60:
418:
Cruz Munchú (then a
Poqomchi’ city). The Q’eqchi’ heartland is thought to have been among the colonial towns Carchá, Chamelco, and Cobán. The Poqomchi’ state lay in ‘a narrow strip from west to east, from the middle Chixoy River to Panzós, in the lower Polochic valley,’ and thereby formed a western and southern buffer, from Chamá to Panzós, for the Q’eqchi’ state from the southwesterly K’iche’ one. The
604:
Los esfuerzos de Vasco de
Quiroga en Michoacán y los de los frailes dominicos en la Verapaz no dieron los frutos esperados, quizás porque sus metas eran demasiado idealistas. Es probable que la situación del claro ‘choque psicológico’ en que se encontraban los indios tras la derrota y avasallamiento,
535:
Dominican reducciones having proved fruitless, by the mid 17th century it was thought more expedient to undertake an ‘entrada’ northwards, capture native
Indians, and relocate them south, closer to Spanish dominion. The earliest of these is thought to have occurred in circa 1654, when over 30 Ch’olan
417:
polities to the north and east. The Q’eqchi’ state lay in ‘the sierras which stretch between the
Polochic River, to the south, and the Cahabón River, to the north,’ and thus bordered the Poqomchi’ polity to the west, said border falling somewhere between modern Cobán (then a Q’eqchi’ city) and Santa
608:
The efforts of Vasco de
Quiroga in Michoacán and those of the Dominican friars in Verapaz did not bear the expected results, perhaps because their goals were too idealistic. It is probable that the state of palpable 'psychological shock' in which the Indians found themselves after their defeat and
539:
The conquest of Petén, for which
Verapaz served as a southern entry point, began in earnest by 1690 and was completed within five or six years. The conquered lands and their pueblos de indios were placed under the political administration of Santiago de Guatemala, and the ecclesiastic oversight of
531:
Of the pre-Hispanic polities north of
Verapaz, the first to be contacted was the Manche Chol Territory in the 1590s via Cahabón. By 1606 the inhabitants of some six pueblos ‘had been discovered and baptised.’ Meanwhile, Alonso Criado de Castilla had in 1604 ‘discovered and inaugurated’ the port of
439:
Juan Rodríguez
Cabrillo and Sancho de Barahona reportedly lead a military campaign against the Q’eqchi’ city of Cobán, in Tezulutlan, in mid 1528, but details remain muddled. Nonetheless, the expedition is now deemed to have probably founded no Spanish settlement in the region. Similarly, Diego de
522:
Dominican friars are thought to have entered the province in 1544 to
Chamelco and Tucurú, as by mid 1545 ‘the few pueblos already reducidos (from the local population) lay near Chamelco and Tucurú, which confirms that this was not only the area of greatest population density, but also seat of the
460:
but the
Dominicans protested the settlement, such that in 1548 the Audiencia ordered its desertion, effected in 1549. A similar attempt was later made by Núñez de Landecho, who founded Monguía or Munguía about 1568 on Lake Izabal, but it likewise failed. Frustrated too was the attempt by Martín
383:
The northern limits of Tezulutlan and later Verapaz were the subject of heated debates between competing authorities of Santiago de Guatemala and Mérida de Yucatán. Particularly questioned were the lowlands now comprising northern and eastern Alta Verapaz, southern Belize, and all of Izabal and
691:, p. 695 comments, ‘whether or not Tezulutlán–Verapaz included the lowlands of the Golfo Dulce and those of southern Petén, and even those of northern Petén, as far as Yucatán, was a matter of discussion between the Dominicans, the Audiencia of Guatemala, and the authorities of Yucatán.’
536:
speakers north of Verapaz were relocated to Atiquipaque, in the Guazacapán province. The new policy, however, was not assiduously pursued until the 1674–1676 entrada by Francisco Gallegos. By 1680, the Dominicans reported over 3,000 reducidos from the Lacandon and Manche Chol polities.
