Banknote - Knowledge

1797: 2884: 2157:, 1797–1821), the dramatically increased demand for bank notes slowly forced the banks to refine the technologies employed. In 1801, watermarks, which previously were straight lines, became wavy—an idea of William Brewer, a watermark mould maker. This made counterfeiting bank notes harder still, at least in the short term, and in 1803 the number of forged bank notes fell to just 3000, compared to 5000 the previous year. Banks asked skilled engravers and artists to help them make their notes more difficult to counterfeit during the same time period, which historians refer to as "the search for the inimitable banknote." During this time, bank notes also began to be double-sided and have more intricate patterns. 541: 1534:. In the beginning, these were personally registered, but they soon became a written order to pay the amount to whoever had it in their possession. These notes are seen as a predecessor to regular banknotes by some but are mainly thought of as proto bills of exchange and cheques. The term "bank note" comes from the notes of the bank ("nota di banco") and dates from the 14th century; it originally recognized the right of the holder of the note to collect the precious metal (usually gold or silver) deposited with a banker (via a currency account). In the 14th century, it was used in every part of Europe and in Italian city-state merchants colonies outside of 2817: 2848: 2864: 1679: 1446: 1304: 1822: 2142:: this involved engraving a copper plate by hand and then covering it in ink to print the bank notes. Only with this technique, at that time, could one force the paper into the lines of the engraving to make suitable banknotes. Another difficulty in counterfeiting banknotes was the paper, as the type of paper used for banknotes was rather different from the paper commercially available at that time. Despite this, some forgers successfully forged notes by dealing with and consulting paper makers, in order to make a similar kind of paper themselves. Furthermore, 2469: 2832: 3029: 473: 1632: 2127:

because historians tend to be more interested in a theoretical understanding of how money worked rather than how it was produced. The first great deterrent against counterfeiting was the death penalty for forgers, but this was not enough to stop the rise of counterfeiting. Over the 18th century, far fewer banknotes were circulating in England compared to the boom of bank notes in the 19th century; because of this, improved note-making techniques were not considered a compelling issue.

1932: 57: 2910:(IBNS) are security systems which render banknotes unusable by marking them permanently as stolen with a degradation agent. Marked (stained) banknotes cannot be brought back into circulation easily and can be linked to the crime scene. Today's most used degradation agent is a special security ink which cannot be removed from the banknote easily and not without destroying the banknote itself, but other agents also exist. Today IBNSs are used to protect banknotes in 3017:

the risk of being considered a counterfeit. But in cases where realism is the goal, other steps may be necessary. For example, in the stack of banknotes seat mentioned earlier, the decal used to create the product would be considered counterfeit. However, once the decal has been affixed to the resin stack shell and cannot be peeled off, the final product is no longer at risk of being classified as counterfeit, even though the resulting appearance is realistic.

2715: 2032: 1702:, the bank began issuing notes in 1695 with the promise to pay the bearer the value of the note on demand. They were initially handwritten to a precise amount and issued on deposit or as a loan. There was a gradual move toward the issuance of fixed denomination notes, and by 1745, standardized printed notes ranging from £20 to £1,000 were being printed. Fully printed notes that did not require the name of the payee and the cashier's 1745: 2087: 2995:

practice seemed to fuel a sharp rise in overall awareness of paper money in the numismatic community. The emergence of currency third party grading services (similar to services that grade and "slab", or encapsulate, coins) also may have increased collector and investor interest in notes. Entire advanced collections are often sold at one time, and to this day, single auctions can generate millions in gross sales. Today,

1551: 2247: 5872: 3043: 1953:

which they could be transferred and the confidence that people had in the capacity of the bank to settle the notes in coin if presented, they became a popular means of exchange in their own right. They now make up a very small proportion of the "money" that people think that they have, as demand deposit bank accounts and electronic payments have negated much of the need to carry notes and coins.

485: 1616:. The heavy weight of the new coins encouraged merchants to deposit it in exchange for receipts. These became banknotes when the manager of the bank decoupled the rate of note issue from the bank currency reserves. Three years later, the bank went bankrupt after rapidly increasing the artificial money supply through the large-scale printing of paper money. A new bank, the 1814:

banknotes before there was a national currency; however, these became subject to government authorization from 1863 to 1932. In the last of these series, the issuing bank would stamp its name and promise to pay, along with the signatures of its president and cashier on a preprinted note. By this time, the notes were standardized in appearance and not too different from

2929:(DICE) is a security technology introduced in 2014 by the British company EDAQS that devalues banknotes remotely that are illegal or have been stolen. The technology is based on identifiable banknotes—that could be an RFID chip or a barcode—and connects to a digital security system to verify the validity of the banknote. The company claims that the banknotes are 1422:. The original notes were restricted by area and duration, as in the Song dynasty, but in the later years, facing massive shortages of specie to fund their rule, the paper money began to be issued without restrictions on duration. The fact that the state was guaranteeing the Chinese paper money impressed Venetian merchants. 1292: 2982:, the hobby is slowly expanding. Prior to the 1990s, currency collecting was a relatively small adjunct to coin collecting, but currency auctions and greater public awareness of paper money have caused more interest in rare banknotes and consequently their increased value. The most valuable banknote is the 3016:

Manufacturers of these items must take into consideration when creating these products whether the product could be construed as counterfeiting. Overlapping note images and/or changing the dimensions of the reproduction to be at least 50% smaller or 50% larger than the original are some ways to avoid

2700:

were designed to recognize banknotes of smaller values long after they were designed to recognize coins distinct from slugs. This capability has become inescapable in economies where inflation has not been followed by introduction of progressively larger coin denominations (such as the United States,

2012:

Cost of acceptance. Coins can be checked for authenticity by weighing and other forms of examination and testing. These costs can be significant, but good quality coin design and manufacturing can help reduce these costs. Banknotes also have an acceptance cost – the expense of checking the banknote's

1952:

to certify their substance were widely used as a medium of exchange. The value that people attributed to coins was originally based upon the value of the metal unless they were token issues or had been debased. Banknotes were originally a claim for the coins held by the bank, but due to the ease with

1406:

Between 1265 and 1274, the late southern Song government introduced a gold- or silver-backed national paper currency standard, which changed the geographic restriction. The range of varying values for these banknotes was perhaps from one string of cash to one hundred at the most. Ever after 1107, the

1402:

The workforce employed in these paper money factories was quite large; it was recorded in 1175 that the factory at Hangzhou alone employed more than a thousand workers a day. However, the government issues of paper money were not yet nationwide standards of currency at that point; issues of banknotes

2947:

and other illegal drugs, it is not uncommon for innocent people searched at airports or stopped for traffic violations to have cash in their possession sniffed by dogs for drugs and then have the cash seized because the dog smelled drugs on the money. It is then up to the owner of the money to prove

2160:

The ease with which paper money can be created, by both legitimate authorities and counterfeiters, has led to a temptation in times of crisis such as war or revolution, or merely a spendthrift government, to produce paper money which was not supported by precious metal or other goods; this often led

1997:

Manufacturing or issue costs. Coins are produced by industrial manufacturing methods that process the precious, semi-precious, or other metals, and require additions of alloy for hardness and wear resistance. By contrast, bank notes are printed paper (or polymer), and typically have a higher cost of

1441:

would issue notes to pilgrims. Pilgrims would deposit valuables with a local Templar preceptory before embarking for the Holy Land and receive a document indicating the value of their deposit. They would then use that document upon arrival in the Holy Land to receive funds from the treasury of equal

2994:

For years, the mode of collecting banknotes was through a handful of mail order dealers who issued price lists and catalogs. In the early 1990s, it became more common for rare notes to be sold at various coin and currency shows via auction. The illustrated catalogs and "event nature" of the auction

1975:

Discounting to face value: Before national currencies and efficient clearing houses, banknotes were only redeemable at face value at the issuing bank. Even a branch bank could discount notes of other branches of the same bank. The discounts usually increased with distance from the issuing bank. The

1386:

decided to lessen the amount of paper taken in the tribute quota because it was causing detrimental effects and creating heavy burdens on the people of the region. However, the government still needed masses of paper products for the exchange certificates and the state's new issuing of paper money.

2618:

in which the orientation has been changed from the conventional horizontal orientation to a vertical orientation. Dowling Duncan, a self-touted multidisciplinary design studio, conducted a study in which they determined people tend to handle and deal with money vertically rather than horizontally,

1500:

causes all payments on his own account to be made; and he makes them to pass current universally over all his kingdoms and provinces and territories, and whithersoever his power and sovereignty extends... and indeed everybody takes them readily, for wheresoever a person may go throughout the Great

1358:

The central government soon observed the economic advantages of printing paper money, issuing a monopoly for the issue of these certificates of deposit to several deposit shops. By the early 12th century, the amount of banknotes issued in a single year amounted to an annual rate of 26 million

1335:

in large commercial transactions. Before these notes, circular coins with a rectangular hole in the middle were used. Multiple coins could be strung together on a rope. Merchants found that the strings were too heavy to carry around easily, especially for large transactions. To solve this problem,

4542:

Although historically not the case, these days banknotes are usually issued only by the central bank. This is broadly the case in all CPSS economies, except Hong Kong SAR, where banknotes are issued by three commercial banks. Singapore and the United Kingdom are more limited exceptions. Singapore

3012:

The universal appeal and instant recognition of bank notes have resulted in a plethora of novelty merchandise that is designed to have the appearance of paper currency. These items cover nearly every class of product. Cloth material printed with banknote patterns is used for clothing, bed linens,

2126:

The characteristics of banknotes, their materials and production techniques (as well as their development over history) are topics that are not usually thoroughly examined by historians, even though there are now a number of works detailing how bank notes were actually constructed. This is mostly

1813:

for the issue of banknotes. However, this is not always the case, and historically, private banks frequently handled all of a country's paper currency. Thus, many different banks or institutions may have issued banknotes in a given country. Commercial banks in the United States had legally issued

1643:

The idea that social and legal consensus determines what constitutes money is the foundation of modern banknotes. A gold coin's value is simply a reflection of the supply and demand mechanism of a society exchanging goods in a free market, as opposed to stemming from any intrinsic property of the

4860:

quote="Detailed discussion of the material characteristics of Bank Notes, as well as the methods used in their construction, have therefore tended to constitute merely a footnote in historical works that have often prioritised both contemporary and modern theoretical understandings of money and

2705:

popular in general circulation have largely failed). The existing infrastructure of such machines presents one of the difficulties in changing the design of these banknotes to make them less counterfeitable, that is, by adding additional features so easily discernible by people that they would

1968:. The durability of coins means that even if metal coins melt in a fire or are submerged under the sea for hundreds of years, they still have some value when they are recovered. Gold coins salvaged from shipwrecks retain almost all of their original appearance, but silver coins slowly corrode. 2999:

has surpassed auctions in terms of the highest volume of sales of banknotes. However, rare banknotes still sell for much less than comparable rare coins. This disparity is diminishing as paper money prices continue to rise. A few rare and historical banknotes have sold for more than a million

2077:

and thread are incorporated during the paper forming process. The thread is a simple-looking security component found in most banknotes. It is, however, often rather complex in construction, comprising fluorescent, magnetic, metallic, and microprint elements. By combining it with watermarking

2510:

produced a number of silk, leather, velvet, linen and wood issues. These issues were produced primarily for collectors, rather than for circulation. They are in demand by collectors. Banknotes printed on cloth include a number of Communist Revolutionary issues in China from areas such as

2749:

with security level P-5 (pieces smaller than 30 mm) according to the standard DIN 66399–2. This small size decomposes a banknote into typically more than 500 tiny pieces and rules out reconstruction like a jigsaw puzzle because the shreds from many banknotes are commingled.

2051:, or other textile fibres. Generally, the paper used is different from ordinary paper: it is much more resilient, resists wear and tear (the average life of a paper banknote is two years), and also does not contain the usual agents that make ordinary paper glow slightly under 4547:, a government agency, although following the merger of the Board into the MAS in October 2002 this is no longer the case. In the United Kingdom, Scottish banks retain the right to issue banknotes alongside those of the Bank of England and three banks currently still do so. 2933:

and contribute to solving cash-related problems as well as fighting crime and terrorism. On a related note, governments consider the DICE benefits to be a driving force behind the progressive abolition of cash because they cover and resolve almost all cash-related issues.

1592:

system, depositors began to ask for multiple receipts to be made out in smaller, fixed denominations for use as money. The receipts soon became a written order to pay the amount to whoever had possession of the note. These notes are credited as the first modern banknotes.

1542:("lettera di cambio"), that is, a promissory note based on a virtual currency account (usually a coin no longer physically existing), was used more often. All physical currencies were physically related to this virtual currency; this instrument also served as credit. 987:(usually gold or silver coin) when presented to the chief cashier of the originating bank. These commercial banknotes only traded at face value in the market served by the issuing bank. Commercial banknotes have primarily been replaced by national banknotes issued by 2122:

When paper bank notes were first introduced in England, they resulted in a dramatic rise in counterfeiting. The attempts by the Bank of England and the Royal Mint to stamp out currency crime led to new policing strategies, including the increased use of entrapment.

