth and history and some are of unknown date. The 1st-century BC author

1260:(216) and the end of the Republic (113–111), each was followed by a nameless, bloodless form of human sacrifice seemingly reserved for times of extreme crisis, supposedly at the recommendation of the 4264:

Inscription It. IV n. 213. Inscription on funerary monument discovered at Tivoli in July 1929. On the front, the name of the Vestal is incised within an oak wreath onto which adheres the sacred

1864: 1559: 1229:. The final accusations were justified by the death, in 114 BC, of Helvia, a virgin girl of equestrian family, killed by lightning while on horseback. The manner of her death was interpreted as a 1826:

environment of 18th century France, portraits of women as Vestals seem intended as fantasies of virtue infused with ironic eroticism. Later, Vestals became an image of republican virtue, as in

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festival, April 21, it was sprinkled on bonfires to purify shepherds and their flocks, and probably to ensure human and animal fertility in the Roman community. On May 1, Vestals officiated at

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so that at least one Vestal was stationed there at all times. Vestals who allowed the sacred fire to go out were punished with whipping. Vestals who lost their chastity were guilty of

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breached Rome's contract with the gods; she was a contradiction, a visible religious embarrassment. By ancient tradition, she must die, but she must seem to do so willingly, and her

1839:

Excavations in Rome and Pompeii, as well as translation of Latin sources, made Vestals a popular subject for artists in the 18th century and the 19th century. The French painter

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Vestals were permitted to see things forbidden to all other upper-class Roman women; from the time of Augustus on, they had reserved ring-side seating at public games, including

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as it became difficult to find patricians willing to commit their daughters to 30 years as a Vestal, and then ultimately even from the daughters of freedmen for the same reason.

403: 960:, who was empowered to enforce the Vestal's right-of-way; anyone who passed beneath the litter, or otherwise interfered with its passage, could be lawfully killed on the spot. 1810:

of England was portrayed holding a sieve to evoke Tuccia, the Vestal who proved her virtue by carrying water in a sieve. Tuccia herself had been a subject for artists such as

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and if it be admitted that the gods do listen to certain prayers, or are influenced by set forms of words, we are bound to conclude in the affirmative upon the whole question.

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on a captive Vestal, increased the number of Vestals to six; in the Imperial era, as attested by Plutarch, the college had six vestals at any given time. Claims by

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Saquete, José Carlos, "Las vírgenes vestales. Un sacerdocio femenino en la religión pública romana". Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 2000.

4408: 2399: 857:, and its unborn calf was reduced to ashes by the senior Vestal. The ashes were mixed with various substances, most notably the dried blood of the previous year's 1293: 3369:, Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 155. The accusations against Licinia included fraternal incest. She was a contemporary and possible political ally of the 807:– and a large, presumably wooden phallus, used in fertility rites and at least one triumphal procession, perhaps slung beneath the triumphal general's chariot. 4270:, knot of the order; with the name of the dedicant (L. Cossinius Electus, a relative, probably brother or nephew) on the lower margin. Cecere above p. 75. 3798: 1184:

Vestal, was tried, found guilty of unchastity and buried alive on the strength of her excessive and inappropriate love of dress, and the evidence of a slave.

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Wyrwińska. (2021). The Vestal Virgins' Socio-political Role and the Narrative of Roma Aeterna. Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa, 14(2), 127–151.

2146: 622:" (thus, with all the entitlements of a Vestal). As soon as she entered the atrium of Vesta's temple, she was under the goddess's service and protection. 1514: 1319:

instituted live burial as a punishment for Vestal unchastity, and inflicted it on the Vestal Pinaria; and that whipping with rods sometimes preceded the

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over the life and death of Vestals as "daughters of Rome", though this is inconsistent with their legal independence from their birth family's control.

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If Vesta's fire went out, Rome was no longer protected. Spontaneous extinction of the sacred flame for no apparent reason might be understood as a

4548: 1498: 163: 778:, and thus supervisor of all religion, he donated his house to the Vestals. Their sacred fire became his household fire, and his domestic gods ( 2439: 2296: 2043: 1579: 1085:. The city could not seem responsible for her death, and burial of the dead was anyway forbidden within the city's ritual boundary, so she was 699:

also held unique responsibility for certain religious rites, but each held office by virtue of their standing as the spouse of a male priest.

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to prove her innocence; Livy's epitomator (Per. 20) claims that she was condemned nevertheless but in all other sources she was acquitted.

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merely on the basis of various portents, and allegations that she neglected her Vestal duties. In 337 BC, Minucia, another possible first

4252: 4243: 4222: 4182: 4157: 4126: 3329: 2176: 1234: 1230: 1027: 948:, an enclosed, two-wheeled, horse-drawn carriage; some Roman sources remark on its likeness to the chariots used by Roman generals in 377: 274: 245: 97: 3299: 4473: 4465: 4328:

Kathleen Nicholson, "The Ideology of Feminine 'Virtue': The Vestal Virgin in French Eighteenth-Century Allegorical Portraiture," in

3595: 3339: 3269: 2980: 2851: 2769: 2742: 2722: 2675: 2648: 2619: 2592: 2551: 1972: 1419:(head-covering or fillet) with red and white ribbons, usually tied together behind the head and hanging loosely over the shoulders. 150:

confiscated the public revenues assigned to the cult of Vesta in Rome. Soon after, the Vestals vanished from the historical record.

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it was sacrilege which rendered the year barren, for it was necessary that all should lose that which they had denied to religion.

3491: 3213: 1290:, may have been an innocent victim. He describes how she sought to keep her dignity intact when she descended into the chamber: 4389: 1545: 1243: 2782: 4248: 4239: 4218: 4178: 4153: 4131: 4122: 421:, where a virgin daughter of the king, forced by her usurper uncle to become a Vestal, miraculously gave birth to twin boys, 235: 2108: 586:

chose Vestals by lot from a group of twenty high-born candidates at a gathering of their families and other Roman citizens.

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Temple as illegal and "against the will of the people". She may have fallen victim to the factional politics of the times.

