413:, Second Appellate District, Division Two. On April 14, 2016 the Court of Appeal's three judge panel unanimously overturned the trial court's ruling, finding that the attorneys for the plaintiff school students "failed to show that the statutes themselves make any certain group of students more likely to be taught by ineffective teachers than any other group of students," and that the job of the appellate judges was "merely to determine whether the statutes are constitutional, not if they are 'a good idea.'" Instead of focusing on the statutes alone, the Court of Appeal found that "he evidence . . . revealed deplorable staffing decisions being made by some local administrators that have a deleterious impact on poor and minority students."
31:
100:
trial court's decision and held that the challenged statutes did not violate the
California Constitution. In May 2016, lawyers for the school students asked the California Supreme Court to reconsider the Court of Appeal reversal and reinstate the trial court's ruling in their favor. On August 22, 2016 the State's highest court declined to review the case in a 4-3 decision, thus permitting the Court of Appeal decision upholding the statutes to stand.
367:(Harvard University) testified on the distribution of ineffective teachers in California and particularly in Los Angeles. Dan Goldhaber (University of Washington) testified on the impact of LIFO layoff statutes. Plaintiff rebuttal testimony was provided by Eric Hanushek and by Dr. Anthony Smith, former superintendent of the Oakland Unified School District.
511:
denial of review effectively upheld the validity of those same statutes, the leaders of the
Students Matter group that initiated and funded the lawsuit signaled that the next battles might be legislative: "The Supreme Court’s decision places the responsibility for improving the state’s teacher retention, evaluation and dismissal laws squarely with the
303:
The court noted that school administrators and teachers unions had raised "the entirely legitimate issue" of protecting a teacher's due process rights when she or he was faced with the possibility of being fired. However, the court decided that "given the evidence . . . the
Dismissal Statutes present
138:
A series of three statutes in
California specified a series of procedural requirements that had to be satisfied if a tenured teacher was to be dismissed. These requirements, the plaintiffs argued, put undue cost on districts if they wished to remove a teacher. They were also considerably beyond the
112:
decisions had to be made too quickly, and that once tenure was granted it was too difficult to remove a teacher if a mistake had been made in granting tenure. The presence of ineffective teachers necessarily meant that some students were denied their constitutional right to a quality education. The
99:
On June 10, 2014, after a two-month trial, Judge Rolf M. Treu of the
California Superior Court ruled that all of the statutes challenged by the student plaintiffs were unconstitutional; the ruling was finalized in August 2014. On April 14, 2016, a three judge panel on the Court of Appeal reversed the
286:
were experts who testified for the defendant school officials during the trial. Both stated that two years was not the optimal amount of time needed to make a tenure decision. Three years to five years was instead suggested as a better time frame to make the tenure decision for the mutual benefit of
425:
to reconsider the Court of Appeal's reversal, however, on August 22, 2016, California's highest court declined to review the case in a 4-3 split decision, thereby upholding the challenged statutes. The four justice majority which denied review did so without comment, other than issuing a standard
299:
Lawyers for the plaintiff school students alleged that it was "too time consuming and too expensive to go through the dismissal process as required by the
Dismissal Statutes to rid school districts of grossly ineffective teachers." The court agreed, concluding that "such time and cost constraints
549:
Editorial Board concluded that "California’s tenure and seniority laws do tend to protect the worst teachers at the expense of students. The
Legislature, always too obliging to the desires of the teachers unions, must gather its strength on behalf of the state’s children to reform bad laws." The
510:
When the trial court judge determined that the tenure, dismissal and layoff statutes were unconstitutional, he also conceded that "it is not the function of this Court to dictate or even to advise the legislature . . . how to replace the
Challenged Statutes." After the California Supreme Court's
459:
Officials from the teachers' union criticized the trial court's decision, saying that insufficient evidence was provided by the plaintiffs to show that the statutes being challenged were harmful for students, and further that the court "blatantly ignored" evidence to the contrary, saying that in
272:
The court found that
California's tenure period was actually less than the two-year period ostensibly outlined in the statute. This was because a tenure decision had to be made in March, before the end of a new teacher's second school year. In contrast, the credentialing induction period for new
501:
lawsuit for fostering a teacher shortage in the state, and then said, "e can now turn closer attention to solving the actual problems we confront in our schools, such as securing adequate funding . . . reducing class sizes, promoting and strengthening peer assistance and review, and reinforcing
434:
wrote, "s the state's highest court, we owe the . . . schoolchildren throughout
California, our transparent and reasoned judgment on whether the challenged statutes deprive a significant subset of students of their fundamental right to education and violate the constitutional guarantee of equal
335:
Surveying layoff rules for teachers in other U.S. jurisdictions, the court found that as of the trial (January 27 to March 27, 2014) 2 states provided that seniority could not be considered; 18 states and the District of Columbia left the layoff criteria to school district discretion; 20 states
290:
Surveying tenure periods in other U.S. states, the court found that as of the trial (January 27 to March 27, 2014) 4 states had no tenure system at all, 9 states had tenure periods of four to five years, 32 had a three-year period, and 5 (including California) had a period of two years or less.