2306:(plastic), and in 1996, Australia became the first country to have a full set of circulating polymer banknotes of all denominations, completely replacing its paper banknotes. Since then, many other countries have adopted circulating polymer banknotes, including 2005:

by wear, since, even if they are in poor condition, they are still a legally valid claim on the issuing bank. However, banks of issue do have to pay the cost of replacing banknotes in poor condition, and paper and even polymer notes wear out much faster than

1922:

As with any printing, there is also a chance for banknotes to have printing errors. For U.S. banknotes, these errors can include board break errors, butterfly fold errors, cutting errors, dual denomination errors, fold over errors, and misalignment errors.

1976:

discount also depended on the perceived safety of the bank. When banks failed, the notes were usually partly redeemed out of reserves, but they sometimes became worthless. The problem of discounting within a country does not exist with national currencies.

1787:

in 1921. At the same time, the Bank of England was restricted to issue new banknotes only if they were 100% backed by gold or up to £14 million in government debt. The Act gave the Bank of England an effective monopoly over the note issue from 1928.

1144:

from a contract of bailment if the notary denied the existence of the contract. Law 124 stipulated that a depositor with a notarized contract of bailment was entitled to redeem the entire value of their deposit, and Law 125 stipulated that a banker was

2956:(39 F.3d 1039 63 USLW 2351, No. 92-55919) that the widespread presence of illegal substances on paper currency in the Los Angeles area created a situation where the reaction of a drug-sniffing dog would not create probable cause for civil forfeiture. 1336:

coins could be left with a trusted person, with the merchant being given a slip of paper (the receipt) recording how much money they had deposited with that person. Their coins would be restored when they went back and gave that person the paper.

2942:

In the United States, there are many laws that allow the confiscation of cash and other assets from the bearer if there is suspicion that the money came from an illegal activity. Because a significant amount of U.S. currency contains traces of

2082:

group in the UK. Other related methods include watermarking to reduce the number of corner folds by strengthening this part of the note. Varnishing and coatings reduce the accumulation of dirt on the note for longer durability in circulation.

2883: 2776:, it checks the individual notes to determine whether they are fit for future circulation. About one-third of the notes that the Fed receives are unfit, and the Fed destroys them. US dollar banknotes last an average of more than five years. 2792:

In the US, the nickname "Fed Shreds" refers to paper money which has been shredded after becoming unfit for circulation. Although these shredded banknotes are generally landfilled, they are sometimes sold or given away in small bags as

1943:

banknotes for several months before cruzado novo banknotes were printed and issued. Banknotes can be overstamped with new denominations, typically when a country converts to a new currency at an even, fixed exchange rate (in this case,

2847: 2078:

technology, the thread can be made to surface periodically on one side only. This is known as windowed thread and further increases the counterfeit resistance of the banknote paper. This process was invented by Portals, part of the

2863: 4873:

quote="The technologies employed by the Bank in the making of its notes were ones that altered very little throughout the course of the long eighteenth century, with major changes not occurring until well after the close of this

3904:

The Mongols adopted the Jin and Song practice of issuing paper money, and the earliest European account of paper money is the detailed description given by Marco Polo, who claimed to have served at the court of the Yuan dynasty

1578:

of the document rather than the original depositor. This meant that the note could be used as currency based on the security of the goldsmith, not the account holder of the goldsmith-banker. The bankers also began issuing a

3013:

curtains, upholstery, and more. Acrylic paperweights and even toilet seats with bank notes embedded inside are also common. Items that resemble stacks of bank notes and can be used as a seat or ottoman are also available.

1347:. By 960, the Song government was short of copper for striking coins, and issued the first generally circulating notes. These notes were a promise by the ruler to redeem them later for some other object of value, usually 1225:

In Europe, cloth banknotes were in use in Praga in 960 and as part of the banking scheme of the Knights Templars around 1150. The first short-lived attempt at issuing banknotes in Europen by a central bank was in 1661 by

1964:, meaning that the bank may not be able to make payment when the note was presented. Notes issued by central banks had a theoretical risk when they were backed by gold and silver. Both banknotes and coins are subject to 3716:

The introduction of paper money into Europe by Napoleon in the early 1800s, and of other valuable documents such as bearer securities and passports, kicked off a battle between security printers and counterfeiters

2783:

Types of contaminants include: notes found on a corpse, stagnant water, contaminated by human or animal body fluids such as urine, feces, vomit, infectious blood, fine hazardous powders from detonated explosives,

1587:

used for centuries in places like St. Giles Fair, however, done in this way, it was able to directly expand the expansion of the supply of circulating money. As these receipts were increasingly used in the money

3003:

There are many different organizations and societies around the world for the hobby, including the International Bank Note Society (IBNS), which currently asserts to have around 2,000 members in 90 countries.

2055:

light. Unlike most printing and writing paper, banknote paper is infused with polyvinyl alcohol or gelatin, instead of water, to give it extra strength. Early Chinese banknotes were printed on paper made of

1800:

Collage for banknote design with annotations and additions to show proposed changes (figure rather higher so as to allow room for the No.), Bank of Manchester, UK, 1833. On display at the British Museum in

1241:

Cash paper money originated as receipts for value held on account "value received", and should not be conflated with promissory "sight bills," which were issued with a promise to convert at a later date.

5073: 2017:

The different advantages and disadvantages of coins and banknotes imply that there may be an ongoing role for both forms of bearer money, each being used where its advantages outweigh its disadvantages.

2740:

machine to assess their authenticity and fitness for circulation, or may be classified unfit for circulation if they are worn, dirty, soiled, damaged, mutilated or torn. Unfit notes are returned to the

2816: 5125: 2291: 4383: 3535: 1604:. These replaced the copper-plates being used instead as a means of payment. The peculiar circumstances of the Swedish coin supply were what led to this banknote issue. Cheap foreign imports of 2009:

Cost of transport. Coins can be expensive to transport for high value transactions, but banknotes can be issued in large denominations that are much lighter than the equivalent value in coins.

1796: 1501:

Kaan's dominions he shall find these pieces of paper current, and shall be able to transact all sales and purchases of goods by means of them just as well as if they were coins of pure gold

2831: 1407:

government printed money in no less than six ink colors and printed notes with intricate designs and sometimes even with mixture of a unique fiber in the paper to combat counterfeiting.

3945:

The Travels of Marco Polo, a Venetian, in the Thirteenth Century: Being a Description, by that Early Traveller, of Remarkable Places and Things, in the Eastern Parts of the World

2146:

has also been used since banknotes first appeared; it involved the sewing of a thin wire frame into paper mould. Watermarks for notes were first used in 1697, by Rice Watkins, a

1583:

in the form of loans, on the assumption that they would not have to redeem all of their issued banknotes at the same time. This was a natural extension of debt-based issuance of

5332: 5178: 2228:) to a paper banknote in the history of banknote printing. The application of optical features is now common throughout the world. Many countries' banknotes now have embedded 1990:. Numerous banks and nations have incorporated many types of countermeasures in order to keep the money secure. However, extremely sophisticated counterfeit notes known as 1496:

All these pieces of paper are, issued with as much solemnity and authority as if they were of pure gold or silver... with these pieces of paper, made as I have described,

1829:

In a small number of countries, private banknote issuing continues to this day. For example, by virtue of the complex constitutional setup in the United Kingdom, certain

5689: 2465:

Over the years, a number of materials other than paper have been used to print banknotes. This includes various textiles, including silk, and materials such as leather.

5485: 5670: 2150:

paper maker. Watermarks and special paper made it harder and more expensive to forge banknotes, since more complex and expensive paper-making machines were needed.

3675: 2779:

Contaminated banknotes are also decommissioned and removed from circulation, primarily to prevent the spread of diseases. A Canadian government report indicates:

3410: 3258: 2286:. These early plastic notes were plagued with issues such as ink wearing off, and they were discontinued. In 1988, after significant research and development in 5065: 4544: 1912: 4965:

Liao C; Liu F; Kannan K (2012). "Bisphenol S, a New Bisphenol Analogue, in Paper Products and Currency Bills and Its Association with Bisphenol A Residues".

4703: 5512: 5717: 2490:

Silk and other fibers have been commonly used in the manufacture of various banknote papers, intended to provide both additional durability and security.

5117: 2907: 2591:

were used for currency in France in the early 19th century, and in French Canada from 1685 until 1757, the Colony of Louisiana, Dutch Guiana, and in the

1163:

was purported to have issued bank notes on parchment or leather before 146 BC. Hence Carthage may be the oldest user of lightweight promissory notes. In

4387: 1489: 3539: 6060: 3155: 1760:

Originally, the banknote was simply a promise to the bearer that they could redeem it for its value in specie, but in 1833, the second in a series of

540: 6204: 5402: 4358: 5008: 4763: 3353: 3201: 2926: 1869: 1733: 5302: 2533:

fibers, together with 25% linen, are the material of the banknotes in the United States. Leather banknotes (or coins) were issued in a number of

2138:, and they were single-sided. Note-making technologies remained largely unchanged during the 18th century. The first banknotes were produced by 1956:

Banknotes have a natural advantage over coins in that they are lighter to carry; but they are also less durable than coins. Banknotes issued by

4593: 4321: 5659: 5640: 5619: 5598: 5575: 4687: 4426: 4107: 3926: 3897: 3837: 3762: 3737: 3659: 3574: 2823: 1893: 516: 3445: 6585: 4793: 2190: 931: 823: 142: 137: 5432: 4563: 4152: 4113: 4053: 3949: 5272: 5211: 1010:

when they presented banknotes for payment. This practice of "backing" notes with something of substance is the basis for the history of

818: 5354: 4450: 4182: 1218:

in large commercial transactions. Although government issued centralized paper money did not appear until the 11th century, during the

4293: 4241: 4146: 3864: 1265:, for example, from the late 1600s onwards. With the removal of precious metals from the monetary system, banknotes evolved into pure 843: 3513: 5672:"They are Exactly as Banknotes are": Perceptions and Technologies of Bank Note Forgery During the Bank Restriction Period, 1797–1821 5167: 4266: 2663: 1877: 5324: 1530:, because of the insecurity and impracticality of transporting large sums of cash over long distances, money traders started using 5854: 5458: 2874: 2854: 2303: 1729: 1678: 5710: 1916: 1862: 1834: 1725: 3311: 1403:

were limited to regional areas of the empire, and were valid for use only in a designated and temporary limit of three years.

6600: 3700: 1438: 838: 833: 147: 115: 5242: 4299: 1821: 1303: 5481: 2654:

has printed the reverse of its banknotes vertically. Between 1993 and 2013, Brazil has printed banknotes of 5000 and 50000

6011: 5916: 3077: 2681: 2443: 2186: 1771:

Until the mid-nineteenth century, commercial banks were able to issue their own banknotes, and notes issued by provincial

1656: 1445: 207: 166: 132: 122: 5095: 1387:

For the printing of paper money alone, the Song government established several government-run factories in the cities of

6197: 6117: 5042: 4922: 2662:

series of banknotes has the obverse in traditional horizontal layout, while the reverse is in vertical format. The 2018

276: 4733: 2983: 1644:

metal. By the late 17th century, this new conceptual outlook helped to stimulate the issue of banknotes. The economist

1359:

strings of cash coins. By the 1120s, the central government started to produce its own state-issued paper money (using

6605: 4644: 3402: 3385: 3250: 3233: 3092: 3087: 2702: 2673: 1282: 1187: 301: 234: 185: 127: 5538: 4616: 3406: 3254: 2745:

for secure online destruction by high-speed banknote sorting machines using a cross-cut shredder device similar to a

2094:, vary the sizes of their banknotes by denomination. This is done so that they may be told apart through touch alone. 1351:. The issue of credit notes was often for a limited duration, and at some discount to the promised amount later. The 1490:

How the Great Kaan Causeth the Bark of Trees, Made into Something Like Paper, to Pass for Money All Over his Country

5703: 2454: 2114:

which is composed of an inner layer of paper substrate with thin outer layers of plastic film for high durability.

1580: 1434:, small pieces of cloth were used as a means of trade, with these cloths having a set exchange rate versus silver. 1278: 617: 5429:"You Won a Lottery, Got an Award, or a Mystery Shopper Job and They Sent You a Check! Counterfeit Cashiers Checks" 5038: 4711: 1382:) alone would send 1,500,000 sheets of paper in seven different varieties to the capital at Kaifeng. In 1101, the 5508: 2295: 1671:, an early form of paper currency distinct from banknotes, to fund military expenditures and for use as a common 1511: 1484: 1458: 509: 269: 249: 4526: 6100: 6038: 2911: 2636: 2620: 2472: 924: 813: 1907:

As well as commercial issuers, other organizations may have note-issuing powers; for example, until 2002, the

2706:

immediately reject banknotes of inferior quality, for every machine in the country would have to be updated.

