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biodegrade, and hence stay viable as an active substrate for 20+ years. Vertical wall systems utilising polyurethane sheeting typically employ a sandwich construction where a water proof membrane is applied to the back, the polyurethane sheeting (typically two sheets with irrigation lines in between) is laid and then a mesh or anchor braces/bars secure the assembly to the wall. Pockets are cut into the face of the first urethane sheet into which plants are inserted. Soil is typically removed from the roots of any plants prior to insertion into the urethane mattress substrate. A flaked or chopped noodle version of the same polyurethane material can also be added to existing structural media mixes to boost water retention.
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in Asia that have solved the loose media erosion problem by use of shielding systems to hold the media within the green wall system even when soil liquefaction occurs under seismic load. In these systems, the plants can still up-root themselves in the liquified soil under seismic load, and therefore it is required that the plants be secured to the system to prevent them from falling from the wall.
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period is minor. As there is no watering system involved this method eliminates potential mold, algae and moss problems that can plague other systems. Because of the lack of media and water, these screens can also be installed horizontally, and the first of these screens ever installed was for a 2023 installation on the rooftop of the City of
Melbourne's
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390:, or provide aesthetic enhancement as art installations. They are particularly suitable for cities, as they allow good use of available vertical surface areas. They are also suitable in arid areas, as the circulating water on a vertical wall is less likely to evaporate than in horizontal gardens. It is sometimes built indoors to help alleviate
210:, can be used because they absorb available atmospheric water and nutrients via trichome leaf cells, and their roots have developed to hold onto a support structure, unlike other plants which use their roots as a medium to absorb nutrients. The other benefit of Tillandsias within a media-free system is that these plants use a
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mesh, which is then attached to the façade of the structure, and plants are individually attached to this wire mesh. These frames are offset from the supporting structure to allow airflow between the green wall and the supporting structure, and this offset results in additional cooling to the adjoining building.
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The method of reparation of these systems is to replace large sections of the system at a time by cutting the mat out of the wall and replacing it with new mat. This process compromises the root structures of the neighboring plants on the wall and often kills many surrounding plants in the reparation
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Loose soil systems are not well suited for areas with any seismic activity. Most importantly, because these systems can easily have their medium blown away by wind-driven rain or heavy winds, these should not be used in applications over 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) high. There are some systems
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Loose medium walls tend to be "soil-on-a-shelf" or "soil-in-a-bag" type systems. Loose medium systems have their soil packed into a shelf or bag and are then installed onto the wall. These systems require their media to be replaced at least once a year on exteriors and approximately every two years
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Freestanding media are portable living walls that are flexible for interior landscaping and are considered to have many biophilic design benefits. Zauben living walls are designed with hydroponic technology that conserves 75% more water than plants grown in soil, self-irrigates, and includes moisture
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level, noise level and air pollution abatement. However, to have the optimal effect on the indoor climate it is important that the plants in the green wall have the best conditions for growth, both when talking about watering, fertilizing and the right amount of light. To have the best result on all
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Mat systems are particularly water inefficient and often require constant irrigation due to the thin nature of the medium and its inability to hold water and provide a buffer for the plant roots. This inefficiency often requires that these systems have a water re-circulation system put into place at
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Traditional green facades are best characterised as âXerothermophilousâ habitats comparable to cliffs, while continuous felt and modular substrate-filled living wall types are best characterised as damp and cool habitats comparable to vegetated waterfalls. Systems with increased substrate depth are
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There is also some discussion involving "active" living walls. An active living wall actively pulls or forces air through the plants le quality to the point that the installation of other air quality filtration systems can be removed to provide a cost-savings. Therefore, the added cost of design,
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Structural media are growth medium "blocks" that are not loose, nor mats, but which incorporate the best features of both into a block that can be manufactured into various sizes, shapes and thicknesses. These media have the advantage that they do not break down for 10 to 15 years, can be made to
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Media-free green walls are those that do not require soil substrates, fertilizers, or reticulated watering systems, and which utilize a method of selecting plant species which are best suited to the local climate. Media-free green walls often use a structural steel frame that is infilled with wire
