Verreaux's eagle-owl - Knowledge (XXG)

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and brooding stage, the male usually roosts near the nest during the day while the female continually sits about the nest. After the brooding stage, the female normally takes to a perch within a dozen or so metres of the nest. Both parents may use a favor perch near the nest at which they dismantle prey into pieces that can be more easily consumed by their young, these may be called "plucking" perches where birds are more commonly eaten or "peeling" perches where hedgehogs are the most regular prey. Most dietary studies for the species have been from researching the pellets and skins under such perches. The female is an extremely tight sitter both while incubating and brooding, and may not even be displaced from the nest even if shouted at or the tree is struck. When intruders approach too closely, including other eagle-owls, potential predators and humans, the most common response of the parent Verreaux's eagle-owl is to grunt lowly, often raising its ear-tufts and bill-clapping. Both sexes may engage in distraction displays when the area near the nest is encroached, but it usually the male and most displays occur during nighttime but are possible at any time of day or night. During such displays, the adult will fly over the ground with drooping wings, or alights and drags its wings and flaps about, often while bill-clacking and calling. Similar injury-feigning distraction displays have been recorded in the

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minimum of effort to fly, and usually selecting a roost within a few feet of the nest which it has awkwardly climbed to or will drop to a large bush below the nest. In the nest, the chick will beg for food with a shrill or chittering noise, sometimes bobbing its head or swaying about and transferring its weight between its feet (sometimes called a "hunger dance") and it continues to rely on its parents for food well after leaving the nest. Sometimes after leaving the nest, the young eagle-owls are mobbed as are adults by other birds of prey and crows during the day, which is often heatedly directed at this species as adult eagle-owls regularly kill these birds at night. The young eagle-owl may dodge to denser branches to avoid being wounded during such attacks. Young Verreaux's eagle-owls may fall to the ground, often as a result of mobbing. If the young bird is discovered on the ground, it may feign death, lying prone with its head lax and its eyes closed. Even if picked up while death-shamming, the young eagle-owl may remain moribund. Upon being left without disturbance after "playing dead", the young Verreaux's eagle-owl will gradually open its eyes and return to a normal state.

864: 523:) are reported to average approximately 20% and 25% heavier than the males, respectively. The full range of reported body mass in the species ranges from 1,615 to 2,000 g (3.6 to 4.4 lb) in males against a body mass of 2,475–3,150 g (5.5–6.9 lb) in females. In one study, 4 males were found to have averaged 1,704 g (3.8 lb) while 6 females averaged 2,625 g (5.8 lb). Another study found 5 males to have averaged approximately 1,700 g (3.7 lb) while five females averaged 2,300 g (5.1 lb). Unusually large sizes have been claimed in captivity with claims that specimens measuring up to 75 cm (30 in) in length and 200 cm (6 ft 7 in) in wingspan but these are unverified and possibly misreported as these figures match the largest Eurasian eagle-owls. Males heavier than any in the wild have been verified in captivity to weigh up to 2,200 g (4.9 lb). Among standard measurements, the female is reported to measure from 447 to 490 mm (17.6 to 19.3 in), averaging 465 mm (18.3 in), in 2236:

101.6 g (3.28 to 3.58 oz), the upper weight being the mean mass of the first egg and the lower weight being the mean mass of the second egg. The eggs are reportedly laid at up to 7 day intervals and may take up nearly seven days as well between hatching. Most nest reportedly contain two eggs, but some may contain only one, and no more than two has been recorded in this species. The adult female incubates the eggs for 33 to 39 days, the incubation stage being slightly longer than those of most other eagle-owls, at least the more northern species. On average at hatching, the young weigh about 60 to 70 g (2.1 to 2.5 oz). The weight of the nestling can triple within five days after hatching. Due to the extreme interval between the hatching of the first and the second egg, the older owlet is always considerably larger than the second. As is widely reported in different kinds of raptorial birds, the smaller chick usually dies in the nest. This may be due to starvation upon being outcompeted for food by the older chick or the smaller chick may be being attacked and

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front side of the bird with strong black borders bracketing either side. One other feature that immediately distinguishes adult Verreaux's eagle-owls in good light are its pink eyelids. The ecological purpose of their colorful eyelids is not known; however, Brown (1965) opined that they replace the colorful yellow to orange eyes of eagle-owls in breeding and territorial displays, since they were very conspicuous in displaying males. Their eyes are dark-brown in color and like all eagle-owls, they have ear-tufts. The ear-tufts are blunter and smaller relative to those of other African eagle-owls. The ear-tufts of this species are relatively subtle and can be missed in the field, especially if they are held lax. In appearance, they are quite easily distinguished if seen well. They are much bigger and bulkier than most other co-occurring owls. The only eagle-owl species in range that approaches its size is the

2070:), is largely a forest-dweller and so is less directly a diurnal equivalent. There is a single recorded instance of an immature crowned eagle being aggressively displaced at night by an adult Verreaux's eagle-owl when it happened to encroach on the eagle-owl's territory but without bloodshed and eagle-owls would do well to avoid the exceptionally powerful eagle. Taken together, the Verreaux's, the Shelley's and the Cape eagle-owls could be seen as nocturnally replacing the eagle species of martial, crowned and Verreaux's eagles in the respective habitats of savanna, forest and rocky areas but their increasingly diminishing size in comparison to the diurnal eagles means that, generally speaking, less large-bodied prey is likely to be attacked. Despite its place near the top of the nocturnal avian food chain, in 2013 a remote wildlife camera videotaped a 2062:) is sometimes regarded as the diurnal ecological equivalent of the Verreaux's eagle-owl. The martial eagle has rather similar habitat preferences to the eagle-owl and has a similarly broad, opportunistic diet. At roughly 4,200 g (9.3 lb) in average body mass, the martial eagle is roughly twice as heavy as Verreaux's eagle-owl and takes correspondingly large prey, its average prey weight range being 1,000 to 5,000 g (2.2 to 11.0 lb) and the eagles are capable of exceptionally taking prey up to nearly nine times their own weight, whereas most of the eagle-owls prey does not exceed 1,000 to 1,500 g (2.2 to 3.3 lb). Verreaux's eagle-owl is likely to give martial eagles a respectful space during daytime and there are no records of the two species harassing one another. Another particularly large and aggressive eagle, the 2144:. The monogamous pair is quite stable, most likely mating for life. As in most owls, a courtship display is both to establish mates for a newly mature pair of eagle-owls or to strength pair bonds prior to nesting. Vocalizations during courtship displays consist of relatively rapid and excited calling, hooting and whining. The pair during courtship will bow to one another, flick open their wings and preen each other's feathers, with the male taking the more active part in the courtship ritual. Like all raptorial birds, Verreaux's eagle-owls are strongly territorial. The pair will defend their territory by their song and sometimes (though rarely) through duets. The territories of Verreaux's eagle-owls can range up to 7,000 hectares in size, although average territory sizes are seemingly unknown. 2155:, the Verreaux's eagle-owls normally uses old nests built by other birds as their own nests. Usage of a nest site other than those constructed by other birds is considered rarer even than in the horned owl and is viewed as almost exceptional in some parts of this species range. Existent reports of this species building its own nest are certain to be dubious, as no known living owl builds a nest and only a small handful of owl species have been verified adding a small amount of nesting material to an existing surface or nest. The variety of bird nests they use is extreme. Large stick nests in sturdy trees are generally used. In southern Africa, recorded nest heights have ranged from 6 to 25 m (19 ft 8 in to 82 ft 0 in) off the ground. Like other 2258: 1935:) that have not been reported as food but are almost certainly occasionally threatened by Verreaux's eagle-owls. As is commonly the case with eagle-owls, the Verreaux's eagle-owl is perhaps the most serious predatory threat to diurnal raptors in its range, most often ambushing raptors on their prominent nests upon nightfall and freely killing birds of prey of any age from nestlings to adults. Such prey is not quantitatively significant as a food source but since raptors as a rule are sparsely distributed the habitual visitation of a single or pair of Verreaux's eagle-owl can potentially be devastating to a local population. Among the species of small-to-medium-sized raptors known to be attacked are the 638 g (1.4 lb) 2112: 1161:). Incidents of successful predation have included vervets that were half-grown, which the eagle-owl was able to fly off with (despite being about as heavy as the eagle-owl itself), and an adult vervet of an estimated weight of 4,000 to 5,000 g (8.8 to 11.0 lb), which an eagle-owl took on the ground and subsequently dismembered. However, considering the formidable gauntlet of predators that vervet monkeys face, the Verreaux's eagle-owl is one of its more minor predators and attacks on them may be considered incidental, due in part to the monkey's primarily diurnal activities. Other monkey species believed to be occasionally vulnerable to attacks include the 300: 1671: 499: 539: 587:), which occurs in west, central and inland southern Africa and may co-exist with the Verreaux's eagle-owl in much of its range (despite favoring wetland and riparian zones surrounded by wooded areas), can attain similar sizes as the Verreaux's eagle-owl but is dramatically different in color (a rather brighter rufous-cinnamon hue) and lacks ear-tufts. In combination, the characteristics of their pink eyelids, dark eyes, relatively uniform plumage and extremely large size render the Verreaux's eagle-owl as nearly unmistakable. 961:), which averages 350 g (12 oz) in adults, in the south. When capturing hedgehogs, the eagle-owl descends silently with its soft-comb wings and ambushes the hedgehog by imbedding its talons about the face. After death, the hedgehog is skinned of its prickly back before being consumed by either the eagle-owl itself or the young at the nest. This may result in over a dozen hedgehog skins being found around Verreaux's eagle-owl roosts near their nests. The same method of dealing with hedgehogs is utilized by the 816: 2313:

persecution. The normal cause of persecution is their possible status as predators of small domestic stock, though this is certain to be rare, at least in areas with substantial wild prey populations. An additional threat is the residual effects of pesticides, as poison (usually through rodenticide or poisoned carcasses left out for scavengers such as jackals) consumed through prey may badly affect them. They may be killed by flying into novel man-made objects, including wires and massive dams along reservoirs.

883:. This species hunts predominantly in early evening; however, they have been observed to swoop on prey during daylight. They usually fly to a different perch from their daytime roost to use as their habitual hunting perch. Verreaux's eagle-owls mainly hunt by gliding down on their prey from a perch. However, hunting on the wing has been reported, even of flying insects. On occasion, they hunt by flying low over a bush to catch prey by surprise or dash on the wing into dense foliage or through forests to catch a 2241:

are covered in off-white down from hatching on and the pink eyelids may become apparent within the first week of life. By three weeks of age, the chicks down will thicken and darken to a greyish colour with some barring present. By six weeks, the young eagle-owl will start to somewhat resemble an adult, replete with the blackish brackets on the facial disc of the adult but still being fairly downy, particularly about the head. Only a week later, almost all the down is likely to be moulted.

2204:, which build huge communal nest structures which the eagle-owls then similarly nest on top of. Most nests are already abandoned when the Verreaux's eagle-owl take over it, in large accipitrids for example, many build alternate nests which are not used for years on end. However, if the nest is occupied, the Verreaux's eagle-owl pair readily displaces the occupants and sometimes feeds on the birds in them. Species known to be successfully displaced from their nests have ranged up in size to 1864:, than the Verreaux's eagle-owl. The Cape eagle-owl has a fairly strong preference for nesting and hunting within the confines of rocky and mountainous habitats, whereas the Verreaux's is at best sporadic in such areas. In east Africa and South Africa, habitat degradation has allowed the more adaptable Verreaux's eagle-owl to move into areas inhabited by cape eagle-owls and has presented the possible issue of the Verreaux's competitively excluding the smaller species. 1348: 111: 409: 2324:, the species is considered Near Threatened and the species has been recommended for threatened status in southern Africa overall. In west Africa and central Africa, the habitat is often marginal for this species, the distribution is sporadic and thus this eagle-owl is only encountered either uncommonly or rarely. The greatest regional stronghold for Verreaux's eagle-owls is seemingly east Africa, in countries such as 69: 42: 2305: 1868: 917:

in multiple regions. To date, more than 100 prey species have been counted for this eagle-owl and, with only about half a dozen comprehensive dietary studies known to have been conducted, this probably only represents a small portion of the total prey selected. Estimated prey size for the species has ranged from insects weighing less than 5 g (0.18 oz) to

969: 631:), though that species has a fairly croaking call reminiscent of a large frog and in recordings appears to have a less sonorous call. Apparently, the song can carry up to 5 km (3.1 mi) away on quiet nights. The female's call is similar but higher pitched, as in all owls to some extent because the larger female tends to have a smaller syrinx. Like most 2270:

nest area and was thus seemingly fully independent. On the other hand, Verreaux's eagle-owls of over half-a-year in age who presumably can fly and hunt on their own have been seen to linger and continue to beg its parents to be fed into the next breeding season, and may even be fed by their father while he is also feeding the mother and a new nestling. In

1271:) weighing about 2,200 g (4.9 lb) which was taken by a Verreaux's eagle-owl on the wing represents the second heaviest known object successfully flown with this species after the aforementioned half-grown vervet monkey. Other smallish carnivores known to fall prey to Verreaux's eagle-owls include the 292 g (10.3 oz) 1060:) at an average adult weight of 3,040 g (6.7 lb). Avery, et al. (1985) opined that springhares may be only taken as carrion as they claim it be too large for the eagle-owl to overpower and indeed at least one South African springhare was fed on as roadkilled carrion. However, Avery, et al. (1985) also acknowledged that adult 535:(in a small sample) 51 to 54 mm (2.0 to 2.1 in). Based on wing chord size compared to body mass and other linear dimensions, the Verreaux's eagle-owl averages somewhat larger in the size of its wings relative to its body size than most other eagle-owls, excluding the Asian fish owls which are also relatively long-winged. 1360:

unfortunate enough to have a nighttime roost or nest that happens to be in an eagle-owl's foraging path may fall victim to this species. Many cases of predation involve nest robbery, with nestlings or fledglings being taken, although adult birds may be taken just as often, especially for species with less conspicuous nests. In