125:) on any teacher who had not been informed that his or her teaching contract had been canceled by March of the second year of teaching. Permanent status required school districts to follow specific evidentiary and procedural requirements before firing a teacher. Lawyers for teachers unions in
476:
An article published in the Washington Post on April 14, 2016 said that the Court of Appeal's decision reversing the trial court handed "a major victory to teachers unions." A subsequent report on National Public Radio used similar language (albeit limited to California) when discussing the
534:
In the days after the California Supreme Court denied review, leading newspapers in California's two largest metropolitan areas (Los Angeles and San Francisco) published editorials which called on the state's legislature and teachers unions to address the issues raised in the
492:
a "case brought by wealthy anti-public education millionaires who spent millions of dollars to bypass voters, parents, and the legislature in an attempt to impose their harmful education agenda on local schools." The president of the California Federation of Teachers (the
156:, or LIFO. With a few exceptions, before any tenured teacher could be laid off, the district had to remove all of the more junior, nontenured teachers. According to LIFO, it is impermissible to use information about teacher effectiveness in making layoff decisions.
311:"This Court is confident that the independent judiciary of this state is no less dedicated to the protection of reasonable due process rights of teachers than it is of protecting the rights of children to constitutionally mandated equal education opportunities."
264:, an expert called by , testified that 1 - 3% of teachers in California are grossly ineffective. Given that the evidence showed roughly 275,000 active teachers in this state, the extrapolated number of grossly ineffective teachers ranges from 2,750 to 8,250."
242:
School administrators asked the judge to review a copy of "California Standards for the Teaching Profession" (2009 Edition) as evidence. The court pointed out that the opening sentence of those Standards state: "A growing body of research confirms that the
443:
case amounted only to "the usual blemishes in governance left as institutions implement statutes or engage in routine trade-offs staggering failures that threaten to turn the right to education for California schoolchildren into an empty promise."
273:
teachers lasted two full school years. "Thus, a teacher reelected in March may not be recommended for credentialing after the close of the induction program in May, leaving the applicable district with a non-credentialed teacher with tenure."
129:
argued that this was not equivalent to lifetime employment, but instead just recognition of the due process requirements that would have to be satisfied even if teachers were to be fired for any one of a number of specified reasons.
564:
asserted that it should be "the Legislature the tenure rules," but they also noted that "teacher groups are among California’s biggest political spenders and have gutted past efforts at addressing these educational inequities."
151:
The final challenged statute dictates how district administrators prioritize which teachers are to be laid off if they were to reduce the size of their teaching staff. The California law required strict application of
1877:
329:"No matter how gifted the junior teacher, and no matter how grossly ineffective the senior teacher, the junior gifted one . . . is separated from and a senior grossly ineffective one . . . is left in place."