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to determine whether the matter must be tried or dismissed. Expiation of prodigies usually involved a special sacrifice (

1988: 1395:, and with the formal dress of high-status Roman matrons (married citizen-women). Vestals and matrons wore a long linen 815:

Vesta's chief festival was the Vestalia, held in her temple from June 7 to June 15, and attended by matrons and bakers.

524: 370: 112:

of six priestesses. They were supervised by a senior vestal but chosen and governed by Rome's leading male priest, the

3577:, article in Smith, William, pp.1189‑1191 in "A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities", John Murray, London, 1875. 2266: 1787: 1518: 1383: 4519: 3808: 2098: 993: 853:

was a characteristically rustic, agricultural festival, in which a pregnant cow was sacrificed to the Earth-goddess

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and others that the college comprised seven vestals in the late 4th-century rest on "very unsatisfactory evidence".

433:

went on to found Rome. In the most widely accepted versions of Rome's beginnings the city's legendary second king,

4563: 1874: 1741: 1307: 786:) became their responsibility. This arrangement between Vestals and Emperor persisted throughout the Imperial era. 497: 4076: 3284:

Erdkamp, Paul, "War, Vestal Virgins, and Live Burials in the Roman Republic", in M. Dillon and C. Matthews, eds.,

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Two starkly different views by two French Academic painters of the Vestals in their front-rows seats at the Roman

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to execution by touching them, or merely being seen by them, as long as the encounter had not been pre-arranged.

536: 134: 4106: 3829:

Sebesta, Judith Lynn, Bonfante, Larissa (editors), "The World of Roman Costume: Wisconsin Studies in Classics",

1771: 3735:(University of Wisconsin Press, 2001), pp. 59–60 (on discrepancies of hairstyles in some Vestal portraits) 2413: 1392: 590: 367: 201: 109: 66: 4298:(University of California Press, 1985), p. 244 ; Robert Tittler, "Portraiture, Politics and Society," in 3112:

Parker, N., Holt, "Why were the Vestals Virgins? Or the Chastity of Women and the safety of the Roman State,"

2896: 2330: 2839: 2757: 2710: 2663: 2607: 2539: 1960: 1107:. That Vesta did not intervene to save her former protege was taken as further divine confirmation of guilt. 4553: 4426:

Parker, Holt N. "Why Were the Vestals Virgins? Or the Chastity of Women and the Safety of the Roman State",

4359: 3364: 2835: 2753: 2706: 2659: 2603: 2562:

Parker, Holt N. "Why Were the Vestals Virgins? Or the Chastity of Women and the Safety of the Roman State".

2535: 1956: 1602: 1553: 1534: 718: 20: 3768: 2690:. Cambridge, Massachusetts & London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007, pp. 223–224. 3715: 3189: 1850: 1477: 1128:

underground had been previously prepared, containing a couch, a lamp, and a table with a little food. The

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wheat). The three senior Vestals parched the grain to make it edible, and mixed it with salt, to make the

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Vestal tasks included the maintenance of their chastity, tending Vesta's sacred fire, guarding her sacred

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porters. A public famine ensued on this act, and a bad harvest disappointed the hopes of all the provinces

3917: 1001: 3994: 1206: 987: 796: 39: 4528: 2879:, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, pp. 223–224. 1632: 1596: 1356: 1125: 1012: 816: 374: 128: 2431: 2292: 2040: 1502: 1006: 548:

The Vestals were committed to the priesthood before puberty (when 6–10 years old) and sworn to

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The Vestals were a powerful and influential priesthood. Towards the end of the Republican era, when

4500: 4364: 1827: 1458: 1452: 1343: 670: 528: 517:

confiscated its revenues in 382 AD. The last epigraphically attested Vestal is Coelia Concordia, a

210: 562: 4568: 4054: 4024:

Rome's vestal virgins: a study of Rome's vestal priestesses in the late Republic and early Empire

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Rome's Vestal Virgins: A Study of Rome's Vestal Priestesses in the Late Republic and Early Empire

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Rome's Vestal Virgins: A Study of Rome's Vestal Priestesses in the Late Republic and Early Empire

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Rome's vestal virgins: a study of Rome's vestal priestesses in the late Republic and early Empire

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Rome's Vestal Virgins: A Study of Rome's Vestal Priestesses in the Late Republic and Early Empire

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Rome's Vestal Virgins: A Study of Rome's Vestal Priestesses in the Late Republic and Early Empire

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The House of the Vestals was the residence of the vestal priestesses in Rome. Located behind the

1316: 1205:

In 123 BC the gift of an altar, shrine and couch to the Bona Dea's Aventine temple by the Vestal

450: 279: 669:, "greatest of the Vestals") oversaw the work and morals of the Vestals and was a member of the 4246:= ILS 6244 on the base of an honorary statue, now irreparable. Possibly also mentioned in 2019:

The beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000 – 264 BC)

4469: 4461: 3647: 3591: 3335: 3313: 3265: 3156: 3079: 2976: 2880: 2847: 2765: 2738: 2718: 2691: 2671: 2644: 2615: 2588: 2547: 2495: 2383: 2201: 2172: 2128: 2022: 1968: 1910: 1853:" (1967) contains the lyrics "One of sixteen vestal virgins/ Who were leaving for the coast". 1549: 854: 735: 422: 315: 101: 4022: 3610:, Amberley Publishing, The Hill, Stroud, Gloucestershire, 2010, p.135, ISBN 978-1-84868-977-0 3512: 3437: 2999: 2934: 2453: 1323:, and that this was done to Urbinia in 471 BCE, in a time of pestilence and plebeian unrest. 1277:

Vestals concerned were almost certainly trumped up, and may have been politically motivated.

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Under the Papian Law of the 3rd century BCE, candidates for Vestal priesthoods had to be of

500:, who sought to maintain traditional Roman religion during the rise of Christianity, wrote: 426: 310: 295: 115: 1489:

mythographer's invention, to cast her lust, greed and treason in the worst possible light.