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typology of 'green facades' as they have the growth medium supported on the vertical face of the host wall (as described below), while green facades have the growth medium only at the base (either in a container or as a ground bed). Green facades typically support climbing plants that climb up the
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Green walls provide an additional layer of insulation that can protect buildings from heavy rainwater which leads to management of heavy storm water and provides thermal mass. They also help reduce the temperature of a building because vegetation absorbs large amounts of solar radiation. This can
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Semi-open cell polyurethane sheet media utilising an egg crate pattern has successfully been used in recent years for both outdoor roof gardens and vertical walls. The water holding capacity of these engineered polyurethanes vastly exceeds that of coir and felt based systems. Polyurethanes do not
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Every three-to-five-years, any additional plant growth can be harvested to reduce weight, and these plant pups can be utilized for additional green walls. As long as suitable species are matched to the climate of the green wall's location, then potential plant losses across any three-to-five-year
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Mat type systems tend to be either coir fiber or felt mats. Mat media are quite thin, even in multiple layers, and as such cannot support vibrant root systems of mature plants for more than three to five years before the roots overtake the mat and water is not able to adequately wick through the
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These media-free systems result in green walls which are considerably lighter than other methods, and also require significantly less maintenance, while the risk of liquid migration into adjoining structural walls is eliminated. The plant species which can be used in media-free systems varies
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Green walls have seen a surge in popularity in recent times. An online database provided by greenroof.com for example had reported 80% of the 61 large-scale outdoor green walls listed as constructed after 2009, with 93% after 2007. Many notable green walls have been installed at institutional
142:
buildings and public places, with both outdoor and indoor installations gaining significant attention. As of 2015, the largest green wall is said to cover 2,700 square meters (29,063 square feet) and is located at the Los Cabos
International Convention Centre designed by Mexican architect
410:) by absorbing the dissolved nutrients. Bacteria mineralize the organic components to make them available to the plants. A study is underway at the Bertschi School in Seattle, Washington, using a GSky Pro Wall system, however, no publicly available data on this is available at this time.
456:, created a computer model of a green wall with a broad selection of vegetation. The study showed results of the green wall absorbing nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter. In street canyons where polluted air is trapped, green walls can absorb the polluted air and purify the streets.
247:
Loose-soil systems without physical media erosion systems are best suited for the home gardener where occasional replanting is desired from season to season or year to year. Loose-soil systems with physical media erosion systems are well suited for all green wall applications.
75:
is a vertical built structure intentionally covered by vegetation. Green walls include a vertically applied growth medium such as soil, substitute substrate, or hydroculture felt; as well as an integrated hydration and fertigation delivery system. They are also referred to as
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released by paints, furniture, and adhesives. Off-gassing from VOCs can cause headaches, eye irritation, and airway irritation and internal air pollution. Green walls can also purify the air from mould growth in building interiors that can cause asthma and allergies.
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planning and implementation of an active living wall is still in question. With further research and UL standards to support the air quality data from the living wall, building code may one day allow for our buildings to have their air filtered by plants.
96:
vertical face of the host wall, while green walls can accommodate a variety of plant species. Green walls may be implanted indoors or outdoors; as freestanding installations or attached to existing host walls; and applied in a variety of sizes.
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These systems are best used on the interior of a building and are a good choice in areas with low seismic activity and small plants that will not grow to a weight that could rip the mat apart under their own weight over time.
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Indoor green walls can have a therapeutic effect from exposure to vegetation. The aesthetic feel and visual appearance of green walls are other examples of the benefits - but also affects the indoor climate with reduced
917:
Reggev, K. (2018, January 18). Living Green Walls 101: Their
Benefits and How They're Made. Retrieved March 2, 2019, from https://www.dwell.com/article/living-green-walls-101-their-benefits-and-how-theyre-made-350955f3
343:
The area of air quality and plants is continuing to be researched. Early studies in this area include NASA studies performed in the 1970s and 1980s by B. C. Wolverton. There was also a study performed at the
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have a higher or lower water holding capacity depending on the plant selection for the wall, can have their pH and EC's customized to suit the plants, and are easily handled for maintenance and replacement.