532:
Santo Tomás de Aquino in the Amatique Bay, within the former Toquegua territory. Nonetheless, by 1633, ‘on the heels of a general rebellion came the loss of all those Indians, of whom had been reducidos over 6,000 souls to the Faith, spread across nine pueblos.’
809:
The King issued further reales cédulas on 17 October 1540 forbidding entry into Tezulutlan to anyone not authorised by the Dominicans, and charging the governors of Guatemala, Chiapa, and Honduras with the prohibition's enforcement for five years
907:, p. 139). The Dominicans attempted reducciones in 1681, 1684, and 1685, but to no avail; in 1688, San Lucas again rebelled, burning their pueblo and church house, this reportedly marking ‘the fifth or sixth time they apostatised’ (
733:, p. 136). Tovilla and the Dominican friar Francisco Morán lead the vecinos and over 150 native Indian militiamen and servants from Santiago, while the cacique Juan de la Mantilla Ortega lead 100 native militiamen from Cobán (
586:
and parishes. In the particular case of Verapaz, additionally, the clergy held outsized authority in temporal matters. Thomas Gage, for instance, noted that local principales ‘did nothing without the approval of their vicar.’
886:, p. 138). J. Luján Muñoz suggests the sudden collapse of reducción efforts may have been due to ‘the pestilence which, according to various authors, devastated the entire Kingdom of Guatemala in approximately 1631’ (
924:
Wherein appears ‘an idealised description with serious chronological errors that, nevertheless, gained wide acceptance, until it was corrected by modern authors such as M. Bataillon, A. Saint-Lu and J. Rodríguez Cabal’
881:
In 1631, Toro de Acuña had proved abortive, while San Andrés Polochic and Santa Catarina Xocoló had been ‘destroyed,’ and in 1632 the recently-established vicarate at San Miguel del Manché had been removed to Cahabón
758:
homilies in defence of native Indians, the Dominican friars Bartolomé de las Casas, Rodrido de Ladrada, Pedro de Angulo, and possibly Luis Cáncer sought refuge in Santiago de Guatemala in mid-July 1536
405:
speakers, whose polities were reportedly wedged ‘between the uninhabited sierras de Chuacús and de las Minas, to the south, and the jungles of Petén, to the north.’ They therefore bordered the
868:, p. 475). On 7 March 1604, the pilot Francisco Navarro lobbied for the port's founding, and on 16 July 1604 the new port was populated by forcibly relocated Puerto Caballos residents (
440:
Alvarado is thought to have lead a military campaign against the Poqomchi’ polity in Tezulutlan in 1530 or 1531, with details likewise remaining confused. The expedition reportedly returned
1597:"¿Provincias y partidos o gobiernos y corregimientos? Los principios rectores del desordenamiento territorial de las Indias y la creación de un sistema de información histórico-geográfico"
903:, p. 139). This coincided with a deadly epidemic originating in San Lucas, one of the reduccion towns, which cost 400 native reducidos their lives, and prompted desertions en masse (
1516:. Historia general de Guatemala. Vol. 3 (1st reprint of 1st ed.). Guatemala, Guatemala, Guatemala: Asociación de Amigos del País; Fundación para la Cultura y el Desarollo.
1495:. Historia general de Guatemala. Vol. 2 (1st reprint of 1st ed.). Guatemala, Guatemala, Guatemala: Asociación de Amigos del País; Fundación para la Cultura y el Desarollo.
1474:. Historia general de Guatemala. Vol. 1 (1st reprint of 1st ed.). Guatemala, Guatemala, Guatemala: Asociación de Amigos del País; Fundación para la Cultura y el Desarollo.
695:, p. 314 further notes, ‘in Petén as in Verapaz and Chiapas one had the problem of open borders, with unconquered lands,’ further describing these as ‘undetermined boundaries.’