6590: 6216: 6190: 5380: 5373:"Drug Dog's "Alert" to Cash Not Grounds for Forfeiture When Up to 75 percent of Currency Tainted With Drugs" 2577: 2542: 2476: 2154: 1562:

The shift toward the use of these receipts as a means of payment took place in the mid-17th century, as the

1383: 1332: 1215: 728: 607: 229: 66: 4614:

Famous shipwrecks from which valuable precious metals and coins were recovered in recent years include the

3159: 6159: 6088: 6048: 3303: 3082: 2573: 2495: 2468: 2198: 2131: 2062: 1940: 1675:. By the 1760s, these bills of credit were used in the majority of transactions in the Thirteen Colonies. 1631: 1589: 1141: 953: 650: 396: 4347: 2647:

have adopted vertically oriented currency, though Cape Verde has now reverted to horizontal orientation.

6595: 6441: 6344: 6255: 6250: 6142: 5406: 4069: 3067: 2773: 1776: 1753: 965: 808: 264: 239: 5016: 4755: 2644: 5294: 2666:

series too has the obverse in traditional horizontal layout, while the reverse is in vertical format.

1931: 6021: 5841: 4974: 2170: 2166: 1815: 1710: 1683: 1258: 1179:

may have used a durable lightweight substance as promissory notes in 57 AD, which have been found in

866: 763: 572: 502: 36: 4585: 4325: 3983: 1779:, which established the modern central bank, restricted authorisation to issue new banknotes to the 6169: 2894: 2757:

compresses shredded paper material into a small cylindrical or rectangular form for disposal (e.g.

2737: 2727: 2632: 2603: 2399: 2174: 1897: 1714: 917: 219: 171: 3474: 975:

or other licensed authority, payable to the bearer on demand. Banknotes were originally issued by

6580: 5931: 5726: 5153: 4622: 4497: 4037: 3669: 3439: 3357: 3205: 3117: 3034: 2331: 2217: 2111: 1672: 1609: 1475: 1360: 1235: 992: 848: 791: 645: 550: 532: 477: 365: 178: 103: 4785: 4285:

Taming Democracy: "The People," the Founders, and the Troubled Ending of the American Revolution

2948:

where the cash came from at his own expense. Many people simply forfeit the money. In 1994, the

1660: 56: 2714: 2572:

Other issues from 1923 were printed on wood, which was also used in Canada in 1763–1764 during

1014:

backing their currencies in gold or silver. Today, most national currencies have no backing in

6436: 6245: 6164: 6110: 6073: 5958: 5921: 5655: 5636: 5615: 5594: 5571: 5428: 4990: 4683: 4559: 4422: 4289: 4262: 4237: 4142: 4136: 4103: 4097: 4049: 4045: 4025: 4010: 4006: 3943: 3922: 3893: 3870: 3860: 3833: 3758: 3733: 3655: 3570: 3112: 2491: 2182: 2139: 2091: 1979: 1961: 1936: 1858: 1664: 1618: 1601: 1527: 1431: 1375: 1340: 1286: 1231: 1121: 1070: 1053: 1041: 898: 893: 254: 224: 214: 96: 5264: 5203: 2545:. A number of 19th-century issues are known in Germanic and Estonia, including the places of 2209:

to reflect political or economic changes that occur faster than new currency can be printed.

1002:, meaning that courts of law are required to recognize them as satisfactory payment of money 6359: 6147: 6132: 6077: 6028: 5990: 5980: 5358: 4982: 4838: 4828: 4626:. Shipwreck coins are highly collectible, and dealers sometimes post photos on the internet. 4489: 4458: 4174: 4029: 3825: 3349: 3197: 3057: 2979: 2800: 2697: 2651: 2431: 2367: 2299: 2251: 2241: 2031: 1908: 1842: 1761: 1597: 1567: 1566:, when relatively rapid gold inflation was causing a re-assessment of how money worked. The 1563: 1555: 1539: 1371: 1227: 1207: 1160: 1154: 1137: 1105: 1065: 980: 883: 878: 873: 711: 665: 660: 612: 602: 590: 333: 318: 244: 199: 3561:

Allen, Tony; Grant, R. G.; Parker, Philip; Celtel, Kay; Kramer, Ann; Weeks, Marcus (2022).

3505: 1845:) continue to print their own banknotes for domestic circulation, even though they are not 1245:

The perception of banknotes as money has evolved over time. Originally, money was based on

6544: 6127: 6055: 5985: 5963: 5936: 5762: 5734: 4082: 3307: 3102: 2915: 2538: 2524: 2391: 2043:

with a weight of 80 to 90 grams per square meter. The cotton is sometimes mixed with

1957: 1885: 1854: 1830: 1780: 1749: 1744: 1691: 1668: 1645: 1636: 1531: 1453: 1320: 1254: 1246: 1172: 1146: 1109: 976: 968: 903: 803: 778: 758: 746: 733: 723: 688: 640: 353: 296: 3489: 2494:

patented banknote paper with embedded silk threads in 1844 and has supplied paper to the

1861:; these notes are also usable as money (but not legal tender) in the rest of the UK (see 1648:

wrote that money "was an imaginary value made by a law for the convenience of exchange".

5325:"The Future of Banknotes & How One Company Is Working To Prevent A Cashless Economy" 4978: 4817:"How Criminal were the Irish? Bias in the Detection of London Currency Crime, 1797–1821" 4001:

Faure AP (6 April 2013). "Money Creation: Genesis 2: Goldsmith-Bankers and Bank Notes".

3468: 3337: 3185: 2086: 6559: 6240: 6154: 6137: 6122: 5768: 5609: 4415: 3566: 3298: 3097: 3062: 2807:

to form plastic products like building components, plumbing fittings, or compost bins.

2746: 2659: 2628: 2566: 2503: 2403: 2202: 2194: 2162: 2002: 1810: 1695: 1550: 1094: 1015: 888: 853: 798: 693: 683: 655: 562: 456: 328: 311: 306: 259: 154: 5454: 2722:

so badly damaged it has been torn in half. The note has later been repaired with tape.

2246: 1612:

to steadily increase the size of the copper coinage to maintain its value relative to

1026:

are used for lower valued monetary units, while banknotes are used for higher values.

6574: 6534: 6420: 6405: 6374: 6364: 6349: 6306: 6290: 5812: 5630: 5587: 5565: 4138:

An Economic History of Europe: Knowledge, Institutions and Growth, 600 to the Present

3854: 3829: 2949: 2769: 2733: 2677: 2669:

Early Chinese banknotes were also vertical, due to the direction of Chinese writing.

2655: 2624: 2427: 1987: 1721: 1652: 1098: 161: 2627:. They also note how money transactions are conducted vertically, not horizontally. 2602:(BPS), has been frequently used in the production of banknotes worldwide. BPS is an 1948:

Prior to the introduction of banknotes, precious or semiprecious metals minted into

1596:

The first short-lived attempt at issuing banknotes by a central bank was in 1661 by

6539: 6513: 6384: 6321: 6043: 6033: 5970: 5877: 4041: 3890:

The Origins of Value: The Financial Innovations that Created Modern Capital Markets

3393: 3293: 3241: 3048: 2762: 2742: 2040: 1983: 1850: 1806: 1784: 1775:

companies were the common form of currency throughout England, outside London. The

1765: 1713:

helped establish banknotes as a formal currency in France, after the wars waged by

1639:

Charter (1694). The bank began the first permanent issue of banknotes a year later.

1479: 1411: 1344: 1316: 1219: 1195: 1191: 1176: 1011: 999: 988: 984: 597: 489: 377: 372: 323: 5234: 5096:"New $ 10 bank note featuring Viola Desmond unveiled on International Women's Day" 4833: 4816: 3689: 2502:

issues from a number of German towns in 1923 during a period of fiscal crisis and

1982:

paper notes has always been a problem, especially since the introduction of color

4283: 4231: 1998:

issue, especially in larger denominations, compared with coins of the same value.

17: 6549: 6503: 6316: 6270: 6265: 5943: 5897: 5849: 5796: 5791: 4480:

Horsefield, J. K. (November 1944). "The Origins of the Bank Charter Act, 1844".

4417:

The future of central banking: the tercentenary symposium of the Bank of England

3107: 2975: 2726:

Further information on the New York University scientific research project:

2719: 2685: 2640: 2599: 2592: 2450: 2375: 2359: 2271: 2206: 2098:

Another security feature is based on windows in the paper, which are covered by

2052: 1991: 1584: 1520: 1497: 1415: 1366:

Even before this point, the Song government was amassing large amounts of paper

1168: 1029: 753: 622: 444: 410: 44: 3984:"Sverige, Palmstruchska banken, Kreditsedel 10 daler silvermynt, 17 april 1666" 1006:. Historically, banks sought to ensure that they could always pay customers in 6508: 6354: 6336: 6285: 6105: 6093: 5893: 5867: 5750: 5744: 5147: 4409:

Capie, Forrest; Fischer, Stanley; Goodhart, Charles; Schnadt, Norbert (1994).

3072: 3024: 2595:

in the beginning of the 19th century, and again in Germany after World War I.

2588: 2307: 2259: 1889: 1846: 1506: 1471: 1449: 1328: 1266: 1019: 773: 768: 698: 427: 4930: 3730:

Monetary Regimes and Inflation: History, Economic and Political Relationships

2498:

since 1879. Banknotes printed on pure silk "paper" include "emergency money"

1623:

was established in 1668, but did not issue banknotes until the 19th century.

1022:. With the exception of non-circulating high-value or precious metal issues, 6554: 6477: 6472: 6446: 6280: 6275: 6083: 4725: 3874: 3381: 3333: 3289: 3229: 3181: 3122: 2971: 2965: 2870: 2838: 2804: 2754: 2516: 2507: 2387: 2339: 2335: 2327: 2287: 2229: 2147: 2143: 2079: 2074: 1965: 1873: 1703: 1211: 567: 384: 4994: 4636: 5534: 3856:

The Knights Templar: The History and Myths of the Legendary Military Order

6518: 6498: 6482: 6467: 6415: 6379: 6369: 6326: 6260: 5953: 5906: 5773: 4033: 2794: 2785: 2758: 2615: 2561:, and Woiseck. In addition to the Bielefeld issues, other German leather 2550: 2512: 2439: 2395: 2371: 2347: 2178: 2135: 2099: 2057: 1838: 1419: 1396: 1343:", developed from these promissory notes by the 11th century, during the 1129: 1102: 1090: 1045: 1037: 403: 108: 78: 3973:

De Geschiedenis van het Geld (the History of Money), 1992, Teleac, p. 96

3697:

Security Engineering: A Guide to Building Dependable Distributed Systems

1466:

In the 13th century, Chinese paper money of Mongol Yuan became known in

4501: 3398: 3246: 2944: 2930: 2606:

that is subject to human dermal absorption through handling banknotes.

2581: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2499: 2411: 2407: 2379: 2363: 2275: 2225: 2213: 1392: 1388: 1367: 1324: 1203: 1033: 828: 4986: 4843: 1581:

greater value of notes than the total value of their physical reserves

6410: 6311: 6235: 6016: 5975: 5926: 5818: 5785: 5695: 4519: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 2530: 2435: 2423: 2418:. Other countries have issued commemorative polymer notes, including 2415: 2351: 2343: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2283: 2279: 2221: 1699: 1613: 1605: 1571: 1535: 1467: 1262: 1250: 1180: 1133: 1117: 1086: 1049: 432: 5066:"Canada unveils $ 10 bill featuring civil rights icon Viola Desmond" 4493: 1690:

The first bank to initiate the permanent issue of banknotes was the

2449:

Polymer banknotes were developed to improve durability and prevent

2013:

security features and confirming acceptability of the issuing bank.

1935:

When Brazil changed currencies in 1989, the 1000, 5000, and 10,000

1538:. For international payments, the more efficient and sophisticated 1291: 6213: 5888: 5824: 4410: 2713: 2546: 2534: 2520: 2467: 2419: 2383: 2355: 2323: 2267: 2263: 2245: 2085: 2067: 2066:) and other fibers are used in Japanese banknote paper (a kind of 2048: 2044: 2030: 1930: 1881: 1820: 1795: 1743: 1677: 1630: 1549: 1523: 1444: 1379: 1348: 1312: 1302: 1290: 1261:). But they were readily accepted—for convenience and security—in 1257:: a promise to pay someone in precious metal on presentation (see 1164: 1150: 718: 577: 451: 437: 420: 415: 6182: 5372: 3491:

The outline of history, being a plain history of life and mankind

2761:

or burning). Before the 1990s, unfit banknotes were destroyed by

2073:

Most banknotes are made using the mould-made process, in which a

1717:

left the country with a shortage of precious metals for coinage.

