730:
societies without modern medicine. This function is potentially a selective force for the evolution and maintenance of the appendix. Three morphotypes of cecal-appendices can be described among mammals based primarily on the shape of the cecum: a distinct appendix branching from a rounded or sac-like cecum (as in many primate species), an appendix located at the apex of a long and voluminous cecum (as in the rabbit, greater glider and Cape dune mole rat), and an appendix in the absence of a pronounced cecum (as in the wombat). In addition, long narrow appendix-like structures are found in mammals that either lack an apparent cecum (as in monotremes) or lack a distinct junction between the cecum and appendix-like structure (as in the koala). A cecal appendix has evolved independently at least twice, and apparently represents yet another example of convergence in morphology between
Australian marsupials and placentals in the rest of the world. Although the appendix has apparently been lost by numerous species, it has also been maintained for more than 80 million years in at least one clade.
865:
770:
495:. This structure helps in the proper movement and removal of waste matter in the digestive system, contains lymphatic vessels that regulate pathogens, and lastly, might even produce early defences that prevent deadly diseases. Additionally, it is thought that this may provide more immune defences from invading pathogens and getting the lymphatic system's B and T cells to fight the viruses and bacteria that infect that portion of the bowel and training them so that immune responses are targeted and more able to reliably and less dangerously fight off pathogens. In addition, there are different immune cells called
801:
40:
789:
841:
403:
813:
512:
825:
52:
2327:
734:
In a 2013 paper, the appendix was found to have independently evolved in different animals at least 32 times (and perhaps as many as 38 times) and to have been lost no more than six times over the course of history. A more recent study using similar methods on an updated database yielded similar,
689:
The appendix is also used as a means to access the colon in children with paralysed bowels or major rectal sphincter problems. The appendix is brought out to the skin surface and the child/parent can then attach a catheter and easily wash out the colon (via normal defaecation) using an appropriate
272:
The human appendix averages 9 cm (3.5 in) in length, ranging from 5 to 35 cm (2.0 to 13.8 in). The diameter of the appendix is 6 mm (0.24 in), and more than 6 mm (0.24 in) is considered a thickened or inflamed appendix. The longest appendix ever removed was
738:
This suggests that the cecal appendix has a selective advantage in many situations and argues strongly against its vestigial nature. Given that this organ may have a selective advantage in numerous situations, it appears to be associated with greater maximal longevity, for a given body mass. For
729:
Recently ... improved understanding of gut immunity has merged with current thinking in biological and medical science, pointing to an apparent function of the mammalian cecal appendix as a safe-house for symbiotic gut microbes, preserving the flora during times of gastrointestinal infection in
713:
As people began to eat more easily digested foods, they may have become less reliant on cellulose-rich plants for energy. As the cecum became less necessary for digestion, mutations that were previously deleterious (and would have hindered evolutionary progress) were no longer important, so the
739:
example, in a 2023 study, the protective functions conferred against diarrhea were observed in young primates. This complex evolutionary history of the appendix, along with a great heterogeneity in its evolutionary rate in various taxa, suggests that it is a recurrent trait.
864:
502:
Research also shows a positive correlation between the existence of the appendix and the concentration of cecal lymphoid tissue, which supports the suggestion that not only does the appendix evolve as a complex with the cecum but also has major immune benefits.
441:, in combination with many well-known features of the appendix, including its architecture, its location just below the normal one-way flow of food and germs in the large intestine, and its association with copious amounts of immune tissue.
769:
710:, appears to support this hypothesis. The koala's cecum enables it to host bacteria that specifically help to break down cellulose. Human ancestors may have also relied upon this system when they lived on a diet rich in foliage.
417:âcarries out a number of important functions, explanations were lacking for the distinctive shape of the appendix and its apparent lack of specific importance and function as judged by an absence of side effects following
701:
suggested that the appendix was mainly used by earlier hominids for digesting fibrous vegetation, then evolved to take on a new purpose over time. The very long cecum of some herbivorous animals, such as in the
436:
when illness flushes the bacteria from the rest of the intestines. This proposition is based on an understanding that emerged by the early 2000s of how the immune system supports the growth of beneficial
800:
1884:
1165:
Paterson-Brown, S. (2007). "15. The acute abdomen and intestinal obstruction". In Parks, Rowan W.; Garden, O. James; Carter, David John; Bradbury, Andrew W.; Forsythe, John L. R. (eds.).
2215:
1914:
1528:
Everett M.L.; Palestrant D.; Miller S.E.; Bollinger R.R.; Parker W. (2004). "Immune exclusion and immune inclusion: a new model of host-bacterial interactions in the gut".