518:
Many proponents from both sides of the dispute agreed that the legislature, and not the courts, was the appropriate venue for further deliberation to take place. Assistant professor in public policy at the
88:. The suit was filed in May 2012 by lawyers on behalf of nine California public school student plaintiffs. It alleged that several California statutes on teacher tenure, layoffs, and dismissal violated the
429:
Two out of the three justices who disagreed with the decision to deny review submitted dissenting statements outlining why they believed the Court of Appeal decision should have been re-examined. Justice
276:"There was extensive evidence presented, including some from provide nearly enough time for an informed decision to be made regarding the decision of tenure (critical for both students and teachers)."
2017:
473:, was filed in New York State. And, on April 13, 2016 another lawsuit was filed in Minnesota which challenged teacher tenure rules and layoff procedures giving preference to more senior teachers.
456:
trial court decision in June 2014, the Associated Press described it in a USA Today article as "a landmark decision that could influence the gathering debate over tenure across the country."
545:
acknowledged that labor statutes protecting teachers may not be the most significant contributors to the educational difficulties encountered by California's students. Nonetheless, the
92:
by retaining some "grossly ineffective" teachers and thus denying equal protection to students assigned to the teachers. Furthermore, according to the complaint, the statutes had a
336:
provided that seniority could be considered among other factors; and 10 states (including California) provided that seniority was the sole factor, or one that had to be considered.
1458:
378:(Arizona State University), and Susan Moore Johnson (Harvard University), who testified on their understanding of the problems of tenure and of the impact of ineffective teachers.
348:, a Silicon Valley entrepreneur. Welch is the founder of a nonprofit education reform organization called Students Matter through which the plaintiffs' attorney's fees were paid.
1642:
480:
California's two largest teachers unions issued triumphant press releases after the California Supreme Court precluded further state court review. The president of the
556:
also reproved California's teachers unions for keeping "profoundly rigid rules that protect incompetent classroom instructors and harm low-income students." Like the
59:
426:
statement that "an order denying review represents only a determination that, for whatever reason, a grant of review is not appropriate at the time of the order."
1766:
108:
The lawsuit identified five separate statutes that kept ineffective teachers in the classroom. The argument by the student plaintiffs in the lawsuit was that
531:
matters." He continued, "The trial court decision was an example of an activist court. The opinion lodged the trial court in the middle of a policy matter."
2027:
1826:"New York State Challenge Planned on Teacher Tenure Law: Advocacy Group Contends Laws Violate Children's Constitutional Right to a Sound Basic Education"
1528:
409:, who reasoned that "hanges of this magnitude, as a matter of law and policy, require appellate review." The case was heard on February 25, 2016 by the
658:
477:
California Supreme Court's refusal to review the appellate decision, calling the denial of review "a major victory for teachers unions in California."
2263:
257:
who are taught by a teacher in the bottom 5% of competence lose 9.54 months of learning in a single year compared to students with average teachers."
2076:
2273:
2248:
2243:
746:
684:
1726:
1708:
1690:
1672:
1628:
1610:
732:
714:
2268:
2151:
2123:
1488:
1444:
1426:
1408:
644:
520:
523:
Mark Paige said of the state court's decision, "This was an appropriate move by the Supreme Court and really a victory for the idea of a
355:". The original complaint was built on the analyses of teacher effectiveness and the estimated economic cost of ineffective teachers by
351:
The plaintiff school students' trial experts included a group of economists who examined various aspects of teacher effectiveness under "
601:
460:
actuality, the laws improve public education. They further criticized the decision for "intrud on an inherently legislative function."
255:
1851:
1799:
63:
2258:
180:
1903:
1825:
1350:
113:
defendants argued that it was possible to remove bad teachers and that these laws did not cause bad teachers to be in the schools.
2253:
2050:
1991:
1554:
494:
485:
394:
481:
345:
1740:
1335:
436:
382:
of the University of California, Berkeley, testified that tenure restrictions served the interest of student achievement.