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375:, the absorption of solar radiation by roads and buildings in the city and the storage of this heat in the building material and its subsequent re-radiation. Plant surfaces however, as a result of
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Pictures: Green Walls May Cut
Pollution in Cities. (2016, May 17). Retrieved from https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/03/pictures/130325-green-walls-environment-cities-science-pollution/
173:
Green walls are often constructed of modular panels that hold a growing medium and can be categorized according to the type of growth media used: loose media, mat media, and structural media.
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Hyatt, B. (2017, June 29). The ins and outs of green wall installation and maintenance. Retrieved March 2, 2019, from https://www.totallandscapecare.com/landscaping/green-wall-maintenance/
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at indoor applications in contrast is likely to be significantly limited owing to the restricted ecosystems created, with introductions most likely at planting or replanting stages.
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106:
from 1922 to 1959, patented a 'vegetation-Bearing
Architectonic Structure and System' in 1938, though his invention did not progress beyond prototypes in his backyard in
1597:
Fjeld, Tove; Veiersted, Bo; Sandvik, Leiv; Riise, Geir; Levy, Finn (1998). "The Effect of Indoor
Foliage Plants on Health and Discomfort Symptoms among Office Workers".
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to photosynthesize, and they have evolved to withstand long periods of heat and drought, and as a result, these plants grow slowly and require minimal maintenance.
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by absorbing, diffracting, reflecting, and scattering sound. Vegetated installations have as a result been widely used as means to improve outdoor and indoor
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an additional cost. Mat media are better suited for small installations no more than eight feet in height where repairs are easily completed.
161:
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1554:
Darlington, A; Chan, M; Malloch, D; Pilger, C; Dixon, MA (March 2000). "The biofiltration of indoor air: implications for air quality".
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of the aforementioned, some green wall systems has special and patented technologies that is developed to the benefit of the plants.
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118:, a French botanist specialised in tropical forest undergrowth. He worked with architect Adrien Fainsilber and engineer
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394:. Living walls are also acknowledged for remediation of poor air quality, in both internal and external environments.
861:
Coronado, S. (2015). Grow a living wall - create vertical gardens with purpose: Pollinators - he. Cool
Springs Press.
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in Paris, and has since been involved with the design and implementation of a number of notable installations (e.g.
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where the plants reduce overall temperatures of the building. "The primary cause of heat build-up in cities is
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Media-free tillandsia green wall structural cross section. Designed by Lloyd Godman, East
Melbourne, Australia.
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An increasing number of airports are investing in vertical gardens and living walls to create a unique setting
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Manso, Maria; Castro-Gomes, JoĂŁo (January 2015). "Green wall systems: A review of their characteristics".
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103:
1632:
Ong, Boon Lay (May 2003). "Green plot ratio: an ecological measure for architecture and urban planning".
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by Alan
Darlington. Other research has shown the effect the plants have on the health of office workers.
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923:"The effectiveness of green infrastructure for improvement of air quality in urban street canyons"
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1222:"A vertical garden: origins of the Vegetation-Bearing Architectonic Structure and System (1938)"
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Clapp, L., & Klotz, H. (2018). Vertical gardens. London; Sydney; Auckland: New
Holland.
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1701:"Building biodiversity: Vegetated façades as habitats for spider and beetle assemblages"
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1068:"Vertical greening systems â A review on recent technologies and research advancement"
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Thomas A. M. Pugh; A. Robert MacKenzie; J. Duncan Whyatt; C. Nicholas Hewitt (2012).
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Another significant function in urban areas is acoustic moderation. Plants attenuate
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1195:"Reconstructing the 'Vegetation-Bearing Architectonic Structure and System (1938)'"
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1180:"Vertical gardens in the city: how to green up your apartment building creatively"
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Gunawardena, K., & Steemers, K. (2019). Living walls in indoor environments.
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Madre, Frédéric; Clergeau, Philippe; Machon, Nathalie; Vergnes, Alan (2015).
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379:, do not rise more than 4â5 °C above the ambient and are sometimes cooler."