2302:
2359:
1821:
1440:
Randal
Bollinger R, Barbas AS, Bush EL, Lin SS, Parker W (December 2007). "Biofilms in the large bowel suggest an apparent function of the human vermiform appendix".
1098:
788:
840:
1564:
735:
though less spectacular results, with at least 29 gains and at the most 12 losses (all of which were ambiguous), and this is still significantly asymmetrical.
1483:
Sonnenburg JL, Angenent LT, Gordon JI (June 2004). "Getting a grip on things: how do communities of bacterial symbionts become established in our intestine?".
161:
2230:
2110:"Correlation between the presence of a cecal appendix and reduced diarrhea severity in primates: new insights into the presumed function of the appendix"
1036:
718:
became more frequent and the cecum continued to shrink. After millions of years, the once-necessary cecum degraded to be the appendix of modern humans.
260:, but this view has changed since the early 2000s. Research suggests that the appendix may serve an important purpose as a reservoir for beneficial
2173:
Laurin M, Everett ML, Parker W (April 2011). "The cecal appendix: one more immune component with a function disturbed by post-industrial culture".
1979:"Multiple independent appearances of the cecal appendix in mammalian evolution and an investigation of related ecological and anatomical factors"
1793:
1382:
1174:
137:
455:. The appendix, therefore, may act as a "safe house" for beneficial bacteria. This reservoir of bacteria could then serve to repopulate the
351:
or behind the cecum. The prevalence of the different positions varies amongst populations with the retrocecal position being most common in
289:
that separates the large intestine from the small intestine. Its position within the abdomen corresponds to a point on the surface known as
2352:
1746:
942:
754:
in 2001 show that acute diarrhea is now the fourth leading cause of disease-related death in developing countries (data summarized by the
908:
599:
is inflamed, as well. Fever and an immune system response are also characteristic of appendicitis. Other signs and symptoms may include
671:. In some cases, the appendicitis resolves completely; more often, an inflammatory mass forms around the appendix. This is a relative
560:
of the appendix. Pain often begins in the center of the abdomen, corresponding to the appendix's development as part of the embryonic
755:
445:
1556:
1260:"Variation in Anatomical Position of Vermiform Appendix among Iranian Population: An Old Issue Which Has Not Lost Its Importance"
824:
2345:
2307:
2263:
1073:
1888:
1264:
414:
1231:
Bakheit MA, Warille AA (June 1999). "Anomalies of the vermiform appendix and prevalence of acute appendicitis in
Khartoum".
1809:
2697:
1709:
588:
449:
156:
2331:
1338:
Zetina-MejĂa CA, Alvarez-CosĂo JE, Quillo-Olvera J (2009). "Congenital absence of the cecal appendix. Case report".
2873:
2607:
890:
413:
Although it has been long accepted that the immune tissue surrounding the appendix and elsewhere in the gutâcalled
3017:
3012:
2522:
2517:
751:
1401:
39:
846:
812:
120:
1028:
885:
2337:
571:
As the inflammation progresses, the pain begins to localize more clearly to the right lower quadrant, as the
2931:
2926:
2921:
2438:
678:
The appendix is also used for the construction of an efferent urinary conduit, in an operation known as the
758:). Two of the other leading causes of death are expected to have exerted limited or no selection pressure.
2712:
2707:
2702:
2623:
2453:
2448:
2381:
2369:
1032:
460:
333:
168:
144:
132:
84:
1844:
406:
A possible function of the human appendix is a "safe house" for beneficial bacteria in the recovery from
2949:
2411:
2108:
Collard, Maxime K.; Bardin, JĂ©rĂ©mie; Marquet, Bertille; Laurin, Michel; Ogier-Denis, Ăric (2023-09-23).
871:
779:
722:
679:
1102:
2669:
2416:
2406:
2250:
2121:
2031:
1990:
1613:
Rankin LC, Girard-Madoux MJ, Seillet C, Mielke LA, Kerdiles Y, Fenis A, et al. (February 2016).
1449:
987:
Smith, H. F.; Fisher, R. E.; Everett, M. L.; Thomas, A. D.; Randal
Bollinger, R.; Parker, W. (2009).
775:
496:
234:
742:
Such a function may be useful in a culture lacking modern sanitation and healthcare practice, where
2717:
2421:
2240:
1560:
596:
584:
583:(pain upon removal of pressure rather than application of pressure). In particular, it presents at
329:
290:
96:
656:. This removal is normally performed as an emergency procedure when the patient is suffering from
2991:
2848:
2602:
2431:
2398:
2290:
2198:
1959:
1510:
683:
580:
480:
386:
274:
257:
1754:
332:
with the appendix located in the lower left quadrant of the abdomen instead of the lower right.