505:. Said asiento would bind the Crown to not subject to encomiendas those native Indians whom the Dominicans converted to Roman Catholicism. It was ‘declared generally compliant’ by a
1669:
1664:
502:
899:
In 1677, and especially March–April 1678, Ch’olan speakers in Dominican reduccion towns had rebelled, ostensibly in protest against the alcalde mayor Sebastián de Olivera (
384:
Petén. Commonly accepted as unquestionably part of the province, on the other hand, were the highlands now comprising southwestern Alta Verapaz, and all of Baja Verapaz.
814:, p. 586). The asiento's confirmation was renewed by real cédula dated Barcelona, 1 May 1543, on occasion of the founding of the Audiencia de los Confines (
1265:
Aliphat Fernández MM, Caso Barrera L (October–December 2013). "La construcción histórica de la tierras bajas mayas del sur por medio de mapas esquemáticos".
1444:. Publications of the Middle American Research Institute. Vol. 37. New Orleans, Louisiana, USA: Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University.
548:
Lutheran pirates were first sighted near Amatique Bay in 154xx. The local port of call, Bodegas del Golfo, established 154xx, came under xx.
254:
250:
1699:
1622:
Wainwright J (April 2021). "How Does the Law Obtain Its Space? Justice and Racial difference in Colonial Law: British Honduras, 1821".
1556:
Miles SW (November 1957). "The Sixteenth-Century Pokom-Maya: A Documentary Analysis of Social Structure and Archaeological Setting".
493:
of Tezulutlan was secretely signed on 2 May 1537 in Santiago de Guatemala by Alonso Maldonado, interim governor of the province, and
1521:
1500:
1479:
1388:
1694:
1689:
595:
The earliest description in print of the ‘peaceful conquest of Verapaz’ is thought to have appeared in Antonio de Remesal's 1619
1684:
845:, p. 137). However, San Andrés Polochic and Santa Catarina Xocoló, both on Río Dulce within Manche Chol Territory, were
363:
1463:. Guatemala, Guatemala, Guatemala: Instituto de Antropología e Historia, Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes; Asociación Tikal.
158:
609:
subjugation facilitated the friars’ work. But between this fact and the dreamed utopia there was always a long way to go.
511:
of the viceroy, Antonio de Mendoza, and Audiencia of Mexico, dated 6 February 1539; the same was then ‘confirmed’ by a
1679:
1674:
1373:
Derecho, instituciones y procesos históricos: XIV Congreso del Instituto Internacional de Historia del Derecho Indiano
1348:(DPhil dissertation). Mérida, Yucatán, México: Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social.
227:
1345:
Por los senderos de Tezulutlán: los mayas y su búsqueda de la verdadera paz en tierra de confines, siglos XVI-XVIII
59:
494:
204:
237:
1364:
Administrar la justicia en la Provincia de Guatemala: ministros, tribunales y jurisdicciones (siglos XVI-XVII)
1355:
Análisis de la participación política de los grupos étnicos de ascendencia maya en la República de Guatemala
708:, p. 5661 include ‘the Lacandon the fierce Lacandon Indians’ within Verapaz in the first half of 1539.
398:
1460:
XX Simposio de Investigaciones Arqueológicas en Guatemala, 2006, Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología
173:
605:
facilitó su labor. Pero entre este hecho y la utopía soñada quedó siempre un largo trecho por recorrer.
402:
448:
April 1531 as troops were ‘devastated asking for shelter and ministrations.’ A further campaign or
44:
1343:
1639:
1583:
1330:
1274:
784:
during the bishop's absence, he accompanied Maldonado in February–March 1537 during the latter's
580:, that is, native Indian members of the pre-Hispanic elite, who served as members of their local
751:
1544:
1517:
1496:
1475:
1411:
1399:
1384:
66:
1532:
1631:
1608:
1573:
1565:
1428:
1376:
1366:(Lic dissertation). Guatemala, Guatemala, Guatemala: Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala.
1357:(Lic dissertation). Guatemala, Guatemala, Guatemala: Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala.