4414: 3752: 2047: 1398: 1362: 1261: 1257: 1247: 1218: 1187: 1082: 740: 567: 494: 481: 476:, the Vestals interceded on Caesar's behalf and gained him pardon. Caesar's adopted heir, 446: 438: 351: 1740:

Primigenia, Alban vestal of Bovillae who had forsaken her vows of celibacy, mentioned by

1650:

Inscriptions record the existence of Vestals in other locations than the centre of Rome.

3945: 4165: 3904: 3891: 2823: 1822:, and women who were arts patrons started having themselves painted as Vestals. In the 1616: 1592: 1564: 1480:, names the first four, probably legendary Vestals as Gegania, Veneneia, Canuleia, and 1437: 1017: 434: 320: 259: 92: 78: 4139:, now in the Lapidary Gallery of the Vatican Museums: it mentions the dedication of a 1409:, a rectangular female citizen's wrap, equivalent to the male citizen's semi-circular 429:; they survived their uncle's attempts to kill them through exposure or drowning, and 4537: 4226: 3991: 3864: 3702: 3659: 3485: 3382: 3209: 3149: 3099: 2427: 2395: 2279: 2014: 1840: 1791: 1779: 1372: 1267: 1196: 1149: 1104: 949: 858: 800: 712: 686: 469: 346: 325: 305: 140: 4342: 3374: 2002: 1967:, Volume I, illustrated, reprint, Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp.51-54, 323. 1846: 1667: 1626: 1522: 1210: 694: 532: 473: 300: 4480: 1505:, admitted to the order in 80 and made chief Vestal around 50, was half-sister of 4229:, now housed in the Palazzo Borghese at Pratica di Mare. Cecere above p. 72. 2910:

Inge Kroppenberg (2010) "Law, Religion, and Constitution of the Vestal Virgins",

2670:, Volume I, illustrated, reprint, Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 191, 382 2643:, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 14,15, 81–117, 230 (note 127) 1066:

chastity, however, represented a broken oath. It was permanent, irreversible; no

3933: 3442:. Vol. 1. Translated by Baker. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 22. 1807: 1688: 1062:) and the destruction of the "unnatural" object that had caused divine offence. 2546:, Volume I, illustrated, reprint, Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 51–53, 2192:

Conti, Stefano (2003). "Tra Integrazione ed Emarginazione: Le Ultime Vestali".

4490: 3856: 3745: 3091: 3058: 2919: 2846:, Volume I, illustrated, reprint, Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 51–54 2379: 2061: 1892: 1620: 1568: 1375:, "very large and exceptionally magnificent both in decoration and material". 1320: 1311: 930: 850: 840: 820: 612:

pointed to her and led her away from her parents with the words, "I take you,

445:

them as a collegiate priesthood. He then added a second pair. Rome's 6th King

418: 4349:, April 2008, Université de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, La Réunion, pp. 210-245. 3977: 3651: 3083: 2717:, Volume I, illustrated, reprint, Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp.53–54 2387: 2205: 513:

Dissolution of the Vestal College would have followed soon after the emperor

4136: 3958: 2258: 1823: 1819: 1763: 1706: 1606: 971: 904: 642: 26: 4399:

Kroppenberg, Inge, "Law, Religion and Constitution of the Vestal Virgins,"

702: 4050: 2614:, Volume I, illustrated, reprint, Cambridge University Press, 1998, p. 51 1338: 4072: 3803: 3404: 3378: 2764:, Volume I, illustrated, reprint, Cambridge University Press, 1998, p.53 2010: 1803: 1710: 1661: 1506: 1287: 1246:(consul 127), and condemned to death in 113. The prosecution offered two 1239: 1224: 1181: 1171: 1153: 1092: 1057: 952:. Otherwise, the Vestals seem to have travelled in a one-seat, curtained 876: 638: 549: 477: 442: 230: 3642: 3524:

Le délit religieux dans la cité antique. Actes de la table ronde de Rome

3011:

Le délit religieux dans la cité antique. Actes de la table ronde de Rome

2946:

Le délit religieux dans la cité antique. Actes de la table ronde de Rome

2465:

Le délit religieux dans la cité antique. Actes de la table ronde de Rome

4451:

From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins: Sex and Category in Roman Religion

4140: 4058: 3370: 3118:

From Good Goddess to Vestal Virgins: Sex and Category in Roman Religion

2571: 2490: 1481: 1387:

Statue of the Vestal Virgin Flavia Publicia in the House of the Vestals

1192: 872: 783: 750: 680: 626:

though that was frowned upon and thought unlucky. Tacitus recounts how

514: 458: 449:, who was also said to have been miraculously fathered by the fire-god 430: 147: 3769:"On Pins and Needles: Stylist Turns Ancient Hairdo Debate on Its Head" 3694: 1332: 758:

The Vestals acknowledged one of their number as senior authority, the

3973: 1538: 1328: 1124:

just within the city walls, close to the Colline gate. There a small

957: 900: 706: 254: 225: 189: 53: 2169:

Borderline Virginities: Sacred and Secular Virgins in Late Antiquity

1461:

and wife to his high priest. Vestals wore a white, purple-bordered

1250:

in support of the final verdicts. Of the three Vestals executed for

3686: 3633: 3075: 4012:(American Philological Association, 1952), vol. 2, pp. 24–25. 3718:

454 in the edition of Lindsay, as cited by Robin Lorsch Wildfang,

1786: 1558: 1382: 1337: 1292: 1186: 1167: 1111:

When condemned by the college of pontifices, was stripped of her

992: 981: 894: 884: 880: 834: 830: 779: 734: 701: 594: 561: 465: 454: 269: 264: 215: 45: 25: 3673:

Beard, Mary (1980-01-01). "The Sexual Status of Vestal Virgins".