2218:; By Duke Medicine News and Communications; Published: 20 August 2009 Updated: 21 August 2009
806:
Normal location of the appendix relative to other organs of the digestive system (frontal view)
2853:
2647:
2282:
2190:
2155:
2137:
2080:
1951:
1866:
1789:
1721:
1646:
1619:
1595:
1502:
1485:
1465:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1347:
1320:
1293:
1240:
1213:
1170:
1147:
1010:
969:
902:
448:
showed that individuals without an appendix were four times as likely to have a recurrence of
108:
2243:
at the SUNY Downstate
Medical Centerâ"Abdominal Cavity: The Cecum and the Vermiform Appendix"
2830:
2820:
2756:
2659:
2527:
2491:
2443:
2272:
2182:
2145:
2129:
2088:
2072:
2039:
1998:
1941:
1856:
1713:
1677:
1636:
1628:
1537:
1494:
1457:
1411:
1283:
1273:
1203:
1137:
1000:
959:
951:
672:
402:
2986:
2957:
2825:
2815:
2810:
2802:
2775:
2751:
2632:
2312:
1885:"Wellington Children's Hospital : Caring for an ACE or Chait Tube : Healthpoint"
896:
657:
532:
429:
378:
340:
286:
245:
241:
2246:
2150:
2125:
2109:
2059:
Collard, Maxime K.; Bardin, JĂ©rĂ©mie; Laurin, Michel; OgierâDenis, Eric (November 2021).
2035:
1994:
1453:
511:
367:
where the pelvic position is most common, with 55.8% and 57.7% occurrence respectively.
2981:
2971:
2916:
2878:
2761:
2577:
2572:
2554:
2496:
2458:
2093:
1909:
1641:
1614:
1288:
1259:
964:
937:
831:
698:
339:
While the base of the appendix is typically located 2 cm (0.79 in) below the
325:
3006:
2835:
2597:
2592:
2582:
2559:
2277:
2258:
1946:
1929:
1785:
1063:"Anatomical Variations Of Vermiform Appendix In South-East Caspian Sea (Gorgan-IRAN)"
1005:
988:
1861:
1514:
1062:
2911:
2901:
2567:
2426:
2294:
2259:"Comparative anatomy and phylogenetic distribution of the mammalian cecal appendix"
2257:
Smith HF, Fisher RE, Everett ML, Thomas AD, Bollinger RR, Parker W (October 2009).
2202:
1963:
1930:"Comparative anatomy and phylogenetic distribution of the mammalian cecal appendix"
1928:
Smith HF, Fisher RE, Everett ML, Thomas AD, Bollinger RR, Parker W (October 2009).
1192:"Position and susceptibility to inflammation of vermiform appendix in Accra, Ghana"
989:"Comparative anatomy and phylogenetic distribution of the mammalian cecal appendix"
916:
905:, one of several small pouches of fat on the peritoneum along the colon and rectum
747:
653:
647:
635:
619:
604:
557:
553:
548:
524:
499:
that function in the gut in order to help the appendix maintain digestive health.
422:
418:
261:
79:
856:
51:
874:(arrows at level of inner muscular layer), not to be confused with a perforation.
535:
accounts for about 1 in 200 of all gastrointestinal malignancies. In rare cases,
273:
26 cm (10 in) long. The appendix is usually located in the lower right
125:
2906:
2843:
2679:
2674:
2652:
2373:
1817:
1717:
1124:
Gedda L, Sciacca A, Brenci G, Villatico S, Bonanni G, Gueli N, Talone C (1984).
919:, the portion of the mesentery that connects the ileum to the vermiform appendix
664:
661:
631:
627:
576:
282:
2133:
2044:
2019:
2003:
1978:
1682:
1541:
1461:
2961:
2896:
2888:
2664:
1142:
1125:
851:
623:
612:
572:
371:
348:
67:
2141:
2084:
1208:
1191:
149:
2976:
2966:
2484:
2479:
2468:
2061:"The cecal appendix is correlated with greater maximal longevity in mammals"
1697:
528:
464:
456:
438:
309:
305:
297:
249:
2286:
2194:
2159:
1955:
1870:
1725:
1650:
1599:
1506:
1469:
1351:
1324:
1297:
1244:
1217:
1014:
973:
285:. The base of the appendix is located 2 cm (0.79 in) beneath the
2326:
1278:
1151:
618:
Appendicitis usually requires the removal of the inflamed appendix, in an
2689:
1615:"Complementarity and redundancy of IL-22-producing innate lymphoid cells"
1406:
743:
608:
536:
433:
407:
2247:"The vestigiality of the human vermiform appendix: A Modern Reappraisal"
479:
The appendix has been identified as an important component of mammalian
2727:
2587:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2506:
2390:
936:
Kooij IA, Sahami S, Meijer SL, Buskens CJ, Te Velde AA (October 2016).
