54:
31:
284:, which have a double wall. When mature, these asci either split open or dissolve to release the spores. At maturity, the reproductive structures of Verrucariales lack certain sterile tissues (called interascal elements) that are present in many other fungi, a feature they share with the order Chaetothyriales.
230:, creating lichens. These lichens are remarkable for their ability to thrive in a wide range of environments, from extremely dry land habitats to freshwater and even marine ecosystems, where they are particularly abundant. A significant portion of Verrucariales species can be found
426:
Wang, Yan-Yan; Liu, Bin; Zhang, Xin-Yu; Zhou, Qi-Ming; Zhang, Tao; Li, Hui; Yu, Yu-Fei; Zhang, Xiao-Ling; Hao, Xi-Yan; Wang, Meng; Wang, Lei; Wei, Jiang-Chun (2014).
710:
867:
762:
619:
606:
684:
723:
499:
379:
492:
The Mycota. Systematics and
Evolution. Part B: A Comprehensive treatise on fungi as experimental systems for basic and applied research
824:
872:
728:
749:
53:
397:"The 2018 classification and checklist of lichenicolous fungi, with 2000 non-lichenized, obligately lichenicolous taxa"
857:
767:
257:. Unlike many other lichens, Verrucariales rarely produce specialised structures for asexual reproduction, such as
515:
Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022).
276:, which may be embedded within the lichen body or grow on its surface. These perithecia have small openings (
253:, a dark pigment also found in human skin, which is a characteristic shared with another fungal order called
126:
862:
852:
559:
181:
120:
105:
130:
803:
829:
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231:
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242:, either living independently or forming lichens themselves while feeding on other lichens.
222:
Members of the
Verrucariales are primarily organisms that form symbiotic relationships with
193:
151:
280:) through which spores are released. The spores are produced in sac-like structures called
254:
211:
170:
249:) of Verrucariales lichens varies greatly in both form and colour. Many species contain
671:
458:
427:
371:
301:
293:
185:
156:
146:
95:
624:
846:
611:
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396:
227:
203:
533:
428:"Genome characteristics reveal the impact of lichenization on lichen-forming fungus
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40:
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494:. Vol. 7 (2nd ed.). Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 130–131.
292:
There are some genera in the
Verrucariales that have not been placed
258:
189:
75:
741:
689:
553:
366:. In Greg M. Mueller; Bills, Gerald F.; Foster, Mercedes S. (eds.).
663:
798:
486:
Geiser, David M.; Lobuglio, Katherine F.; Guiedan, Cécile (2015).
281:
223:
177:
557:
272:, these fungi typically develop flask-shaped structures called
265:(powdery clusters of fungal cells wrapped around algal cells).
650:
238:
climates. Some fungi in this order have evolved to become
490:. In McLaughlin, David J.; Spatafora, Joseph W. (eds.).
395:
Diederich, Paul; Lawrey, James D.; Ertz, Damien (2018).
368:
Biodiversity of Fungi: Inventory and
Monitoring Methods
210:
481:
479:
477:
306:
Canals, Hern.-Mar., Gómez-Bolea & Llimona (1997)
566:
517:"Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021"
8:
554:
29:
20:
542:
532:
457:
447:
188:. Although most of the Verrucariales are
350:
214:occurred about 131 million years ago.
868:Taxa named by David Leslie Hawksworth
7:
804:28AEB08E-2124-0B58-3E96-53F5B3542091
778:804a4f99-8f27-422b-bc23-b863fa2b299d
432:Hedwig (Verrucariales, Ascomycota)"
261:(small, coral-like outgrowths) or
14:
488:"Pezizomycotina: Eurotiomycetes"
52:
358:Gams, Walter; Diederich, Paul;
1:
317:D.Hawksw. & Halici (2007)
288:Genera of uncertain placement
296:into any family. These are:
413:10.1639/0007-2745-121.3.340
889:
196:consists of 11 species of
534:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2
200:(lichen-dwelling) fungi.
143:
138:
49:Scientific classification
47:
38:Unidentified specimen of
37:
28:
23:
245:The physical structure (
449:10.1186/1471-2164-15-34
873:Taxa described in 1986
204:Phylogenomic analysis
182:Chaetothyriomycetidae
106:Chaetothyriomycetidae
374:. pp. 343–392.
180:within the subclass
430:Endocarpon pusillum
364:"Fungicolous fungi"
270:sexual reproduction
206:suggests that the
858:Ascomycota orders
840:
839:
786:Open Tree of Life
560:Taxon identifiers
501:978-3-662-46010-8
381:978-0-08-047026-9
164:
163:
134:
880:
833:
832:
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755:NHMSYS0001501732
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234:, especially in
232:growing on rocks
194:Sarcopyreniaceae
152:Sarcopyreniaceae
119:
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56:
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255:Chaetothyriales
220:
212:Chaetothyriales
118:
51:
17:
12:
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5:
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407:(3): 340–425.
401:The Bryologist
387:
380:
372:Academic Press
360:Pöldmaa, Kadri
349:
347:
344:
343:
342:
331:
328:Henssen (1998)
320:
309:
302:Botryolepraria
294:with certainty
289:
286:
219:
216:
186:Eurotiomycetes
162:
161:
160:
159:
157:Verrucariaceae
154:
149:
147:Adelococcaceae
141:
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136:
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113:
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96:Eurotiomycetes
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45:
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24:Verrucariales
16:Order of fungi
15:
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10:
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3:
2:
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863:Lichen orders
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853:Verrucariales
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598:Verrucariales
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568:Verrucariales
565:
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527:(1): 53–453.
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228:cyanobacteria
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198:lichenicolous
195:
192:, the family
191:
187:
184:of the class
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167:Verrucariales
158:
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116:Verrucariales
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436:BMC Genomics
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367:
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267:
244:
221:
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175:ascomycetous
166:
165:
123:
115:
39:
18:
698:iNaturalist
592:Wikispecies
544:10481/76378
339:Zopf (1898)
335:Merismatium
218:Description
131:O.E.Erikss.
847:Categories
521:Mycosphere
346:References
313:Gemmaspora
274:perithecia
208:divergence
190:lichenised
102:Subclass:
86:Ascomycota
82:Division:
41:Verrucaria
817:100386648
620:AusLichen
442:(1): 34.
341:– 10 spp.
240:parasites
236:temperate
139:Families
127:D.Hawksw.
72:Kingdom:
66:Eukaryota
812:Tropicos
737:MycoBank
672:Fungorum
625:30016211
612:60013179
607:AusFungi
577:Wikidata
468:24438332
362:(2011).
324:Kalbiana
308:– 2 spp.
278:ostioles
62:Domain:
583:Q145181
459:3897900
330:– 1 sp.
319:– 1 sp.
263:soredia
251:melanin
247:thallus
121:Mattick
112:Order:
92:Class:
830:147700
791:822362
775:NZOR:
768:146291
703:117869
664:1VERRO
498:
466:
456:
378:
259:isidia
169:is an
133:(1986)
129:&
825:WoRMS
799:Plazi
742:90504
729:14046
716:11604
711:IRMNG
677:90504
224:algae
178:fungi
171:order
76:Fungi
763:NCBI
724:ITIS
690:1043
685:GBIF
659:EPPO
651:5686
496:ISBN
464:PMID
376:ISBN
282:asci
268:For
750:NBN
646:EoL
638:4B4
633:CoL
539:hdl
529:doi
454:PMC
444:doi
409:doi
405:121
226:or
173:of
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124:ex
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384:.
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