1322:
1299:
33:
818:, p. 586). De las Casas’s only visit to Verapaz was during mid June to mid July 1545 (
1445:
1458:
514:
1400:"Los principios rectores de la organización territorial de las Indias en el siglo XVI"
444:
the year as the captain had ‘forgotten about this corner when Peru rang,’ or returned
1658:
1643:
1334:
763:, p. 584). The diocesan bishop, Francisco Marroquín, had appointed de las Casas
498:
1425:
Aspectos jurídicos y políticos sobre las lenguas en el reino de Guatemala. 1524-1820
911:, p. 139). This latest revolt prompted a successful 1689 entrada from Cahabón (
467:
of the province, who founded Toro de Acuña in the former Manche on 13 May 1631; the
1578:
411:
state (on the Carchelá River, between Tactic and Tzalamá) to the southwest, and
222:
1635:
1511:
1548:
1490:
1415:
1469:
1313:
Biermann PB (December 1964). "Missionsgeschichte der Verapaz in Guatemala".
367:
312:
139:
1449:
1427:(Dphil dissertation). Barcelona, Spain: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.
1380:
1326:
1304:
1287:
1442:
Coban and the Verapaz: History and Cultural Process in Northern Guatemala
864:
The previous port for that Bay had been Bodegas del Golfo, founded 1549 (
132:
77:
1613:
1596:
1533:"La problemática de la ordenación territorial en Indias (ss. XVI-XVIII)"
1432:
1278:
1587:
652:
1375:. Vol. 1. Lima, Perú: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.
737:, p. 136). The parties met at Manche, in Manche Chol Territory (
300:
1569:
422:
Poqomchi’ heartland was probably near San Cristóbal Cagcoh, and the
454:
founded Nueva Sevilla in 1543 on the Río Polochic; it grew to 60
340:, pp. 292, 322. Provincial leaders per xx. Legislature per
1219:
1217:
1168:
1166:
1141:
1139:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1101:
1089:
1077:
1049:
1047:
819:
815:
811:
797:
770:
760:
705:
676:
662:
341:
325:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
967:
965:
952:
950:
948:
946:
597:
Historia de la provincia de San Vicente de Chiapa y Guatemala
397:
In the early 16th century, Tezulutlan is said to have housed
835:
The friar Antonio de Remesal dates the start of efforts to
519:
of Charles I of Spain, dated Madrid, 17 October 1540.
1371:
de la Puente Brunke J, Guevara Gil JA, eds. (2008).
1288:"Quelles frontières pour les populations cholanes?"
296:
274:
264:
246:
221:
198:
186:
167:
152:
138:
126:
119:
105:
95:
83:
73:
23:
1558:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
1492:Dominación española: desde la conquista hasta 1700
639:From 1524 to 1547, Verapaz was variously known as
773:, p. 584). As de las Casas was additionally
669:, p. 693). From 1547, it was also known as
851:by Dominican friar Domingo de Vico about 1560 (
362:, was a second order subdivision of the former
1624:International Journal for the Semiotics of Law
841:native Indians north of Verapaz to 1594–1596 (
717:The Audiencia authorised the settlement of 20
1670:States and territories disestablished in 1821
1457:Laporte JP, Arroyo B, Mejía HE, eds. (2007).