520:
468:
278:
2076:
1415:
955:
938:"The immunology of the vermiform appendix: a review of the literature"
17:
2865:
2186:
1586:
Zahid A (April 2004). "The vermiform appendix: not a useless organ".
1190:
Clegg-Lamptey JN, Armah H, Naaeder SB, Adu-Aryee NA (December 2006).
715:
668:
600:
565:
561:
492:
488:
484:
364:
344:
91:
72:
2060:
1632:
750:
data on the cause of death in developing countries collected by the
374:
for suspected appendicitis have given a frequency of 1 in 100,000).
2020:"Morphological evolution of the mammalian cecum and cecal appendix"
1666:"Morphological evolution of the mammalian cecum and cecal appendix"
1665:
1498:
2784:
2743:
2234:
1061:
Golalipour, M.J.; Arya, B.; Jahanshahi, M.; Azarhoosh, R. (2003).
707:
703:
592:
510:
401:
356:
352:
301:
253:
230:
174:
359:, with 67.3% and 58.3% occurrence respectively, in comparison to
1311:
DenjaliÄ A, DeliÄ J, DeliÄ-Custendil S, MuminagiÄ S (2009). "".
432:
proposed in 2007 that the appendix serves as a haven for useful
360:
321:
103:
2341:
794:
Illustration depicting the location of the appendix in a child
336:
may also cause displacement of the appendix to the left side.
1365:
Kumar, Vinay; Robbins, Stanley L.; Cotran, Ramzi S. (1989).
471:
or to boost it following a milder gastrointestinal illness.
370:
In very rare cases, the appendix may not be present at all (
256:
and means "worm-shaped". The appendix was once considered a
1588:
Journal of the
College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan
2216:
Evolution of the
Appendix: A Biological 'Remnant' No More
2018:
Smith H. F.; Parker W.; Kotzé, S. H.; Laurin, M. (2017).
1977:
Smith H. F.; Parker W.; Kotzé, S. H.; Laurin, M. (2013).
1845:"Surgical management of the neurogenic bladder and bowel"
343:, the tip of the appendix can be variably locatedâin the
595:. Typically, point (skin) pain is not present until the
1664:
Smith H, Parker W, Kotze S, Laurin M (September 2016).
229:) is a finger-like, blind-ended tube connected to the
660:
appendicitis. In the absence of surgical facilities,
1915:
The
Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex
2948:
2887:
2864:
2801:
2783:
2774:
2742:
2726:
2688:
2640:
2631:
2622:
2505:
2467:
2389:
2380:
575:becomes inflamed. This peritoneal inflammation, or
564:. This pain is typically a dull, poorly localized,
428:William Parker, Randy Bollinger, and colleagues at
155:
143:
131:
119:
114:
102:
90:
78:
66:
61:
32:
1810:"Appendicitis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic"
1366:
1169:(5th ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
652:The surgical removal of the appendix is called an
630:. Untreated, the appendix may rupture, leading to
603:and vomiting, low-grade fever that may get worse,
421:. Therefore, the notion that the appendix is only
1373:(4th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. pp.
911:, a sac that extends from the laryngeal ventricle
1775:
1773:
1771:
1126:"Situs viscerum specularis in monozygotic twins"
2315:). (News article on the above journal article.)
2303:"Scientists refute Darwin's theory on appendix"
714:mutations survived. It is suggested that these
1402:"Scientists may have found appendix's purpose"
1258:Ghorbani A, Forouzesh M, Kazemifar AM (2014).
2353:
587:, 1/3 of the way along a line drawn from the
8:
893:, a detached efferent duct of the epididymis
1780:Miller R., Kenneth; Levine, Joseph (2002).