6462: 5995: 5948: 5779: 5756: 5632:

Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250–1276

2996: 2890: 2110:

banknotes. Windows are also used with the Hybrid substrate from

2107: 1949: 1901: 1870:

Special Administrative Regions of the People's Republic of China

1772: 1651:

A temporary experiment of banknote issue was carried out by Sir

1370:. It was recorded that each year before 1101, the prefecture of 1125: 1113: 1082: 1078: 1023: 1007: 1003: 972: 360: 86: 6186: 5699: 5690:

Counterfeit money was a major problem in the 1850s – Pantagraph

2841:

notes with a typical size of less than 1.5 mm × 16 mm

2201:

of 1914 was worth 14,400 paper Kronen), the devaluation of the

2106:

for the higher denominations of the Europa series (ES2) of the

6230: 5830: 4637:"Virtual Shipwreck and Hoard Map by Daniel Frank Sedwick, LLC" 4233:

The Last Revolution: 1688 and the Creation of the Modern World

4220:, Volume 1, Issue 4 (American Economic Association, 1900) p.10 2102:

to make it very hard to copy. Such technology is applied as a

1809:

or treasury is generally solely responsible within a state or

1724:, there were early attempts at establishing a central bank in 1307:

A Yuan dynasty printing plate and banknote with Chinese words.

4218:

Currency and Banking in the Province of the Massachusetts-Bay

1825:

A $ 5 note issued by Citizens Bank of Louisiana in the 1850s.

1140:, and Law 123 stipulated that a banker was discharged of any 3536:"Ancient Roman IOUs Found Beneath Bloomberg's New London HQ" 2986:

issued in 1890 that was sold at an auction for $ 2,255,000.

2292:

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

1694:. Established in 1694 to raise money for the funding of the 4518:

Committee on Payment and Settlement Systems (August 2003).

3919:

History of the weksel: Bill of exchange and promissory note

2732:

A banknote is removed from circulation because of everyday

1048:

of banknotes. Fighting the counterfeiting of banknotes and

2772:

receives a cash deposit from a commercial bank or another

2278:

polymer (or plastic) banknotes; these were printed by the

2165:

and a loss of faith in the value of paper money, e.g. the

27:

Form of physical currency made of paper, cotton or polymer

4955:, Discovery Publishing House, New Delhi, 2009, pp. 26–27. 3369:

122. If anyone entrusts to ... have committed an offence.

3274:§100. ...he shall write down ... returns to his merchant. 1430:

According to a travelogue of a visit to Prague in 960 by

3790: 3788: 3786: 3607: 3605: 2035:

Obverse and reverse of an old American $ 100 note (1928)

1198:

dynasties, starting in the 7th century and were called "

3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3397:. Translated by Harper, Robert Francis (2nd ed.). 3245:. Translated by Harper, Robert Francis (2nd ed.). 2130:

In the 18th century, banknotes were produced mainly by

1915:, a government agency that was later taken over by the 1752:

gained a monopoly over the issue of banknotes with the

1319:(618–907). Merchants would issue what are today called 2954:

United States of America v. U.S. Currency, $ 30,060.00

2676:

featuring a portrait of Canadian civil rights pioneer

2515:, or Sinkiang, in the United Islamic Republic of East 2191:

individual states of the Confederate States of America

1939:

banknotes were overstamped and issued as 1, 5, and 10

4704:"The Banknote Lifecycle – from Design to Destruction" 3969: 3967: 2952:

Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit, held in the case of

2537:, as well as in other times of emergency. During the 2519:

in 1933. Emergency money was also printed in 1902 on

5611:

East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History

3217:

100. Anyone borrowing money shall ... his contract .

6527: 6491: 6455: 6429: 6393: 6335: 6299: 6223: 6004: 5887: 5840: 5805: 5733: 5652:

Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Part 1

4884: 4882: 4880: 4520:"The Role of Central Bank Money in Payment Systems" 3888:William N. Goetzmann; K. Geert Rouwenhorst (2005). 3596: 2978:. Although generally not as widespread as coin and 1355:did not replace coins but was used alongside them. 1128:must present all articles and a signed contract of 5589:Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture 5586: 4525:. Bank for International Settlements. p. 96. 4414: 2736:from its handling. Banknotes are passed through a 2619:especially when the currency is processed through 1872:, arrangements are similar to those in the UK; in 1783:, which would henceforth have sole control of the 1764:established that banknotes would be considered as 1667:followed in Massachusetts' wake and began issuing 1036:of banknotes, is an inherent challenge in issuing 4384:"£2 note issued by Evans, Jones, Davies & Co" 3441:Speeches of J.P. Jones: Money and Tariff, 1890–93 2853:Shredded and briquetted US dollar notes from the 2584:, wooden checkerboard pieces were used as money. 1888:are issued by two different commercial banks. In 1574:began to give out the receipts as payable to the 1478:. Marco Polo's account of paper money during the 1452:described the use of early banknotes in China to 1206:of deposit during the Tang dynasty (618–907), as 5175:Federal Reserve System Cash Product Office (CPO) 4756:"Security features. Europa series €100 banknote" 4099:The History of Money for Understanding Economics 2453:through incorporated security features, such as 1659:starting on December 20, 1690, to help fund the 5482:"2 Million Counterfeit Items Removed From EBay" 2781: 2118:History of counterfeiting and security measures 1876:, three commercial banks are licensed to issue 1554:The first paper money in Europe, issued by the 1494: 1311:The first banknote-type instrument was used in 5355:"International Society for Individual Liberty" 5168:"Fitness Guidelines for Federal Reserve Notes" 5152:(Motion picture). Agence France-Presse. 2012. 4024:Tymoigne, Eric; Wray, L. Randall (July 2005). 2039:Until recently, most banknotes were made from 998:National banknotes are often, but not always, 6198: 5711: 5098:(Press release). Bank of Canada. 8 March 2018 1913:Board of Commissioners of Currency, Singapore 1175:appeared in 118 BC and were made of leather. 925: 510: 8: 4665: 3142: 1238:issued paper banknotes in the early 1800s. 5149:Hungarians burn shredded money to stay warm 4141:. Cambridge University Press. p. 137. 3284: 3282: 2908:Intelligent banknote neutralisation systems 2903:Intelligent banknote neutralisation systems 2457:that are extremely difficult to reproduce. 1971:Other costs of using bearer money include: 1470:through the accounts of travelers, such as 6205: 6191: 6183: 5802: 5718: 5704: 5696: 5118:"Ulster Bank reveals 'vertical' banknotes" 5009:"Dowling Duncan redesign the US banknotes" 3674:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3470:The Science of Money and American Finances 3426:§122. If a man give ... it from the thief. 2688:for 2019 were also presented in this way. 1600:, a predecessor of Sweden's central bank, 1230:, a predecessor of Sweden's central bank, 932: 918: 528: 517: 503: 31: 4842: 4832: 4543:dollar banknotes have been issued by the 4421:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3810:. Medieval Seminar, All Souls, 2012, p. 8 3690:"Chapter 12: Security Printing and Seals" 3652:Encyclopedia of American business history 2803:may be shredded and then melted down and 2205:in the 1990s, etc. Banknotes may also be 2153:In the early 19th century (the so-called 1857:, prints notes which are legal tender in 1482:is the subject of a chapter of his book, 1056:methods development in recent centuries. 4682:. New York, Toronto: Rinehart & Co. 4680:The Transportation Revolution, 1815–1860 2637:Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States 2224:), which is the first foil application ( 1686:; leaf design by Benjamin Franklin, 1779 1186:However, the first known banknotes were 5593:. New York: Columbia University Press. 5567:A New Economic View of American History 4929:. Australian Government. Archived from 4449:Jeffrey A. Tucker (16 September 2010). 4288:. Oxford University Press. p. 17. 3892:. Oxford University Press. p. 94. 3794: 3777: 3757:. Oxford University Press. p. 85. 3732:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 53. 3354:Records of the Past Exploration Society 3302:. Translated by King, Leonard William. 3202:Records of the Past Exploration Society 3135: 2927:Dynamic Intelligent Currency Encryption 2922:Dynamic Intelligent Currency Encryption 2809: 2765:, with a higher risk of manipulations. 2680:is presented in a vertical format. The 1734:federal government of the United States 531: 43: 5564:Atack, Jeremy; Passell, Peter (1994). 5541:from the original on 28 September 2012 4967:Environmental Science & Technology 4562:. Banque Internationale à Luxembourg. 4513: 4511: 4078: 4067: 4056:from the original on 20 September 2022 3667: 3634: 3611: 2193:, the financing of World War I by the 1136:before depositing the articles with a 1018:or commodities and have value only by 6084:Commodity theory of money (Metallism) 5515:from the original on 8 September 2011 5480:Cyndy Aleo-Carreira (25 March 2009). 5265:"Currency Processing and Destruction" 5156:from the original on 2 November 2021. 5039:"2018 New Series Hong Kong Banknotes" 4766:from the original on 12 November 2018 4532:from the original on 9 September 2008 4261:(3rd ed.). Krause Publications. 3706:from the original on 11 December 2013 3645: 3643: 2877:(approx. 1000 pieces, 1 kg) 2857:(approx. 1000 pieces, 1 kg) 2824:Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco 2569:, Osterwieck, Paderborn and Pößneck. 2185:, the paper currency produced by the 1853:anywhere. The UK's central bank, the 1740:Central bank issuance of legal tender 7: 5614:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 5488:from the original on 4 November 2011 5383:from the original on 11 October 2012 5335:from the original on 8 November 2020 5245:from the original on 16 October 2007 5204:"How Currency Gets into Circulation" 4411:"The development of central banking" 4364:from the original on 15 January 2013 3986:[Europe's first banknotes]. 3386:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon" 3338:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon" 3294:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon" 3234:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon" 3186:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon" 3158:. British Royal Mint. Archived from 1900:notes until the introduction of the 1249:. Banknotes were seen by some as an 824:Residential mortgage-backed security 5678:(PhD). University of Hertfordshire. 5461:from the original on 26 August 2011 5435:from the original on 13 August 2011 5233:Trichur, Rita (28 September 2007). 4348:"Currency and Bank Notes Act, 1928" 4185:from the original on 3 January 2014 4179:Cité de l’économie et de la monnaie 3859:. New York: Thunder's Mouth Press. 3597:Ebrey, Walthall & Palais (2006) 3516:from the original on 25 August 2017 2897:, Germany (approx. 1 kg) 2768:When a Federal Reserve Bank of the 1994:have been detected in recent years. 1732:, but it was only in 1862 that the 1299:, the world's earliest paper money. 1214:desired to avoid the heavy bulk of 819:Commercial mortgage-backed security 5455:"Forged German Treasure Banknotes" 4910: 4899: 4888: 4870: 4857: 4796:from the original on 13 April 2019 4736:from the original on 17 April 2018 4566:from the original on 27 April 2015 4545:Board of Commissioners of Currency 4236:. Random House. pp. 344–346. 3494:. New York: The Macmillan Company. 2001:Wear costs. Banknotes do not lose 1894:Banque Internationale à Luxembourg 1835:state's four constituent countries 844:Collateralized mortgage obligation 25: 6061:Akkadian standards of measurement 5692:(Bloomington, Illinois newspaper) 5214:from the original on 17 July 2019 5076:from the original on 8 March 2018 4647:from the original on 23 June 2012 4457:. Mises Institute. Archived from 4324:. Bank of England. Archived from 3416:from the original on 13 June 2021 3348:(3). Translated by Sommer, Otto. 3264:from the original on 13 June 2021 3196:(3). Translated by Sommer, Otto. 2960:Paper money collecting as a hobby 2938:Confiscation and asset forfeiture 1331:to avoid using the heavy bulk of 979:, which were legally required to 5870: 5608:Ebrey; Walthall; Palais (2006). 5570:. New York: W.W. Norton and Co. 5305:from the original on 9 July 2019 5275:from the original on 6 July 2019 5269:Federal Reserve Bank of New York 5208:Federal Reserve Bank of New York 5184:from the original on 9 July 2019 5128:from the original on 25 May 2018 5015:. 14 August 2010. Archived from 4438:– via LSE Research Online. 4386:. British Museum. Archived from 4302:from the original on 1 July 2023 4259:The Early Paper Money of America 4155:from the original on 1 July 2023 4116:from the original on 1 July 2023 4102:. Vincent Lannoye. p. 132. 3952:from the original on 1 July 2023 3830:10.1163/1877-5888_rpp_com_125078 3467:Moulton, Luther Vanhorn (1880). 3448:from the original on 1 July 2023 3314:from the original on 10 May 2021 3041: 3027: 2882: 2875:Federal Reserve Bank of New York 2862: 2855:Federal Reserve Bank of New York 2846: 2830: 2822:Fed Shreds as souvenir from the 2815: 2539:Russian administration of Alaska 2304:biaxially-oriented polypropylene 948: – also called a 539: 483: 471: 55: 5747:(W. Mesoamerica & N. Andes) 4596:from the original on 9 May 2018 4003:Social Science Research Network 2701:where several attempts to make 2682:Northern Irish £5 and £10 notes 2614:Vertical currency is a type of 2298:, Australia produced the first 1917:Monetary Authority of Singapore 1863:Banknotes of the pound sterling 1315:in the 7th century, during the 1052:has been a principal driver of 964: – is a type of 5654:. Cambridge University Press. 5235:"Bankers wipe out dirty money" 5064:Brett Bundale (8 March 2018). 4678:Taylor, George Rogers (1951). 4586:"Error Is Human: Part I – PMG" 4451:"Yesterday was a Historic Day" 4322:"A brief history of banknotes" 3473:. Co-operative Press. p. 2974:, is a slowly growing area of 2914:, retail machines, and during 2692:Vending machines and banknotes 1896:was entitled to issue its own 1418:, issued paper money known as 1202:". Its roots were in merchant 839:Collateralized fund obligation 834:Collateralized debt obligation 1: 6064: 6012:List of historical currencies 5917:Central bank digital currency 5635:. Stanford University Press. 4834:10.1080/03058034.2016.1270876 4732:. National Printing Bureau. 4726:"Banknote Production Process" 4175:"The first European banknote" 4026:"Money: An Alternative Story" 3538:. 1 June 2016. Archived from 3438:Jones, John Percival (1890). 3078:Hybrid paper-polymer banknote 2480: 2444:hybrid paper-polymer banknote 2187:Confederate States of America 2090:Many currencies, such as the 1657:Province of Massachusetts Bay 1074: 729:Initial public offering (IPO) 618:Over-the-counter market (OTC) 6118:Standard of deferred payment 5507:Bank Note (23 August 2011). 5457:. mebanknotes. 28 May 2008. 5043:Hong Kong Monetary Authority 4135:Karl Gunnar Persson (2010). 2541:, banknotes were printed on 2022:Materials used for banknotes 1927:Advantages and disadvantages 1736:, began to print banknotes. 1627:Permanent issue of banknotes 1149:for replacement of deposits 1108:. Law 122 stipulated that a 6586:Accounting source documents 5072:. Toronto Star Newspapers. 4889:Mockford, 2014; pp. 122–123 4858:Mockford, 2014; pp. 118–119 4786:"Hybrid Banknote Substrate" 3917:Moshenskyi, Sergii (2008). 3755:Technology: A World History 3753:Daniel R. Headrick (2009). 3650:Geisst, Charles R. (2005). 3403:University of Chicago Press 3251:University of Chicago Press 3093:List of people on banknotes 3088:List of motifs on banknotes 1546:Birth of European banknotes 1283:Economy of the Song dynasty 1042:anticounterfeiting measures 6622: 4666:Atack & Passell (1994) 3820:Sarnowsky, Jürgen (2011). 3563:Timelines of World History 3143:Atack & Passell (1994) 2963: 2725: 2696:In the late 20th century, 2664:Hong Kong dollar banknotes 2455:optically variable devices 2239: 1682:Fifty-five-dollar bill in 1339:True paper money, called " 1279:List of Chinese inventions 1276: 1063: 764:Exchange-traded fund (ETF) 5865: 5431:. Consumer Fraud Report. 5299:Reserve Bank of Australia 3156:"Legal Tender Guidelines" 2912:automated teller machines 2442:issued the world's first 2296:Reserve Bank of Australia 2280:American Banknote Company 1661:war effort against France 1512:The Travels of Marco Polo 1485:The Travels of Marco Polo 1459:The Travels of Marco Polo 1273:Early Chinese paper money 1077:1755–1750 BC) stipulated 1071:Code of Hammurabi Law 100 6101:Quantity theory of money 5922:Chattel/movable property 5650:Needham, Joseph (1986). 5629:Gernet, Jacques (1962). 5585:Bowman, John S. (2000). 5511:. World Record Academy. 4790:Papierfabrik Louisenthal 4257:Newman, Eric P. (1990). 4216:Andrew McFarland Davis, 4096:Vincent Lannoye (2011). 3654:. New York. p. 39. 2970:Banknote collecting, or 2889:Shredded and briquetted 2869:Shredded and briquetted 2565:from 1923 is known from 2523:shirt fabric during the 2473:Russian American Company 1777:Bank Charter Act of 1844 1754:Bank Charter Act of 1844 1706:first appeared in 1855. 1426:European early banknotes 1188:first developed in China 1122:chattel/movable property 814:Mortgage-backed security 5669:Mockford, Jack (2014). 4230:Patrick Dillon (2007). 3728:Peter Bernholz (2003). 2674:2018 Canadian $ 10 bill 2477:Alaskan parchment scrip 2155:Bank Restriction Period 1709:The Scottish economist 1655:as the governor of the 1384:Emperor Huizong of Song 608:Foreign exchange market 397:Commemorative banknotes 6160:Complementary currency 6089:Credit theory of money 6049:Depository institution 5535:"Introducing the IBNS" 4911:Mockford, 2014; p. 127 4900:Mockford, 2014; p. 126 4871:Mockford, 2014; p. 121 4815:Crymble, Adam (2018). 