846:
836:
791:
785:
764:
724:
718:
670:
656:
581:
575:
569:
563:
557:
512:
506:
488:
482:
468:
462:
455:
449:
412:
406:
26:
8:
1247:
1235:
1223:
1208:
1196:
1184:
1172:
1157:
1145:
1130:
1118:
1065:
1053:
1038:
1019:
1007:
995:
983:
971:
956:
926:
912:
908:
904:
900:
887:
883:
869:
865:
852:
842:
823:
796:to assess taxes due by said native Indians (
738:
734:
730:
692:
688:
666:
345:
337:
333:
329:
321:
779:
774:
305:
1665:States and territories established in 1544
1537:Revista complutense de historia de América
1102:de la Puente Brunke & Guevara Gil 2008
1090:de la Puente Brunke & Guevara Gil 2008
1078:de la Puente Brunke & Guevara Gil 2008
820:de la Puente Brunke & Guevara Gil 2008
816:de la Puente Brunke & Guevara Gil 2008
812:de la Puente Brunke & Guevara Gil 2008
798:de la Puente Brunke & Guevara Gil 2008
771:de la Puente Brunke & Guevara Gil 2008
761:de la Puente Brunke & Guevara Gil 2008
706:de la Puente Brunke & Guevara Gil 2008
677:de la Puente Brunke & Guevara Gil 2008
663:de la Puente Brunke & Guevara Gil 2008
342:de la Puente Brunke & Guevara Gil 2008
326:de la Puente Brunke & Guevara Gil 2008
20:
1612:
1577:
1398:García-Gallo de Diego A (December 1970).
1303:
556:In 1548–1555, Verapaz was constituted an
562:, with jurisdiction over the province's
1404:Anuario de historia del derecho español
942:
632:
426:one amidst Tactic, Tamahú, and Tucurú.
220:
118:
82:
72:
1601:Jahrbuch für Geschichte Lateinamerikas
1342:Carillo González JE (September 2014).
1315:Jahrbuch für Geschichte Lateinamerikas
523:K’ekchi’ and Poqomchi’ authorities.’
291:
287:
273:
263:
259:
197:
193:
185:
166:
151:
147:
137:
125:
104:
94:
90:
7:
1362:Chiquín Enriquez SJ (October 2019).
414:choles, manchés, acalaes, lacandones
16:Province of the Kingdom of Guatemala
1423:Girón Palacios RG (November 2014).
793:pueblos de indios de la gobernación
1513:Siglo XVIII hasta la Independencia
613:—J. Luján Muñoz in the 1994
14:
1531:Milagros del Vas Mingo M (1999).
574:were in turn the jurisidction of
655:term for ‘land of the owls,’ or
58:
473:was abandoned within the year.
366:, itself a constituent part of
336:, p. 695. Population per
328:, p. 587. Start date per
1:
1510:Luján Muñoz J, ed. (2005c) .
1489:Luján Muñoz J, ed. (2005b) .
1468:Luján Muñoz J, ed. (2005a) .
1286:Becquey C (5 December 2012).
661:, Spanish for ‘land of war’ (
651:, Spanish corruptions of the
615:Historia General de Guatemala
1353:Caté Otzoy BL (April 2010).
344:, pp. 556–557, 561 and
332:, p. 695. Capital per
255:Latin American independence
1716:
1700:Regions of Central America
1636:10.1007/s11196-021-09830-0
1595:Stangl W (December 2017).
679:, pp. 580, 584–587).
318:
292:
288:
284:
260:
217:
213:
194:
182:
148:
115:
91:
55:
50:
42:
1292:Ateliers d'Anthropologie
998:, pp. 693–694, 696.
750:Having been ousted from
1695:Baja Verapaz Department
1690:Alta Verapaz Department
1579:2027/mdp.39076005584987
28:Provincia de la Verapaz
1685:Geography of Guatemala
1381:10.18800/9789972428593
1327:10.7788/jbla-1964-0107
847:
837:
792:
786:
781:defensor de los indios
780:
775:
765:
725:
719:
671:
657:
582:
576:
570:
564:
558:
513:
507:
495:Bartolomé de las Casas
489:
483:
469:
463:
461:Alfonso Tovilla, then
456:
450:
413:
407:
306:
276:• Disestablished
234:/ 1544-1564; 1570-1821
205:Bartolomé de las Casas
27:
1305:10.4000/ateliers.9181
665:, pp. 566, 580,
627:Explanatory footnotes
1211:, pp. 103, 105.
1187:, pp. 139, 314.
1080:, pp. 580, 585.
800:, pp. 584–585).
