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263:, the most prominent sculptor of the Baroque period. Louis XIV was famously displeased with the likeness of Bernini's statue of him, ordering its destruction when he first saw it in 1685. Louis was a skilled horseman and felt the sculpture's pose and drama was generally wild and inconsistent with his royal dignity. He was persuaded to move the statue to a remote location in the gardens, on the north side of the Neptune Basin rather than destroy it, but he did call in his preferred sculptor
166:. Citrus motifs formed themes in sculpture, mosaics, embroidery, weaving, paintings, poems, and songs throughout history, and orange blossoms remain prized as floral ornaments at weddings. However, during a trip to Versailles, John Locke wrote about the appearance of the trees, stating that the boxes the trees were planted in did not enable proper rooting, causing the trees to develop a unique shape with small heads and thick trunks.
435:
320:
As Louis XIV grew older he became allergic to flowers and preferred the smell of the citrus trees, developing a love for orange trees. He had them potted in solid silver tubs and placed throughout the state rooms of the Palace to perfume the air. The
Orangerie was intended to supply the palace with
291:
The
Orangerie was home to many Bronze replicas of Classical sculpture. Symmetry and antithesis dominated the gardens and Orangerie. In 1701 a bronze Hercules was placed in the Orangerie at Versailles and the themes of the piece reflected those of Louis XIV's rule. Other Italian Renisances pieces in
71:
In the winter, the
Versailles Orangerie houses more than a thousand trees in boxes. In previous centuries, in winter, the trees were housed in a cathedral-like space, and during the coldest months, the gardeners would burn fires to heat the housing of the trees. In 1689 gardener Valentin Lopin
300:
Originally completed in 1663, the
Orangerie was intended to supply the much smaller hunting lodge of Versailles and the small retinue which Louis XIV would bring with him in the summer. In 1678, an enlargement of the Orangerie was begun by Jules Hardouin-Mansart, which doubled the size of the
123:) was introduced to Europe by the 15th or 16th century. At first, bitter oranges were an expensive food item, with some medieval cookbooks detailing exactly how many orange slices a visiting dignitary was entitled to. Citrus soon became the fashion of the nobility and rich merchants.
204:. The walls of these galleries are 4–5 metres (13–16 ft) thick and the central gallery is over 150 metres (490 ft) long and 13 metres (43 ft) high. The central gallery faces south to optimize the natural warming effects of the sun, which, combined with the
399:
64:'s earlier design from 1663, is an example of many such prestigious extensions of grand gardens in Europe designed both to shelter tender plants and impress visitors. With the addition of the Orangerie, the gardens, no longer reserved solely for use by
423:
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original. Completed in 1688, the masonry pavilions of the new
Orangerie were modelled on the theories of the horticulturalist Jean-Baptiste de La Quintinie, the master gardener of the
174:
332:
Numbering several thousand trees by the 1790s, the
Orangerie was the largest of its kind in Europe and a major attraction for visiting diplomats and foreign royalty. In 1698 the
147:. There is general agreement that the arrival of the sweet orange in Europe was linked with the activities of the Portuguese during the 15th century, and particularly by
227:. From May to October, the orange trees and other trees are exposed in the lower bed. There are over 1,000 different containers altogether, with several pomegranate (
321:
specimens and supply the Court with fruit year-round. In 1664, a year after the first
Orangerie was completed, Louis XIV disgraced his former Finance Minister
155:
had been acquainted with lemons and oranges as well as different types of citrus fruits, oranges (bitter and sweet) and lemons reached Europe centuries apart.
757:
325:, who was convicted of maladministration. Fouquet suffered the confiscation of his property to the Crown, including over 1,000 orange trees from
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30:
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which once belonged to Louis XIV. It was originally installed in a lavish five-room bathing complex belonging to the King's mistress,
344:
that he had been taken to view the orange trees at
Versailles, but compared them unfavorably to William's own collections in
906:
333:
778:
ROSASCO, BETSY (2008). "Two French Royal
Sculpture Gardens: The Orangerie of Versailles and the Jardin Haut of Marly".
732:
479:
Thacker, Christopher; XIV, Louis (1972). ""La Manière de montrer les jardins de
Versailles," by Louis XIV and Others".
251:
309:, whose writings detailed a system for protecting exotic plants from the cold without the use of artificial heating.
259:
The Orangerie shelters an assortment of statuary, the most famous of which is an equestrian statue of Louis XIV by
373:
362:. Its central gallery is 155 m (509 ft) in length, and its frontage is directed towards the south. The
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to re-shape the face and the base of the statue. Recast as a representation of the ancient Roman hero
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of the windows, provides a frost-free environment without the use of artificial heating year-round.