4355:www.legislation.gov.uk 4282:Bouton, Terry (2007). 4077:Cite journal requires 3506:"The History of Money" 2790: 2723: 2496:United States Treasury 2487: 2255: 2199:Austro-Hungarian krone 2132:copper-plate engraving 2095: 2063:Edgeworthia chrysantha 2036: 1945: 1878:Hong Kong dollar notes 1849:or declared in law as 1826: 1802: 1757: 1687: 1640: 1559: 1517: 1463: 1308: 1300: 954:North American English 651:Inflation-indexed bond 478:Numismatics portal 116:Circulating currencies 6601:Written communication 6345:Continuous stationery 6256:Corrugated fiberboard 6143:Digital gold currency 5509:"Long Beach Sale Set" 5013:Dowling | Duncan 4760:European Central Bank 3853:Martin, Sean (2004). 3488:Wells, H. G. (1921). 3068:Contaminated currency 2774:financial institution 2717: 2471: 2336:Hong Kong SAR (China) 2249: 2089: 2034: 1934: 1824: 1816:Federal Reserve Notes 1799: 1747: 1681: 1634: 1619:Riksens Ständers Bank 1553: 1448: 1306: 1294: 1040:. It is countered by 809:Asset-backed security 208:Historical currencies 49:the study of currency 6022:Coincidence of wants 5842:Representative money 4461:on 18 September 2010 4328:on 29 September 2013 4034:10.2139/ssrn.1009611 3948:. pp. 353–355. 3130:Notes and references 2610:Vertical orientation 2578:Hudson's Bay Company 2506:. Most notoriously, 2181:produced during the 2171:Continental Congress 2167:Continental Currency 1684:Continental currency 1259:representative money 993:monetary authorities 179:Fictional currencies 6170:Time-based currency 5177:. 7 February 2019. 4979:2012EnST...46.6515L 3942:Marco Polo (1818). 3512:. 26 October 1996. 3342:Records of the Past 3190:Records of the Past 3162:on 17 December 2008 2895:Deutsche Bundesbank 2893:banknotes from the 2728:Dirty Money Project 2604:endocrine disruptor 2574:Pontiac's Rebellion 2400:Trinidad and Tobago 2175:American Revolution 1898:Luxembourgish franc 1884:, banknotes of the 1635:The sealing of the 1410:The founder of the 366:Commemorative coins 277:Medieval currencies 186:Proposed currencies 6606:Ancient inventions 6039:Clearinghouse bank 5727:Medium of exchange 4821:The London Journal 4623:SS Central America 4390:on 18 January 2012 4205:Discourse on Trade 3808:Dirhams for slaves 3806:Jankowiak, Marek. 3118:United States Note 3035:Numismatics portal 2811:Shredded Banknotes 2797:or as briquettes. 2724: 2488: 2332:Dominican Republic 2256: 2216:produced the 5000 2096: 2037: 1946: 1911:was issued by the 1827: 1803: 1792:Issue of banknotes 1768:during peacetime. 1758: 1688: 1673:medium of exchange 1641: 1585:split tally sticks 1560: 1476:William of Rubruck 1464: 1361:woodblock printing 1309: 1301: 849:Credit-linked note 792:Structured finance 646:Floating rate note 6568: 6567: 6437:Ingrain wallpaper 6246:Coffee cup sleeve 6180: 6179: 6165:Sectoral currency 6111:Market monetarism 6074:Code of Hammurabi 5863: 5862: 5855:Gold certificates 5661:978-0-5218-7566-0 5642:978-0-8047-0720-6 5621:978-0-6181-3384-0 5600:978-0-2311-1004-4 5577:978-0-393-96315-1 5041:(Press release). 4987:10.1021/es300876n 4973:(12): 6515–6522. 4689:978-0-87332-101-3 4668:, pp. 84–86. 4428:978-0-5214-9634-6 4203:Nicholas Barbon, 4109:978-1-4802-0066-1 3928:978-1-4363-0694-2 3899:978-0-19-517571-4 3839:978-9-0041-4666-2 3764:978-0-19-988759-0 3739:978-1-84376-155-6 3661:978-0-8160-4350-7 3576:978-0-7440-5627-3 3113:Trevett v. Weeden 2801:Polymer banknotes 2492:Crane and Company 2282:and developed by 2274:issued the first 2266:issued the first 2252:2000 Romanian lei 2236:Polymer banknotes 2183:French Revolution 2144:watermarked paper 2140:intaglio printing 2112:Giesecke+Devrient 2100:holographic foils 2092:Indonesian rupiah 2060:bark. Mitsumata ( 1962:counterparty risk 1859:England and Wales 1762:Bank Charter Acts 1665:Thirteen Colonies 1602:Sveriges Riksbank 1568:goldsmith bankers 1437:Around 1150, the 1432:Ibrahim ibn Yaqub 1287:Jiaozi (currency) 1232:Sveriges Riksbank 1106:contractual terms 1054:security printing 942: 941: 899:Credit derivative 712:Equities (stocks) 527: 526: 18:Vertical banknote 16:(Redirected from 6613: 6207: 6200: 6193: 6184: 6148:Virtual currency 6133:Digital currency 6069: 6066: 6029:Bureau de change 5880: 5875: 5874: 5873: 5806:Domestic animals 5803: 5720: 5713: 5706: 5697: 5679: 5677: 5665: 5646: 5625: 5604: 5592: 5581: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5531: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5504: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5451: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5405:. Archived from 5399: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5357:. Archived from 5351: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5291: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5261: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5183: 5172: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5144: 5138: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5092: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5019:on 23 April 2011 5005: 4999: 4998: 4962: 4956: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4919: 4913: 4908: 4902: 4897: 4891: 4886: 4875: 4868: 4862: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4836: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4722: 4716: 4715: 4710:. Archived from 4700: 4694: 4693: 4675: 4669: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4641:sedwickcoins.com 4633: 4627: 4612: 4606: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4590:www.pmgnotes.com 4582: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4556: 4550: 4549: 4539: 4537: 4531: 4524: 4515: 4506: 4505: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4420: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4380: 4374: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4363: 4352: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4227: 4221: 4214: 4208: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4080: 4075: 4073: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4021: 4015: 4014: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3980: 3974: 3971: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3817: 3811: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3781: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3713: 3711: 3705: 3694: 3686: 3680: 3679: 3673: 3665: 3647: 3638: 3632: 3615: 3609: 3600: 3594: 3581: 3580: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3542:on 10 April 2019 3532: 3526: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3423: 3421: 3415: 3390: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3366: 3364: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3286: 3277: 3276: 3271: 3269: 3263: 3238: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3214: 3212: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3058:Banknote counter 3051: 3046: 3045: 3044: 3037: 3032: 3031: 3030: 2980:stamp collecting 2886: 2866: 2850: 2837:Shreds of unfit 2834: 2819: 2738:banknote sorting 2698:vending machines 2485: 2482: 2432:Northern Ireland 2368:Papua New Guinea 2300:polymer banknote 2294:(CSIRO) and the 2254:polymer banknote 2242:Polymer banknote 2197:(by 1922 1 gold 2169:produced by the 1958:commercial banks 1909:Singapore dollar 1843:Northern Ireland 1831:commercial banks 1598:Stockholms Banco 1564:price revolution 1556:Stockholms Banco 1540:bill of exchange 1532:promissory notes 1515: 1321:promissory notes 1228:Stockholms Banco 1173:promissory notes 1076: 1066:History of money 1032:, including the 977:commercial banks 934: 927: 920: 747:Investment funds 666:Commercial paper 661:Zero-coupon bond 613:Futures exchange 603:Commodity market 543: 529: 519: 512: 505: 490:Money portal 488: 487: 486: 476: 475: 474: 200:History of money 155:Local currencies 59: 50: 32: 21: 6621: 6620: 6616: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6611: 6610: 6571: 6570: 6569: 6564: 6523: 6487: 6451: 6425: 6389: 6331: 6295: 6219: 6211: 6181: 6176: 6128:Unit of account 6067: 6000: 5986:Promissory note 5964:Deposit account 5937:Cheque clearing 5891: 5883: 5876: 5871: 5869: 5859: 5836: 5801: 5769:Precious metals 5736: 5729: 5724: 5686: 5675: 5668: 5662: 5649: 5643: 5628: 5622: 5607: 5601: 5584: 5578: 5563: 5560: 5555: 5554: 5544: 5542: 5533: 5532: 5528: 5518: 5516: 5506: 5505: 5501: 5491: 5489: 5479: 5478: 5474: 5464: 5462: 5453: 5452: 5448: 5438: 5436: 5427: 5426: 5422: 5412: 5410: 5401: 5400: 5396: 5386: 5384: 5371: 5370: 5366: 5361:on 9 June 2012. 5353: 5352: 5348: 5338: 5336: 5331:. 18 May 2015. 5323: 5322: 5318: 5308: 5306: 5293: 5292: 5288: 5278: 5276: 5263: 5262: 5258: 5248: 5246: 5232: 5231: 5227: 5217: 5215: 5202: 5201: 5197: 5187: 5185: 5181: 5170: 5166: 5165: 5161: 5146: 5145: 5141: 5131: 5129: 5124:. 24 May 2018. 5116: 5115: 5111: 5101: 5099: 5094: 5093: 5089: 5079: 5077: 5063: 5062: 5058: 5048: 5046: 5037: 5036: 5032: 5022: 5020: 5007: 5006: 5002: 4964: 4963: 4959: 4953:Bank Regulation 4950: 4946: 4936: 4934: 4927:About Australia 4921: 4920: 4916: 4909: 4905: 4898: 4894: 4887: 4878: 4869: 4865: 4856: 4852: 4814: 4813: 4809: 4799: 4797: 4784: 4783: 4779: 4769: 4767: 4754: 4753: 4749: 4739: 4737: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4714:on 13 May 2012. 4702: 4701: 4697: 4690: 4677: 4676: 4672: 4664: 4660: 4650: 4648: 4635: 4634: 4630: 4613: 4609: 4599: 4597: 4584: 4583: 4579: 4569: 4567: 4560:"BIL's history" 4558: 4557: 4553: 4535: 4533: 4529: 4522: 4517: 4516: 4509: 4494:10.2307/2549352 4488:(44): 180–189. 4479: 4478: 4474: 4464: 4462: 4448: 4447: 4443: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4408: 4407: 4403: 4393: 4391: 4382: 4381: 4377: 4367: 4365: 4361: 4350: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4331: 4329: 4320: 4319: 4315: 4305: 4303: 4296: 4281: 4280: 4276: 4269: 4256: 4255: 4251: 4244: 4229: 4228: 4224: 4215: 4211: 4202: 4198: 4188: 4186: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4158: 4156: 4149: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4119: 4117: 4110: 4095: 4094: 4090: 4076: 4066: 4059: 4057: 4023: 4022: 4018: 4000: 3999: 3995: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3972: 3965: 3955: 3953: 3941: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3916: 3915: 3911: 3900: 3887: 3886: 3882: 3867: 3852: 3851: 3847: 3840: 3819: 3818: 3814: 3805: 3801: 3793: 3784: 3776: 3772: 3765: 3752: 3751: 3747: 3740: 3727: 3726: 3722: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3699:. p. 245. 3692: 3688: 3687: 3683: 3666: 3662: 3649: 3648: 3641: 3633: 3618: 3610: 3603: 3595: 3584: 3577: 3560: 3559: 3555: 3545: 3543: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3519: 3517: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3466: 3465: 3461: 3451: 3449: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3419: 3417: 3413: 3388: 3380: 3379: 3375: 3362: 3360: 3332: 3331: 3327: 3317: 3315: 3308:Yale Law School 3288: 3287: 3280: 3267: 3265: 3261: 3236: 3228: 3227: 3223: 3210: 3208: 3180: 3179: 3175: 3165: 3163: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3141: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3103:Postal currency 3047: 3042: 3040: 3033: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3010: 2992: 2968: 2962: 2940: 2924: 2916:cash-in-transit 2905: 2898: 2887: 2878: 2873:notes from the 2867: 2858: 2851: 2842: 2835: 2826: 2820: 2788:and/or drugs... 2730: 2712: 2694: 2656:cruzeiros reais 2612: 2598:Most recently, 2483: 2463: 2461:Other materials 2392:Solomon Islands 2244: 2238: 2120: 2104:portrait window 2029: 2027:Paper banknotes 2024: 1929: 1886:Macanese pataca 1855:Bank of England 1794: 1781:Bank of England 1750:Bank of England 1742: 1692:Bank of England 1669:bills of credit 1646:Nicholas Barbon 1637:Bank of England 1629: 1548: 1516: 1505: 1454:Medieval Europe 1439:Knights Templar 1428: 1323:in the form of 1289: 1275: 1255:promissory note 1247:precious metals 1153:while in their 1068: 1062: 1016:precious metals 969:promissory note 938: 909: 908: 904:Hybrid security 869: 859: 858: 804:Agency security 794: 784: 783: 779:Segregated fund 759:Closed-end fund 749: 739: 738: 714: 704: 703: 689:Government bond 679: 678:Bonds by issuer 671: 670: 641:Fixed rate bond 636: 635:Bonds by coupon 628: 627: 593: 583: 582: 553: 523: 494: 484: 482: 472: 470: 462: 461: 354:Coin collecting 349: 348: 339: 338: 292: 291: 282: 281: 203: 202: 191: 190: 82: 81: 48: 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6619: 6617: 6609: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6591:Paper products 6588: 6583: 6573: 6572: 6566: 6565: 6563: 6562: 6560:Security paper 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6531: 6529: 6525: 6524: 6522: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6495: 6493: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6459: 6457: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6433: 6431: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6397: 6395: 6391: 6390: 6388: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6341: 6339: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6303: 6301: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6251:Corrugated box 6248: 6243: 6241:Cigarette pack 6238: 6233: 6227: 6225: 6221: 6220: 6212: 6210: 6209: 6202: 6195: 6187: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6174: 6173: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6155:Local currency 6152: 6151: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6138:Cryptocurrency 6130: 6125: 6123:Store of value 6120: 6115: 6114: 6113: 6108: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6086: 6081: 6078:§100; §122–125 6071: 6068: 2150 BC 6058: 6053: 6052: 6051: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6025: 6024: 6014: 6008: 6006: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5967: 5966: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5940: 5939: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5903: 5901: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5881: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5857: 5852: 5846: 5844: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5834: 5833:(Tibet, China) 5828: 5822: 5816: 5809: 5807: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5783: 5777: 5776:(cotton cloth) 5771: 5766: 5760: 5754: 5748: 5741: 5739: 5731: 5730: 5725: 5723: 5722: 5715: 5708: 5700: 5694: 5693: 5685: 5684:External links 5682: 5681: 5680: 5666: 5660: 5647: 5641: 5626: 5620: 5605: 5599: 5582: 5576: 5559: 5556: 5553: 5552: 5526: 5499: 5472: 5446: 5420: 5409:on 3 June 2013 5403:"Resource.org" 5394: 5364: 5346: 5329:LinkedIn Pulse 5316: 5286: 5256: 5225: 5195: 5159: 5139: 5122:The Irish News 5109: 5087: 5056: 5045:. 