622:Notes and references
544:Piratical intrusions
364:Kingdom of Guatemala
251:Spanish colonisation
45:Kingdom of Guatemala
1614:10.15460/jbla.54.18
1199:, pp. 103–105.
1160:, pp. 138–139.
1133:, pp. 137–138.
1104:, pp. 585–586.
1022:, pp. 694–695.
986:, pp. 693–694.
729:dated 11 May 1631 (
540:Mérida de Yucatán.
266:• Established
238:Audiencia of Mexico
24:Province of Verapaz
1680:Colonial Guatemala
1675:Historical regions
1471:Época precolombina
787:visita de tasación
527:Northern expansion
348:, pp. 99–100.
324:, p. 693 and
1267:Historia Mexicana
1248:Luján Muñoz 2005b
1236:Luján Muñoz 2005b
1224:Luján Muñoz 2005b
1209:Luján Muñoz 2005b
1197:Luján Muñoz 2005b
1185:Luján Muñoz 2005b
1173:Luján Muñoz 2005b
1158:Luján Muñoz 2005b
1146:Luján Muñoz 2005b
1131:Luján Muñoz 2005b
1119:Luján Muñoz 2005b
1066:Luján Muñoz 2005b
1054:Luján Muñoz 2005b
1039:Luján Muñoz 2005b
1020:Luján Muñoz 2005a
1008:Luján Muñoz 2005a
996:Luján Muñoz 2005a
984:Luján Muñoz 2005a
972:Luján Muñoz 2005a
957:Luján Muñoz 2005a
927:Luján Muñoz 2005b
913:Luján Muñoz 2005b
909:Luján Muñoz 2005b
905:Luján Muñoz 2005b
901:Luján Muñoz 2005b
888:Luján Muñoz 2005b
884:Luján Muñoz 2005b
870:Luján Muñoz 2005b
866:Luján Muñoz 2005b
853:Luján Muñoz 2005b
843:Luján Muñoz 2005b
824:Luján Muñoz 2005a
769:in January 1537 (
766:vicario episcopal
739:Luján Muñoz 2005b
735:Luján Muñoz 2005b
731:Luján Muñoz 2005b
693:Luján Muñoz 2005b
689:Luján Muñoz 2005a
667:Luján Muñoz 2005a
571:pueblos de indios
565:pueblos de indios
353:
352:
346:Luján Muñoz 2005b
338:Luján Muñoz 2005b
334:Luján Muñoz 2005a
330:Luján Muñoz 2005a
322:Luján Muñoz 2005a
200:• 1544-1550
169:• 1813-1821
154:• 1544-1556
128: • Type
1707:
1647:
1630:(5): 1295–1330.
1618:
1616:
1591:
1581:
1552:
1527:
1506:
1485:
1464:
1453:
1440:King AR (1974).
1436:
1419:
1394:
1367:
1358:
1349:
1338:
1309:
1307:
1282:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1161:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1042:
1036:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
999:
993:
987:
981:
975:
969:
960:
954:
930:
922:
916:
897:
891:
879:
873:
862:
856:
850:
840:
833:
827:
807:
801:
795:
789:
783:
778:
768:
748:
742:
728:
722:
715:
709:
702:
696:
686:
680:
674:
660:
658:Tierra de Guerra
637:
585:
579:
573:
567:
561:
518:
510:
492:
486:
472:
466:
459:
453:
416:
410:
349:
320:Native name per
310:
309:
242:
235:
209:
178:
163:
129:
62:
37:
30:
21:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1621:
1594:
1570:10.2307/1005780
1555:
1530:
1524:
1509:
1503:
1488:
1482:
1467:
1456:
1439:
1422:
1397:
1391:
1370:
1361:
1352:
1341:
1312:
1285:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1222:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1195:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1171:
1164:
1156:
1152:
1144:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1117:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1060:
1052:
1045:
1037:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1006:
1002:
994:
990:
982:
978:
970:
963:
955:
944:
939:
937:Short citations
934:
933:
923:
919:
915:, p. 139).