361:
27:
Wall or vertical structure covered by living vegetation and growth substrate
1583:
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206:
depending on the location of the planned green wall. Xeric plants, such as
1686:"Living green walls from Natural Greenwalls for offices and professionals"
1303:"Welcome to Vertical Garden Patrick Blanc â Vertical Garden Patrick Blanc"
497:
Green wall the Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
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typically found to offer the highest diversity and abundance of species.
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Wolverton, B. C.; Johnson, Anne; Bounds, Keith (15 September 1989).
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select 'green wall' as type and 'living wall' under 'greenroof type'
1066:
Medl, Alexandra; Stangl, Rosemarie; Florineth, Florin (2017-11-15).
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and management. The plants purify slightly polluted water (such as
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2016:
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1332:"The International Greenroof & Greenwall Projects Database!"
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1669:"Interior Landscape Plants for Indoor Air Pollution Abatement"
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to implement the first successful large indoor green wall or
84:, and widely associated with the delivery of many beneficial
1226:
Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes
30:"Vertical garden" redirects here. Not to be confused with
1400:"Calderon Fetes G-20 as Sun Sets on Mexico Ruling Party"
114:. The popularising of green walls is often credited to
91:
Green walls differ from the more established vertical
1271:"Vertical gardens a green solution for urban setting"
1124:
Gunawardena, Kanchane; Steemers, Koen (2019-01-15).
3040:
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2944:
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2114:
1762:
City Tree helping to deliver cleaner air for Putney
1757:
Air pollution-eating moss cleans hotspots in Europe
56:'s exterior green wall of the Musée du Quai Branly
1425:"Los Cabos International Convention Center (ICC)"
964:Visone, M. (2019). Down to the Vertical Gardens.
517:List of plants best suited for Media Free gardens
260:A green wall (mat media) in a children's museum,
435:reduce energy demands and cleanse the air from
102:, a Professor of Landscape Architecture at the
1457:"Council House 2 horizontal Tillandsia screen"
2088:
1782:
185:Media-free tillandsia green wall designed by
159:
8:
2964:List of organic gardening and farming topics
454:Karlsruhe Institute of Technology in Germany
414:Phytoremediation and air quality improvement
646:Edible plants best suited for green facades
539:List of herbs best suited for green facades
2095:
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1775:
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1398:Eric Martin; Nacha Cattan (Jun 20, 2012).
1724:
870:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
355:
1053:
930:Environmental Science & Technology
1201:from the original on January 25, 2013
1126:"Living walls in indoor environments"
402:Living walls may also be a means for
360:An indoor green wall in an office in
162:Universidad del Claustro de Sor Juana
7:
3149:
1576:10.1034/j.1600-0668.2000.010001039.x
1342:from the original on 18 October 2013
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1061:
1059:
1057:
452:Thomas Pugh, a biogeochemist at the
367:Green walls are found most often in
3161:
1752:Green Infrastructure Resource Guide
910:Living walls in indoor environments
128:Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie
1533:"Wolverton Environmental Services"
1410:from the original on 16 April 2015
1307:www.verticalgardenpatrickblanc.com
437:VOCâs (Volatile Organic Compounds)
25:
1435:from the original on 3 March 2016
1396:For largest wall as of 2012, see
1375:from the original on 31 July 2016
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3148:
3137:
3136:
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1220:Hindle, Richard L. (June 2012).
313:
302:
1705:Global Ecology and Conservation
1514:from the original on 2017-10-18
1313:from the original on 2017-01-06
1252:from the original on 2019-06-26
982:Building-integrated agriculture
908:, 148 (January 2019), 478â487.
382:Living walls could function as
134:, collaborating with architect
1537:www.wolvertonenvironmental.com
1279:. Feb 14, 2013. Archived from
1150:10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.11.014
1092:10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.08.054
1022:The Hanging Gardens of Babylon
168:historic center of Mexico City
1:
1654:10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00191-3
1634:Landscape and Urban Planning
1599:Indoor and Built Environment
1238:10.1080/14601176.2011.653535
970:Down to the Vertical Gardens
212:crassulacean acid metabolism
189:, East Melbourne, Australia.