1378:
1330:
1196:
772:
512:
2109:
1741:"Judge strikes down California teacher tenure: Judge also took issue with laws that say last hired must be first fired"
2278:
1977:
1182:
1164:
1146:
1128:
1110:
1092:
1074:
1056:
1038:
1020:
1002:
984:
966:
948:
930:
912:
894:
876:
858:
822:
804:
626:
410:
390:
323:-only layoff statute required "the last-hired teacher the statutorily-mandated first-fired one when lay-offs occur."
191:
184:
41:
1776:
2283:
439:
wrote that he and his fellow justices should have had the opportunity to determine if the flaws highlighted in the
220:. . . here this Court is directly faced with issues that compel it to apply these constitutional principles to the
169:
89:
1224:
143:, Superintendent of the Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD), testified that the statutes harmed students.
422:
2137:
1928:
587:
552:
364:
251:
247:
is what matters most for the students' development and learning in schools." (Emphasis added by the court).
30:
1992:"California state Supreme Court declines to take up Vergara case, which targeted teacher job protections"
2143:
2115:
371:
165:
140:
1704:
Vergara v. California - Supreme Court docket {see DISSENTING STATEMENT by Cuéllar, J., final paragraph}
1579:
1502:
524:
352:
96:
on poor and minority students, who were more likely to be assigned to a grossly-ineffective teacher.
1950:
1668:
Vergara v. California - Supreme Court docket {see DISSENTING STATEMENT by Liu, J., final paragraph}
1258:
1201:
840:
1771:
1722:
Vergara v. California - Denial of Review {see Dissenting Statement Cuéllar, J., final paragraph}
1355:
1326:"Measuring the Impacts of Teachers II: Teacher value-added and the student outcomes in adulthood"
1303:
1254:
643: (California Court of Appeal, Second Appellate District, Division 2 April 14, 2016),
625: (Superior Court of the State of California, County of Los Angeles August 27, 2014),
606:
469:
1459:"In a win for unions, appeals court reverses ruling that threw out teacher tenure in California"
121:
Certain provisions of the California Education Code conferred "permanent employment" status (or
2018:"In a major win for teachers unions, California Supreme Court lets teacher tenure ruling stand"
586: (Superior Court of the State of California, County of Los Angeles June 10, 2014),
2147:
2119:
2022:
777:
541:
202:
195:
1686:
Vergara v. California - Denial of Review {see DISSENTING STATEMENT Liu, J., final paragraph}
1295:
528:
320:
153:
93:
300:
cause districts in many cases to be very reluctant to even commence dismissal procedures."
1529:"In a major win for teachers unions, state Supreme Court lets teacher tenure ruling stand"
379:
279:
231:
228:
747:"JUST IN: Vergara ends — California Supreme Court refuses to take up teacher tenure case"
164:
On June 10, 2014, the court ruled that the statutes at issue produced disparities that "
2105:
375:
283:
261:
405:
Soon after the trial court's ruling was issued it was appealed by California Governor
2237:
2133:
1606:
Vergara v. California - Supreme Court docket {see STATEMENT by Cantil-Sakauye, C. J.}
1299:
1279:
1238:
356:
326:
The statute did not contain "an exception or waiver based on teacher effectiveness."
1307:
1929:"Victory for Students as California Supreme Court Rejects Review of Vergara Appeal"
1379:"Judges weigh arguments over teacher vs. student rights in landmark tenure lawsuit"
685:"California's teacher tenure battle is reignited by Vergara appeal and a new bill"
1951:"California Supreme Court affirms appeal court decision: 'Vergara v. CA' is over"
710:
Vergara v. California - Supreme Court docket showing "Petition for review denied"
431:
406:
397:
intervened on the side of the defense and was represented by Altschuler Berzon.
386:
1624:
Vergara v. California - Denial of Review {see STATEMENT Cantil-Sakauye, C. J.}
1351:"California Governor Appeals Court Ruling Overturning Protections for Teachers"
1643:"California Supreme Court decision leaves state's teacher tenure law in place"
1503:"Lawyer for students calls California court's landmark tenure decision unfair"
1321:
360:
332:"The logic of is unfathomable and therefore constitutionally unsupportable."