1435:
1433:
899:, a vestigial remnant of the MĂŒllerian duct
377:Sometimes there is a semi-circular fold of
240:The cecum is a pouch-like structure of the
2780:
2637:
2628:
2386:
2360:
2346:
2338:
1698:"Miscellaneous conditions of the appendix"
2276:
2149:
2092:
2043:
2002:
1945:
1860:
1681:
1640:
1396:
1394:
1287:
1277:
1207:
1141:
1004:
963:
667:are used to delay or avoid the onset of
2253:argument that the appendix is vestigial
1530:Clinical and Applied Immunology Reviews
1130:Acta Geneticae Medicae et Gemellologiae
928:
765:
1101:. Multiples of America. Archived from
1056:
1054:
778:showing a normal appendix between the
172:
29:
1824:from the original on 25 November 2020
1567:from the original on 11 November 2020
1039:from the original on 26 November 2020
381:at the opening of the appendix. This
7:
2231:Appendix May Actually Have a Purpose
1747:"Statistics about Appendix disorder"
1557:"Your Appendix Could Save Your Life"
1369:Robbins' pathologic basis of disease
943:Clinical and Experimental Immunology
248:and the large intestines. The term "
44:Appendix with surrounding structures
909:Appendix of the laryngeal ventricle
190:
1167:Principles and practice of surgery
638:, and, if still untreated, death.
25:
1079:from the original on 11 July 2020
756:Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
296:The appendix is connected to the
244:, located at the junction of the
2325:
2278:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01809.x
1947:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01809.x
1702:Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology
1414:. 5 October 2007. Archived from
1006:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01809.x
863:
839:
823:
811:
799:
787:
768:
556:is a condition characterized by
531:tumors (appendiceal carcinoid).
523:of the appendix (in humans) are
50:
38:
2264:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
1934:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
1862:10.1590/S1677-55382003000100012
993:Journal of Evolutionary Biology
487:-mediated immune responses and
383:valve of the vermiform appendix
2301:Cho, Jinny (August 27, 2009).
1442:Journal of Theoretical Biology
1265:Anatomy Research International
515:An appendiceal carcinoid tumor
415:gut-associated lymphoid tissue
320:Some identical twinsâknown as
27:Tube attached to the intestine
1:
1843:Mingin GC, Baskin LS (2003).
1710:National Institutes of Health
1555:Dunn, Rob (January 2, 2012).
870:Micrograph of entry point of
589:anterior superior iliac spine
1233:East African Medical Journal
1196:East African Medical Journal
475:Immune and lymphatic systems
446:WinthropâUniversity Hospital
2608:Enterochromaffin-like cells
1718:10.1053/j.semdp.2004.11.006
304:, by a short region of the
300:in the lower region of the
3034:
2134:10.1038/s41598-023-43070-5
2045:10.1016/j.crpv.2016.06.001
2004:10.1016/j.crpv.2012.12.001
1683:10.1016/j.crpv.2016.06.001
1542:10.1016/j.cair.2004.03.001
1462:10.1016/j.jtbi.2007.08.032
1029:"Largest appendix removed"
891:Appendix of the epididymis
746:may be prevalent. Current
725:and colleagues explained:
645:
546:
56:Variations of the appendix
1849:International Braz J Urol
1143:10.1017/S0001566000007546
752:World Health Organization
611:, abdominal bloating, or
167:
49:
37:
2241:Anatomy photo:37:12-0102
1209:10.4314/eamj.v83i12.9498
1099:"Unusual Types of Twins"
721:Dr. Heather F. Smith of
2932:External anal sphincter
2927:Intersphincteric groove
2922:Internal anal sphincter
2439:Pterygomandibular raphe
481:mucosal immune function
2713:Duodenojejunal flexure
2708:Minor duodenal papilla
2703:Major duodenal papilla
2454:Pharyngobasilar fascia
2449:Buccopharyngeal fascia
2370:gastrointestinal tract
2024:Comptes Rendus Palevol
1983:Comptes Rendus Palevol
1918:. John Murray: London.
1912:(1871) "Jim's Jesus".
1670:Comptes Rendus Palevol
1033:Guinness World Records
782:and the abdominal wall
732:
516:
444:Research performed at
410:
334:Intestinal malrotation
235:develops in the embryo
169:Anatomical terminology
2670:Enteroendocrine cells
886:Meckel's diverticulum
872:appendicular arteries
849:of the appendix with
780:external iliac artery
727:
723:Midwestern University
680:Mitrofanoff procedure
514:
507:Clinical significance
497:innate lymphoid cells
451:Clostridium difficile
405:
398:Maintaining gut flora
326:mirror-imaged anatomy
2334:at Wikimedia Commons
2251:evolutionary biology
776:Abdominal ultrasound
463:following a bout of
425:became widely held.