64:An indoor green wall at the
2995:Index of pesticide articles
1726:10.1016/j.gecco.2014.11.016
3225:
2139:Climate-friendly gardening
1611:10.1177/1420326x9800700404
890:10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.203
36:
29:
3118:
3015:Plant disease forecasting
2969:Vegan organic agriculture
2819:Genetically modified tree
1804:
1007:Great Green Wall (Africa)
1504:"Purdue Solar Decathlon"
1130:Building and Environment
1072:Building and Environment
1012:Great Green Wall (China)
906:Building and Environment
476:Biodiversity enhancement
37:Not to be confused with
1431:. Greenroofs.com, LLC.
1338:. Greenroofs.com, LLC.
2954:Biodynamic agriculture
2891:Postharvest physiology
2839:Landscape architecture
2536:Indonesian home garden
1422:For size of wall, see
513:
498:
431:
392:sick building syndrome
364:
265:
198:
190:
170:
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104:University of Illinois
68:
57:
2201:Historic conservation
1369:www.airport-world.com
1197:. Graham Foundation.
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259:
196:
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63:
51:
3199:Sustainable building
3131:Gardening portal
3030:Aquamog weed remover
3005:List of insecticides
1809:Artificial waterfall
824:Chlorophytum comosum
460:Acoustic performance
346:University of Guelph
132:Musée du quai Branly
66:University of Ottawa
1717:2015GEcoC...3..222M
1646:2003LUrbP..63..197O
1568:2000InAir..10...39D
1193:Hindle, Richard L.
1142:2019BuEnv.148..478G
1084:2017BuEnv.125..227M
942:2012EnST...46.7692P
882:2015RSERv..41..863M
750:Convolvulus cneorum
3000:List of fungicides
2765:Companion planting
1276:The Times of India
514:
499:
432:
369:urban environments
365:
322:Sutton High Street
320:The Green Wall in
266:
262:Kitchener, Ontario
226:Freestanding media
199:
191:
171:
158:Green wall at the
100:Stanley Hart White
86:ecosystem services
69:
58:
3209:Urban agriculture
3176:
3175:
3048:Community orchard
2874:drought tolerance
2070:
2069:
1926:Herbaceous border
1483:"Off Grid Living"
1371:. Airport World.
950:10.1021/es300826w
936:(14): 7692â7699.
740:Calamintha nepeta
384:urban agriculture
16:(Redirected from
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3163:
3152:
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3140:
3139:
3129:
3128:
3105:Plant collecting
3041:Related articles
2978:Plant protection
2159:French intensive
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2083:
2074:
1864:Garden buildings
1824:Borrowed scenery
1791:
1784:
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1696:
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1682:
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1658:
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1629:
1623:
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1594:
1588:
1587:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1539:. Archived from
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1500:
1494:
1493:
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1473:
1472:
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1406:. Bloomberg LP.
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1104:
1103:
1063:
1037:Vertical farming
961:
927:
901:
800:Plants for shade
725:Armeria maritima
424:Longwood Gardens
422:A green wall in
398:Water management
328:, Greater London
317:
306:
294:Structural media
165:
82:vertical gardens
39:Great Green Wall
32:Vertical farming
21:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3204:Interior design
3194:Types of garden
3189:Garden features
3179:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3123:
3114:
3110:Turf management
3095:Lists of plants
3090:List of gardens
3036:
2973:
2940:
2702:
2252:
2245:
2110:
2101:
2071:
2066:
2022:Stepping stones
2012:Reflecting pool
1800:
1798:Garden features
1795:
1748:
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1365:"Upwards trend"
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1055:
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1042:Vertical forest
978:
925:
920:
867:
855:
802:
711:
657:Cherry tomatoes
648:
541:
519:
491:
447:
388:urban gardening
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220:Council House 2
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144:Fernando Romero
126:in 1986 at the
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35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Vertical garden
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3085:Garden tourism
3082:
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3075:Groundskeeping
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3055:
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2864:free-flowering
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2181:Groundskeeping
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2174:computer-aided
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2062:Zig-zag bridge
2059:
2054:
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2044:
2039:
2034:
2032:Sylvan theater
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
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1874:Garden railway
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1747:
1746:External links
1744:
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1740:
1691:
1677:
1659:
1640:(4): 197â211.