24 July 2018 5030: 5000: 4957: 4944: 4933:on 7 June 2011 4923:"Our Currency" 4914: 4903: 4892: 4876: 4863: 4850: 4807: 4777: 4747: 4717: 4695: 4688: 4670: 4658: 4628: 4607: 4577: 4551: 4507: 4472: 4441: 4427: 4401: 4375: 4339: 4313: 4295:978-0195378566 4294: 4274: 4267: 4249: 4243:978-1844134083 4242: 4222: 4209: 4196: 4166: 4148:978-0521549400 4147: 4127: 4108: 4088: 4079:|journal= 4016: 3993: 3975: 3963: 3934: 3927: 3921:. p. 55. 3909: 3898: 3880: 3866:978-1560256458 3865: 3845: 3838: 3812: 3799: 3795:Needham (1986) 3782: 3778:Needham (1986) 3770: 3763: 3745: 3738: 3720: 3681: 3660: 3639: 3616: 3614:, p. 105. 3601: 3599:, p. 156. 3582: 3575: 3569:. p. 82. 3553: 3527: 3510:pbs.org – Nova 3497: 3480: 3459: 3430: 3373: 3350:Washington, DC 3325: 3299:Avalon Project 3278: 3221: 3198:Washington, DC 3173: 3147: 3145:, p. 469. 3134: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3098:Money creation 3095: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3063:J. S. G. Boggs 3060: 3054: 3053: 3052: 3038: 3022: 3019: 3009: 3006: 2991: 2988: 2964:Main article: 2961: 2958: 2939: 2936: 2923: 2920: 2904: 2901: 2900: 2899: 2888: 2881: 2879: 2868: 2861: 2859: 2852: 2845: 2843: 2836: 2829: 2827: 2821: 2814: 2812: 2747:paper shredder 2711: 2708: 2693: 2690: 2660:Brazilian real 2658:and the first 2625:money machines 2611: 2608: 2580:. In 1848, in 2504:hyperinflation 2462: 2459: 2451:counterfeiting 2404:United Kingdom 2240:Main article: 2237: 2234: 2203:Yugoslav dinar 2195:Central Powers 2163:hyperinflation 2119: 2116: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2007: 2003:economic value 1999: 1995: 1988:image scanners 1980:Counterfeiting 1977: 1941:cruzados novos 1928: 1925: 1833:in two of the 1811:currency union 1793: 1790: 1741: 1738: 1628: 1625: 1547: 1544: 1503: 1427: 1424: 1333:copper coinage 1327:of deposit to 1274: 1271: 1216:copper coinage 1064:Main article: 1061: 1058: 1030:Counterfeiting 983:the notes for 960:, or simply a 940: 939: 937: 936: 929: 922: 914: 911: 910: 907: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 870: 865: 864: 861: 860: 857: 856: 854:Unsecured debt 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 799:Securitization 795: 790: 789: 786: 785: 782: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 750: 745: 744: 741: 740: 737: 736: 731: 726: 721: 715: 710: 709: 706: 705: 702: 701: 696: 694:Municipal bond 691: 686: 684:Corporate bond 680: 677: 676: 673: 672: 669: 668: 663: 658: 656:Perpetual bond 653: 648: 643: 637: 634: 633: 630: 629: 626: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 594: 589: 588: 585: 584: 581: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 554: 549: 548: 545: 544: 536: 535: 525: 524: 522: 521: 514: 507: 499: 496: 495: 493: 492: 480: 467: 464: 463: 460: 459: 454: 448: 447: 441: 440: 435: 430: 424: 423: 418: 413: 407: 406: 400: 399: 394: 388: 387: 381: 380: 375: 369: 368: 363: 357: 356: 350: 346: 345: 344: 341: 340: 337: 336: 331: 326: 321: 315: 314: 309: 304: 299: 293: 289: 288: 287: 284: 283: 280: 279: 273: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 211: 210: 204: 198: 197: 196: 193: 192: 189: 188: 182: 181: 175: 174: 169: 164: 158: 157: 151: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 119: 118: 112: 111: 106: 100: 99: 94: 89: 83: 77: 76: 75: 72: 71: 70: 69: 61: 60: 52: 51: 41: 40: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6618: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6535:Drink coaster 6533: 6532: 6530: 6526: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6490: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6454: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6428: 6422: 6421:Visiting card 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6406:Business card 6404: 6402: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6392: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6375:Postage stamp 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6365:Manila folder 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6350:Greeting card 6348: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6338: 6334: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6307:Facial tissue 6305: 6304: 6302: 6298: 6292: 6291:Shipping tube 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6215: 6208: 6203: 6201: 6196: 6194: 6189: 6188: 6185: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6157: 6156: 6153: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6135: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6103: 6102: 6099: 6095: 6092: 6091: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080:; c. 1750 BC) 6079: 6075: 6072: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6003: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5965: 5962: 5961: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5895: 5890: 5886: 5879: 5868: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5839: 5832: 5829: 5826: 5823: 5820: 5817: 5814: 5813:Water buffalo 5811: 5810: 5808: 5804: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5787: 5784: 5782:(Roman world) 5781: 5778: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5764: 5761: 5758: 5755: 5753:(Mesoamerica) 5752: 5749: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5732: 5728: 5721: 5716: 5714: 5709: 5707: 5702: 5701: 5698: 5691: 5688: 5687: 5683: 5674: 5673: 5667: 5663: 5657: 5653: 5648: 5644: 5638: 5634: 5633: 5627: 5623: 5617: 5613: 5612: 5606: 5602: 5596: 5591: 5590: 5583: 5579: 5573: 5569: 5568: 5562: 5561: 5557: 5540: 5536: 5530: 5527: 5514: 5510: 5503: 5500: 5487: 5483: 5476: 5473: 5460: 5456: 5450: 5447: 5434: 5430: 5424: 5421: 5408: 5404: 5398: 5395: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5368: 5365: 5360: 5356: 5350: 5347: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5320: 5317: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5290: 5287: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5260: 5257: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5229: 5226: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5199: 5196: 5180: 5176: 5169: 5163: 5160: 5155: 5151: 5150: 5143: 5140: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5113: 5110: 5097: 5091: 5088: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5060: 5057: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5031: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5004: 5001: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4961: 4958: 4954: 4948: 4945: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4918: 4915: 4912: 4907: 4904: 4901: 4896: 4893: 4890: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4851: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4811: 4808: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4781: 4778: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4751: 4748: 4735: 4731: 4730:www.npb.go.jp 4727: 4721: 4718: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4699: 4696: 4691: 4685: 4681: 4674: 4671: 4667: 4662: 4659: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4632: 4629: 4625: 4624: 4619: 4618: 4611: 4608: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4581: 4578: 4565: 4561: 4555: 4552: 4548: 4546: 4528: 4521: 4514: 4512: 4508: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4476: 4473: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4445: 4442: 4430: 4424: 4419: 4418: 4412: 4405: 4402: 4389: 4385: 4379: 4376: 4360: 4356: 4349: 4343: 4340: 4327: 4323: 4317: 4314: 4301: 4297: 4291: 4287: 4286: 4278: 4275: 4270: 4268:0-87341-120-X 4264: 4260: 4253: 4250: 4245: 4239: 4235: 4234: 4226: 4223: 4219: 4213: 4210: 4207:, 1690. p. 37 4206: 4200: 4197: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4170: 4167: 4154: 4150: 4144: 4140: 4139: 4131: 4128: 4115: 4111: 4105: 4101: 4100: 4092: 4089: 4084: 4071: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4020: 4017: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3997: 3994: 3990:(in Swedish). 3989: 3985: 3979: 3976: 3970: 3968: 3964: 3951: 3947: 3946: 3938: 3935: 3930: 3924: 3920: 3913: 3910: 3906: 3901: 3895: 3891: 3884: 3881: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3862: 3858: 3857: 3849: 3846: 3841: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3822:Templar Order 3816: 3813: 3809: 3803: 3800: 3797:, p. 48. 3796: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3780:, p. 47. 3779: 3774: 3771: 3766: 3760: 3756: 3749: 3746: 3741: 3735: 3731: 3724: 3721: 3717: 3702: 3698: 3691: 3685: 3682: 3677: 3671: 3663: 3657: 3653: 3646: 3644: 3640: 3637:, p. 80. 3636: 3635:Gernet (1962) 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3612:Bowman (2000) 3608: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3578: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3557: 3554: 3541: 3537: 3531: 3528: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3501: 3498: 3493: 3492: 3484: 3481: 3476: 3472: 3471: 3463: 3460: 3447: 3443: 3442: 3434: 3431: 3427: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3395: 3387: 3383: 3377: 3374: 3370: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3329: 3326: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3304:New Haven, CT 3301: 3300: 3295: 3291: 3285: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3243: 3235: 3231: 3225: 3222: 3218: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3177: 3174: 3161: 3157: 3151: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3136: 3129: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3055: 3050: 3039: 3036: 3025: 3020: 3018: 3014: 3007: 3005: 3001: 2998: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2967: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2950:United States 2946: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2928: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2902: 2896: 2892: 2885: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2865: 2860: 2856: 2849: 2844: 2840: 2833: 2828: 2825: 2818: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2796: 2789: 2787: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2770:United States 2766: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2753:A subsequent 2751: 2748: 2744: 2739: 2735: 2734:wear and tear 2729: 2721: 2716: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2699: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2678:Viola Desmond 2675: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2589:playing cards 2585: 2583: 2579: 2576:, and by the 2575: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2428:Northern Bank 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2158: 2156: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2033: 2026: 2021: 2019: 2011: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1993: 1989: 1986:and computer 1985: 1981: 1978: 1974: 1973: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1951: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1823: 1819: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1798: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1722:United States 1718: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1685: 1680: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1653:William Phips 1649: 1647: 1638: 1633: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1620: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1591: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1557: 1552: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1522: 1514: 1513: 1508: 1502: 1499: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1486: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1461: 1460: 1456:in his book, 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1440: 1435: 1433: 1425: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1362: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1305: 1298: 1295:Song dynasty 1293: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1272: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1104: 1101:specified in 1100: 1099:maturity date 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1072: 1067: 1059: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1012:central banks 1009: 1005: 1001: 996: 994: 990: 989:central banks 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 935: 930: 928: 923: 921: 916: 915: 913: 912: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 871: 868: 863: 862: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 822: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 800: 797: 796: 793: 788: 787: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 751: 748: 743: 742: 735: 734:Short selling 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 716: 713: 708: 707: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 681: 675: 674: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 638: 632: 631: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 595: 592: 587: 586: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 555: 552: 547: 546: 542: 538: 537: 534: 530: 520: 515: 513: 508: 506: 501: 500: 498: 497: 491: 481: 479: 469: 468: 466: 465: 458: 455: 453: 450: 449: 446: 443: 442: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 425: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 408: 405: 402: 401: 398: 395: 393: 390: 389: 386: 383: 382: 379: 376: 374: 373:Bullion coins 371: 370: 367: 364: 362: 359: 358: 355: 352: 351: 343: 342: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 316: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 294: 286: 285: 278: 275: 274: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 212: 209: 206: 205: 201: 195: 194: 187: 184: 183: 180: 177: 176: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 162:Company scrip 160: 159: 156: 153: 152: 149: 146: 144: 143:South America 141: 139: 138:North America 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 120: 117: 114: 113: 110: 107: 105: 102: 101: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 84: 80: 74: 73: 68: 65: 64: 63: 62: 58: 54: 53: 46: 42: 38: 34: 33: 30: 19: 6596:Watermarking 6540:Filter paper 6514:Playing card 6400: 6385:Post-it note 6322:Toilet paper 6044:Savings bank 6034:Central bank 5971:Legal tender 5911: 5878:Money portal 5671: 5651: 5631: 5610: 5588: 5566: 5558:Bibliography 5543:. Retrieved 5529: 5517:. Retrieved 5502: 5490:. Retrieved 5484:. PC World. 