823:

and on September 13, the three youngest Vestals reaped unripened

641:) "consoled" the failed candidate with a dowry of 1 million 4343:"Hector Leroux (1829-1900). Un peintre du XIXe voué à l'Antique" 3481: 3433: 3205: 3185: 2006: 1983: 1713:, as commemorated by her father, Q. Caecilius Papion. The title 1610: 1410: 1273: 883:

from stations along Rome's city boundary and cast them into the

804: 986:

Early 18th-century depiction of the dedication of a Vestal, by

4304:

Learned Queen: The Image of Elizabeth I in Politics and Poetry

2994: 2992: 2901:, 10.5, translation, Loeb edition, 1914, University of Chicago 2335:, 10.1, translation, Loeb edition, 1914, University of Chicago 2262: 1310:

claims that long before Rome's foundation, Vestals at ancient

956:, or possibly on foot. In every case, they were preceded by a 709:

of the Vestal Virgins at a banquet, found in 1935 near Rome's

1664:

whose brother was probably the L. Manlius Severus named as a

1089:

in an underground chamber within the city's ritual boundary (

4442:

Sawyer, Deborah F. "Magna Mater and the Vestal Virgins." In

2318:

Portraits of the Vestal Virgins, Priestesses of Ancient Rome

3731:

Laetitia La Follette, "The Costume of the Roman Bride", in

3328:

Lightman, Marjorie; Lightman, Benjamin (17 December 2018).

3300:"Roman Women: The Women who influenced the History of Rome" 1440:

recreated the hairstyle of the vestals on a modern person.

974:

contests, and stage-side seats at theatrical performances.

789:

The Vestals guarded various sacred objects kept in Vesta's

739:

The most prominent feature of the ruins that were once the

679:

Occia presided over the Vestals for 57 years, according to

3552:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 1055. 1443:

High-status brides were veiled in the same saffron-yellow

1072:

or expiation could restore it or compensate for its loss.

907:

and Vestals before the Temple of Vesta (early 3rd century)

4516:

Houghton, Mifflin and Company, Boston and New York, 1898.

4360:"Behind the Song: Procol Harum, "A Whiter Shade Of Pale"" 2975:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 143. 2526:. The University of North Carolina Press, 2006, pp. 80–81 2123:

Pliny the Elder (translated by Bostock and Riley, 1855),

3051: 3049: 2804:. London: John Murray – via University of Chicago. 2513:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016, pp. 47–48 104:, virgin goddess of Rome's sacred hearth and its flame. 2814:

Andrew B. Gallia. "Vestal Virgins and Their Families".

2361:"Law, religion, and constitution of the Vestal virgins" 2320:, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbour, 2015, p. 34 2259:"Ancient Rome's maidens – who were the Vestal Virgins?" 2089:, John Murray, London, 1875, p. 1189: Ramsay is citing 1391:

Vestal costume had elements in common with high-status

1142:

of a guilty Vestal was publicly beaten to death by the

523:

who in 385 AD erected a statue to the deceased pontiff

4430:, Vol. 125, No. 4. (2004), pp. 563–601. 4296:

Monuments and Maidens: The Allegory of the Female Form

3286:

Religion and Classical Warfare. II: The Roman Republic

3258:

Beard, Mary; North, John; Price, Simon (9 July 1998).

1548:

was supposedly courted by her kinsman, the so-called "

1170:, perhaps the earliest of several historic Vestals of 917:– "sovereign over themselves", answerable only to the 606:(capture). Once a girl was chosen to be a Vestal, the 4135: 6190, found in 1728 at the XI mile of the 3799:"Ancient Rome's hairdo for vestal virgins re-created" 2630:

Parker, "Why Were the Vestals Virgins?" 2004, p. 568.

2442:

from the original on 2012-12-03 – via STOA.org.

1484:. Varro and others also portray Tarpeia, daughter of 764:, but all were ultimately under the authority of the 4524:

in Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities

4382:

Beard, Mary, "The Sexual Status of Vestal Virgins,"

3620:

Gallia, Andrew B. (2014-07-01). "The Vestal Habit".

2511:

A Place at the Altar. Priestesses in Republican Rome

1802:

The Vestals were used as models of female virtue in

1213:. In 114 Licinia and two of her colleagues, Vestals 963:

Vestals could also free or pardon condemned persons

16:

Priestesses of the Roman goddess of the hearth Vesta

4444:

Women and Religion in the First Christian Centuries

3468:

The Roman Antiquities of Dionysius of Halicarnassus

3454:

The Roman Antiquities of Dionysius of Halicarnassus

3420:

The Roman Antiquities of Dionysius of Halicarnassus

2354: 2352: 2350: 1413:. A Vestal's hair was bound into a white, priestly 1209:"without the people's approval" was refused by the 3148: 3059:"Polybius, the Gallic Crisis, and the Ebro Treaty" 3057: 2971:Culham, Phyllis (2014). Flower, Harriet I. (ed.). 1672:in a funerary inscription. Mommsen thought he was 942:The Vestals had unique, exclusive rights to use a 4282:The Religious World of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus 3762: 3760: 4514:Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries. 4396:, American Philological Association (1952–1986). 4164: 4942 presently no longer reperible in the 4037:Lewis, R. G. (2001). "Catalina and the Vestal". 3318:, Routledge/Taylor & Francis, 2007, p. 93ff. 3116:, 125, (2004) p.586. See also Staples, Ariadne, 2524:Women's Religious Activity in the Roman Republic 2064:. Letter to Emperor Valentianus. Newadvent.org. 1595:(1st century), vestal under Tiberius, sister of 1342:A reconstruction of the House of the Vestals by 4481:https://doi.org/10.4467/20844131KS.21.011.13519 3471:, Loeb Classical Library, 1937, Book 1X, 40–41. 2097:V.31, cf. Symmachus and the remarks of Lipsius 1371:was a three-storey building at the foot of the 1300: 1109: 502: 486: 120:; in the Imperial era, this meant the emperor. 3238:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWildfang2006 ( 19:"Vestals" redirects here. For other uses, see 4332:(Manchester University Press, 1997), p. 58ff. 4027:, Routledge/Taylor & Francis, 2007, p. 96 3366:The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic 2973:The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic 2085:Ramsay, William, 'Vestales', Smith, William, 397: 8: 4196: 4190: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3021: 3015: 3009: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2929: 2927: 2475: 2469: 2463: 1719:means at Lavinium the Vestals were only two. 1689: 1331:, accused of unchastity, carried water in a 1280:Pliny the Younger believed that Cornelia, a 743:is the hearth (seen here in the foreground). 720: 4421:Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities 4265: 3843:Neal, Jaclyn (2019). "Tarpeia the Vestal". 3514: 3490:. Vol. 4. Marquette University. 4.44. 3457:, Loeb Classical Library, 1937, Book 3, 68. 3423:, Loeb Classical Library, 1937, Book 1, 78. 3377:had annulled her attempted rededication of 3137:, John Murray, London, 1875, pp. 1189–1191. 3135:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities 3001: 2936: 2801:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities 2455: 2087:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities 1931: 1732: 1723: 1714: 1700: 1682: 1678:of Rome, but this is not considered likely. 1673: 1665: 1655: 1526: 1462: 1450: 1444: 1430: 1423: 1414: 1404: 1396: 1366: 1281: 1265: 1251: 1222: 1175: 1160: 1143: 1129: 1119: 1112: 1098: 1090: 1076: 1067: 1055: 1049: 1043: 1037: 1031: 943: 934: 924: 918: 912: 866: 838: 824: 790: 773: 765: 759: 748: 710: 692: 684: 674: 664: 658: 649: 632: 613: 607: 601: 581: 554: 518: 132: 113: 86: 51: 31: 4544:390s disestablishments in the Roman Empire 4435:A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome 4096:Broughton, vol. II, pp. 135-137 (note 14). 3302:. Fonthill Media – via Google Books. 2145:. The Letters of Ambrose. Tertullian.org. 1641:(4th century), the last head of the order. 1509:(Cicero's first wife), and full sister of 441:, appointed its first pair of Vestals and 404: 390: 157: 4446:, 119–129. London: Routledge Press, 1996. 3744:"Recreating the Vestal Virgin Hairstyle" 3641: 3536:Publications de l'École française de Rome 3023:Publications de l'École française de Rome 2958:Publications de l'École française de Rome 2477:Publications de l'École française de Rome 1525:of that name. In 73 she was acquitted of 1264:; the living burial or immurement in the 4302:(Blackwell, 2007), p. 454; Linda Shenk, 3363:Phyllis Cunham, in Harriet Flower (ed), 3233: 3151:Oxford Companion to Classical Literature 2091:Mémoires de l'Académie des Inscriptiones 58:depicting a seated Vestal Virgin marked 4214:Virgo maior regia Laurentium Lavinatium 3406:Letters. XLIII. To Cornelius Minicianus 3331:A to Z of Ancient Greek and Roman Women 1949: 1923: 1860: 1752: 1521:; she was probably mother of the later 803:which had supposedly been brought from 484:tacitly accepted these powers as fact: 359: 333: 287: 243: 199: 173: 4460:. Oxford: Routledge, 2006 (hardcover, 4433:Samuel Ball Platner and Thomas Ashby, 3288:, Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 2020, p.9 3261:Religions of Rome: Volume 1, A History 1907:Portrait of a Woman as a Vestal Virgin 1580:National Archaeological Museum, Athens 1286:buried alive on the orders of emperor 4394:The Magistrates of the Roman Republic 4010:The Magistrates of the Roman Republic 3548:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Vesta", 3043:L'Erma di Bretschneider, 2003, p. 41. 3039:, p. 51; Rasmussen, Susanne William, 2231: 2219: 819:claims that during the Vestalia, the 600:The choosing ceremony was known as a 91: 7: 3565:, I.1.7; Dionysus of Halicarnassus, 2818:, vol. 34, no. 1, 2015, pp. 74–120. 1930:This might reflect his authority as 1778:), and the Vestals in a painting by 1365:(which housed the sacred fire), the 1195:, fragment of a relief found on the 341: 127:The Vestals took turns to supervise 33: 3175:Quotation from Cornell, 1981, p. 27 3041:Public Portents in Republican Rome, 1871:Sieve Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I 1699:Caecilia Philete, a senior virgin ( 1687:, chief Vestal Virgin of the Alban 1684:virgo vestalis maxima arcis Albanae 1567:, a vestal virgin whom the emperor 1221:, were accused of multiple acts of 4386:, Vol. 70, (1980), pp. 12–27. 