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163:
683:
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795:
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545:
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524:"The Introduction of Cultivated Citrus to Europe via Northern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula"
162:, French gardeners were able to make citrus trees bloom throughout the year, to the delight of
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831:
The Sun King's Garden: Louis XIV, Andre Le Notre and the Creation of the Gardens of Versailles
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711:
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The Sun King's Garden: Louis XIV, Andre Le Notre and the Creation of the Gardens of Versailles
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The Sun King's Garden: Louis XIV, Andre Le Notre and the Creation of the Gardens of Versailles
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trees originally shipped from Italy, but there are many tender Mediterranean plants including
192:(so-called because each staircase has 100 steps). The three galleries enclose the lower bed (
68:, had the added use of a theatrical setting that could be used to entertain guests at court.
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trees, totaling over 1,055 altogether. From May to October, they are put outdoors in the
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277:, opposite the boundary of the Orangerie parterre, where it remained for centuries.
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132:) had become well-established and had assumed commercial importance in Europe.
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Scora, Rainer W (Nov–Dec 1975). "On the History and Origin of Citrus".
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The central gallery is flanked by two side galleries located under the
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created a device to transport and move the large orange trees.
684:"Glimpse of a hidden wonderland – the Orangerie at Versailles"
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is bordered on its south side by a balustrade overlooking the
541:
10.1663/0013-0001(2003)057[0502:tiocct]2.0.co;2
280:
In another part of the Orangerie lies the octagon bath of
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The Versailles Orangerie is under the flowerbed known as
105:
Late medieval and early Renaissance popularity of oranges
223:
water feature, surrounded by formal lawns planted with
429:
Interior of Versailles Orangerie: the central gallery
292:the gardens included copies of Bacchus and Diana.
113:Parc de Versailles, with the orange trees in boxes
158:By withholding water and nutrients, and by using
255:Equestrian Statue of King Louis XIV by Bernini
60:had even begun. The Orangerie, which replaced
8:
567:. New York: Praeger Publishers. p. 101.
441:View of the Orangerie in 1695 as painted by
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56:between 1684 and 1686, before work on the
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393:View of the Swiss Pond from the Orangerie
329:which were transferred to the Orangerie.
271:, it was moved to the north side of the
471:
383:
338:William Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland
580:Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club
243:) trees that are over 200 years old.
151:'s voyages to the East. Although the
7:
126:By the 15th century, sweet oranges (
49:L'orangerie du château de Versailles
817:. Thames & Hudson. p. 378.
565:A History of Gardens and Gardening
25:
758:"Louis XV's Daughters' Apartment"
460:Remote view across the Swiss Pond
889:. Sphere Books Ltd. p. 183.
733:"The Art of Gianlorenzo Bernini"
453:
434:
422:
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386:
217:is a large circular pool with a
874:. Sphere Books Ltd. p. 11.
859:. Sphere Books Ltd. p. 11.
813:Leroux, Jean-Baptiste (2002).
522:RamĂłn-Laca, L. (Winter 2003).
372:. This separates it from the "
1:
834:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
780:Studies in the History of Art
710:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
682:Robin Lane Fox (2013-12-13).
619:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
27:Orchard at Versailles, France
828:Thompson, Ian (2006-10-31).
704:Thompson, Ian (2006-10-31).
613:Thompson, Ian (2006-10-31).
334:British Ambassador to France
189:"Escaliers des Cent Marches"
928:
180:Escaliers des Cent Marches
815:The Gardens of Versailles
201:"Parterre de l'orangerie"
139:was built and stocked by
664:. Chateaudeversailles.fr
340:, reported back to King
414:Parterre de l'orangerie
274:Pièce d'eau des Suisses
885:Nancy Mitford (1966).
870:Nancy Mitford (1966).
855:Nancy Mitford (1966).
760:. chateauversailles.fr
731:Lavin, Irving (2007).
643:. chateauversailles.fr
563:Hyams, Edward (1971).
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211:At the center of the
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135:In France, the first
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58:Château de Versailles
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907:Palace of Versailles
447:Jean-Baptiste Martin
417:, and the Swiss Pond
261:Gian Lorenzo Bernini
40:Versailles Orangerie
34:Versailles Orangerie
286:Madame de Montespan
117:The bitter orange (
18:Versailles Orangery
359:"Parterre du Midi"
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160:pruning techniques
120:Citrus Ă— aurantium
115:
36:
841:978-1-58234-631-1
717:978-1-58234-631-1
686:. Financial Times
626:978-1-58234-631-1
443:Étienne Allegrain
370:Saint-Cyr-l'École
265:François Girardon
241:Citrus Ă— sinensis
145:Château d'Amboise
129:Citrus Ă— sinensis
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786:: 300–321.
342:William III
170:Description
89:pomegranate
912:Orangeries
901:Categories
764:2019-10-31
690:2019-11-11
668:2017-07-03
647:2017-11-22
534:(4): 510.
466:References
374:Swiss Pond
233:), olive (
792:0091-7338
501:0307-1243
247:Sculpture
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164:Louis XIV
81:oleanders
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509:1586442
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