2019:); none of the adults, which are about the same average adult body mass as the Verreaux's eagle-owls, have been reported as prey. However, in some even larger birds of prey, adults as well as nestlings and fledglings have been killed. Successful nighttime attacks have been reported on adults of the 2,810 g (6.2 lb) 2296:, and in such cases are apparently not approached further by the bigger animals although the eagle-owls could easily be killed by such animals if contact was made. The lifespan in the wild is not known; however, in captivity the species can live for over 15 years, and possibly up to 30 years in some cases. 316:

is not fully clear. At one time, the Verreaux's eagle-owl was mentioned as an owl with particularly mysterious genetic alliances among living owls. Per Konig & Weick (2008), the species with studied genetic markers found to be most closely related are a dark-eyed species pair of Asian eagle-owls,

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There are no known subspecies in the Verreaux's eagle-owl, and there is remarkably little variation in their appearance across their considerable distribution. Reportedly, birds in the southern part of their range appear marginally larger on average but these size differences are quite subtle and may

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Sliwa, Alexander, Marna Herbst, and M. Mills. "Black-footed cats (Felis nigripes) and African wild cats (Felis silvestris): a comparison of two small felids from South African arid lands." Biology and conservation of wild felids (DW Macdonald and AJ Loveridge, eds.). Oxford University Press, Oxford,

2212:), which are more than three times heavier on average than the Verreaux's eagle-owl. In some cases, hamerkops have been known to try to defend their nest from the eagle-owls but are usually chased away. Verreaux's eagle-owls have been known to displace other opportunistic nest usurpers such as other 2119:

In the heart of their distribution, i.e. east Africa, breeding activity in this species can peak any time from February to September, but can occur nearly any month at the species level. The timing of breeding is said to be correspondent roughly to the regional dry season, so averages earlier in the

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Annual mortality appears to be fairly low in this large owl species. Few species have been reported to hunt Verreaux's eagle-owls short of the aforementioned jackal attack, even nests have rarely been seen to be predated, although they may on rare occasions run foul of some predators such as larger

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and chicken heads in its nest area, the young eagle-owl apparently became remarkably confiding towards the person. The tendency of young eagle-owls to linger into the next breeding season sometimes results in "family groups" roosting together, a very unusual occurrence for an eagle-owl species. One

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On average, the young Verreaux's eagle-owl leaves the nest at around 62–63 days but cannot fly at this point. It may take roughly anywhere from another two weeks to a month after this before the fledgling is a competent flier. After leaving the nest, the fledgling is "remarkably inactive", making a

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species. In one case, feral dogs were successfully lured away from a young Verreaux's eagle-owl by its parents’ distraction display after the young bird had fallen to the ground. In rare cases, the parent eagle-owls will attack interlopers. In one such case, a person who picked up a young eagle-owl

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The mother Verreaux's eagle-owl remains on the nest for nearly the entire incubation period while the male hunts for food for both of them. During the brooding stage, which lasts about 20 days after hatching, the female is still fed by the male, but resumes hunting thereafter. During the incubation

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Verreaux's eagle-owl takes a diverse range of birds as prey. More than 50 avian prey species have been identified and they may locally exceed mammals in importance in the diet, somewhat unusually for eagle-owls. No one type of bird can be said to be predictably favored as prey and any avian species

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numbers decline. Furthermore, species-wide, great horned owls may select mammals as prey nearly 88% of the time. In contrast, studies have indicated that for the Verreaux's eagle-owl only around 56% of its diet is mammals and no single prey type predictably dominates their prey selection by biomass

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trees may be used habitually. Despite normally choosing dense foliage to rest in, sometimes they may sit wherever their hunting path ends from the prior night, including relatively exposed perches. They reportedly sleep rather lightly and will awaken very quickly to defend themselves from attack in

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by its older sibling. Usually the smaller chick is gone within two weeks after hatching in this species. In rare cases, both chicks are reared and survive to leave the nest, although there are no known cases of two fledglings resulting from a Verreaux's eagle-owl nest in southern Africa. The young

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Overall, Verreaux's eagle-owl is a fairly uniform and somewhat pale gray, with light and fine brownish vermiculations on the underside. The back is more solidly light brown with white spots on the shoulder. The oval facial disc is paler, sometimes ranging into a whitish color, than the rest of the

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as it occurs over a wide range and has shown some adaptability to human-based alterations and destruction of habitat and adaptability to diverse prey when a primary prey species declines in a region. As a large, highly territorial species of owl, it does, however, occur at fairly low densities and

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It is not until they are about 5 months old do most young Verreaux's eagle-owl show the ability to capture prey for themselves. However, the stage at which the young of this species becomes independent appears remarkably variable. One ringed 9-month-old moved 24 km (15 mi) away from its

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the eagle-owl has been recorded using old nests built by this species. The unusual, massive nest is an enclosed circle of sticks with a side entrance that are often very large relative to the size of the hamerkop, a smallish, compact wading bird. Usually the eagle-owls nest on the flat top of the

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Verreaux's eagle-owl is a highly opportunistic predator equipped with powerful talons. Just over half of its known diet is composed of mammals but equal or even greater numbers of birds and even insects may be hunted locally, along with any other appropriately sized prey that is encountered. This

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with the ability to climb. That young birds usually leave the nest before they can fly would appear to endanger them but the threat and distraction display of parent eagle-owls are apparently often successful. Adult eagle-owls can appear nearly fearless, as they have been reported to stand their

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On average, sexual maturity in Verreaux's eagle-owls appears to be attained at three to four years of age. In most cases, a pair of Verreaux's eagle-owl is able to nest annually; however, in some cases they may nest only every two to three years, in probable situations of extreme food shortages.

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and thus is not likely to co-exist with Verreaux's eagle-owls except in rare cases, the northerly-distributed greyish eagle-owl (which was at one point considered merely a subspecies of the spotted) and the southerly-distributed spotted eagle-owl have much more similar habitat preferences to the

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which are rather small and this may require a nesting pair to capture up to a dozen rodents nightly. In comparison, the diversity and abundance of rodents is considerably greater in wild areas of sub-Saharan Africa and the Verreaux's eagle-owl seemingly ignores most small rodent species, with no

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apparently uttered as a distraction display mainly by the male near the nest. While sound is important to some degree for inner-species relations and hunting behaviour to all owl species, the Verreaux's eagle-owl appears to have relatively small and uncomplicated ear openings compared to several

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Verreaux's eagle-owl is a seldom-encountered species, occurring at low densities and needing large territories for hunting and breeding purposes. The threats faced by this species are sadly typical of many large birds of prey from around the world. Not infrequently, they are locally rare due to

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owls. Given that the Verreaux's eagle-owl is surprisingly bold about coming to their ground to, among other things capture beetles, feed on prey too large to carry in flight or, as is likely the case in the jackal attack, drink water, it is possible that the jackal was simply able to ambush an

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or other arboreal prey item. They will also sometimes run after prey on the ground, flapping their wings rapidly as they walk, or wade into shallow waters to pin down fish. The wing size of eagle-owls in general limits their flying speed and abilities in the open and so they require perches to

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during this time. Reportedly some family groups include eagle-owls that had hatched up to three years prior, which if accurate is exceptional for any type of owl species. During extremely hot days, this species may flutter its throat for cooling purposes and has been known to bathe in rain and

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Verreaux's eagle-owl ranges from 58 to 66 cm (23 to 26 in) in total length. This species has been reported as having an average wingspan of 140 cm (4 ft 7 in), but Mikkola referenced this as the wingspan of a smaller male. The largest known wingspan from a wild female

368:, as opposed to other eagle-owls which have yellow to orange irises. Fraser's and Usambara eagle-owls also have a small amount of bare skin around their eyes but this tends to bluish in color and is not nearly as extensive as the pink seen in Verreaux's. Other large owls native to Africa, the 1200:), weighing an estimated 10,670 g (23.5 lb), was opined with certainty to have been taken as carrion per this study. Steyn (1982) accepted that this species could take live prey weighing up to 10,000 g (22.0 lb) on rare occasions; however, he stated in a case of an adult 2235:

On average, the female lays two white eggs, which typically measure 62.6 mm × 51.4 mm (2.46 in × 2.02 in), with a range in height of 58 to 66 mm (2.3 to 2.6 in) and a range in width of 48 to 54 mm (1.9 to 2.1 in). The eggs weigh from 93 to

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was verified. At roughly 2,000 g (4.4 lb) in body mass, the fishing owl is of nearly the same size as the eagle-owl. Cases where they've attacked the nests of particularly large diurnal birds of prey have sometimes involved only nestlings being victimized, such as attacks on the

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most likely in forest edge and mosaics, but that species is a much darker sooty colour overall with broad black bands on the underside. Shelley's eagle-owl also has considerably different habitat preferences, preferring deep, primary forests, and is much more rarely observed in the wild.

1208:) being fed on by an eagle-owl that the duiker was likely roadkill. Scavenging on carrion is generally a rare behaviour in owls and has been reported in only a few cases where large owls are exceptionally hungry. Live ungulates verified to have been hunted have included piglets of 1067:

Many other mammals taken as prey by Verreaux's eagle-owl are seemingly any encountered except the much larger species, especially those that show a propensity for nocturnal or crepuscular activity. This species has hunted bats in several cases from the 8.1 g (0.29 oz)

1835:), in rough order of increasing size. These species are all primarily insectivores and are much reduced in the size and strength of their feet and talons compared to most other contemporary species, although the spotted eagle-owl can be locally specialized to feed on small 965:, which is likewise reported as the only routine predator of hedgehogs in its native continent. Studies in other areas have shown that, while hedgehogs are seemingly taken opportunistically, they are at best secondary as contributors of prey both in quantity and biomass. 937:. It appears that this species is the only routine predator of hedgehogs in Africa, most other predators of small-to-medium-sized mammals choosing to pursue other abundant mammals without the hedgehog's prickly defenses. In both the southernmost, from the western cape of 2163:

are often popular for use, due to the often huge size and sturdiness of construction typical in this family, with the nest builders devoting up to four months to their construction. However, perhaps the constructor of nests that most often host Verreaux's eagle-owls are

527:, 230 to 273 mm (9.1 to 10.7 in) in the tail, while the same measurements in the male are from 420 to 490 mm (17 to 19 in), averaging 448 mm (17.6 in), and from 220 to 275 mm (8.7 to 10.8 in) in tail length. In both sexes, the 855:

shallow water during extreme heat in the middle of the afternoon but usually drinks when possible during nighttime. Each breeding pair of Verreaux's eagle-owl defends a territory and these may be extremely large, ranging in size up to 7,000 ha (17,000 acres).

1331:), which can weigh more than about 4,500 g (9.9 lb), was aborted after the eagle-owl apparently deemed that the felid was too heavy to take flight with. However, domesticated cats of any size may fall prey to Verreaux's eagle-owl. At 348:), is the third most closely related species to the Verreaux's. Notably, Konig & Weick did not test the DNA of other African eagle-owls that may bear relation to the Verreaux's eagle-owl based largely on their solid dark brown eyes, namely 1810:

species as well. Due to the diversity here, there are a number of distinctions between habitat preference, primary prey types and body size among the eagle-owls of Africa. The three smallest species of this genus reside solely in Africa, the

1376:) with several adults estimated to average 1,260 g (2.8 lb) being found among the prey remains. Other fairly common, largish herons are also known to fall prey at night to Verreaux's eagle-owl including the 873 g (1.9 lb) 863: 5017:

Ogada, D. L., & Kibuthu, P. M. (2008). "Conserving Mackinder's eagle owls in farmlands of Kenya: assessing the influence of pesticide use, tourism and local knowledge of owl habits in protecting a culturally loathed species."

1368:, it was found that birds were somewhat better represented by both number, 43.3% of remains, and biomass, 57.84% of remains, than mammals or any other prey group. The species best represented in biomass in the prior study was the 423:, Verreaux's eagle-owl is not the largest owl or eagle-owl in the world. It is, however, a very large and powerful owl species. This species is both the largest owl found in Africa and the world's largest owl to occur in the 4221:

Comparison of play behaviour of four guenon species: Diana monkey (Cercopithecus diana), de Brazza monkey (Cercopithecus neglectus), Patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas) and Vervet (Chlorocebus pygerythus) with regard to

779:, they are largely associated with riparian woodlands. Verreaux's eagle-owl may live at nearly all elevations, from sea level to near the snow-line at around 3,000 m (9,800 ft) in elevation, such as in the 2279:

such group consisted of five birds together, including two parents and three owls from the preceding past three years and apparently the younger eagle-owls even helped bring food for the chick once the egg hatched.

459:), Blakiston's fish and Eurasian eagle-owls. Based on body mass and wing chord length, Verreaux's eagle-owl is about the same size as "medium-sized" races of Eurasian eagle-owl, such as those from Central Asian 1132:

have been reported, unsurprisingly as they represent all nocturnal primates in Africa, although they are seldom identified to species. Known galago prey species have ranged from the 85.3 g (3.01 oz)

2094:) have been reported, but in these cases the horned owl was mysteriously grounded and the eagle-owl was nesting in too-easily accessed sea cliffs. More often foxes are prey rather than predators for northern 1582:), which at 1,500 g (3.3 lb) are possibly the heaviest corvid species in the world, mobbed them vigorously and seemed to consider them a primary threat. Smaller passerines are by no means ignored. 895:

owls, most species of which are known to be highly opportunistic predators with indiscriminating diets, the Verreaux's eagle-owl is a particularly opportunistic predator. While earlier studies characterized

1883:, other owls in Africa are much smaller than Verreaux's eagle-owls and are more likely to be viewed as prey than competition. Among the small-to-mid-sized owls that have fallen prey to this species are the 2316:

Habitat destruction can also affect them, as they require ample trees with large bird nests in order to take residence in a given area. In some areas, however, they've been shown to be able to nest in

879:, meaning it is at or near the top of the food chain and healthy adults normally have no natural predators. In many known aspects of its hunting behaviour, it is typical of the members of the genus 676:. The species is found at the highest densities in eastern and southern Africa. As this species avoids primary forests, it is found very spottily in west Africa. Their western distribution includes 912:

as prey instead of other foods regardless of prey population trends and became regional specialists on such prey, to such an extent that it predictably causes owl population declines at times when

575:). The individual home ranges, if not habitats, of the Verreaux's and cape eagle-owls may abut in nearly every part of the latter's distribution. Even in its largest race (Mackinder's eagle-owl, 5273:

Storm, G. L., Andrews, R. D., Phillips, R. L., Bishop, R. A., Siniff, D. B., & Tester, J. R. (1976). "Morphology, reproduction, dispersal, and mortality of midwestern red fox populations."