4306:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), p. 13. 3767:Pesta, Abigail (7 February 2013). 3573:, IV.11; cited in William Ramsay, 3037:Roman Religion in Valerius Maximus 2787:. University of Chicago. i.19, 38. 2641:The Neighborhoods of Augustan Rome 1623:married amid considerable scandal. 535:visited Rome in 394 AD, his niece 378:Glossary of ancient Roman religion 14: 3831:The University of Wisconsin Press 3807:. 10 January 2013. Archived from 3779:from the original on 6 April 2018 3563:Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium 2566:, vol. 125, no. 4, 2004, p. 568. 2564:The American Journal of Philology 146:In 382 AD, the Christian emperor 30:2nd-century AD Roman statue of a 4493: 3833:, 1994, p.49, isbn 9780299138509 1899: 1881: 1863: 1755: 1272:of a Greek man and woman, and a 593:birth. Membership was opened to 183: 4407:, 3, 2010, pp. 418 – 439. 4330:Portraiture: Facing the Subject 3494:from the original on 2012-09-15 3216:from the original on 2012-09-14 2299:from the original on 2012-12-03 2269:from the original on 2012-10-01 2149:from the original on 2012-08-12 2068:from the original on 2012-10-22 1806:portraiture of the later West. 1782:, c. 1890 (private collection). 1573: 1244:Lucius Cassius Longinus Ravilla 4549:Ancient Roman religious titles 3373:brothers. In 123 BCE the 3298:Chrystal, Paul (17 May 2017). 3264:. Cambridge University Press. 3212:. Marquette University. 8.15. 2257:Lutwyche, Jayne (2012-09-07). 1422:The red ribbons of the Vestal 236:Quindecimviri sacris faciundis 1: 4428:American Journal of Philology 3722:(Routledge, 2006), p. 54 3114:American Journal of Philology 2278:Lutwyche is citing Professor 2021:, Routledge, 1995. pp. 57-63 1798:, by 1900, private collection 1731:Cossinia L(ucii) f(iliae), a 1537:. The case was prosecuted by 425:. The twins were fathered by 4384:The Journal of Roman Studies 4300:A Companion to Tudor Britain 4255:. Cecere above p. 73–74 3877:Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 3845:The Journal of Roman Studies 3675:The Journal of Roman Studies 3569:. II.68; Pliny the Younger, 3056:Eckstein, Arthur M. (2012). 2826:. Accessed 13 December 2022. 2781:Dionysius of Halicarnassus. 2574:. Accessed 16 December 2022. 2125:The Natural History of Pliny 1815: 1681:Flavia (or Valeria) Vera, a 1619:(3rd century), whom Emperor 1517:who later married her niece 978:Prosecutions and punishments 525:Vettius Agorius Praetextatus 4529:House of the Vestal Virgins 4347:Journée de l'Antiquité 2008 3155:. Oxford University Press. 2438:. Vol. 1. p. 12. 2344:Broughton, vol. II, p. 395. 2143:"The Memorial of Symmachus" 1768:Pollice Verso (Thumbs Down) 1315:writes that the Roman king 4585: 3733:The World of Roman Costume 3608:Roman Clothing and Fashion 3513:"Some observations on the 3394:Broughton, vol. I, p. 534. 3120:, Routledge, (1998), p.133 3000:"Some observations on the 2935:"Some observations on the 2454:"Some observations on the 2359:Kroppenberg, Inge (2010). 2093:. vol. IV p.167; Ambrose, 1875:Quentin Metsys the Younger 1660:, a chief Alban Vestal at 1354: 1308:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 1083:blood could not be spilled 50:1st-century BC (43–39 BC) 18: 4341:Couëlle, Colombe (2008). 4198:Studi di epigrafia latina 4191: 4021:Wildfang, Robin Lorsch, 3857:10.1017/S0075435819000911 3535: 3344:– via Google Books. 3274:– via Google Books. 3035:Mueller, Hans-Friedrich, 3022: 2957: 2920:10.1525/lal.2010.22.3.418 2476: 2380:10.1525/lal.2010.22.3.418 2171:. Routledge. p. 32. 1174:family, was executed for 865:. The mixture was called 566:House of the Vestals and 4508:Rodolfo Lanciani (1898) 4456:Wildfang, Robin Lorsch. 3787:– via www.wsj.com. 3527:(6–7 April 1978). Rome: 3354:Erdkamp, 2020, pp. 22-25 3312:Wildfang, Robin Lorsch, 3147:Howatson, M. C. (1989). 3133:, in Smith, William, in 3014:(6–7 April 1978). Rome: 2949:(6–7 April 1978). Rome: 2733:Wildfang, R. L. (2006), 2583:Wildfang, R. L. (2006), 2468:(6–7 April 1978). Rome: 2414:University of Regensburg 2293:"Life of Numa Pompilius" 2167:Undheim, Sissel (2017). 1796:Inauguration of a Vestal 1725:Virgo Vestalis Tiburtium 1191:Vestal from the time of 1103:("Evil Field") near the 368:Religion in ancient Rome 139:, and were sentenced to 124:others, male or female. 4390:Broughton, T. Robert S. 4280:Mitchell, Jill (2021). 4079:. University of Chicago 4039:The Classical Quarterly 3586:Wildfang, R. L. (2006) 3550:Encyclopædia Britannica 3530:École Française de Rome 3334:. Infobase Publishing. 3017:École Française de Rome 2952:École Française de Rome 2824:10.1525/ca.2015.34.1.74 2471:École Française de Rome 1605:(1st century), said by 1554:Marcus Licinius Crassus 1544:The 1st century Vestal 1535:Lucius Sergius Catilina 1499:Appius Claudius Pulcher 1297:Cornelia entombed alive 1075:A Vestal who committed 21:Vestal (disambiguation) 4510:"The Fall of a Vestal" 4419:Peck, Harry Thurston, 4317:Monuments and Maidens, 4266: 4197: 3529: 3523: 3515: 3016: 3010: 3002: 2951: 2945: 2937: 2866:, Volume I, pp. 51–54 2798:William Smith (1875). 2470: 2464: 2456: 2247:(Oxford UP), pp. 46–47 2038:Life of Numa Pompilius 1932: 1851:A Whiter Shade of Pale 1799: 1744:in two of his letters. 1733: 1724: 1715: 1701: 1690: 1683: 1674: 1666: 1656: 1609:to have been raped by 1583: 1527: 1463: 1451: 1445: 1431: 1424: 1415: 1405: 1397: 1388: 1367: 1347: 1305: 1298: 1282: 1266: 1252: 1242:, but were retried by 1223: 1202: 1176: 1161: 1144: 1136: 1130: 1120: 1113: 1099: 1091: 1077: 1068: 1056: 1050: 1044: 1038: 1032: 1023: 998:In the Temple of Vesta 990: 944: 935: 925: 919: 913: 911:Vestals were lawfully 908: 903:depicting the emperor 887:, to purify the city. 867: 839: 825: 791: 774: 766: 760: 749: 744: 727: 721: 711: 693: 685: 675: 665: 659: 650: 633: 628:Gaius Fonteius Agrippa 614: 608: 602: 582: 571: 555: 519: 511: 491: 133: 114: 87: 82: 62: 52: 43: 32: 4458:Rome's Vestal Virgins 4284:. Trivent Publishing. 