77:
1878:"California appeals court upholds teacher tenure, a major victory for unions"
1325:
1242:
659:"California Appeals Court Reverses Decision to Overturn Teacher Tenure Rules"
2182:
81:
1291:
85:
160:
The trial court decision: the challenged statutes "shock the conscience"
1767:"Activists look to courts to weaken grip of California teachers union"
773:"Op-Ed: L.A. Unified's Deasy applauds Vergara ruling on teacher rules"
401:
The appeals court reversal: the challenged statutes are constitutional
2051:"Now that the Vergara case is over, let's reform teacher tenure laws"
389:
law firm. The defense for school administrators was provided by the
122:
109:
2177:
2077:"State Supreme Court action means status quo on teacher tenure wins"
1953:(Press release). California Federation of Teachers. August 22, 2016
502:
collaborative district practices with a proven record of success."
295:
Firing a teacher in California was too expensive and time consuming
2111:
The Teacher Wars: A History of America's Most Embattled Profession
139:
normal due process rights for other civil servants in California.
1931:(Press release). California Teachers Association. August 22, 2016
2173:
Superior Court of the State of California, County of Los Angeles
1457:
Blume, Howard; Resmovits, Joy; Kohli, Sonali (April 14, 2016).
1555:"California Supreme Court allows teacher tenure laws to stand"
1282:(June 2011). "The economic value of higher teacher quality".
315:
Teacher layoffs prioritized solely by seniority harm students
2194:
2139:
Endangering Prosperity: A Global View of the American School
1725: (Supreme Court of California August 22, 2016),
1707: (Supreme Court of California August 22, 2016),
1689: (Supreme Court of California August 22, 2016),
1671: (Supreme Court of California August 22, 2016),
1627: (Supreme Court of California August 22, 2016),
1609: (Supreme Court of California August 22, 2016),
1197:"Meet the Tech Entrepreneur Putting Teacher Tenure on Trial"
731: (Supreme Court of California August 22, 2016),
713: (Supreme Court of California August 22, 2016),
227:
The court examined the challenged California statutes under
212:(1992). "While these cases addressed the issue of a lack of
1852:"Teacher Tenure Is Challenged Again in a Minnesota Lawsuit"
2172:
344:
Funding for the plaintiff school students was provided by
2211:
2206:
417:
The California Supreme Court's refusal to review the case
2228:
340:
Funding, experts and attorneys at the trial court level
268:
A tenure period of less than two years was insufficient
1324:; Friedman, John N.; Rockoff, Jonah (September 2014).
1580:"California Supreme Court upholds teacher tenure law"
1243:"Valuing teachers: How much is a good teacher worth?"
1800:"Lawsuit Challenges New York's Teacher Tenure Laws"
1377:Blume, Howard; Resmovits, Joy (February 25, 2016).
1225:"David Welch: The Man Behind Vergara v. California"
841:
Volume 4, California 4th Reporter, page 668
55:
47:
37:
23:
2223:
2178:California Court of Appeal for the Second District
515:. And that’s where we intend to take this fight."
506:Possible pivot to the California State Legislature
1527:Blume, Howard; Resmovits, Joy (August 22, 2016).
657:Medina, Jennifer; Rich, Motoko (April 14, 2016).
463:On July 3, 2014 a similar lawsuit modeled on the
370:Other expert witnesses during the trial included
168:" and violate the equal protection clause of the
80:state courts which dealt with a child's right to
2016:Howard Blume; Joy Resmovits (August 23, 2016).
435:protection of the laws." Additionally, Justice
421:Attorneys for the student plaintiffs asked the
1223:Raden, Bill; Cohn, Gary (February 20, 2014).
602:"Judge Rejects Teacher Tenure for California"
8:
2049:LA Times Editorial Board (August 24, 2016).