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ssp.) are likely to be even smaller. The largest bird to be hunted by Verreaux's eagle-owl is complicated by the fact that they often take relatively small nestlings of larger species, such as

755:, for example, near the extreme northwestern limit of the species range, the habitat that hosts these owls averages less than 55 cm (22 in) of rainfall annually. They also range into 1307:), the smallest felid in Africa, have been included amongst their prey. The Verreaux's eagle-owl is thought to be a threat to even larger carnivores, including the 4,150 g (9.1 lb) 904:, as hunting whatever random species they first come across, more modern dietary studies have contrarily shown their prey selection is not completely random and that regionally they selected 2931:

Pavia, M., Manegold, A., & Haarhoff, P. (2014). "New early Pliocene owls from Langebaanweg, South Africa, with first evidence of Athene south of the Sahara and a new species of Tyto."

2750:

Avery, G., Robertson, A. S., Palmer, N. G., & Prins, A. J. (1985). "Prey of giant eagle owls in the de Hoop nature reserve, Cape province, and some observations on hunting strategy."

3786:

Owls, Caves, and Fossils: Predation, Preservation, and Accumulation of Small Mammal Bones in Caves, with an Analysis of the Pleistocene Cave Faunas from Westbury-sub-Mendip, Somerset, UK

945:, food studies for this species have found hedgehogs to be the most significant contributor of biomass in Verreaux's eagle-owl nests. The two known hedgehog prey species taken are the 2228:), an unusual aggressive species of waterfowl that uses nests built by other species. In rare cases, Verreaux's eagle-owls have been recorded using large, old hollows, the stem of a 579:) the cape eagle-owl is around 30% lighter in body mass on average than the Verreaux's eagle-owl, not to mention it being markedly different in almost all outward characteristics. 2181:

hamerkop nest rather than the interior which is usually too small for the eagle-owls to enter and this can provide a rather safe structure for the eagle-owl family to call home.

267:. Verreaux's eagle-owl is mainly grey in color and is distinguishable from other large owls by its bright pink eyelids, a feature shared with no other owl species in the world. 791:

of southern Africa is near ideal habitat for Verreaux's eagle-owl and the species may be found at near peak numbers here. The species was historically rare to absent from the

1185:). Adult patas monkeys, averaging some 8,633 g (19.0 lb), can be even larger than vervet monkeys but whether they take prime adults of the species is questionable. 1105:, the scrub hare can be a particularly significant contributor of biomass to the eagle-owl's diet. Other assorted mammalian prey species include the 540 g (1.2 lb) 595:

The call of the Verreaux's eagle-owl is the deepest of any extant owl species and one of the deepest bird calls in the world, averaging slightly deeper than the calls of the

1733:), at a mean mature mass of 5,850 g (12.9 lb), these primarily diurnal reptiles can provide a fulfilling meal but can be hard to subdue even if ambushed unaware. 1128:, although isolated incidents of predation (normally on young primates) has been reported in two to three other large, tropical owls. Multiple cases of predation against 2054:

Other than these rare cases, larger birds of prey such as eagles are not usually harassed by Verreaux's eagle-owl and are more aptly viewed as competitors. In fact, the

2220:

in order to take over nest structures for themselves. In one case, a pair of eagle-owls nested on top of a hamerkop nest while the interior of the nest was occupied by

1471:). Domestic fowl, especially those allowed back to a semi-feral state and thus sleeping in the open as is prevalent in Africa, are taken when encountered, including 5814: 2328:, which may have numbers comparable to pre-colonial times. At the species level, they are widespread and currently not considered to be threatened with extinction. 1085:

that weigh over 150 g (5.3 oz). Most other mammalian prey recorded or inferred as hunted by Verreaux's eagle-owl tend to be considerably larger. Both the

5853: 980:

In general, the diet of Verreaux's eagle-owl is seemingly random and highly variable. Eagle-owl species from temperate zones may have no choice but to predate

4890:

Friedmann, H. & Stager, K. E. (1967) "Results of the 1966 Cheney expedition to the Samburu district, Kenya." Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History.

479:

races, considerably smaller than Siberian and Russian eagle-owls, and somewhat larger than the smallest Eurasian eagle-owl subspecies, such as those from the

5943: 5933: 507:

measured nearly 164 cm (5 ft 5 in). While female owls are almost always larger than males, Verreaux's eagle-owl stands out as one of the most

2257: 921:

weighing at least 10 kg (22 lb). This is the second broadest size range positively attributed to a single owl species for prey items after the

2439: 5788: 511:

living owl species, some studies showing the female can average 35% heavier than the male. In comparison, the females of the nominate subspecies of

400:, indicate that the Verreaux's eagle-owl descended from slightly smaller ancestors that increased in size as they diversified from related species. 5827: 4752: 3476:

Birds collected by Mr. FJ Jackson, FZS, during his recent Expedition to Uganda through the Territory of the Imperial British East‐African Company

1216:), which have an average birth weight of only 665 g (1.5 lb) but grow to over 2,000 g (4.4 lb) in just a couple weeks. Adult 1192:; however, some authors such as Avery, et al. (1985) feel that these generally represent cases of scavenging on carrion. The remains of an adult 1064:

of larger size have verifiably been taken alive by the eagle-owls, so it certainly should not be ruled out that they also take live springhares.

263:, it is the largest African owl, measuring up to 66 cm (26 in) in total length. This eagle-owl is a resident primarily of dry, wooded 696:, the species is distributed in a narrow transitional zone between the Sahara and rainforests. Seemingly isolated populations occur in central 5120:

Boshoff, A. F., Palmer, N. G., & Avery, G. (1990). "Regional variation in the diet of martial eagles in the Cape Province, South Africa."

1554:

owls from around the world due to their large size, relatively open nests and frequently easy-to-find, communal nocturnal roosts. To date the

4916:

Mendelsohn, J. M. (1989). "Habitat preferences, population size, food and breeding of six owl species in the Springbok Flats, South Africa."

4338: 4209:

Spatial and temporal determinants of samango monkey (Cercopithecus mitis erythrarchus) resource acquisition and predation avoidance behaviour

4105: 3216:

Morphological variation in bills and claws in relation to Prey type in Southern African Birds of Prey (Orders Falconiformes and Strigiformes)

2967: 651:

but variable grunting notes and raspy screams also seem to indicate alarm. Both the female and the young engage in high, piercing calls when

1754:

flies, but are likely consumed incidentally while eating a larger item, either from carrion or the stomach of the prey itself. Unidentified

288: 4320:, Volume 19, Issue 2 South-west Africa. Nature Conservation and Tourism of the South West Africa Administration., 1997 Cornell University. 2115:

A Verreaux's eagle-owl is disturbed during the day; adult birds frequently defend their territory and nest at any time of the day or year.

2111: 2103:

was filmed killing a Verreaux's eagle-owl by day, though whether this was predation or a competitive or anti-predatory attack is unclear.

607:). The calls of Eurasian eagle-owls are less deep but are possibly louder and farther carrying. The male's song is an exceptionally deep 384:

owls with clear similarities based on osteological characteristics to the modern Verreaux's eagle-owl (most are currently classified as

299: 3418:

On the Birds of North arid Central Darfur, with Notes on the West‐Central Kordofan and North Nuba Provinces of British Sudan (Part IV.)

5312: 4151:

Seyfarth, R. M., Cheney, D. L., & Marler, P. (1980). Vervet monkey alarm calls: semantic communication in a free-ranging primate.

3110: 1994:

There are reports of Verreaux's eagle-owls attacking even larger raptorial birds. A case of the Verreaux's eagle-owl killing an adult

1339:, this eagle-owl has apparently taken to habitually hunting outdoor cats, reportedly making the cats on the grounds highly skittish. 5596: 3557:

Occasional cooperative breeding in birds and the robustness of comparative analyses concerning the evolution of cooperative breeding

2903: 2589: 1794:

Sub-Saharan Africa has many species of owl, although there is less species diversity than in some areas of similar latitude in the

3961: 3435:

Bird observation in the Ogaden Region Somali Regional State,/Ethiopia A Contribution to the Identification of Important Bird Areas

5948: 1856:

can have a somewhat broad diet and a capability to take large prey but is more specialized to feed on a narrow range of mammals,

1685:

are occasional prey for Verreaux's eagle-owls. Various snakes have been included in their diet ranging from the small, innocuous

709: 4514:. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. x + 430 pp. 998:; however, these were recorded only slightly more often than other genera or species, including non-mammals. Several species of 5775: 4542: 1736:

Predation on fish has been reported but no fish have been observed firsthand in dietary studies. A surprisingly wide range of

1670: 1323:), although whether healthy adults of the latter are in danger is doubtful. A scientifically-observed attack on an adult male 660:

smaller types of owl. This indicates that the auditory senses are relatively unimportant in this species compared to vision.

5832: 5107:

Boshoff, A. F., & Palmer, N. G. (1980). "Macro-analysis of prey remains from martial eagle nests in the Cape Province."

1153:

are also predated opportunistically. Particularly often reported in foods of the Verreaux's eagle-owl as primates go is the

655:

at the nest (at which time the male does the food capture). One other vocalization recorded has included a raspy, drawn-out

4950:

Ogada, D. L., & Kibuthu, P. M. (2009). "Impacts of agriculture on the diet and productivity of Mackinder's Eagle Owls (

850:

daylight hours. Family groups consisting of breeding pairs and their offspring frequently roost together and may engage in

5953: 3911:

The social structure and reproductive biology of colonies of the mole-rat, Cryptomys damarensis (Rodentia, Bathyergidae)

1919:

has been recorded among their prey in a few cases. There are several owls with broadly similar habitat preferences from

1527: 1106: 1101:) have been reported as food, the scrub species estimated to average 2,740 g (6.0 lb) when taken. In parts of 748: 498: 5713: 4224:; diploma thesis – 57 pp. Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic. 1007: 652: 2120:

northern part of the range (before February) and later (July to September) in the southern part of the range such as

1915:). The only verified interactions with other typical eagle-owls have been predatory, as the 645 g (1.4 lb) 2320:

or suburban areas, showing greater adaptability to human-based land changes than many other large birds of prey. In

5858: 5068:

Watson, R. T. (1988). "The influence of nestling predation on nest site selection and behaviour of the bateleur."

3056:

Qinghu C., Jianping S. & Zhigang J. (2008). "Summer diet of two sympatric species of raptors upland buzzard (

1587: 1515: 1069: 973: 954: 2288:

ground and engage in threat displays when encountered on or near the ground against much larger animals such as

1899:), both of which average around 419 g (14.8 oz) in body mass in Africa, the 334 g (11.8 oz) 538: 1908: 1535: 1053: 827:

birds and roost by day in trees, with large, shaded horizontal branches of tall, old trees being preferred. In

693: 635:

owls, breeding pairs not infrequently call together but they are not as well-synchronized as the pair duets of

624: 560: 451:). In addition, it is the fourth longest extant owl (measured from the bill to the tip of the tail), after the 110: 2043:, the Verreaux's eagle-owl has been considered as one of the inferred predators of 4,195 g (9.2 lb) 5544:

Threatened vertebrates of Swaziland. Swaziland Red Data Book: fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals

2261:

A Verreaux's eagle-owl "fledgling" such as this one often leaves the nest well before it can fly competently.

1642:), which average only 745 g (1.6 lb) and 690 g (1.5 lb), respectively. Larger species of 815: 596: 428: 222: 4970:

Voous, K. H. (1966). "The distribution of owls in Africa in relation to general zoogeographical problems."

5700: 5627: 3825:

Heterothermy and seasonal patterns of metabolic rate in the southern African hedgehog (Atelerix frontalis)

1848: 1635: 1627: 1365: 1272: 780: 548: 365: 318: 5718: 5879: 1952: 1944: 1464: 1455:. More modestly sized wild galliform species reported in the diet including the 96 g (3.4 oz) 705: 312:. While genetic research has been undertaken for this species, its closest living relative in the genus 205: 5679: 5081:

Gargett, V. (1969). "Black Eagle survey, Rhodes Matopos National Park: a population study, 1964–1968."

5053:

Pel's Fishing-Owl Scotopelia peli falls prey to Verreaux's Eagle-Owk Bubo lacteus in the Okavango Delta

4749: 4235:

Proceedings of the Third Pan-African Ornithological Congress held at Pretoriuskop, Kruger National Park

1840: 1256: 349: 2384: 2078:) attacking and killing a Verreaux's eagle owl at a watering hole. Similar rare successful attacks on 1705:

were amongst the prominent prey recorded for suburban-breeding eagle-owls in South Africa, namely the

1002:, a separate family also sometimes referred to as mole-rats, have also been recorded as prey. Several 751:. Verreaux's eagle-owls mainly inhabit rather dry regions, some bordering semi-arid areas. In central 5762: 5692: 2205: 2036: 1995: 1936: 1740:

have been reported in the diet for this species. In some cases, they may prey on insects as small as

1264: 1142: 1134: 1029: 868: 580: 524: 336:

Among species with available genomes to study for DNA characteristics, it has been revealed that the

50: 3227: 1443:. Perhaps the most widely preyed species reported from this group is the 1,229 g (2.7 lb) 1255:) have been attacked, as well as larger, shy forest dwellers such as the 2,500 g (5.5 lb) 1228:

species at an average of 4,590 g (10.1 lb) have also been hunted by Verreaux's eagle-owl.