4192:"Vestali non di Roma" 2875:Beard, Mary (2007), 1790: 1562: 1403:over a white woollen 1386: 1341: 1296: 1190: 1030:, a warning that the 996: 988:Alessandro Marchesini 985: 898: 738: 705: 660:Virgo Vestalis Maxima 565: 520:Virgo Vestalis Maxima 342:Virgo Vestalis Maxima 129:Vesta's sacred hearth 49: 40:National Roman Museum 34:Virgo Vestalis Maxima 29: 4559:Gendered occupations 3590:, Routledge, p. 54. 3409:The Harvard Classics 3020:, 1981. pp. 27-37. ( 2912:Law & Literature 2368:Law & Literature 2295:. Stoa.org. 9.5–10. 1857:Portraits as Vestals 1722:Saufeia Alexandria, 1597:Gaius Junius Silanus 1357:House of the Vestals 1351:House of the Vestals 1248:Sibylline prophecies 731:Duties and festivals 375:Gallo-Roman religion 93:[wɛsˈtaːlɪs] 4501:Ancient Rome portal 4365:American Songwriter 4204:2003 p. 70-71. 4051:10.1093/cq/51.1.141 3773:Wall Street Journal 3622:Classical Philology 3403:Pliny the Younger, 3064:Classical Philology 2816:Classical Antiquity 2316:Lindner, Molly M., 2245:Last Pagans of Rome 2017:: see Cornell, T., 1828:Jacques-Louis David 1657:virgo Albana maxima 1578:) forced to marry ( 1138:If discovered, the 1002:Constantin Hölscher 929:. Their person was 833:wheat, or possibly 671:College of Pontiffs 493:The 4th-century AD 468:included the young 231:Septemviri epulonum 4449:Staples, Ariadne, 4413:2012-04-25 at the 4401:Law and Literature 4006:T. R. S. Broughton 3811:on 2 November 2017 3751:2016-12-13 at the 3606:Croom, Alexandra, 3561:Valerius Maximus, 2737:, Routledge, p.14 2587:, Routledge, p.17 2141:Ambrose of Milan. 2046:2012-12-03 at the 1812:Jacopo del Sellaio 1800: 1776:Phoenix Art Museum 1737:of Tibur (Tivoli). 1635:(mid-3rd century). 1584: 1393:Roman bridal dress 1389: 1348: 1317:Tarquinius Priscus 1299: 1203: 1159:Trials for Vestal 1024: 991: 914:personae sui iuris 909: 745: 728: 657:The chief Vestal ( 572: 437:, built its first 280:Sodales Augustales 244:Other colleges or 63: 44: 4564:Vesta (mythology) 4453:, Routledge, 1998 4077:"Life of Crassus" 3244:, citing Cicero, 3210:"History of Rome" 3162:978-0-19-866121-4 3129:Ramsay, William, 2885:978-0-674-02613-1 2877:The Roman Triumph 2864:Religions of Rome 2844:Religions of Rome 2784:Roman Antiquities 2762:Religions of Rome 2715:Religions of Rome 2696:978-0-674-02613-1 2688:The Roman Triumph 2668:Religions of Rome 2612:Religions of Rome 2544:Religions of Rome 2127:, Volume 5, 2062:"Letter #18" 2027:978-0-415-01596-7 1965:Religions of Rome 1911:Angelica Kauffman 1833:The Vestal Virgin 1820:Joannes Stradanus 1563:Bronze statue of 1121:Campus Sceleratus 1100:Campus Sceleratus 570:from the Palatine 531:claims that when 453:or the household 423:Romulus and Remus 414: 413: 316:Flamen Quirinalis 4576: 4503: 4498: 4497: 4496: 4370: 4369: 4356: 4350: 4339: 4333: 4326: 4320: 4313: 4307: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4277: 4271: 4269: 4262: 4256: 4236: 4230: 4211: 4205: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4175: 4169: 4150: 4144: 4119: 4113: 4103: 4097: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4084: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4034: 4028: 4019: 4013: 4003: 3997: 3989: 3983: 3971: 3965: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3930: 3924: 3914: 3908: 3901: 3895: 3888: 3882: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3840: 3834: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3795: 3789: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3764: 3755: 3742: 3736: 3729: 3723: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3645: 3617: 3611: 3604: 3598: 3584: 3578: 3559: 3553: 3546: 3540: 3538: 3537: 3533:, 1981. p. 28. ( 3532: 3526: 3518: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3500: 3499: 3478: 3472: 3464: 3458: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3430: 3424: 3416: 3410: 3401: 3395: 3392: 3386: 3361: 3355: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3325: 3319: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3295: 3289: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3236:, pp. 92–93 3231: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3221: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3182: 3176: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3154: 3144: 3138: 3127: 3121: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3061: 3053: 3044: 3033: 3027: 3025: 3024: 3019: 3013: 3005: 2996: 2987: 2986: 2968: 2962: 2960: 2959: 2955:, 1981. p. 38. ( 2954: 2948: 2940: 2931: 2922: 2914:, 22:3, p. 420, 2908: 2902: 2893: 2887: 2873: 2867: 2860: 2854: 2833: 2827: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2778: 2772: 2751: 2745: 2731: 2725: 2704: 2698: 2684: 2678: 2657: 2651: 2639:Lott, John. B., 2637: 2631: 2628: 2622: 2601: 2595: 2581: 2575: 2560: 2554: 2533: 2527: 2522:Schultz, C. E., 2520: 2514: 2509:DiLuzio, M. J., 2507: 2501: 2500: 2487: 2481: 2479: 2478: 2473: 2467: 2459: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2432:"Vestal Virgins" 2424: 2418: 2417: 2411: 2410: 2404: 2398:. 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775:pontifex maximus 771: 768:pontifex maximus 763: 754: 724: 716: 698: 690: 687:Flaminica Dialis 678: 668: 666:Vestalium Maxima 662: 653: 636: 634:pontifex maximus 621: 617: 611: 605: 585: 583:pontifex maximus 558: 556:pontifex maximus 522: 508: 406: 399: 392: 347:Flaminica Dialis 311:Flamen Martialis 296:Pontifex maximus 187: 178: 169: 166: 158: 138: 119: 116:Pontifex maximus 95: 90: 61: 57: 37: 4584: 4583: 4579: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4574: 4573: 4534: 4533: 4499: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4415:Wayback Machine 4379: 4377:Further reading 4374: 4373: 4358: 4357: 4353: 4340: 4336: 4327: 4323: 4314: 4310: 4294:Marina Warner, 4293: 4289: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4263: 4259: 4237: 4233: 4212: 4208: 4176: 4172: 4151: 4147: 4143:by her brother. 