898:
894:
890:, p. 138).
880:
876:
872:, p. 475).
863:
859:
855:, p. 138).
834:
830:
826:, p. 695).
822:, p. 588,
808:
804:
790:throughout the
749:
745:
741:, p. 136).
720:vecinos casados
716:
712:
703:
699:
687:
683:
638:
634:
629:
624:
619:
611:
610:
606:
593:
554:
546:
529:
499:episcopal vicar
479:
477:Dominican entry
437:
435:Spanish contact
432:
395:
390:
381:
376:
319:
311:
303:
277:
267:
240:
236:
233:
207:
201:
187:Provincial head
176:
170:
161:
155:
127:
108:
98:
97:• ca 1550
69:
64:
63:
38:
31:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1713:
1711:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1657:
1656:
1649:
1648:
1619:
1592:
1564:(4): 733–781.
1553:
1528:
1522:
1507:
1501:
1486:
1480:
1465:
1454:
1437:
1420:
1395:
1389:
1368:
1359:
1350:
1339:
1321:(1): 117–156.
1310:
1283:
1273:(2): 839–875.
1261:
1259:
1258:Full citations
1256:
1253:
1252:
1240:
1228:
1226:, p. 105.
1213:
1201:
1189:
1177:
1175:, p. 139.
1162:
1150:
1148:, p. 138.
1135:
1123:
1121:, p. 137.
1106:
1094:
1092:, p. 585.
1082:
1070:
1068:, p. 136.
1058:
1056:, p. 132.
1043:
1024:
1012:
1010:, p. 694.
1000:
988:
976:
974:, p. 693.
961:
959:, p. 695.
941:
940:
938:
935:
932:
931:
929:, p. 73).
917:
892:
874:
857:
828:
802:
757:
743:
710:
697:
681:
650:
646:
642:
631:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
616:
607:
603:
602:
601:
598:
592:
589:
559:alcaldía mayor
553:
550:
545:
542:
528:
525:
508:real provisión
478:
475:
447:
443:
436:
433:
431:
428:
425:
421:
394:
391:
389:
386:
380:
377:
375:
372:
351:
350:
316:
315:
298:
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286:
285:
282:
281:
278:
275:
272:
271:
268:
265:
262:
261:
258:
257:
248:
247:Historical era
244:
243:
225:
219:
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211:
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199:
196:
195:
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188:
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136:
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56:
53:
52:
48:
47:
40:
39:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
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4:
3:
2:
1712:
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1567:
1563:
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1538:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1523:84-88622-10-4
1519:
1515:
1514:
1508:
1504:
1502:84-88622-09-0
1498:
1494:
1493:
1487:
1483:
1481:84-88622-08-2
1477:
1473:
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1466:
1462:
1461:
1455:
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1443:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1390:9789972428593
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1347:
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1340:
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1332:
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1320:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1250:, p. 80.
1249:
1244:
1241:
1238:, p. 73.
1237:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1190:
1186:
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1127:
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1120:
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1111:
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1103:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1041:, p. 60.