330:congenital condition
2603:Gastric chief cells
2126:2023NatSR..1315897C
2036:2017CRPal..16...39S
1995:2013CRPal..12..339S
1561:Scientific American
1454:2007JThBi.249..826R
1340:Cirugia y Cirujanos
1279:10.1155/2014/313575
1070:J. Anat. Soc. India
834:of the appendix tip
682:, in people with a
597:parietal peritoneum
439:intestinal bacteria
97:Appendicular artery
2332:Appendix (anatomy)
2114:Scientific Reports
2065:Journal of Anatomy
1891:on 16 October 2019
1788:. pp. 92â98.
1751:rightdiagnosis.com
1418:on 4 February 2020
1035:. 26 August 2006.
818:Vermiform appendix
684:neurogenic bladder
581:rebound tenderness
539:are also present.
517:
411:
322:mirror image twins
203:vermiform appendix
3000:
2999:
2992:Muscularis mucosa
2944:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2854:epiploic appendix
2770:
2769:
2698:Suspensory muscle
2660:Intestinal glands
2618:
2617:
2330:Media related to
2175:Anatomical Record
2077:10.1111/joa.13501
1795:978-0-13-050730-3
1620:Nature Immunology
1486:Nature Immunology
1384:978-0-7216-2302-3
1176:978-0-443-10157-1
999:(10): 1984â1999.
956:10.1111/cei.12821
903:Epiploic appendix
762:Additional images
281:, near the right
227:vermiform process
183:
182:
178:
109:Appendicular vein
16:(Redirected from
3025:
3018:Vestigial organs
3013:Digestive system
2874:Transverse folds
2831:Descending colon
2821:Transverse colon
2781:
2735:No substructures
2718:Brunner's glands
2648:Intestinal villi
2638:
2629:
2528:Angular incisure
2444:Pharyngeal raphe
2412:retropharyngeal
2387:
2372:, excluding the
2362:
2355:
2348:
2339:
2329:
2298:
2280:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2187:10.1002/ar.21357
2170:
2164:
2163:
2153:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2071:(5): 1157â1169.
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1949:
1925:
1919:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1887:. Archived from
1881:
1875:
1874:
1864:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1777:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1753:. Archived from
1743:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1712:: 151â63. 2004.
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1644:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1437:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1412:Associated Press
1398:
1389:
1388:
1372:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1313:Medicinski Arhiv
1308:
1302:
1301:
1291:
1281:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1211:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1145:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1078:
1067:
1058:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1008:
984:
978:
977:
967:
933:
867:
843:
827:
815:
803:
791:
772:
673:contraindication
585:McBurney's point
461:digestive system
291:McBurney's point
233:, from which it
192:
175:edit on Wikidata
85:Digestive system
54:
42:
30:
21:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2936:
2883:
2860:
2826:Splenic flexure
2816:Hepatic flexure
2811:Ascending colon
2797:
2776:Large intestine
2766:
2762:Microfold cells
2757:Peyer's patches
2752:Ileocecal valve
2738:
2722:
2684:
2633:Small intestine
2614:
2501:
2463:
2417:parapharyngeal
2407:peripharyngeal
2376:
2368:Anatomy of the
2366:
2322:
2313:Duke University
2271:(10): 1984â99.
2256:
2227:
2225:Further reading
2222:
2214:
2210:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2017:
2016:
2012:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1940:(10): 1984â99.
1927:
1926:
1922:
1910:Darwin, Charles
1908:
1904:
1894:
1892:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1827:
1825:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1779:
1778:
1769:
1760:
1758:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1730:
1728:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1633:10.1038/ni.3332
1612:
1611:
1607:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1570:
1568:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1439:
1438:
1431:
1421:
1419:
1400:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1106:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1065:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1042:
1040:
1027:
1026:
1022:
986:
985:
981:
935:
934:
930:
926:
897:Appendix testis
882:
875:
868:
859:
844:
835:
828:
819:
816:
807:
804:
795:
792:
783:
773:
764:
748:epidemiological
696:
650:
644:
551:
545:
533:Appendix cancer
509:
489:extrathymically
483:, particularly
477:
430:Duke University
400:
395:
385:is also called
379:mucous membrane
341:ileocecal valve
318:
287:ileocecal valve
270:
258:vestigial organ
242:large intestine
179:
57:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3031:
3029:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3005:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2982:Circular folds
2979:
2974:
2972:Muscular layer
2969:
2964:
2954:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2917:Pectinate line
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2893:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2870:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2807:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2789:
2787:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2748:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2644:
2642:
2635:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2598:Parietal cells
2595:
2593:Foveolar cells
2590:
2588:Pyloric glands
2585:
2580:
2578:Cardiac glands
2575:
2573:Gastric glands
2570:
2562:
2557:
2555:Gastric mucosa
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2511:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2473:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2459:Pyriform sinus
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2422:retrovisceral
2419:
2414:
2409:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2321:
2320:External links
2318:
2317:
2316:
2299:
2254:
2244:
2238:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2208:
2165:
2100:
2051:
2010:
1989:(6): 339â354.