4120: 4116: 4104: 4100: 4095: 4091: 4082: 4080: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4036: 4035: 4031: 4020: 4016: 4004: 4000: 3990: 3986: 3972: 3968: 3956: 3952: 3944: 3940: 3931: 3927: 3915: 3911: 3902: 3898: 3889: 3885: 3876: 3872: 3842: 3841: 3837: 3828: 3824: 3814: 3812: 3797: 3796: 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373: 352:Regina sacrorum 260:Fratres Arvales 195: 177:of ancient Rome 176: 174: 164: 161: 156: 59: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4582: 4580: 4572: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4554:Vestal Virgins 4551: 4546: 4536: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4526: 4517: 4512:Chapter 6, in 4505: 4504: 4488: 4487:External links 4485: 4484: 4483: 4477: 4454: 4447: 4440: 4437: 4431: 4424: 4417: 4397: 4387: 4378: 4375: 4372: 4371: 4351: 4334: 4321: 4308: 4287: 4272: 4257: 4231: 4206: 4170: 4166:palazzo Mattei 4145: 4114: 4098: 4089: 4064: 4045:(1): 141–149. 4029: 4014: 3998: 3984: 3966: 3950: 3946:Livy, xxii. 57 3938: 3925: 3909: 3896: 3883: 3870: 3835: 3822: 3790: 3756: 3737: 3724: 3708: 3687:10.2307/299553 3665: 3634:10.1086/676291 3628:(3): 222–240. 3612: 3599: 3579: 3554: 3541: 3516:crimen incesti 3511:Cornell, Tim. 3504: 3473: 3459: 3445: 3425: 3411: 3396: 3387: 3356: 3347: 3340: 3320: 3305: 3290: 3277: 3270: 3250: 3226: 3197: 3177: 3168: 3161: 3139: 3122: 3105: 3092:10.1086/665622 3076:10.1086/665622 3070:(3): 214–217. 3045: 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1349: 979: 976: 939:in deference. 899:Reverse of an 892: 889: 812: 809: 799:– a statue of 732: 729: 719:Museum of the 654: 647: 576: 573: 545: 542: 435:Numa Pompilius 412: 411: 409: 408: 401: 394: 386: 383: 382: 381: 380: 362: 361: 360:Related topics 357: 356: 355: 354: 349: 344: 336: 335: 331: 330: 329: 328: 323: 321:Rex Nemorensis 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 290: 289: 285: 284: 283: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 249: 248: 241: 240: 239: 238: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 205: 204: 197: 196: 188: 180: 179: 171: 170: 155: 152: 71:Vestal Virgins 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4581: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4518: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4506: 4502: 4491: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4475: 4474:0-415-39796-0 4471: 4468:; paperback, 4467: 4466:0-415-39795-2 4463: 4459: 4455: 4452: 4448: 4445: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4429: 4425: 4422: 4418: 4416: 4412: 4409: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4395: 4391: 4388: 4385: 4381: 4380: 4376: 4367: 4366: 4361: 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1889:Vestal Virgin 1884: 1879: 1876: 1872: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1842: 1841:Hector Leroux 1837: 1835: 1834: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1797: 1793: 1792:Hector Leroux 1789: 1781: 1780:Hector Leroux 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1717: 1712: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1685: 1680: 1676: 1670: 1669: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1645: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1530: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1471:Named Vestals 1470: 1468: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1454: 1447: 1441: 1439: 1433: 1426: 1420: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1401: 1400: 1394: 1385: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1373:Palatine Hill 1369: 1364: 1358: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1295: 1291: 1289: 1284: 1278: 1275: 1270: 1269: 1268:Forum Boarium 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During the 869: 864: 860: 859:October horse 856: 852: 847: 843: 842: 836: 832: 827: 822: 818: 810: 808: 806: 802: 801:Pallas Athene 798: 793: 787: 785: 781: 776: 770: 769: 762: 756: 753: 752: 742: 737: 730: 725: 723: 715: 714: 713:Via del Corso 708: 704: 700: 697: 696: 689: 688: 682: 677: 672: 667: 661: 652: 648: 646: 644: 640: 635: 629: 623: 616: 610: 604: 598: 596: 592: 587: 584: 574: 569: 564: 560: 557: 551: 543: 541: 538: 534: 530: 526: 521: 516: 510: 501: 499: 496: 495:urban prefect 490: 485: 483: 479: 475: 474:proscriptions 471: 470:Julius Caesar 467: 462: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 407: 402: 400: 395: 393: 388: 387: 385: 384: 379: 376: 372: 371:Imperial cult 369: 366: 365: 364: 363: 358: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 339: 338: 337: 332: 327: 326:Curio maximus 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 306:Flamen Dialis 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 293: 292: 291: 286: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 252: 251: 250: 247: 242: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 208: 207: 206: 203: 198: 194: 191: 186: 182: 181: 172: 167: 160: 159: 153: 151: 149: 144: 142: 141:living burial 137: 136: 130: 125: 121: 118: 117: 111: 105: 103: 99: 94: 89: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 56: 55: 48: 41: 36: 35: 28: 22: 4521: 4513: 4457: 4450: 4443: 4434: 4427: 4420: 4404: 4400: 4393: 4383: 4363: 4354: 4346: 4337: 4329: 4324: 4316: 4311: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4290: 4281: 4275: 4260: 4247: 4238: 4234: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4201: 4186: 4177: 4173: 4161: 4152: 4148: 4130: 4121: 4117: 4107: 4101: 4092: 4081:. 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