1040:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1001:
997:
992:
989:
985:
980:
977:
973:
968:
966:
962:
958:
953:
951:
949:
947:
943:
936:
928:
921:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
896:
893:
889:
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871:
867:
861:
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854:
849:
844:
839:
832:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
806:
803:
799:
794:
788:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
755:
753:
747:
744:
740:
736:
732:
727:
721:
714:
711:
707:
701:
698:
694:
690:
685:
682:
678:
673:
668:
664:
659:
654:
648:
644:
640:
636:
633:
626:
621:
618:
614:
600:
596:
590:
588:
584:
578:
572:
566:
560:
551:
549:
543:
541:
537:
533:
526:
524:
520:
517:
516:
509:
504:
500:
496:
491:
485:
476:
474:
471:
465:
464:alcalde mayor
458:
452:
445:
441:
434:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
409:
404:
400:
392:
387:
385:
378:
373:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
317:
314:
308:
302:
299:
297:Today part of
295:
283:
279:
269:
256:
252:
249:
245:
239:
232:
230:
226:
224:
216:
212:
206:
203:
189:
181:
175:
174:Ferdinand VII
172:
160:
157:
143:
141:
134:
131:
122:
114:
110:
100:
86:
79:
76:
68:
61:
54:
49:
46:
41:
35:
29:
22:
19:
1651:
1627:
1623:
1604:
1600:
1561:
1557:
1540:
1536:
1512:
1491:
1470:
1459:
1441:
1433:10803/314569
1424:
1407:
1403:
1372:
1363:
1354:
1344:
1318:
1314:
1295:
1291:
1270:
1266:
1243:
1231:
1204:
1192:
1180:
1153:
1126:
1097:
1085:
1073:
1061:
1015:
1003:
991:
979:
920:
895:
877:
860:
831:
805:
746:
713:
700:
684:
635:
612:
594:
555:
547:
538:
534:
530:
521:
490:capitulación
480:
438:
396:
382:
359:
355:
354:
231:of Guatemala
228:
107:• 1577
43:Province of
18:
1607:: 157–210.
1560:. New ser.
1410:: 313–348.
756:provocative
577:principales
515:real cédula
408:quiché–achí
358:, formerly
241:/ 1564-1570
223:Legislature
1659:Categories
649:Tecolotlán
645:Tuzulutlán
641:Tezulutlán
552:Governance
360:Tezulutlan
120:Government
84:Population
1644:234817811
1549:1132-8312
1543:: 67–98.
1416:0304-4319
1335:181149356
848:reducidos
403:Poqomchi’
374:Geography
368:New Spain
313:Guatemala
229:Audiencia
159:Charles I
140:Sovereign
101:ca 52,000
51:1544–1821
1450:6941119W
1279:23608600
672:Vera Paz
583:cabildos
399:Q’eqchi’
388:Physical
133:Monarchy
111:ca 3,000
1588:1005780
838:reducir
776:interim
704:Though
653:Nahuatl
568:. Said
503:diocese
501:of the
484:asiento
457:vecinos
451:entrada
430:History
424:eastern
420:western
356:Verapaz
307:de jure
208:/ first
162:/ first
74:Capital
34:Spanish
1642:
1586:
1547:
1520:
1499:
1478:
1448:
1414:
1387:
1333:
1298:(37).
1277:
591:Legacy
442:within
379:Extent
301:Belize
190:
177:/ last
144:
87:
1640:S2CID
1584:JSTOR
1331:S2CID
1275:JSTOR
647:, or
470:villa
393:Human
78:Cobán
1545:ISSN
1518:ISBN
1497:ISBN
1476:ISBN
1412:ISSN
1385:ISBN
754:for
752:León
726:auto
723:via
481:The
401:and
280:1821
270:1544
67:Flag
1632:doi
1609:doi
1574:hdl
1566:doi
1429:hdl
1377:doi
1323:doi
1300:doi
487:or
253:to
1661::
1638:.
1628:34
1626:.
1605:57
1603:.
1599:.
1582:.
1572:.
1562:47
1541:25
1539:.
1535:.
1446:OL
1408:40
1406:.
1402:.
1383:.
1329:.
1317:.
1296:37
1294:.
1290:.
1271:63
1269:.
1216:^
1165:^
1138:^
1109:^
1046:^
1027:^
964:^
945:^
643:,
497:,
446:in
370:.
304:/
1646:.
1634::
1617:.
1611::
1590:.
1576::
1568::
1551:.
1526:.
1505:.
1484:.
1452:.
1435:.
1431::
1418:.
1393:.
1379::
1337:.
1325::
1319:1
1308:.
1302::
1281:.
925:(
882:(
810:(
759:(
675:(
617:.
599:.
36:)
32:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