1124:

So far as is known, Verreaux's eagle-owl is the only living owl that preys upon multiple species of

5446:

Comparative study of general public owl knowledge in Costa Rica, Central America and Malawi, Africa

2071: 2044: 1984: 1960: 1647: 1444: 1037: 833: 819:

Verreaux's eagle-owls spend daytime resting at a roost, which is almost always an ample tree branch

673: 58: 5615: 1662:), although it is not clear whether adults (especially males) are attacked in the latter species. 5189: 4168:(Doctoral dissertation, Lethbridge, Alta.: University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Psychology, c2011). 3538:

Pitman, C., & Adamson, J. (1978). "Notes on the ecology and ethology of the giant eagle owl,

2436: 2246: 2232:

tree or on a very dense tangle of creepers or orchids instead of birds' nests as a nesting site.

2152: 2083: 2020: 1844: 1782:) by night, boldly diving below the massive bovids’ legs, and will readily feed on beetles among 1611: 1575: 1483: 1416: 1408: 1369: 1352: 962: 946: 922: 669: 512: 436: 254: 105: 5884: 3962:

Dave Taylor's African Safari: Trophic Level IV: Large Carnivores – Verreaux's Eagle Owl – Page 2

1347: 309: 5819: 5665: 4612:

Studies of the Purple Heron, Part 1: Heronry structure, nesting habits and reproductive success

5866: 5845: 5736: 5592: 4729:

Raihani, N. J., Nelson‐Flower, M. J., Moyes, K., Browning, L. E., & Ridley, A. R. (2010).

4334: 4101: 3106: 2963: 2899: 2585: 2317: 2185: 2137: 1920: 1916: 1892: 1872: 1828: 1820: 1217: 643:), which are often found in nearby ranges. The alarm calls of both sexes are often a sonorous 636: 619:) than any other bird. The song is sometimes considered unmistakable. According to a study in 528: 508: 480: 408: 357: 1121:), although it is possible that juvenile hyraxes are rather more commonly taken than adults. 5871: 4929:

Riegert, J., Sedláček, O., & Hutterer, R. (2008). "Diet of sympatric African grass owl (

4510:, J.A.J. Nel and B. Maas, Sillero-Zubiri, C., Hoffmann, M. and Macdonald, D.W. (eds). 2004. 4136:

Ecology of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) in the Masai-Amboseli game reserve, Kenya

3827:(Doctoral dissertation, MSc thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth). 3810:

Kingdon, J., Happold, D., Butynski, T., Hoffmann, M., Happold, M., & Kalina, J. (2013).

2379: 2148: 2079: 1928: 1706: 1674:

A Verreaux's eagle-owl near a flying moth, which can be as likely prey as a much larger item

1586:

are among the more frequently taken smaller passerines, with the 10.9 g (0.38 oz)

1432: 1424: 1300: 1150: 897: 763:

surrounded by open country, though they are less likely to inhabit heavily wooded habitats.

516: 326: 5705: 5459:

Survival threats and conservation management of raptors in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park

4042:

Rock Hyraxes (Procavia capensis) from Middle Stone Age Levels at Blombos Cave, South Africa

3928:

The dispersal of brown rats Rattus norvegicus and new specimens from 19th century Cape Town

2979:

Tana, P. G., Vazquez, A., & Chavez, C. (1997). "Notes on a nest of the Tawny Fish Owl (

1407:

known to have been represented in this species diet include the 1,008 g (2.2 lb)

5938: 4756: 4418: 4192:

Responses of vervet monkeys in large troops to terrestrial and aerial predator alarm calls

4181:(Doctoral dissertation, Lethbridge, Alta.: University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Psychology). 2443: 2099:

incautious eagle-owl rather than a grounded one. Perhaps even more unexpectedly, an adult

1968: 1775: 1324: 1280: 1240: 1045: 985:

rodent prey species known to average under 30 g (1.1 oz) in adult body mass. In

851: 792: 756: 5557:

Nest distribution and conservation status of eagles, selected hawks and owls in Swaziland

4731:

Synchronous provisioning increases brood survival in cooperatively breeding pied babblers

4667:

A study of the ecology, behaviour and systematics of Tockus hornbills:(Aves: Bucerotidae)

4012:

The Avifauna of an Upland Seasonal Woodland in Central Kenya: Ecology, Behavior, Breeding

3039:

Vaurie, C. (1963). "Systematic notes on Palearctic birds. No. 52, Supplementary notes on

1291:

represented the sole prey species for a pair of eagle-owls. In southern Africa, both the

17: 5256:

Leditznig, C., Leditznig, W., & Gossow, H. (2001). "15 Jahre Untersuchungen am Uhu (

4983:

Ogada, D. L., & Kibuthu, P. M. (2012). "Breeding ecology of Mackinder's Eagle-Owls (

4288: 2361: 4585: 3009:

Vaurie, C. (1960). "Systematic notes on Palearctic birds. No. 41, Strigidae, the genus

2221: 2004: 1976: 1853: 1812: 1694: 1507: 1209: 784: 600: 568: 452: 444: 341: 284: 3508:

Maclean, G. L. (1969). "The breeding seasons of birds in the south-western Kalahari."

704:. In south-western Africa, they range up to as far north as the southern parts of the 5927: 5840: 2370: 2193: 2063: 2055: 2051:), although whether adults or only nestlings are vulnerable is not definitely clear. 2028: 1767: 1737: 1714: 1646:

thought to be threatened by Verreaux's eagle-owl are the 4,790 g (10.6 lb)

1619: 1499: 1308: 1201: 1178: 1154: 876: 807:, irrigation areas and prey species has allowed them to spottily occupy this region. 413: 272: 78: 73: 3139:

Mendelsohn, J. M., Kemp, A. C., Biggs, H. C., Biggs, R., & Brown, C. J. (1989).

542:

The pink eyelids of a Verreaux's eagle-owl are quite conspicuous when it is resting.

41: 4475:

In situ and ex situ observations and management of Black‐footed cats Felis nigripes

3881:

Trophic structure of raptor communities: a three-continent comparison and synthesis

3766:

Demographic and dietary responses of Great Horned Owls during a snowshoe hare cycle

2177: 2160: 2125: 1726: 1655: 1456: 1393: 1361: 1332: 1193: 1170: 991: 938: 764: 733: 717: 689: 393: 5780: 5741: 5728: 5897: 3103:

Field Guide to the Birds of East Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi

2832:

Notes on the birds of Damara Land and the adjacent countries of South-West Africa

1028:). Some larger rodents they've hunted have included the 529 g (1.2 lb) 372:, also have uniform dark brownish eyes and are sometimes included with the genus 5801: 5659: 3868:

Het dieet van de Oehoe in Nederland en enkele aangrenzende gebieden in Duitsland

2304: 1807: 1771: 1595: 1491: 1440: 1377: 1239:. Common, social species from savanna-edge such as the 710 g (1.6 lb) 1162: 611:. The depth and quality of the song makes confusion by sound more likely with a 555:), which may (but is not confirmed to) co-exist with the Verreaux's in northern 369: 5609: 5910: 5905: 5427:

Witherby, H. F., Jourdian, F.C.R., Ticehurst, N. F., and Tucker, B. W (1943).

5288: 5185: 4119:

The assessment by vervet monkeys of their own and another species' alarm calls

3081: 2289: 2128:. In the northern part of the range, breeding season commenced in November in 1867: 1861: 1799: 1766:

have also been reported in their foods. Most attacks on insects involve large

1750: 1618:). The only avian prey items successfully attacked larger than other types of 1404: 1385: 1292: 1114: 1086: 995: 905: 839: 800: 768: 720:. In east Africa, their distribution is more or less continuous from southern 677: 337: 5650: 1774:. Verreaux's eagle-owl has been known to feed on dung beetles among herds of 953:), which averages 335 g (11.8 oz) in adults, in the north and the 925:

and the largest exceptional upper prey-size also after the Eurasian species.

2321: 2237: 2229: 2201: 1900: 1839:

as well. While the akun is a primary forest-dweller as are the medium-sized

1795: 1763: 1745: 1682: 1626:. Most predation records have reported on relatively small bustards, namely 1583: 1563: 1555: 1543: 1299:), averaging 1,732 g (3.8 lb), and the 1,600 g (3.5 lb) 1232: 1094: 1082: 1078: 1021: 913: 824: 468: 250: 122: 4832:

A kinematic analysis of mesokinesis in the Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus)

4543:

A functional analysis of scent marking and mating behaviour in the aardwolf

4331:

Mammals of Africa. Volume V: Carnivores, Pangolins, Equids and Rhinoceroses

2406: 1482:

Various upland birds recorded as prey include the 177 g (6.2 oz)

1439:). Besides herons, another well-represented group of birds in the diet are 1076:), the smallest known vertebrate prey species known for this eagle-owl, to 5546:. Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Communications, Mbabane, Swaziland. 2843:

Olsen, Jery; Wink, Michael; Sauer-Gürth, Heidi & Trost, Susan (2002).

1006:

species have been hunted ranging in size from the 31 g (1.1 oz)

968: 5644: 5395:

Clutch‐size: a comparative study, with special reference to African birds

3719:

Birds of prey of southern Africa: Their identification and life histories

3386:

Wilson, R. T., & Wilson, M. P. (1981). "Notes on the Giant Eagle Owl

3197:

Biggs, H.C., Kemp, A.C., Mendelsohn, H.P., & Mendelsohn, J.M. (1979)

3141:

Wing areas, wing loadings and wing spans of 66 species of African raptors

2869:. Ecology and conservation of Owls. CSIRO Publishing, Australia, 343-354. 2275: 2165: 2100: 2040: 2012: 1999: 1884: 1857: 1783: 1755: 1571: 1523: 1316: 1288: 1236: 1225: 1189: 934: 918: 788: 760: 556: 397: 377: 172: 142: 4525:

Hunter or hunted? Perceptions of risk and reward in a small mesopredator

4166:

Environmental effects on group structure and vigilance in vervet monkeys

5793: 5687: 3986:

Mikula, P., & Hromada, M. (2015). "Short Communication: True bats (

2867:

The taxonomy and conservation status of the owls of the world: a review

2141: 2133: 2087: 1741: 1686: 1678: 1643: 1623: 1603: 1476: 1472: 1248: 1125: 1003: 999: 796: 744: 729: 725: 713: 697: 681: 612: 476: 424: 264: 5239:

Jaksić, F. M., & Marti, C. D. (1984). "Comparative food habits of

4523:

Welch, R. J., Périquet, S., Petelle, M. B., & le Roux, A. (2017).

3128:

Handbook of the birds of the world. Volume 5. Barn-owls to Hummingbird

427:. Among all the world's owls, it is fourth heaviest living owl, after 5806: 5674: 5260:) im Mostviertel Niederösterreichs-Stand und Entwicklungstendenzen." 4040:

Badenhorst, S., van Niekerk, K. L., & Henshilwood, C. S. (2014).

3975:

The hunters or the hunted?: an introduction to African cave taphonomy

2217: 1836: 1759: 1744:

and even smaller invertebrates have been recorded in pellets such as

1547: 1129: 1061: 1016: 981: 941:, and northernmost, a partial study of the foods at nests in central 884: 845: 804: 776: 737: 685: 460: 333:), but these are not particularly closely related to the Verreaux's. 259: 182: 132: 5754: 5621: 5542:

Monadjem, A., Boycott, R.C., Parker, V., & Culverwell, J. 2003.

5352:

Raptors breeding on weaver nests in trees and on man-made structures

4695:

de Castro, J. J., & de Castro, M. (2014). "Verreaux's Eagle Owl

4680:

The breeding biology of certain East African hornbills (Bucerotidae)

4441:

Notes on the mammalian carnivores of the Cape Province, South Africa

2254:

on the ground was severely injured after both parents attacked him.

2192:(at least eight species have built nests used by these eagle-owls), 3799:

Photographic Studies of Some Less Familiar Birds: LXXXIV. Eagle Owl

2766:

Whose Bird? Men and Women Commemorated in the Common Names of Birds

1188:

There are a few verified cases of Verreaux's eagle-owls feeding on

787:

areas and so are generally very scarce in mountainous regions. The

5892: 5749: 4784:

Piersma, T., del Hoyo, J., Elliot, A., & Sangatal, J. (1996).

2325: 2303: 2284: 2271: 2256: 2189: 2121: 2110: 1866: 1722: 1669: 1452: 1346: 1336: 1102: 986: 967: 933:

The prey type most often associated with Verreaux's eagle-owl are

862: 828: 814: 775:, which may provide the primary nesting habitat in some areas. In 772: 721: 620: 537: 497: 407: 376:

but how closely related they are to modern eagle-owls is unclear.

298: 95: 89: 4456:

Renard, A., Lavoie, M., Pitt, J. A., & Larivière, S. (2015).

623:, the voice is considered the second deepest bird call after the 5767: 5574:

A proposed new list of the threatened raptors of southern Africa

5527:

Conservation status of birds in Botswana in relation to land use

5186:"GRAPHIC: Jackal Kills Giant Eagle Owl at Pete's Pond 7-11-2013" 4873:

Pretorius, M. & Wolfaardt, V. (2014). "Verreaux's Eagle-Owl

2293: 2197: 2173: 2129: 1702: 1355:

as the most important prey by biomass for Verreaux's eagle-owls.

942: 909: 752: 701: 532: 287:. The type specimen that was later described by Temminck at the 276: 152: 5625: 1852:

Verreaux's species. Of the non-piscivorous owls in Africa, the

1721:). Unidentified frogs were fairly significant in the diet from 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2213: 502:

The Verreaux's eagle-owl's ear tufts can appear nearly absent.

162: 5591:

by Konig, Weick & Becking. Yale University Press (2009),

5508:

Anderson, M. D., Maritz, A. W., & Oosthuysen, E. (1999).