1624:
1605:(4): 204â209.
1589:
1546:
1543:on 2008-03-10.
1524:
1508:www.purdue.edu
1495:
1474:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1429:greenroofs.com
1389:
1356:
1336:greenroofs.com
1323:
1294:
1283:on May 6, 2013
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1002:Green building
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709:Plants for sun
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662:Dwarf cabbages
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506:Changi Airport
490:
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472:environments.
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353:
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319:
312:
311:
310:
301:
300:
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297:
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286:
283:
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240:on interiors.
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43:The Green Wall
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9:
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3080:Garden centre
3078:
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3058:Floral design
3056:
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2834:Intercropping
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2800:
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2776:
2775:most valuable
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2768:
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2743:Arboriculture
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2266:Ancient Egypt
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2169:Garden design
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1404:bloomberg.com
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1232:(2): 99â110.
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688:chili peppers
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3025:Weed control
2914:horticulture
2844:Olericulture
2824:Hydroculture
2814:Fruticulture
2792:Floriculture
2721:Permaculture
2708:Horticulture
2190:
2104:Horticulture
2057:Water garden
1909:Shell grotto
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1536:
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1507:
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1487:. Retrieved
1485:. 2019-10-12
1477:
1465:. Retrieved
1463:. April 2023
1461:Lloyd Godman
1460:
1451:
1437:. Retrieved
1428:
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1368:
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1287:February 20,
1285:. Retrieved
1281:the original
1274:
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1203:. Retrieved
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483:Biodiversity
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78:living walls
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3167:WikiProject
2936:Monoculture
2931:Viticulture
2909:agriculture
2869:propagation
2809:HĂŒgelkultur
2731:sustainable
2716:Agriculture
2658:Therapeutic
2638:Shakespeare
2449:Renaissance
2241:Xeriscaping
2236:Sustainable
2231:Square foot
2221:Proplifting
2186:Garden tool
2154:Foodscaping
1967:Moon bridge
1879:Garden room
1869:Garden pond
1711:: 222â233.
1136:: 478â487.
1078:: 227â239.
1032:Roof garden
1027:HĂŒgelkultur
876:: 863â871.
842:Polystichum
575:Curry plant
404:water reuse
285:Sheet media
235:Loose media
208:Tillandsias
150:Media types
136:Jean Nouvel
124:Mur Vegetal
3183:Categories
2829:Indigenous
2726:stock-free
2698:Zoological
2578:Pollinator
2471:Greenhouse
2414:Sharawadgi
2402:Vietnamese
2363:East Asian
2271:Australian
2226:Raised bed
2191:Green wall
1962:Monopteros
1931:Jeux d'eau
1899:Green wall
1894:Greenhouse
1556:Indoor Air
1518:2017-06-26
1489:2022-09-02
1439:17 October
1414:17 October
1346:17 October
1317:2017-01-06
1256:2019-06-26
1048:References
1017:Green roof
794:Westringia
703:Watercress
682:Silverbeet
595:Lemongrass
590:Lemon balm
550:Bay laurel
528:Tillandsia
373:insolation
222:building.
177:Media-free
120:Peter Rice
73:green wall
52:Detail of
3100:Perennial
3063:Floristry
3010:Pesticide
2990:Herbicide
2985:Fungicide
2879:hardiness
2643:Shrubbery
2623:Sculpture
2444:landscape
2373:Cantonese
2348:Container
2343:Community
2311:Byzantine
2306:Butterfly
2296:Botanical
2196:Guerrilla
2144:Community
2134:Butterfly
2129:Arboretum
2124:Allotment
2116:Gardening
2108:gardening
1982:Nymphaeum
1972:Moon gate
1936:Labyrinth
1889:Gloriette
1834:Belvedere
1735:2351-9894
1619:111319315
1467:April 23,
1166:116429180
1158:0360-1323
1100:0360-1323
992:Folkewall
987:CityTrees
966:Compasses
898:110322582
832:Euphorbia
811:Asplenium
570:Coriander
560:Chamomile
510:Singapore
408:greywater
362:Hong Kong
273:process.