1969:
1920:
1902:
1876:
1835:
1814:mayoclinic.org
1801:
1794:
1767:
1738:
1689:
1656:
1605:
1578:
1547:
1520:
1499:10.1038/ni1079
1475:
1429:
1390:
1383:
1357:
1330:
1315:(in Bosnian).
1303:
1250:
1223:
1182:
1175:
1157:
1116:
1090:
1050:
1020:
979:
927:
925:
922:
921:
920:
914:
913:
912:
900:
894:
888:
881:
878:
877:
876:
869:
862:
860:
845:
838:
836:
832:adenocarcinoma
829:
822:
820:
817:
810:
808:
805:
798:
796:
793:
786:
784:
774:
767:
763:
760:
699:Charles Darwin
695:
692:
646:Main article:
643:
640:
634:, followed by
547:Main article:
544:
541:
508:
505:
476:
473:
399:
396:
394:
391:
347:, outside the
317:
314:
269:
266:
181:
180:
171:
165:
164:
159:
153:
152:
147:
141:
140:
135:
129:
128:
123:
117:
116:
112:
111:
106:
100:
99:
94:
88:
87:
82:
76:
75:
70:
64:
63:
59:
58:
55:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3030:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3008:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2836:Sigmoid colon
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2583:Fundic glands
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2564:Microanatomy
2563:
2561:
2560:Gastric folds
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2363:
2358:
2356:
2351:
2349:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2308:The Chronicle
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2181:(4): 567â79.
2180:
2176:
2169:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2101:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2052:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2011:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1903:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1836:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1797:
1791:
1787:
1786:Prentice Hall
1783:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1757:on 2019-10-16
1756:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1627:(2): 179â86.
1626:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1609:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1579:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1551:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1536:(5): 321â32.
1535:
1531:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1493:(6): 569â73.
1492:
1488:
1487:
1479:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1448:(4): 826â31.
1447:
1443:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1361:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1346:(5): 407â10.
1345:
1341:
1334:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1239:(6): 338â40.
1238:
1234:
1227:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1202:(12): 670â3.
1201:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1183:
1178:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1117:
1105:on 2 May 2014
1104:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
983:
980:
975:
971:
966:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
944:
939:
932:
929:
923:
918:
915:
910:
907:
906:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
887:
884:
883:
879:
873:
866:
861:
858:
857:H&E stain
854:
853:
848:
847:Cross section
842:
837:
833:
826:
821:
814:
809:
802:
797:
790:
785:
781:
777:
771:
766:
761:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
740:
736:
731:
726:
724:
719:
717:
711:
709:
705:
700:
693:
691:
687:
685:
681:
676:
674:
670:
666:
663:
659:
655:
649:
641:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
579:, results in
578:
574:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
550:
542:
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
513:
506:
504:
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
474:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
452:
447:
442:
440:
435:
431:
426:
424:
420:
416:
409:
404:
397:
392:
390:
388:
384:
380:
375:
373:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
315:
313:
311:
308:known as the
307:
303:
299:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
267:
265:
263:
259:
255:
252:" comes from
251:
247:
243:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
188:
176:
170:
166:
163:
160:
158:
154:
151:
148:
146:
142:
139:
136:
134:
130:
127:
124:
122:
118:
113:
110:
107:
105:
101:
98:
95:
93:
89:
86:
83:
81:
77:
74:
71:
69:
65:
60:
53:
48:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2912:Anal sinuses
2902:Anal columns
2792:
2680:Paneth cells
2675:Goblet cells
2641:Microanatomy
2568:Gastric pits
2432:prevertebral
2306:
2268:
2262:
2211:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2120:(1): 15897.
2117:
2113:
2103:
2068:
2064:
2054:
2030:(1): 39â57.
2027:
2023:
2013:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1913:
1905:
1893:. Retrieved
1889:the original
1879:
1855:(1): 53â61.
1852:
1848:
1838:
1826:. Retrieved
1813:
1804:
1781:
1759:. Retrieved
1755:the original
1750:
1741:
1729:. Retrieved
1705:
1701:
1692:
1676:(1): 39â57.
1673:
1669:
1659:
1624:
1618:
1608:
1594:(4): 256â8.
1591:
1587:
1581:
1569:. Retrieved
1550:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1490:
1484:
1478:
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1416:the original
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1103:the original
1093:
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1069:
1041:. Retrieved
1023:
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941:
931:
917:Mesoappendix
850:
741:
737:
733:
728:
720:
712:
697:
688:
677:
675:to surgery.