1594:) being the smallest identified avian prey species, although 4858:

Prey of six species of owl at the Zimbabwe Ruins – 1970-1975

4775:

The Trustees of the John Voelcker Bird Book Fund, Cape Town.

3446: 5226:

sobre Búho Real Bubo bubo en un área del litoral Ibérico."

4648:

Chittenden, H. (2014). "Prey items of Verreaux's Eagle-Owl

2916:

Fossil owls from early man sites of Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania

2682:

Brown, L. H. (1965). "Observations on Verreaux's Eagle Owl

531:

has measured 73 to 86 mm (2.9 to 3.4 in) and the

291:

was collected by Verreaux while he was still in his teens.

5289:"Bateleur kills a Giant Eagle Owl in Kruger National Park" 2996:

Bull, E. L., & Duncan, J. R. (1993). "Great Gray Owl:

4899:

Benson, C. W. (1962). "The food of the Spotted Eagle-owl

4333:. Bloomsbury Publishing, London, United Kingdom, 544 pp. 4190:

Ducheminsky, N., Henzi, S. P., & Barrett, L. (2014).

4100:. Bloomsbury Publishing, London, United Kingdom, 556 pp. 4014:(No. 53). Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig. 3879:

Marti, C. D., Korpimäki, E., & Jaksić, F. M. (1993).

2308:

An artist's rendering of a Verreaux's eagle-owl from 1838

1451:), which may seasonally dominate the eagle-owl's food in 1235:

the bulk of predatory incidents have reportedly involved

4847:. Hauppauge, New York: Barron's Educational Series, Inc. 4285:

Common Warthog (Phacochoerus africanus) Fact Sheet, 2015

3836:

Santana, E. M., Jantz, H. E., & Best, T. L. (2010).

3812:

Mammals of Africa, Volume IV: Hedgehogs, Shrews and Bats

3186:

Owls (Strigiformes): annotated and illustrated checklist

3026:

Rothschild, W. & Hartert, E. "Notes on eagle-owls".

2249:

and smaller owl species but are not known in most other

3950:

Mammals of Africa. Volume 3, Rodents, hares and rabbits

3491:

Herholdt, J. J. (1993). "Status of the Giant Eagle Owl

5324:

Mackworth-Praed, C. W., & Grant, C. H. B. (1970).

3495:

in the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park, South Africa."

3315:

Variation of the external ear-opening in the Strigidae

3158:

Size dimorphism and food habits of North American Owls

3105:

by Stevenson & Fanshawe. Elsevier Science (2001),

1875:

may fall victim to predation by Verreaux's eagle-owls.

1279:) and its larger cousin, the 817 g (1.8 lb) 783:. However, in general, they only sporadically inhabit 5213:. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, pp. 158. 4815:

Glucose tolerance in the toad Bufo gutturalis (Power)

4289:

http://ielc.libguides.com/sdzg/factsheets/warthog_com

4031:, 49: 51–54. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1979.tb00150.x. 3257:

Owls of the world: their lives, behavior and survival

795:, but the introduction by man of invasive trees like 5382:

The birds of British Somaliland and the Gulf of Aden

5151:

Brown, L. H. (1982). "The prey of the crowned eagle

4813:

Vawda, A., Burger, F. J., & Smit, A. L. (1981).

4759:. Biodiversityexplorer.org. Retrieved on 2012-08-24. 4750:

Bubo lacteus (Verreaux's eagle-owl, Giant eagle owl)

4179:

Social and spatial structure of vervet monkey troops

4096:

T. M. Butynski, J. Kingdon, J. Kalina (eds.). 2013.

1526:, ranging in size from the 139 g (4.9 oz) 900:, one of the most well-studied members of the genus 5634: 5610:

Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds

5510:

Raptors drowning in farm reservoirs in South Africa

4786:

Handbook of the birds of the world: Hoatzin to Auks

4025:

Rhynchocyon chrysopygus. VII. Interspecific Ecology

3764:Adamcik, R. S., A. W. Todd, and L. B. Keith. 1978. 3230:. Animal Pictures Archive. Retrieved on 2012-08-24. 2962:by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (2008), 2688:

Journal of the East African Natural History Society

2184:Other nest builders which are popular as hosts are 1693:) at 31 g (1.1 oz) to large and venomous 283:The common name commemorates the French naturalist 5476:Post-mortem findings in East African birds of prey 4720:Quelea quelea. Africa's Bird Pest (1989): 216-229. 3948:Happold, D. C., & Kingdon, J. (Eds.). (2013). 3838:Atelerix albiventris (Erinaceomorpha: Erinaceidae) 3238: 3236: 3076: 3074: 1798:and south Asia. It also hosts the most species of 1570:) are the corvids reported in dietary studies. In 567:The next largest owl in sub-Saharan Africa is the 5463:Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 5315:. Owls.org (2012-08-19). Retrieved on 2012-08-24. 5138:Ferguson-Lees, J., & Christie, D. A. (2001). 4287:. c2015. San Diego (CA): San Diego Zoo Global; . 4076:Predation on primates: a biogeographical analysis 3447:South Africa Bird Atlas Project 2 (January, 2010) 3242:Barlow, C., Wacher, T., & Disley, T. (2005). 2385:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22688986A93212982.en 2274:, when a biologist fed a wild juvenile eagle-owl 5616:Verreaux's Eagle-Owl videos, photos & sounds 4546:(Doctoral dissertation, University of Pretoria). 4300:Kingswood, S. C., & Kumamoto, A. T. (1997). 3896:Craighead, J. J. and F. C. Craighead, Jr. 1956. 3459:Calling activity in Kibale National Park, Uganda 3244:A field guide to birds of The Gambia and Senegal 3218:(Doctoral dissertation, University of Zimbabwe). 2914:Brodkorb, P., & Mourer-Chauviré, C. (1984). 5038:Fry, C. H., Keith, S. & Urban, E. K. 1988. 3732:Studies on the Behavior of the Great Horned Owl 2861: 2859: 2857: 1725:. The largest herpetological prey known is the 1020:species, including the 360 g (13 oz) 5412:Offspring quality and the evolution of cainism 4644: 4642: 4640: 4402:Diet of a Verreaux's Eagle-Owl in the Kalahari 3126:J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott and J. Sargatal, eds. 2960:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses, 2nd Edition 976:, a common prey item for Verreaux's eagle-owls 668:Verreaux's eagle-owl is found through most of 5555:Monadjem, A., & Rasmussen, M. W. (2008). 5337:Collias, N. E., & Collias, E. C. (2014). 4773:Roberts – Birds of southern Africa, VIIth ed. 4771:Hockey PAR, Dean WRJ and Ryan PG (eds) 2005. 4745: 4743: 3298:Geographical voice-variation in African birds 3064:) in Alpine meadow: Problem of coexistence." 2768:. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 350–351. 1546:, the most frequently taken are likely to be 767:eagle-owls are not infrequently found around 716:(excluding the coastal regions) and northern 609:gwok, gwok, gwonk-gwokwokwok gwokwokwok gwonk 8: 5006:Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club 3909:Bennett, N. C., & Jarvis, J. U. (1988). 1287:), which in one nest from the border of the 989:, the most often recorded prey locally were 875:Verreaux's eagle-owl is considered an avian 672:, though it is absent from most of the deep 5608:(Giant Eagle-Owl =) Verreaux's Eagle-Owl – 5444:Enriquez, P. A., & Mikkola, H. (1997). 5367:Tarboton, W. R., & Erasmus, R. (1998). 5134: 5132: 5130: 5000:Jackson, H. D. (1973). "The Cape eagle owl 4684:Jour. East Africa and Uganda Nat. Hist. Soc 4626: 4624: 4211:(Doctoral dissertation, Durham University). 4092: 4090: 4088: 3122: 3120: 3118: 1169:), which is similar in size to the vervet, 280:some regional declines have been reported. 5622: 5369:Sasol Owls & Owling in Southern Africa 5222:Jaume, S. (2000). "Depredaciones de Zorro 5180: 5178: 4966: 4964: 4937:) in the Bamenda Highlands, NW Cameroon." 4767: 4765: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4557:The Kingdon field guide to African mammals 4267: 4265: 4263: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3780: 3778: 3555:Griesser, M., & Suzuki, T. N. (2016). 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3028:Novitates Zoologicae, A Journal of Zoology 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 1701:) weighing over 454 g (1.0 lb). 67: 40: 31: 5493:Wildlife-Powerline Interaction Management 5491:van Rooyen, C. & Diamond, M. (2008). 5384:. Vol. III. Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh. 4802:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 4630:Hancock, P., & Weiersbye, I. (2015). 4261: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4010:Short, L. L., & Horne, J. F. (2006). 3900:. Stackpole Co. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. 3713: 3711: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3199:Weights of South African raptors and owls 2383: 888:execute most of their hunting behaviour. 759:adjacent to savanna and small, semi-open 303:A Verreaux's eagle-owl during a rainstorm 5243:owls in Mediterranean-type ecosystems." 4273:A delight of owls: African owls observed 4006: 4004: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3188:. Springer Science & Business Media. 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3156:Earhart, C. M. and N. K. Johnson. 1970. 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 1052:). The largest known rodent prey is the 5034: 5032: 5030: 5028: 4512:Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs 4349:Taylor, P.J. & Meester, J. (1993). 4117:Seyfarth, R., & Cheney, D. (1990). 3474:Bowdler Sharpe, R. (1892). XLV.—On the 2896:Owls of the World: A Photographic Guide 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2337: 1315:) and the 10,000 g (22.0 lb) 831:, the most often-used perch trees were 692:. Eastward from those countries to the 475:), slightly smaller than most northern 419:Despite the alternative common name of 5211:A Great Horned Owl killed by a Red Fox 5051:Wright, D., & Hancock, P. (2008). 4584:Paul; Helen Harris & Kenya Birds. 4473:Olbricht, G., & Sliwa, A. (1997). 4329:J. Kingdon, M. Hoffmann (eds.). 2013. 4098:Mammals of Africa. Volume II: Primates 3990:) in the diet of Verreaux's Eagle Owl 3749:Feeding ecology of four sympatric owls 3433:Wilhelmi, F. K., & Kaariye, H. Y. 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2764:Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael (2003). 1654:) and the 8,430 g (18.6 lb) 4796:Feldman, A., & Meiri, S. (2013). 2898:by Mikkola, H. Firefly Books (2012), 2845:A new Ninox owl from Sumba, Indonesia 2159:owls, the large nest of large-bodied 2027:) and the 4,017 g (8.9 lb) 1113:) and the 3,800 g (8.4 lb) 1044:) and the 1,900 g (4.2 lb) 7: 4845:Monitors, Tegus, and Related Lizards 3788:University of Chicago Press. 231 pg. 3332:Notes on birds from northern Nigeria 2821:. Running Press, Philadelphia. 1991. 2200:and even much smaller birds such as 1534:) to the 1,235 g (2.7 lb) 1141:) to the 1,098 g (2.4 lb) 736:as far as the region of the city of 289:Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie 5944:Birds of prey of Sub-Saharan Africa 5934:IUCN Red List least concern species 4458:Felis nigripes (Carnivora: Felidae) 4057:Olds, M. & Soshani, J. (1982). 3721:. Croom Helm, Beckenham (UK). 1983. 2580:König, C., & Weick, F. (2008). 2371:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1983:) and the 640 g (1.4 lb) 1907:) and the 216 g (7.6 oz) 1802:with approximately eight "typical" 1431:) and the 825 g (1.8 lb) 1392:) and the 975 g (2.1 lb) 1247:) and the 725 g (1.6 lb) 5380:Archer, G. and Goodman, EM (1961) 5326:Birds of West Central Africa Vol I 4987:) in farmlands of central Kenya." 4834:. Experimental biology, 47(2), 73. 3000:". American Ornithologists' Union. 1967:), the 291.5 g (0.6 lb) 1463:) and the 390 g (14 oz) 1384:), the 1,443 g (3.2 lb) 25: 4843:Bartlett, R., P. Bartlett. 1996. 1351:A South African study showed the 5070:South African Journal of Zoology 4819:South African Journal of Zoology 4699:attacked by thick-billed ravens 4508:Bat-eared fox, Otocyon megalotis 4080:Primate anti-predator strategies 2983:) at Sakatang Stream, Taiwan.". 1959:), the 110 g (3.9 oz) 1951:), the 507 g (1.1 lb) 1943:), the 675 g (1.5 lb) 1790:Interspecies predatory relations 1506:), the 169 g (6.0 oz) 1423:), the 596 g (1.3 lb) 1415:), the 983 g (2.2 lb) 1036:), the 786 g (1.7 lb) 710:Democratic Republic of the Congo 308:be considered as a mild case of 253:. This species is widespread in 109: 5618:on the Internet Bird Collection 5339:Nest building and bird behavior 5192:from the original on 2021-12-19 5098:. Cornell University (Purnell). 4798:Length–mass allometry in snakes 4569:United Kingdom (2010): 537-558. 3285:Owls of the Northern Hemisphere 2360:BirdLife International (2016). 1975:) the 875 g (1.9 lb) 1514:), the 49 g (1.7 oz) 1498:), the 84 g (3.0 oz) 1490:), the 350 g (12 oz) 559:and the southern sliver of the 3977:. University of Chicago Press. 2132:, in November and December in 241:), also commonly known as the 1: 5429:The Handbook of British Birds 5341:. Princeton University Press. 5170:Population ecology of raptors 4634:. Princeton University Press. 4046:African Archaeological Review 3857:. London: T. & AD Poyser. 2933:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 1550:, which are often favored by 743:This species inhabits mainly 5480:Journal of Wildlife Diseases 5142:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 4718:Natural predation on quelea. 4610:Tomlinson, D. N. S. (1974). 3801:. British Birds, L: 486-490. 3287:. The MIT Press, 0262220350. 2865:Penhallurick, J. M. (2002). 1622:(reviewed later) are likely 1528:northern red-billed hornbill 1107:golden-rumped elephant shrew 249:, is a member of the family 4669:(No. 20). Transvaal Museum. 3416:Lynesc, A. H. (1925). XV.— 3130:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. 1008:southern multimammate mouse 5970: 5350:Oschadleus, H. D. (2019). 5040:The Birds of Africa Vol. 3 5020:Environmental Conservation 4989:Journal of Raptor Research 4939:African Journal of Ecology 4877:feeding on dung beetles." 4479:International Zoo Yearbook 4134:Struhsaker, T. T. (1967). 3887:(pp. 47-137). Springer US. 3060:) and Eurasian eagle owl ( 1429:Porphyrio madagascariensis 823:Verreaux's eagle-owls are 5042:. Academic Press, London. 4933:) and spotted eagle owl ( 4755:December 9, 2011, at the 4735:Journal of Animal Ecology 4306:Mammalian Species Archive 4164:Pasternak, G. M. (2011). 4082:(pp. 27-59). Springer US. 3770:Canadian Field-Naturalist 3405:The birds of South Africa 3045:American Museum Novitates 3015:American Museum Novitates 2830:Andersson, C. J. (1872). 1588:southern yellow white-eye 1522:) and several species of 1516:scaly-throated honeyguide 1504:Streptopelia senegalensis 1333:Lake Baringo Country Club 974:southern African hedgehog 955:southern African hedgehog 747:with scattered trees and 271:species is considered of 211: 204: 106:Scientific classification 104: 87: 65: 56: 48: 39: 35:Verreaux's eagle-owl 34: 18:Verreaux's eagle owl 5457:Herholdt, J. J. (1998). 4985:Bubo capensis mackinderi 4952:Bubo capensis mackinderi 4559:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 4490:Clark Jr, H. O. (2005). 3898:Hawks, owls and wildlife 3246:. Yale University Press. 2378:: e.T22688986A93212982. 2033:Sagittarius serpentarius 1909:southern white-faced owl 1860:often supplemented with 1719:Amietophrynus gutturalis 1536:silvery-cheeked hornbill 1054:South African springhare 1014:) to the two non-native 694:Central African Republic 664:Distribution and habitat 625:southern ground hornbill 561:Central African Republic 257:. A member of the genus 5949:Birds described in 1820 5572:Jenkins, A. R. (2008). 5531:Biological Conservation 5153:Stephanoaetus coronatus 5094:Cottrell, J.A. (1970). 4652:breeding in suburbia." 4023:Rathbun, G. B. (1979). 3214:Musindo, P. T. (2006). 3082:"Our big breeding owls" 2068:Stephanoaetus coronatus 1636:southern black korhaans 1224:), one of the smallest 1177:) and the young of the 1159:Chlorocebus pygerythrus 1147:Otolemur crassicaudatus 1111:Rhynchocyon chrysopygus 487:) and the Middle East ( 5525:Herremans, M. (1998). 5474:Cooper, J. E. (1973). 5393:Moreau, R. E. (1944). 4678:Moreau, R. E. (1936). 4439:Stuart, C. T. (1981). 4419:"Verreaux's eagle-owl" 4383:Larivière, S. (2002). 4366:Larivière, S. (2001). 3964:. sensesofwildness.com 3823:Hallam, S. L. (2011). 3784:Andrews, Peter (1990) 3730:Errington, P.L. 1932. 3463:Journal of Raptor Res. 3403:Layard, E. L. (1884). 3330:Buxton, P. A. (1935). 3296:Benson, C. W. (1948). 3255:Duncan, J. R. (2003). 2686:(Temminck) in Kenya." 2309: 2262: 2172:). In everywhere from 2116: 1876: 1806:species and all three 1675: 1532:Tockus erythrorhynchus 1512:Centropus senegalensis 1366:De Hoop Nature Reserve 1356: 1329:Felis silvestris cafra 1273:African striped weasel 1214:Phacochoerus africanus 1070:Lander's horseshoe bat 1050:Thryonomys gregorianus 977: 872: 820: 781:Eastern Rift mountains 543: 503: 416: 304: 5880:Paleobiology Database 5122:S. Afr. J. Wildl. Res 4400:Rasa, O.A.E. (2007). 4368:Poecilogale albinucha 3973:Brain, C. K. (1983). 3926:Avery, D. M. (1985). 3870:. Limosa. 83: 97-108. 3747:Marti, C. D. (1974). 3457:Seavy, N. E. (2004). 3203:Durban Museum Novitas 2307: 2260: 2226:Alopochen aegyptiacus 2206:lappet-faced vultures 2114: 2060:Polemaetus bellicosus 2017:Terathopius ecaudatus 1965:Chelictinia riocourii 1953:African marsh harrier 1945:pale chanting goshawk 1879:Outside of the genus 1870: 1786:dung when available. 1673: 1469:Francolinus africanus 1465:grey-winged francolin 1350: 1277:Poecilogale albinucha 971: 866: 818: 706:Republic of the Congo 541: 501: 411: 302: 5954:Birds of East Africa 5410:Simmons, R. (1988). 5313:Verreaux's Eagle-Owl 5140:Raptors of the World 5096:Black eagle fly free 4701:Corvus crassirostris 4665:Kemp, A. C. (1976). 4555:Kingdon, J. (2015). 4529:Journal of Mammalogy 4351:Cynictis penicillata 4207:Coleman, B. (2013). 4177:Josephs, N. (2015). 4029:Advances in Ethology 3915:Journal of Mammalogy 3866:Wassink, G. (2010). 2407:"Appendices | CITES" 2009:Necrosyrtes monachus 1989:Hieraaetus wahlbergi 1937:African harrier-hawk 1592:Zosterops anderssoni 1580:Corvus crassirostris 1520:Indicator variegatus 1245:Cynictis penicillata 1233:mammalian carnivores 1198:Raphicerus melanotis 1143:brown greater galago 1042:Cricetomys qambianus 1030:cape ground squirrel 951:Atelerix albiventris 869:Kruger National Park 629:Bucorvus leadbeateri 429:Blakiston's fish owl 340:, in particular the 233:Verreaux's eagle-owl 51:Etosha National Park 5275:Wildlife Monographs 5168:Newton, I. (2010). 5155:in Central Kenya." 4856:Vernon, C.J. 1980. 4830:Condon, K. (1987). 4531:, 98(6), 1531-1537. 4233:MacLean, G. (1969) 4198:, 25(6), 1474–1484. 4155:, 28(4), 1070–1094. 3885:Current Ornithology 3407:. Bernard Quaritch. 3319:The Wilson Bulletin 3084:. Owl Breeder Wings 2754:, 56(1-3), 117-122. 