252:Mat media
231:sensors.
3143:Category
3053:Features
2959:Grafting
2919:forestry
2901:Tropical
2886:Pomology
2859:cuttings
2854:breeding
2688:Wildlife
2668:Tropical
2618:Scottish
2568:Pleasure
2556:Paradise
2551:Charbagh
2521:Monastic
2516:Medieval
2426:Floating
2380:Japanese
2331:Communal
2321:Colonial
2286:Biblical
2251:Types of
2216:Parterre
2027:Stumpery
2002:Pavilion
1992:Parterre
1987:Orangery
1859:Fountain
1584:10842459
1512:Archived
1433:Archived
1408:Archived
1379:29 March
1373:Archived
1340:Archived
1311:Archived
1250:Archived
1246:56350350
1199:Archived
997:Greening
976:See also
958:22663154
847:Snowdrop
837:Heuchera
820:Bergenia
806:Adiantum
786:Solidago
777:Rosemary
764:Lavender
760:Geranium
730:Bergenia
715:Achillea
672:Radishes
635:Tarragon
620:Rosemary
600:Marjoram
585:Lavender
508:, 2019,
352:Function
264:, Canada
112:Illinois
93:greening
3155:Commons
3068:Ikebana
3020:Pruning
2946:Organic
2896:Roguing
2782:Cutting
2673:Victory
2648:Spanish
2628:Sensory
2573:Prairie
2541:Persian
2531:Orchard
2496:Kitchen
2491:Keyhole
2486:Italian
2481:Islamic
2476:Hanging
2435:French
2421:Fernery
2409:English
2368:Chinese
2353:Cottage
2281:Baroque
2253:gardens
2206:History
2047:Trellis
2042:Topiary
2037:Terrace
2007:Pergola
1839:Cascade
1829:Bosquet
1713:Bibcode
1642:Bibcode
1564:Bibcode
1138:Bibcode
1080:Bibcode
938:Bibcode
878:Bibcode
853:Sources
816:Begonia
768:Liriope
693:Spinach
667:Lettuce
615:Parsley
610:Oregano
555:Caraway
533:Vriesea
523:Aechmea
166:in the
2905:Urban
2802:Taiwan
2797:Canada
2760:Botany
2753:Saikei
2748:Bonsai
2693:Winter
2678:Walled
2613:School
2608:Sacred
2563:Physic
2526:Mughal
2506:Market
2461:German
2439:formal
2431:Flower
2397:Korean
2316:Cactus
2301:Bottle
2261:Alpine
2211:Native
2164:Garden
2149:Forest
1904:Grotto
1884:Gazebo
1849:Exedra
1819:Aviary
1814:Avenue
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1156:
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956:
896:
735:Bidens
720:Acorus
686:Small
677:Rocket
630:Sorrel
565:Chives
489:Plants
326:Sutton
269:mats.
108:Urbana
2849:Plant
2787:Flora
2736:urban
2683:Water
2663:Trial
2633:Shade
2593:Roman
2466:Greek
2456:Front
2358:Dutch
2326:Color
1997:Patio
1977:Mound
1945:Hedge
1921:Hedge
1916:Ha-ha
1854:Folly
1672:(PDF)
1615:S2CID
1242:S2CID
1162:S2CID
926:(PDF)
894:S2CID
828:Erica
790:Thyme
781:Sedum
773:Pansy
755:Erica
745:Carex
652:Chard
640:Thyme
545:Basil
470:sound
466:noise
2770:Crop
2603:Rose
2598:Roof
2588:Rock
2583:Rain
2546:BÄgh
2511:Mary
2501:Knot
2385:Roji
2276:Back
2106:and
2017:Shed
1957:Lawn
1950:Turf
1940:Maze
1844:Deck
1731:ISSN
1580:PMID
1469:2023
1441:2013
1416:2013
1381:2013
1348:2013
1289:2013
1207:2013
1154:ISSN
1096:ISSN
954:PMID
625:Sage
605:Mint
580:Dill
2653:Tea
2390:Zen
2291:Bog
1721:doi
1650:doi
1607:doi
1572:doi
1234:doi
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