385:The school students were represented by the
1037:, page 10, line 25 to page 11, line 3,
640:Vergara v. California - Appellate Decision
583:Vergara v. California - Tentative Decision
416:
147:Last In, First Out ("LIFO") layoff statute
29:
20:
728:Vergara v. California - Denial of Review
238:Evidence regarding teacher effectiveness
64:Docket No. B258589S (Cal. Ct. App. 2016)
1996:KPCC / Southern California Public Radio
1904:"California Teacher Tenure Laws Upheld"
574:
117:Permanent Employment ("Tenure") statute
1765:Cadelago, Christopher (May 16, 2015).
1902:Gonzales, Richard (August 22, 2016).
1227:. Capital & Main online magazine.
521:University of Massachusetts Dartmouth
7:
1501:Dobuzinskis, Alex (April 15, 2016).
1195:Callahan, David (February 3, 2014).
497:'s California affiliate) blamed the
2207:Los Angeles Unified School District
2026:. Los Angeles Times. Archived from
1908:National Public Radio / The Two-Way
1484:Vergara (2016) - Appellate Decision
1440:Vergara (2016) - Appellate Decision
1422:Vergara (2016) - Appellate Decision
1404:Vergara (2016) - Appellate Decision
1349:Nagourney, Adam (August 30, 2014).
175:As background, the court began the
2212:California Department of Education
1739:Associated Press (June 11, 2014).
600:Medina, Jennifer (June 10, 2014).
14:
2224:California Federation of Teachers
254:testified that students in LAUSD
179:opinion with a discussion of the
2264:United States education case law
1990:Stokes, Kyle (August 22, 2016).
1559:San Francisco Chronicle / SFGate
1300:10.1016/j.econedurev.2010.12.006
745:Favot, Sarah (August 22, 2016).
622:Vergara v. California - Judgment
224:of the educational experience."
84:and to instruction by effective
16:2012 California state court case
2229:California Teachers Association
1850:Rich, Motoko (April 13, 2016).
1824:Brody, Leslie (June 23, 2014).
1641:Brown, Emma (August 22, 2016).
1553:Egelko, Bob (August 22, 2016).
683:Resmovits, Joy (May 25, 2016).
486:California Teachers Association
395:California Teachers Association
2274:2014 in United States case law
2249:Education reform in California
2244:Public education in California
2189:Education reform organizations
1876:Brown, Emma (April 14, 2016).
250:"Based on a 4 year study, Dr.
1:
2075:Editorial (August 23, 2016).
1336:American Economic Association
1284:Economics of Education Review
771:Deasy, John (June 10, 2014).
2269:United States labor case law
2201:Public school administrators
1976:, page 15, lines 13-15,
1331:The American Economic Review
1181:, page 14, lines 10-14,
1127:, page 13, lines 19-23,
1109:, page 13, lines 17-18,
1091:, page 13, lines 18-19,
1073:, page 12, lines 23-26,
1055:, page 11, lines 21-23,
1019:, page 10, lines 14-17,
983:, page 10, lines 10-12,
2183:Supreme Court of California
1163:, page 6, lines 13-15,
1001:, page 6, lines 13-15,
965:, page 9, lines 21-25,
911:, page 7, lines 24-26,
875:, page 8, lines 19-24,
857:, page 2, lines 23-28,
836:Butt v. State of California
821:, page 3, lines 19-27,
391:California Attorney General
210:Butt v. State of California
186:Brown v. Board of Education
42:California Courts of Appeal
2300:
1798:Baker, Al (July 3, 2014).
1145:, page 14, lines 4-5,
947:, page 9, lines 1-19,
893:, page 7, lines 8-11,
437:Mariano-Florentino Cuéllar
411:California Court of Appeal
90:Constitution of California
2259:California state case law
1973:Vergara (2014) - Judgment
1178:Vergara (2014) - Judgment
1160:Vergara (2014) - Judgment
1142:Vergara (2014) - Judgment
1124:Vergara (2014) - Judgment
1106:Vergara (2014) - Judgment
1088:Vergara (2014) - Judgment
1070:Vergara (2014) - Judgment
1052:Vergara (2014) - Judgment
1034:Vergara (2014) - Judgment
1016:Vergara (2014) - Judgment
998:Vergara (2014) - Judgment
980:Vergara (2014) - Judgment
962:Vergara (2014) - Judgment
944:Vergara (2014) - Judgment
929:, page 8, lines 2-4,
926:Vergara (2014) - Judgment
908:Vergara (2014) - Judgment
890:Vergara (2014) - Judgment
872:Vergara (2014) - Judgment
854:Vergara (2014) - Judgment
818:Vergara (2014) - Judgment
800:Vergara (2014) - Judgment
363:(Harvard University) and
28:
423:California Supreme Court
359:of Stanford University.