5475: 5463:. Retrieved 5449: 5437:. Retrieved 5423: 5411:. Retrieved 5407:the original 5397: 5385:. Retrieved 5376: 5367: 5359:the original 5349: 5337:. Retrieved 5328: 5319: 5307:. Retrieved 5298: 5289: 5277:. Retrieved 5268: 5259: 5249:28 September 5247:. Retrieved 5239:Toronto Star 5238: 5228: 5216:. Retrieved 5207: 5198: 5186:. Retrieved 5174: 5162: 5148: 5142: 5130:. Retrieved 5121: 5112: 5100:. Retrieved 5090: 5078:. Retrieved 5069: 5059: 5047:. Retrieved 5033: 5021:. Retrieved 5017:the original 5012: 5003: 4970: 4966: 4960: 4952: 4951:S.K. Singh, 4947: 4935:. Retrieved 4931:the original 4926: 4917: 4906: 4895: 4866: 4853: 4827:(1): 36–52. 4824: 4820: 4810: 4798:. Retrieved 4789: 4780: 4768:. Retrieved 4759: 4750: 4738:. Retrieved 4729: 4720: 4712:the original 4707: 4698: 4679: 4673: 4661: 4649:. Retrieved 4640: 4631: 4621: 4615: 4610: 4598:. Retrieved 4589: 4580: 4568:. Retrieved 4554: 4541: 4534:. Retrieved 4485: 4481: 4475: 4465:17 September 4463:. Retrieved 4459:the original 4454: 4444: 4432:. Retrieved 4416: 4404: 4392:. Retrieved 4388:the original 4378: 4366:. Retrieved 4354: 4342: 4330:. Retrieved 4326:the original 4316: 4304:. Retrieved 4284: 4277: 4258: 4252: 4232: 4225: 4217: 4212: 4204: 4199: 4187:. Retrieved 4178: 4169: 4157:. Retrieved 4137: 4130: 4118:. Retrieved 4098: 4091: 4070:cite journal 4058:. Retrieved 4019: 4002: 3996: 3987: 3978: 3956:19 September 3954:. Retrieved 3944: 3937: 3918: 3912: 3903: 3889: 3883: 3855: 3848: 3821: 3815: 3807: 3802: 3773: 3754: 3748: 3729: 3723: 3715: 3708:. Retrieved 3696: 3684: 3651: 3565:. New York: 3562: 3556: 3544:. Retrieved 3540:the original 3530: 3518:. Retrieved 3509: 3500: 3490: 3483: 3469: 3462: 3450:. Retrieved 3440: 3433: 3425: 3418:. Retrieved 3394:Liberty Fund 3392: 3376: 3368: 3361:. Retrieved 3345: 3341: 3328: 3316:. Retrieved 3297: 3273: 3266:. Retrieved 3242:Liberty Fund 3240: 3224: 3216: 3209:. Retrieved 3193: 3189: 3176: 3164:. Retrieved 3160:the original 3150: 3138: 3049:Money portal 3015: 3011: 3002: 2993: 2969: 2953: 2941: 2925: 2918:operations. 2906: 2799: 2791: 2782: 2778: 2767: 2763:incineration 2752: 2743:central bank 2731: 2703:dollar coins 2695: 2671: 2668: 2650:Since 1979, 2649: 2613: 2597: 2586: 2571: 2529: 2489: 2464: 2448: 2257: 2211: 2159: 2152: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2103: 2097: 2072: 2061: 2041:cotton paper 2038: 2016: 1992:superdollars 1984:photocopiers 1970: 1955: 1947: 1921: 1906: 1867: 1851:legal tender 1828: 1807:central bank 1804: 1785:money supply 1770: 1766:legal tender 1759: 1719: 1708: 1689: 1663:. The other 1650: 1642: 1617: 1595: 1575: 1561: 1518: 1510: 1495: 1483: 1480:Yuan dynasty 1465: 1457: 1436: 1429: 1412:Yuan dynasty 1409: 1405: 1401: 1399:, and Anqi. 1365: 1357: 1352: 1345:Song dynasty 1338: 1317:Tang dynasty 1310: 1296: 1244: 1240: 1224: 1220:Song dynasty 1200:flying money 1199: 1185: 1159: 1069: 1028: 1000:legal tender 997: 985:legal tender 971:, made by a 961: 957: 949: 945: 943: 598:Stock market 557: 411:Credit cards 391: 172:Time dollars 91: 29: 6550:Paper model 6504:Paper craft 6430:Decorations 6317:Paper towel 6271:Oyster pail 6266:Molded pulp 5996:Safekeeping 5850:Bimetallism 5765:(W. Africa) 5295:"Recycling" 4570:13 December 4434:17 December 4368:17 December 4332:17 December 4306:13 November 4189:26 February 4060:1 September 3166:2 September 3108:Seigniorage 2984:$ 1000 bill 2976:numismatics 2931:unforgeable 2720:5 euro note 2710:Destruction 2686:Ulster Bank 2641:Switzerland 2600:Bisphenol S 2593:Isle of Man 2484: 1852 2438:. In 2005, 2376:Philippines 2360:New Zealand 2272:Isle of Man 2207:overprinted 2173:during the 2053:ultraviolet 1868:In the two 1608:had forced 1590:circulation 1498:Kublai Khan 1416:Kublai Khan 1329:wholesalers 1212:wholesalers 1190:during the 1169:Han dynasty 1167:during the 1126:safekeeping 1120:, or other 958:paper money 867:Derivatives 754:Mutual fund 623:Spot market 445:Scripophily 45:Numismatics 6575:Categories 6509:Paper toys 6492:Recreation 6355:Index card 6337:Stationery 6286:Paperboard 6224:Containers 6106:Monetarism 6094:Chartalism 5991:Redemption 5981:Possession 5944:Clay token 5797:Trade bead 5751:Cocoa bean 5735:Commodity 4861:exchange." 4844:2299/19710 4455:Mises Wire 4394:31 October 3405:. p. 3253:. p. 3073:Hell money 2755:briquettor 2684:issued by 2633:Cape Verde 2623:and other 2308:Bangladesh 2302:made from 2260:Costa Rica 2220:banknote ( 1890:Luxembourg 1847:fiat money 1507:Marco Polo 1488:, titled " 1472:Marco Polo 1450:Marco Polo 1277:See also: 1267:fiat money 1155:possession 966:negotiable 774:Index fund 769:Hedge fund 699:Pfandbrief 573:Derivative 551:Securities 533:Securities 347:Collection 290:Production 220:Achaemenid 6581:Banknotes 6555:Sandpaper 6478:Newsprint 6473:Newspaper 6447:Wallpaper 6394:Financial 6281:Paper cup 6276:Paper bag 5815:(SE Asia) 5745:Axe-money 5545:6 October 5519:27 August 5492:27 August 5465:27 August 5439:27 August 5023:15 August 4708:De La Rue 4536:14 August 4482:Economica 3670:cite book 3520:24 August 3452:24 August 3382:Hammurabi 3334:Hammurabi 3290:Hammurabi 3230:Hammurabi 3182:Hammurabi 3123:Used note 3000:dollars. 2972:notaphily 2966:Notaphily 2871:US dollar 2839:US dollar 2795:souvenirs 2652:Sri Lanka 2645:Venezuela 2517:Turkestan 2508:Bielefeld 2388:Singapore 2340:Indonesia 2328:Guatemala 2288:Australia 2258:In 1983, 2230:holograms 2218:Schilling 2212:In 1988, 2179:Assignats 2148:Berkshire 2080:De La Rue 2075:watermark 1966:inflation 1904:in 1999. 1880:, and in 1874:Hong Kong 1805:Today, a 1715:Louis XIV 1704:signature 1610:the Crown 1208:merchants 1142:liability 1110:depositor 1079:repayment 568:Debenture 392:Banknotes 385:Notaphily 319:Hammering 302:Designers 225:Byzantine 92:Banknotes 6519:Quilling 6499:Confetti 6483:Pamphlet 6468:Magazine 6416:Passbook 6401:Banknote 6380:Postcard 6370:Notebook 6327:Wet wipe 6261:Envelope 6217:products 5954:Currency 5932:Clearing 5912:Banknote 5907:Bailment 5827:(Arabia) 5788:(barley) 5774:Quachtli 5539:Archived 5537:. IBNS. 5513:Archived 5486:Archived 5459:Archived 5433:Archived 5413:16 April 5381:Archived 5377:ndsn.org 5333:Archived 5303:Archived 5273:Archived 5271:. 2014. 5243:Archived 5212:Archived 5210:. 2013. 5179:Archived 5154:Archived 5126:Archived 5102:16 April 5080:16 April 5074:Archived 5070:The Star 4995:22591511 4874:period." 4794:Archived 4764:Archived 4762:. 2019. 4740:16 April 4734:Archived 4645:Archived 4620:and the 4600:16 April 4594:Archived 4564:Archived 4527:Archived 4359:Archived 4300:Archived 4183:Archived 4153:Archived 4114:Archived 4054:Archived 3950:Archived 3875:57175151 3701:Archived 3514:Archived 3446:Archived 3411:Archived 3384:(1904). 3336:(1903). 3312:Archived 3292:(1910). 3259:Archived 3232:(1904). 3184:(1903). 3083:Intaglio 3021:See also 2805:recycled 2786:dye pack 2759:landfill 2616:currency 2543:sealskin 2525:Boer War 2513:Xinjiang 2475:-issued 2440:Bulgaria 2396:Thailand 2372:Paraguay 2348:Malaysia 2270:and the 2226:Kinegram 2189:and the 2136:printing 2058:mulberry 1944:1000:1). 1937:cruzados 1839:Scotland 1711:John Law 1698:against 1558:in 1666. 1528:Flanders 1521:medieval 1504:— 1420:Jiaochao 1397:Hangzhou 1374:(modern 1325:receipts 1236:Napoleon 1204:receipts 1161:Carthage 1130:bailment 1095:schedule 1091:creditor 1046:printing 1038:currency 946:banknote 558:Banknote 404:Exonumia 255:Japanese 235:Filipino 215:Aksumite 79:Currency 67:Glossary 37:a series 35:Part of 6300:Hygiene 6005:General 5959:Deposit 5949:Coinage 5821:(Hindu) 5763:Manilla 5188:10 July 5049:24 July 4975:Bibcode 4937:19 July 4800:11 July 4770:11 July 4502:2549352 4484:. New. 4050:1009611 4042:2254888 4011:2244977 3905:rulers. 3420:20 June 3399:Chicago 3363:20 June 3318:20 June 3268:20 June 3247:Chicago 3211:20 June 3008:Novelty 2945:cocaine 2629:Bermuda 2582:Bohemia 2563:Notgeld 2500:Notgeld 2412:Vietnam 2408:Uruguay 2380:Romania 2364:Nigeria 2290:by the 2276:Bradvek 2214:Austria 1773:banking 1720:In the 1442:value. 1393:Chengdu 1389:Huizhou 1376:Shexian 1368:tribute 1103:written 1097:with a 1060:History 1050:cheques 1044:in the 1034:forgery 894:Warrant 879:Futures 874:Forward 829:Tranche 591:Markets 433:Cheques 378:Grading 312:Milling 307:Coining 270:Tibetan 250:Italian 230:Chinese 148:Oceania 97:Forgery 6411:Coupon 6360:Letter 6312:Napkin 6236:Carton 6017:Barter 5976:Notary 5927:Cheque 5792:Shells 5786:Shekel 5759:(rice) 5658: 5639: 5618: 5597: 5574: 5387:5 June 5339:18 May 5309:9 July 5279:9 July 5218:9 July 5132:25 May 4993: 4686: 4651:3 June 4617:Atocha 4500: 4425: 4292: 4265: 4240: 4159:3 June 4145: 4120:2 July 4106: 4048: 4040: 4009: 3925: 3896: 3873: 3863: 3836: 3761: 3736: 3710:26 May 3658: 3573: 3546:9 June 2990:Trades 2643:, and 2635:, the 2551:Pernau 2547:Dorpat 2535:sieges 2531:Cotton 2436:Taiwan 2434:, and 2426:, the 2424:Kuwait 2416:Zambia 2414:, and 2402:, the 2390:, the 2374:, the 2352:Mexico 2344:Israel 2320:Canada 2316:Brunei 2312:Brazil 2284:DuPont 2222:Mozart 2177:, the 2006:coins. 1892:, the 1801:London 1700:France 1614:silver 1606:copper 1576:bearer 1572:London 1536:Europe 1468:Europe 1372:Xin'an 1353:jiaozi 1349:specie 1341:jiaozi 1297:Jiaozi 1285:, and 1263:London 1251:I.O.U. 1181:London 1151:stolen 1147:liable 1138:banker 1134:notary 1118:silver 1087:debtor 981:redeem 884:Option 452:Stocks 438:Scrips 428:Tokens 421:Medals 416:Jetons 334:Errors 329:Metals 245:Indian 133:Europe 123:Africa 6528:Other 6456:Media 6214:Paper 5898:Token 5889:Money 5825:Camel 5737:money 5676:(PDF) 5182:(PDF) 5171:(PDF) 4530:(PDF) 4523:(PDF) 4498:JSTOR 4362:(PDF) 4351:(PDF) 4038:S2CID 3988:Alvin 3704:(PDF) 3693:(PDF) 3414:(PDF) 3389:(PDF) 3262:(PDF) 3237:(PDF) 2587:Even 2567:Borna 2559:Werro 2555:Reval 2521:khaki 2420:China 2384:Samoa 2356:Nepal 2324:Chile 2268:Tyvek 2264:Haiti 2068:Washi 2049:abaca 2045:linen 1950:coins 1882:Macau 1524:Italy 1380:Anhui 1313:China 1165:China 1132:to a 1093:on a 1089:to a 1085:by a 1081:of a 1024:coins 1008:coins 1004:debts 724:Share 719:Stock 578:Stock 457:Bonds 361:Coins 260:Roman 240:Greek 87:Coins 6545:Form 6463:Book 6056:Mint 5894:Fiat 5780:Salt 5757:Koku 5656:ISBN 5637:ISBN 5616:ISBN 5595:ISBN 5572:ISBN 5547:2012 5521:2011 5494:2011 5467:2011 5441:2011 5415:2018 5389:2012 5341:2015 5311:2019 5281:2019 5251:2007 5220:2019 5190:2019 5134:2018 5104:2018 5082:2018 5051:2018 5025:2012 4991:PMID 4939:2011 4802:2019 4772:2019 4742:2018 4684:ISBN 4653:2012 4602:2018 4572:2013 4538:2008 4467:2010 4436:2012 4423:ISBN 4396:2011 4370:2012 4334:2013 4308:2021 4290:ISBN 4263:ISBN 4238:ISBN 4191:2014 4161:2012 4143:ISBN 4122:2018 4104:ISBN 4083:help 4062:2022 4046:SSRN 4007:SSRN 3958:2012 3923:ISBN 3894:ISBN 3871:OCLC 3861:ISBN 3834:ISBN 3759:ISBN 3734:ISBN 3712:2014 3676:link 3656:ISBN 3571:ISBN 3548:2018 3522:2017 3454:2017 3422:2021 3365:2021 3320:2021 3270:2021 3213:2021 3168:2007 2997:eBay 2891:euro 2672:The 2262:and 2134:and 2108:euro 1960:had 1902:Euro 1841:and 1748:The 1730:1816 1728:and 1726:1791 1526:and 1474:and 1210:and 1196:Song 1194:and 1192:Tang 1183:. 1177:Rome 1124:for 1114:gold 1083:loan 1020:fiat 973:bank 962:note 950:bill 889:Swap 563:Bond 324:Cast 297:Mint 265:Thai 167:LETS 128:Asia 104:List 6442:Mat 6231:Box 5831:Yak 5819:Cow 4983:doi 4839:hdl 4829:doi 4490:doi 4030:doi 3826:doi 3475:134 2621:ATM 2430:of 2161:to 2070:). 1865:). 1696:war 1570:of 1519:In 1492:". 1363:). 1253:or 1222:. 1112:of 991:or 956:), 109:ISO 6577:: 6065:c. 5379:. 5375:. 5327:. 5301:. 5297:. 5267:. 5241:. 5237:. 5206:. 5173:. 5120:. 5068:. 5011:. 4989:. 4981:. 4971:46 4969:. 4925:. 4879:^ 4837:. 4825:43 4823:. 4819:. 4792:. 4788:. 4758:. 4728:. 4706:. 4643:. 4639:. 4592:. 4588:. 4540:. 4510:^ 4496:. 4486:11 4453:. 4413:. 4357:. 4353:. 4298:. 4181:. 4177:. 4151:. 4112:. 4074:: 4072:}} 4068:{{ 4052:. 4044:. 4036:. 4028:. 4005:. 3966:^ 3902:. 3869:. 3832:. 3824:. 3785:^ 3714:. 3695:. 3672:}} 3668:{{ 3642:^ 3619:^ 3604:^ 3585:^ 3567:DK 3508:. 3444:. 3424:. 3409:. 3407:43 3401:: 3391:. 3367:. 3358:77 3356:: 3352:: 3344:. 3340:. 3310:. 3306:: 3296:. 3281:^ 3272:. 3257:. 3255:35 3249:: 3239:. 3215:. 3206:75 3204:: 3200:: 3192:. 3188:. 2718:A 2639:, 2631:, 2557:, 2553:, 2549:, 2527:. 2481:c. 2446:. 2422:, 2410:, 2406:, 2398:, 2394:, 2386:, 2382:, 2378:, 2370:, 2366:, 2362:, 2358:, 2354:, 2350:, 2346:, 2342:, 2338:, 2334:, 2330:, 2326:, 2322:, 2318:, 2314:, 2310:, 2250:A 2232:. 2047:, 1919:. 1509:, 1414:, 1395:, 1391:, 1378:, 1281:, 1269:. 1234:. 1171:, 1157:. 1116:, 1075:c. 995:. 944:A 39:on 6206:e 6199:t 6192:v 6076:( 6070:) 6063:( 5900:) 5896:/ 5892:( 5719:e 5712:t 5705:v 5664:. 5645:. 5624:. 5603:. 5580:. 5549:. 5523:. 5496:. 5469:. 5443:. 5417:. 5391:. 5343:. 5313:. 5283:. 5253:. 5222:. 5192:. 5136:. 5106:. 5084:. 5053:. 5027:. 4997:. 4985:: 4977:: 4941:. 4847:. 4841:: 4831:: 4804:. 4774:. 4744:. 4692:. 4655:. 4604:. 4574:. 4504:. 4492:: 4469:. 4398:. 4372:. 4336:. 4310:. 4271:. 4246:. 4193:. 4163:. 4124:. 4085:) 4081:( 4064:. 4032:: 4013:. 3960:. 3931:. 3877:. 3842:. 3828:: 3767:. 3742:. 3678:) 3664:. 3579:. 3550:. 3524:. 3477:. 3456:. 3346:2 3322:. 3194:2 3170:. 2486:) 2479:( 1837:( 1818:. 1756:. 1621:, 1462:. 1073:( 952:( 933:e 926:t 919:v 518:e 511:t 504:v 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.