654:appendectomy
651:
648:Appendectomy
620:appendectomy
617:
605:constipation
570:
558:inflammation
554:Appendicitis
552:
549:Appendicitis
543:Appendicitis
525:appendicitis
518:
501:
478:
450:
443:
427:
412:
382:
376:
372:laparotomies
369:
338:
324:âcan have a
319:
310:mesoappendix
295:
271:
262:gut bacteria
239:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
186:
184:
138:A05.7.02.007
2907:Anal valves
2844:taenia coli
2840:Continuous
2665:Enterocytes
2514:Curvatures
2476:Sphincters
1895:22 December
1828:29 December
1818:Mayo Clinic
1731:30 December
1571:22 December
1136:(1): 81â5.
665:antibiotics
662:intravenous
632:peritonitis
628:laparoscopy
577:peritonitis
419:its removal
115:Identifiers
3007:Categories
2962:Adventitia
2889:Anal canal
2653:Microvilli
1761:2020-12-30
1272:: 313575.
950:(1): 1â9.
924:References
852:Enterobius
690:solution.
624:laparotomy
622:either by
613:flatulence
573:peritoneum
349:peritoneum
199:appendixes
195:appendices
2977:Submucosa
2967:Subserosa
2469:Esophagus
2142:2045-2322
2085:0021-8782
1422:24 August
1083:1 October
830:Mucinous
593:umbilicus
529:carcinoid
465:dysentery
457:gut flora
423:vestigial
393:Functions
387:Gerlach's
316:Variation
306:mesocolon
298:mesentery
268:Structure
250:vermiform
68:Precursor
2793:Appendix
2690:Duodenum
2287:19678866
2195:21370495
2160:37741857
2151:10517977
1956:19678866
1871:15745470
1822:Archived
1726:15807474
1651:26595889
1600:15228837
1565:Archived
1515:25672527
1507:15164016
1470:17936308
1407:NBC News
1352:19944032
1325:19537667
1298:25295193
1245:10750522
1218:17685212
1109:30 April
1074:Archived
1037:Archived
1015:19678866
974:27271818
880:See also
744:diarrhea
609:diarrhea
566:visceral
537:adenomas
521:diseases
491:derived
434:bacteria
408:diarrhea
283:hip bone
275:quadrant
219:appendix
187:appendix
33:Appendix
2879:Ampulla
2849:haustra
2728:Jejunum
2550:Pylorus
2518:greater
2507:Stomach
2403:Spaces
2399:Muscles
2391:Pharynx
2295:6112969
2237:article
2203:3237168
2122:Bibcode
2094:8546507
2032:Bibcode
1991:Bibcode
1964:6112969
1782:Biology
1642:4720992
1450:Bibcode
1289:4176911
1152:6540028
965:5011360
716:alleles
706:or the
694:History
642:Surgery
591:to the
519:Common
493:T cells
469:cholera
459:in the
453:colitis
389:valve.
279:abdomen
277:of the
201:; also
126:D001065
62:Details
2987:Mucosa
2958:Serosa
2866:Rectum
2545:Fundus
2535:Cardia
2523:lesser
2492:glands
2427:danger
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1150:
1043:22 May
1013:
972:
962:
669:sepsis
601:nausea
568:pain.
562:midgut
485:B cell
365:Bosnia
345:pelvis
223:vermix
211:caecal
92:Artery
80:System
73:Midgut
18:Vermix
2803:Colon
2785:Cecum
2744:Ileum
2624:Lower
2485:lower
2480:upper
2382:Upper
2374:mouth
2291:S2CID
2235:WebMD
2199:S2CID
1960:S2CID
1708:(2).
1511:S2CID
1375:902â3
1077:(PDF)
1066:(PDF)
855:with
708:koala
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658:acute
636:shock
357:Sudan
353:Ghana
302:ileum
254:Latin
246:small
231:cecum
225:; or
215:cĂŠcal
207:cecal
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2191:PMID
2156:PMID
2138:ISSN
2081:ISSN
1952:PMID
1897:2016
1867:PMID
1830:2020
1790:ISBN
1733:2020
1722:PMID
1647:PMID
1596:PMID
1573:2016
1503:PMID
1466:PMID
1424:2019
1379:ISBN
1348:PMID
1321:PMID
1294:PMID
1270:2014
1241:PMID
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1171:ISBN
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1085:2014
1045:2017
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970:PMID
527:and
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361:Iran
355:and
328:, a
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