192:California Supreme Court
2254:Labor law in California
2081:San Francisco Chronicle
803:, page 7, line 21,
553:San Francisco Chronicle
374:(Stanford University),
287:students and teachers.
170:California Constitution
104:The challenged statutes
513:California Legislature
2144:Brookings Institution
560:, the editors at the
372:Linda Darling Hammond
76:was a lawsuit in the
73:Vergara v. California
60:246 Cal. App. 4th 619
24:Vergara v. California
525:separation of powers
353:value-added modeling
204:Serrano v. Priest II
166:shock the conscience
1882:The Washington Post
1830:Wall Street Journal
1647:The Washington Post
1259:Stanford University
1202:The Huffington Post
245:quality of teaching
197:Serrano v. Priest I
2279:2014 in California
2030:on August 30, 2016
1856:The New York Times
1804:The New York Times
1772:The Sacramento Bee
1356:The New York Times
1255:Hoover Institution
607:The New York Times
470:Davids v. New York
452:The day after the
181:U.S. Supreme Court
134:Dismissal statutes
2284:2014 in education
2153:978-0-8157-0373-0
2125:978-0-385-53695-0
2055:Los Angeles Times
2023:Los Angeles Times
1586:. August 22, 2016
1533:Los Angeles Times
1463:Los Angeles Times
1383:Los Angeles Times
778:Los Angeles Times
689:Los Angeles Times
542:Los Angeles Times
527:as it relates to
154:last in first out
69:
68:
2291:
2157:
2129:
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1784:
1775:. Archived from
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2028:the original
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2011:
1999:. Retrieved
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1911:. Retrieved
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1809:December 8,
1362:December 6,
1322:Chetty, Raj
1294:: 466–479.
1264:December 5,
1208:December 6,
784:December 5,
432:Goodwin Liu
407:Jerry Brown
387:Gibson Dunn
365:Thomas Kane
346:David Welch
218:opportunity
2238:Categories
2001:August 29,
1913:August 29,
1652:August 29,
1590:August 29,
1564:August 24,
1538:August 29,
756:August 22,
569:References
539:case. The
361:Raj Chetty
141:John Deasy
78:California
2116:Doubleday
1887:April 22,
1861:April 21,
1745:USA Today
1512:April 21,
1468:April 21,
1388:April 20,
668:April 15,
562:Chronicle
194:cases of
82:education
56:Citations
2136:(2013).
2108:(2014).
1308:16101187
1292:Elsevier
262:Berliner
214:equality
190:and the
183:case of
86:teachers
1783:June 5,
1584:Reuters
1507:Reuters
694:July 8,
537:Vergara
499:Vergara
490:Vergara
488:called
465:Vergara
454:Vergara
441:Vergara
393:. The
222:quality
177:Vergara
127:Vergara
48:Decided
2167:Courts
2150:
2122:
1306:
839:,
467:case,
208:, and
206:(1976)
199:(1971)
188:(1954)
123:tenure
110:tenure
1304:S2CID
1290:(3).
1253:(3).
558:Times
547:Times
260:"Dr.
38:Court
2148:ISBN
2120:ISBN
2088:2016
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2036:2016
2003:2016
1978:Text
1959:2016
1937:2016
1915:2016
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786:2014
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321:LIFO
306:uber
282:and
252:Kane
1296:doi
495:AFT
482:NEA
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610:.
590:.
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