2210:Torgos tracheliotos 2153:Eurasian eagle-owls 2084:Eurasian eagle-owls 2072:black-backed jackal 1961:scissor-tailed kite 1871:Other owls such as 1849:Shelley's eagle-owl 1711:Schismaderma carens 1691:Boaedon fuliginosus 1616:Balearica regulorum 1612:grey crowned cranes 1576:thick-billed ravens 1445:helmeted guineafowl 1403:Other medium-sized 1374:Ardea melanocephala 1269:Rhynchogale melleri 1167:Cercopithecus mitis 1074:Rhinolophus landeri 1038:Gambian pouched rat 834:Croton megalocarpus 549:Shelley's eagle-owl 513:Eurasian eagle-owls 366:Shelley's eagle-owl 59:Conservation status 5418:, 130(3), 339-357. 5085:, 40(S1), 397-414. 5022:, 35(03), 252-260. 4974:, 37(S1), 499-506. 4804:, 108(1), 161-172. 4540:Sliwa, A. (1996). 4271:Steyn, P. (2010). 4196:Behavioral Ecology 3853:Reeve, N. (1994). 3797:Curry-Lindahl, K. 3717:Steyn, P. (1983). 3561:Zoological Letters 3512:, 40(S1), 179-192. 3390:in central Mali." 3313:Kelso, L. (1940). 3283:Voous, K.H. 1988. 3228:Animal Photo Album 3184:Weick, F. (2007). 2442:2012-03-01 at the 2310: 2263: 2247:Eurasian eagle-owl 2117: 2025:Haliaeetus vocifer 2021:African fish eagle 1941:Polyboroides typus 1921:African scops owls 1877: 1873:African grass owls 1845:Usambara eagle-owl 1817:Ketupa leucosticta 1676: 1484:Namaqua sandgrouse 1417:African black duck 1409:yellow-billed duck 1370:black-headed heron 1357: 1353:black-headed heron 1257:Jackson's mongoose 1253:Suricata suricatta 1206:Sylvicapra grimmia 1175:Erythrocebus patas 1139:Galagoides thomasi 978: 963:Eurasian eagle-owl 959:Atelerix frontalis 947:four-toed hedgehog 923:Eurasian eagle-owl 873: 871:swallowing a snake 821: 712:, through most of 670:sub-Saharan Africa 637:spotted eagle-owls 605:Ketupu zeylonensis 544: 509:sexually dimorphic 504: 437:Eurasian eagle-owl 417: 346:Ketupa zeylonensis 305: 255:sub-Saharan Africa 5921: 5920: 5867:Open Tree of Life 5628:Taxon identifiers 5589:Owls of the World 5533:, 86(2), 139-160. 5516:, 70(2), 139-144. 5465:, 53(2), 201-218. 5401:, 86(3), 286-347. 5072:, 23(3), 143-149. 4991:, 46(4), 327-335. 4958:, 41(4), 485-492. 4941:, 46(3), 428-431. 4920:, 60(4), 183-190. 4821:, 16(3), 156-162. 4632:Birds of Botswana 4618:, 45(3), 175-181. 4496:Mammalian Species 4492:Otocyon megalotis 4464:, 47(925), 78-83. 4462:Mammalian Species 4389:Mammalian Species 4372:Mammalian Species 4339:978-1-4081-2255-6 4222:self-handicapping 4125:, 40(4), 754-764. 4106:978-1-4081-2252-5 4074:Hart, D. (2007). 4063:Mammalian Species 4059:Procavia capensis 3934:, 49(4), 573-576. 3917:, 69(2), 293-302. 3842:Mammalian Species 3482:, 34(4), 534-555. 3465:, 38(3), 208-213. 3424:, 67(2), 344-416. 3338:, 77(1), 101-110. 3068:, 56(1), 173-179. 2968:978-1-4200-6444-5 2935:, 60(4), 815-828. 2851:102 (3): 223–231. 2819:Owls of the world 2817:Hume, R. (1991). 2584:. A&C Black. 2582:Owls of the World 2149:great horned owls 2138:Equatorial Guinea 2080:great horned owls 2049:Aquila verreauxii 1996:Pel's fishing owl 1973:Accipiter tachiro 1929:African wood owls 1925:Otus senegalensis 1917:spotted eagle-owl 1893:African grass owl 1829:spotted eagle-owl 1821:greyish eagle-owl 1731:Varanus niloticus 1687:brown house snake 1632:Afrotis afraoides 1540:Bycanistes brevis 1488:Pterocles namaqua 1461:Coturnix coturnix 1321:Proteles cristata 1313:Otocyon megalotis 1265:Meller's mongoose 1261:Bdeogale jacksoni 1135:Thomas's bushbaby 1119:Procavia capensis 1026:Rattus norvegicus 749:thorny vegetation 581:Pel's fishing owl 481:Iberian Peninsula 473:B. b. hemachalana 433:Ketupa blakistoni 327:barred eagle-owls 323:Ketupa nipalensis 230: 229: 99: 82: 16:(Redirected from 5961: 5914: 5913: 5901: 5900: 5888: 5887: 5875: 5874: 5862: 5861: 5849: 5848: 5836: 5835: 5823: 5822: 5810: 5809: 5797: 5796: 5784: 5783: 5771: 5770: 5758: 5757: 5745: 5744: 5732: 5731: 5722: 5721: 5709: 5708: 5696: 5695: 5693:EBD3129BC40A0706 5683: 5682: 5670: 5669: 5668: 5655: 5654: 5653: 5623: 5581: 5570: 5564: 5553: 5547: 5540: 5534: 5523: 5517: 5506: 5500: 5489: 5483: 5482:, 9(4), 368-375. 5472: 5466: 5455: 5449: 5442: 5436: 5425: 5419: 5408: 5402: 5391: 5385: 5378: 5372: 5365: 5359: 5348: 5342: 5335: 5329: 5322: 5316: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5300: 5284: 5278: 5271: 5265: 5254: 5248: 5237: 5231: 5220: 5214: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5197: 5182: 5173: 5172:. A&C Black. 5166: 5160: 5149: 5143: 5136: 5125: 5118: 5112: 5105: 5099: 5092: 5086: 5079: 5073: 5066: 5060: 5049: 5043: 5036: 5023: 5015: 5009: 5004:in Mozambique." 4998: 4992: 4981: 4975: 4968: 4959: 4948: 4942: 4927: 4921: 4914: 4908: 4897: 4891: 4888: 4882: 4881:, 25 (2): 69-70. 4871: 4865: 4854: 4848: 4841: 4835: 4828: 4822: 4811: 4805: 4794: 4788: 4782: 4776: 4769: 4760: 4747: 4738: 4727: 4721: 4716:Thiollay, J.-M. 4714: 4708: 4693: 4687: 4676: 4670: 4663: 4657: 4646: 4635: 4628: 4619: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4581: 4570: 4566: 4560: 4553: 4547: 4538: 4532: 4521: 4515: 4505: 4499: 4488: 4482: 4471: 4465: 4454: 4448: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4415: 4409: 4398: 4392: 4385:Ictonyx striatus 4381: 4375: 4364: 4358: 4347: 4341: 4327: 4321: 4315: 4309: 4298: 4292: 4282: 4276: 4269: 4238: 4231: 4225: 4218: 4212: 4205: 4199: 4188: 4182: 4175: 4169: 4162: 4156: 4153:Animal Behaviour 4149: 4143: 4132: 4126: 4123:Animal Behaviour 4115: 4109: 4094: 4083: 4072: 4066: 4055: 4049: 4038: 4032: 4021: 4015: 4008: 3999: 3984: 3978: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3946: 3935: 3924: 3918: 3907: 3901: 3894: 3888: 3877: 3871: 3864: 3858: 3851: 3845: 3844:, 42(1), 99-110. 3834: 3828: 3821: 3815: 3814:. A&C Black. 3808: 3802: 3795: 3789: 3782: 3773: 3762: 3756: 3745: 3739: 3728: 3722: 3715: 3564: 3553: 3547: 3536: 3513: 3506: 3500: 3489: 3483: 3472: 3466: 3455: 3449: 3444: 3438: 3431: 3425: 3414: 3408: 3401: 3395: 3384: 3339: 3328: 3322: 3311: 3305: 3294: 3288: 3281: 3260: 3259:. Firefly Books. 3253: 3247: 3240: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3212: 3206: 3195: 3189: 3182: 3165: 3154: 3148: 3137: 3131: 3124: 3113: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3078: 3069: 3058:Buteo hemilasius 3054: 3048: 3037: 3031: 3024: 3018: 3007: 3001: 2994: 2988: 2977: 2971: 2957: 2936: 2929: 2923: 2912: 2906: 2893: 2870: 2863: 2852: 2841: 2835: 2834:. J. van Voorst. 2828: 2822: 2815: 2770: 2769: 2761: 2755: 2748: 2691: 2680: 2593: 2578: 2447: 2434: 2421: 2420: 2418: 2417: 2403: 2397: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2387: 2357: 2045:Verreaux's eagle 1985:Wahlberg's eagle 1957:Circus ranivorus 1949:Melierax canorus 1933:Strix woodfordii 1913:Ptilopsis granti 1825:Bubo cinerascens 1707:African red toad 1648:Denham's bustard 1608:Struthio camelus 1449:Numida meleagris 1433:red-knobbed coot 1425:African swamphen 1301:black-footed cat 1285:Ictonyx striatus 1058:Pedetes capensis 898:great horned owl 867:An eagle-owl in 859:Food and feeding 653:begging for food 577:B. c. mackinderi 521:Bubo virginianus 517:great horned owl 465:B. b. turcomanus 362:Bubo cinerascens 331:Ketupa sumatrana 217: 114: 113: 93: 76: 71: 70: 44: 32: 21: 5969: 5968: 5964: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5959: 5958: 5924: 5923: 5922: 5917: 5909: 5904: 5896: 5891: 5883: 5878: 5870: 5865: 5857: 5852: 5844: 5839: 5831: 5826: 5818: 5813: 5805: 5800: 5792: 5787: 5779: 5774: 5766: 5761: 5753: 5748: 5740: 5735: 5727: 5725: 5717: 5712: 5704: 5699: 5691: 5686: 5678: 5673: 5664: 5663: 5658: 5649: 5648: 5643: 5630: 5605: 5585: 5584: 5580:, 19(1), 27-40. 5571: 5567: 5554: 5550: 5541: 5537: 5524: 5520: 5507: 5503: 5490: 5486: 5473: 5469: 5456: 5452: 5443: 5439: 5435:, 140, 199-200. 5426: 5422: 5409: 5405: 5392: 5388: 5379: 5375: 5366: 5362: 5358:, 90(1), 85-88. 5349: 5345: 5336: 5332: 5323: 5319: 5311: 5307: 5298: 5296: 5286: 5285: 5281: 5272: 5268: 5255: 5251: 5238: 5234: 5230:, 47(1), 97-99. 5221: 5217: 5208: 5204: 5195: 5193: 5184: 5183: 5176: 5167: 5163: 5150: 5146: 5137: 5128: 5119: 5115: 5106: 5102: 5093: 5089: 5080: 5076: 5067: 5063: 5059:, 19(2), 73-74. 5050: 5046: 5037: 5026: 5016: 5012: 4999: 4995: 4982: 4978: 4969: 4962: 4949: 4945: 4928: 4924: 4915: 4911: 4898: 4894: 4889: 4885: 4872: 4868: 4855: 4851: 4842: 4838: 4829: 4825: 4812: 4808: 4795: 4791: 4783: 4779: 4770: 4763: 4757:Wayback Machine 4748: 4741: 4737:, 79(1), 44-52. 4728: 4724: 4715: 4711: 4707:, 32(1), 51-52. 4694: 4690: 4677: 4673: 4664: 4660: 4647: 4638: 4629: 4622: 4609: 4605: 4595: 4593: 4583: 4582: 4573: 4567: 4563: 4554: 4550: 4539: 4535: 4522: 4518: 4506: 4502: 4489: 4485: 4481:, 35(1), 81-89. 4472: 4468: 4455: 4451: 4438: 4434: 4424: 4422: 4417: 4416: 4412: 4399: 4395: 4382: 4378: 4365: 4361: 4348: 4344: 4328: 4324: 4316: 4312: 4299: 4295: 4283: 4279: 4275:. Jacana Media. 4270: 4241: 4232: 4228: 4219: 4215: 4206: 4202: 4189: 4185: 4176: 4172: 4163: 4159: 4150: 4146: 4133: 4129: 4116: 4112: 4095: 4086: 4073: 4069: 4056: 4052: 4048:, 31(1), 25-43. 4039: 4035: 4022: 4018: 4009: 4002: 3998:, 35(1), 50-51. 3988:Microchiroptera 3985: 3981: 3972: 3968: 3960: 3956: 3947: 3938: 3925: 3921: 3908: 3904: 3895: 3891: 3878: 3874: 3865: 3861: 3852: 3848: 3835: 3831: 3822: 3818: 3809: 3805: 3796: 3792: 3783: 3776: 3763: 3759: 3746: 3742: 3736:Wilson Bulletin 3729: 3725: 3716: 3567: 3554: 3550: 3537: 3516: 3507: 3503: 3490: 3486: 3473: 3469: 3456: 3452: 3445: 3441: 3432: 3428: 3415: 3411: 3402: 3398: 3385: 3342: 3329: 3325: 3312: 3308: 3304:, 90(1), 48-71. 3295: 3291: 3282: 3263: 3254: 3250: 3241: 3234: 3226: 3222: 3213: 3209: 3196: 3192: 3183: 3168: 3155: 3151: 3147:, 60(1), 35-42. 3138: 3134: 3125: 3116: 3101: 3097: 3087: 3085: 3080: 3079: 3072: 3055: 3051: 3038: 3034: 3025: 3021: 3008: 3004: 2995: 2991: 2985:Wilson Bulletin 2981:Ketupa flavipes 2978: 2974: 2958: 2939: 2930: 2926: 2922:, 55(1), 17-27. 2913: 2909: 2894: 2873: 2864: 2855: 2842: 2838: 2829: 2825: 2816: 2773: 2763: 2762: 2758: 2749: 2694: 2681: 2596: 2579: 2450: 2444:Wayback Machine 2437:Giant Eagle-Owl 2435: 2424: 2415: 2413: 2405: 2404: 2400: 2390: 2388: 2359: 2358: 2339: 2334: 2302: 2170:Scopus umbretta 2140:and January in 2109: 2076:Canis mesomelas 1969:African goshawk 1792: 1780:Syncerus caffer 1776:African buffalo 1695:Egyptian cobras 1668: 1560:Corvus capensis 1437:Fulica cristata 1345: 1325:African wildcat 1297:Genetta tigrina 1281:striped polecat 1241:yellow mongoose 1218:Kirk's dik-diks 1210:common warthogs 1091:Lepus saxatilis 1046:lesser cane rat 1012:Mastomys coucha 931: 891:Even among the 861: 813: 793:Kalahari desert 757:riverine forest 666: 657:shrooooo-ooo-eh 617:Panthera pardus 601:brown fish owls 593: 585:Scotopelia peli 553:Ketupa shelleyi 449:Ketupa flavipes 421:giant eagle-owl 406: 310:Bergmann's rule 297: 247:giant eagle owl 243:milky eagle owl 226: 219: 213: 200: 108: 100: 83: 72: 68: 61: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5967: 5965: 5957: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5926: 5925: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5915: 5902: 5889: 5876: 5863: 5850: 5837: 5824: 5811: 5798: 5785: 5772: 5759: 5746: 5733: 5723: 5710: 5697: 5684: 5671: 5656: 5640: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5626: 5620: 5619: 5613: 5604: 5603:External links 5601: 5600: 5599: 5583: 5582: 5565: 5548: 5535: 5518: 5501: 5484: 5467: 5450: 5437: 5420: 5403: 5386: 5373: 5360: 5343: 5330: 5317: 5305: 5279: 5266: 5249: 5232: 5215: 5202: 5174: 5161: 5144: 5126: 5113: 5111:, 51(1), 7-13. 5100: 5087: 5074: 5061: 5044: 5024: 5010: 4993: 4976: 4960: 4943: 4935:Bubo africanus 4922: 4909: 4901:Bubo africanus 4892: 4883: 4866: 4849: 4836: 4823: 4806: 4789: 4777: 4761: 4739: 4722: 4709: 4688: 4671: 4658: 4636: 4620: 4603: 4571: 4561: 4548: 4533: 4516: 4500: 4483: 4466: 4449: 4432: 4410: 4393: 4376: 4374:, 681(1), 1-4. 4359: 4355:Mammal Species 4342: 4322: 4310: 4302:Madoqua kirkii 4293: 4277: 4239: 4226: 4213: 4200: 4183: 4170: 4157: 4144: 4127: 4110: 4084: 4067: 4050: 4033: 4016: 4000: 3979: 3966: 3954: 3936: 3919: 3902: 3889: 3872: 3859: 3846: 3829: 3816: 3803: 3790: 3774: 3757: 3740: 3738:, 12: 212-220. 3723: 3565: 3548: 3514: 3501: 3484: 3467: 3450: 3439: 3426: 3409: 3396: 3394:, 69, 205-208. 3340: 3323: 3306: 3289: 3261: 3248: 3232: 3220: 3207: 3190: 3166: 3149: 3132: 3114: 3111:978-0856610790 3095: 3070: 3049: 3032: 3019: 3002: 2998:Strix nebulosa 2989: 2987:, 66, 135-136. 2972: 2937: 2924: 2907: 2871: 2853: 2836: 2823: 2771: 2756: 2692: 2690:, 25, 101-107. 2594: 2448: 2422: 2398: 2336: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2301: 2298: 2222:Egyptian geese 2194:secretarybirds 2136:, December in 2108: 2105: 2005:hooded vulture 1977:common buzzard 1854:Cape eagle-owl 1833:Bubo africanus 1813:akun eagle-owl 1791: 1788: 1768:ground beetles 1746:oribatid mites 1667: 1664: 1652:Neotis denhami 1596:penduline tits 1508:Senegal coucal 1398:Ardea purpurea 1344: 1341: 1305:Felis nigripes 1222:Madoqua kirkii 1099:Lepus capensis 930: 927: 860: 857: 812: 809: 665: 662: 641:Bubo africanus 592: 589: 569:Cape eagle-owl 485:B. b. hispanus 457:Strix nebulosa 445:tawny fish owl 405: 402: 354:Ketupa poensis 342:brown fish owl 296: 293: 285:Jules Verreaux 228: 227: 220: 209: 208: 202: 201: 197:K. lactea 194: 192: 188: 187: 180: 176: 175: 170: 166: 165: 160: 156: 155: 150: 146: 145: 140: 136: 135: 130: 126: 125: 120: 116: 115: 102: 101: 88: 85: 84: 66: 63: 62: 57: 54: 53: 46: 45: 37: 36: 27:Species of owl 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5966: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5912: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5724: 5720: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5676: 5672: 5667: 5661: 5657: 5652: 5646: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5624: 5617: 5614: 5611: 5607: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5597:9780300142273 5594: 5590: 5587: 5586: 5579: 5575: 5569: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5552: 5549: 5545: 5539: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5522: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5505: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5488: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5471: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5454: 5451: 5447: 5441: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5424: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5407: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5390: 5387: 5383: 5377: 5374: 5370: 5364: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5347: 5344: 5340: 5334: 5331: 5327: 5321: 5318: 5314: 5309: 5306: 5294: 5290: 5283: 5280: 5276: 5270: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5253: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5236: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5224:Vulpes vulpes 5219: 5216: 5212: 5206: 5203: 5191: 5187: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5165: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5148: 5145: 5141: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5117: 5114: 5110: 5104: 5101: 5097: 5091: 5088: 5084: 5078: 5075: 5071: 5065: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5048: 5045: 5041: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5014: 5011: 5007: 5003: 5002:Bubo capensis 4997: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4980: 4977: 4973: 4967: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4954:) in Kenya." 4953: 4947: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4931:Tyto capensis 4926: 4923: 4919: 4913: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4896: 4893: 4887: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4870: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4853: 4850: 4846: 4840: 4837: 4833: 4827: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4810: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4793: 4790: 4787: 4781: 4778: 4774: 4768: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4751: 4746: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4726: 4723: 4719: 4713: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4692: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4675: 4672: 4668: 4662: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4627: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4607: 4604: 4591: 4589: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4572: 4565: 4562: 4558: 4552: 4549: 4545: 4544: 4537: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4520: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4504: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4487: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4470: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4453: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4436: 4433: 4420: 4414: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4397: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4380: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4363: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4326: 4323: 4319: 4314: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4297: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4281: 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Bloomsbury. 3951: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3923: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3906: 3903: 3899: 3893: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3876: 3873: 3869: 3863: 3860: 3856: 3850: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3833: 3830: 3826: 3820: 3817: 3813: 3807: 3804: 3800: 3794: 3791: 3787: 3781: 3779: 3775: 3772:, 92:156-166. 3771: 3767: 3761: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3744: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3727: 3724: 3720: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3552: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3505: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3488: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3471: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3454: 3451: 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1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1874: 1869: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1738:invertebrates 1734: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1715:guttural toad 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1672: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1660:Ardeotis kori 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1620:birds of prey 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1500:laughing dove 1497: 1496:Columba livia 1493: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1413:Anas undulata 1410: 1406: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1390:Ardea cinerea 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1354: 1349: 1342: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1309:bat-eared fox 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1202:common duiker 1199: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1184: 1183:Papio ursinus 1180: 1179:chacma baboon 1176: 1172: 1171:patas monkeys 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1155:vervet monkey 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1075: 1071: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1034:Xerus inauris 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 994: 993: 988: 983: 975: 970: 966: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 928: 926: 924: 920: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 894: 889: 886: 882: 878: 877:apex predator 870: 865: 858: 856: 853: 848: 847: 843:. Elsewhere, 842: 841: 837:and invasive 836: 835: 830: 826: 817: 810: 808: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 765:South African 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 741: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 663: 661: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 590: 588: 586: 582: 578: 574: 573:Bubo capensis 570: 565: 562: 558: 554: 550: 540: 536: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 500: 496: 494: 490: 489:B. b. omissus 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 415: 414:San Diego Zoo 410: 403: 401: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 334: 332: 328: 324: 320: 315: 311: 301: 294: 292: 290: 286: 281: 278: 274: 273:Least Concern 268: 266: 262: 261: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 239: 238:Ketupa lactea 234: 224: 218: 216: 215:Ketupa lactea 210: 207: 206:Binomial name 203: 199: 198: 193: 190: 189: 186: 185: 181: 178: 177: 174: 171: 168: 167: 164: 161: 158: 157: 154: 151: 148: 147: 144: 141: 138: 137: 134: 131: 128: 127: 124: 121: 118: 117: 112: 107: 103: 97: 91: 86: 80: 75: 74:Least Concern 64: 60: 55: 52: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 5911:Bubo-lacteus 5680:bubo-lacteus 5666:Bubo lacteus 5636:Bubo lacteus 5635: 5588: 5577: 5573: 5568: 5560: 5556: 5551: 5543: 5538: 5530: 5526: 5521: 5513: 5509: 5504: 5496: 5492: 5487: 5479: 5475: 5470: 5462: 5458: 5453: 5445: 5440: 5432: 5428: 5423: 5415: 5411: 5406: 5398: 5394: 5389: 5381: 5376: 5368: 5363: 5355: 5351: 5346: 5338: 5333: 5325: 5320: 5308: 5297:. Retrieved 5292: 5287:SA, Mickey. 5282: 5274: 5269: 5264:, 44: 45-73. 5261: 5257: 5252: 5244: 5240: 5235: 5227: 5223: 5218: 5210: 5205: 5194:. Retrieved 5169: 5164: 5156: 5152: 5147: 5139: 5124:, 20, 57-68. 5121: 5116: 5108: 5103: 5095: 5090: 5082: 5077: 5069: 5064: 5056: 5052: 5047: 5039: 5019: 5013: 5005: 5001: 4996: 4988: 4984: 4979: 4971: 4955: 4951: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4925: 4917: 4912: 4904: 4900: 4895: 4886: 4878: 4875:Bubo lacteus 4874: 4869: 4861: 4857: 4852: 4844: 4839: 4831: 4826: 4818: 4814: 4809: 4801: 4797: 4792: 4785: 4780: 4772: 4734: 4730: 4725: 4717: 4712: 4704: 4700: 4697:Bubo lacteus 4696: 4691: 4683: 4679: 4674: 4666: 4661: 4653: 4650:Bubo lacteus 4649: 4631: 4615: 4611: 4606: 4594:. Retrieved 4588:Bubo lacteus 4587: 4564: 4556: 4551: 4541: 4536: 4528: 4524: 4519: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4495: 4491: 4486: 4478: 4474: 4469: 4461: 4457: 4452: 4444: 4440: 4435: 4423:. Retrieved 4413: 4405: 4401: 4396: 4388: 4384: 4379: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4354: 4350: 4345: 4330: 4325: 4317: 4313: 4308:, 569, 1-10. 4305: 4301: 4296: 4284: 4280: 4272: 4234: 4229: 4220: 4216: 4208: 4203: 4195: 4191: 4186: 4178: 4173: 4165: 4160: 4152: 4147: 4139: 4135: 4130: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4097: 4079: 4075: 4070: 4062: 4058: 4053: 4045: 4041: 4036: 4028: 4024: 4019: 4011: 3995: 3992:Bubo lacteus 3991: 3987: 3982: 3974: 3969: 3957: 3949: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3897: 3892: 3884: 3880: 3875: 3867: 3862: 3854: 3849: 3841: 3837: 3832: 3824: 3819: 3811: 3806: 3798: 3793: 3785: 3769: 3765: 3760: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3718: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3546:, 95: 26-43. 3543: 3540:Bubo lacteus 3539: 3509: 3504: 3496: 3493:Bubo lacteus 3492: 3487: 3479: 3475: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3442: 3434: 3429: 3421: 3417: 3412: 3404: 3399: 3391: 3388:Bubo lacteus 3387: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3284: 3256: 3251: 3243: 3223: 3215: 3210: 3205:, 12: 73-81. 3202: 3198: 3193: 3185: 3161: 3157: 3152: 3144: 3140: 3135: 3127: 3102: 3098: 3086:. Retrieved 3066:Pol. J. Ecol 3065: 3061: 3057: 3052: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3027: 3022: 3014: 3010: 3005: 2997: 2992: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2959: 2932: 2927: 2919: 2915: 2910: 2895: 2866: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2831: 2826: 2818: 2765: 2759: 2751: 2687: 2684:Bubo lacteus 2683: 2581: 2414:. Retrieved 2410: 2401: 2389:. Retrieved 2375: 2369: 2364:Bubo lacteus 2363: 2315: 2311: 2290:rhinoceroses 2281: 2268: 2264: 2250: 2243: 2234: 2225: 2209: 2183: 2178:South Africa 2169: 2156: 2146: 2126:South Africa 2118: 2095: 2091: 2075: 2067: 2059: 2053: 2048: 2037:Matobo Hills 2032: 2024: 2016: 2008: 1993: 1988: 1980: 1972: 1964: 1956: 1948: 1940: 1932: 1924: 1912: 1904: 1896: 1888: 1880: 1878: 1832: 1824: 1816: 1803: 1793: 1779: 1772:dung beetles 1749: 1735: 1730: 1727:Nile monitor 1718: 1710: 1698: 1690: 1677: 1659: 1656:kori bustard 1651: 1640:Afrotis afra 1639: 1631: 1615: 1607: 1599: 1591: 1579: 1568:Corvus albus 1567: 1559: 1551: 1539: 1531: 1519: 1511: 1503: 1495: 1487: 1481: 1468: 1460: 1457:common quail 1448: 1436: 1428: 1420: 1412: 1402: 1397: 1394:purple heron 1389: 1381: 1378:common egret 1373: 1362:South Africa 1358: 1328: 1320: 1312: 1304: 1296: 1284: 1276: 1268: 1263:). An adult 1260: 1252: 1244: 1230: 1221: 1213: 1205: 1197: 1187: 1182: 1174: 1166: 1158: 1146: 1138: 1123: 1118: 1110: 1098: 1090: 1077: 1073: 1066: 1057: 1049: 1041: 1033: 1025: 1015: 1011: 992:Tachyoryctes 990: 979: 958: 950: 939:South Africa 932: 901: 892: 890: 880: 874: 852:allopreening 844: 838: 832: 822: 742: 734:South Africa 718:South Africa 700:and central 690:Sierra Leone 667: 656: 648: 644: 640: 632: 628: 616: 608: 604: 594: 584: 576: 572: 566: 552: 545: 520: 505: 492: 488: 484: 472: 464: 456: 448: 440: 432: 420: 418: 394:South Africa 389: 385: 381: 373: 370:fishing owls 361: 353: 345: 335: 330: 322: 319:spot-bellied 313: 306: 282: 269: 258: 246: 242: 237: 236: 232: 231: 214: 212: 196: 195: 183: 163:Strigiformes 29: 5802:iNaturalist 5660:Wikispecies 5563:, 18, 1-22. 5293:youtube.com 5209:Mils, C.T. 5188:. YouTube. 5159:, 6, 91-94. 4864:101: 26-28. 4686:, 13, 1-28. 4421:. Cannudrum 4357:, 432: 1-7. 4065:, 171: 1-7. 3499:, 8, 17-20. 3164:72:251-264. 3047:; no. 2132. 3017:; no. 2000. 2391:12 November 2161:accipitrids 2086:by smaller 1981:Buteo buteo 1808:fishing owl 1600:Anthoscopus 1492:rock pigeon 1421:Anas sparsa 1405:water birds 1163:blue monkey 906:cottontails 769:floodplains 728:and inland 674:rainforests 597:Blakiston's 404:Description 92:Appendix II 5928:Categories 5906:Xeno-canto 5499:, 6: 7-16. 5299:2021-07-24 5247:, 288-296. 5196:2014-12-02 4956:Biotropica 4862:Honeyguide 4656:25: 15–16. 4237:. pp. 182. 4142:, 892-904. 3563:, 2(1), 7. 3544:Honeyguide 2416:2022-01-14 2332:References 2318:peri-urban 2035:). In the 2011:) and the 1891:) and the 1862:rock hyrax 1847:and large 1827:) and the 1796:neotropics 1764:millipedes 1751:Sarcophaga 1713:) and the 1683:amphibians 1666:Other prey 1584:White-eyes 1544:passerines 1441:galliforms 1386:grey heron 1382:Ardea alba 1293:cape genet 1115:cape hyrax 1093:) and the 1087:scrub hare 1083:fruit bats 840:Eucalyptus 801:eucalyptus 678:The Gambia 525:wing chord 467:) and the 453:great gray 443:) and the 5371:. Struik. 5295:. YouTube 5258:Bubo bubo 5008:, 93(10). 4592:. Ecoport 3855:Hedgehogs 3062:Bubo bubo 3041:Bubo bubo 2411:cites.org 2276:mole-rats 2166:hamerkops 2088:red foxes 1901:marsh owl 1889:Tyto alba 1858:mole-rats 1800:eagle-owl 1756:scorpions 1699:Naja haje 1604:ostriches 1564:pied crow 1556:cape crow 1542:). Among 1237:mongooses 1190:ungulates 1095:cape hare 1079:Rousettus 1022:brown rat 996:mole-rats 935:hedgehogs 919:ungulates 825:nocturnal 493:nikolskii 469:Himalayas 441:Bubo bubo 338:fish owls 251:Strigidae 191:Species: 173:Strigidae 129:Kingdom: 123:Eukaryota 5893:Species+ 5846:22688986 5820:10651749 5706:22688986 5701:BirdLife 5645:Wikidata 5190:Archived 4907:, 33(4). 4753:Archived 4447:1: 1–58. 4445:Bontebok 4408:, 18: 1. 4108:(print). 3932:Mammalia 3755:, 45-61. 3321:, 24-29. 2446:, Arkive 2440:Archived 2322:Eswatini 2186:vultures 2107:Breeding 2101:bateleur 2041:Zimbabwe 2013:bateleur 2000:Botswana 1885:barn owl 1841:Fraser's 1784:elephant 1742:termites 1679:Reptiles 1628:northern 1624:bustards 1572:Ethiopia 1524:hornbill 1477:peafowls 1473:chickens 1317:aardwolf 1289:Kalahari 1249:meerkats 1226:antelope 811:Behavior 797:conifers 789:bushveld 761:woodland 732:down to 708:and the 557:Cameroon 477:Eurasian 398:Tanzania 378:Pliocene 350:Fraser's 295:Taxonomy 223:Temminck 169:Family: 143:Chordata 139:Phylum: 133:Animalia 119:Domain: 79:IUCN 3.1 5794:5959139 5768:1178259 5755:veeowl1 5729:veeowl1 5688:Avibase 5651:Q675783 5514:Ostrich 5356:Ostrich 5277:, 3-82. 5262:Egretta 5228:Ardeola 5109:Ostrich 5083:Ostrich 4972:Ostrich 4918:Ostrich 4905:Ostrich 4616:Ostrich 4318:Madoqua 4140:Ecology 3510:Ostrich 3145:Ostrich 2920:Ostrich 2752:Ostrich 2218:falcons 2202:weavers 2142:Nigeria 2134:Senegal 1837:rodents 1819:), the 1760:spiders 1644:bustard 1548:corvids 1194:grysbok 1151:Monkeys 1130:galagos 1126:primate 1062:monkeys 1000:blesmol 982:rodents 929:Mammals 914:leporid 805:acacias 773:marshes 745:savanna 730:Somalia 726:Eritrea 714:Namibia 698:Nigeria 682:Senegal 613:leopard 435:), the 425:tropics 392:) from 380:fossil 358:greyish 265:savanna 225:, 1820) 179:Genus: 159:Order: 149:Class: 94: ( 77: ( 5939:Ketupa 5885:380417 5872:971551 5859:126804 5833:555414 5776:EURING 5719:114378 5675:ARKive 5595: 5433:Nature 5245:Condor 5157:Scopus 4705:Scopus 4498:, 1-5. 4391:, 1-5. 4337: 4104: 3996:Scopus 3753:Condor 3162:Condor 3109: 2966: 2902: 2588: 2300:Status 2285:felids 2238:killed 2190:eagles 1634:) and 1610:) and 1562:) and 1231:Among 1017:Rattus 885:galago 846:Acacia 777:Uganda 738:Durban 686:Guinea 529:tarsus 461:steppe 390:lactea 386:Ketupa 364:) and 325:) and 314:Ketupa 260:Ketupa 184:Ketupa 5898:10077 5815:IRMNG 5807:20077 5781:30740 5750:eBird 5726:BOW: 5578:Gabar 5561:Gabar 5497:Indwa 5057:Gabar 4879:Gabar 4654:Gabar 4596:4 May 4425:4 May 4406:Gabar 4078:. In 3883:. 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