330:. The subsidiary turrets were mounted two at the front and two to the rear of the turret (about halfway along the hull). The gun of the left rear turret was able to elevate to engage aircraft. The tank was designed to have heavy firepower, self-defence capability, and superiority to enemy weapons. It had a crew of eight, the commander communicating with the crew through an intercom system. The Independent was never used in combat, but other armies studied it and a few adopted designs derived from it.
33:
339:
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drew up a specification. This was for a turret-less tank with at least 9 feet (2.7 m) of trench crossing ability. On receiving the specification
Vickers began design work on a vehicle that followed the General Staff's ideas and also a multi-turreted design of their own. The two designs were
402:
The
Independent remained in experimental use until it was retired in 1935 due to being worn out. During the Second World War the tank was set up to act as a static pillbox or defensive position to protect
355:
offered to the
General Staff which opted for the Vickers multi-turreted design. An order for a prototype was formally placed on 15 September 1926 but some work appears to have begun before this date.
399:, was court-martialled and served five years in prison for providing the photographs and specifications of the Independent (among other secrets) to a contact in the German intelligence service.
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380:
In 1928, the rear of the tank was modified to strengthen it. At the same time, a new design of brake-block was fitted. The transmission was also heavily reworked.
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373:. It also incorporated a new hydraulic braking system which had to be specially developed due to its weight and speed. The prototype was delivered to the
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World Wars. Although it only ever reached the prototype stage and only a single example was built, it influenced many other tank designs.
471:
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714:
695:
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565:"Norman Baillie-Stewart Is Dead; Briton Jailed for Aid to Germans; Passed Secrets on Armoured Vehicles Known as 'Officer in Tower'"
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to replace the gun it had been originally fitted with (which probably never worked). It is now preserved at the
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although the interior of the tank is currently inaccessible due the presence of high levels of asbestos.
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in the event of a German invasion. As part of this it was fitted with a working 3-pounder taken from a
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The tank was the subject of industrial and political espionage, the plans ending up in the
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The tank factory : British military vehicle development and the
Chobham establishment
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The
Independent was a multi-turret design, having a central gun turret armed with the
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Suttie, William (2015). "3, Vehicle
Testing in the Interwar Years".
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in 1926, and displayed to the premiers of the
Dominions that year.
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663:. Tank Chats Reloaded. The Tank Museum. 17:38-17:46 minutes in
629:. Tank Chats Reloaded. The Tank Museum. 16:36-17:21 minutes in
545:. Tank Chats Reloaded. The Tank Museum. 13:45-14:13 minutes in
891:
858:
279:
The A1E1 design can be seen as a possible influence on the
238:
433:"British Forces - Land Warship - Vickers A1E1 Independent"
346:
Planning for the A1E1 began in
December 1922 when the
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1443:Abandoned military projects of the United Kingdom
323:, and four subsidiary turrets each armed with a
1453:Trial and research tanks of the United Kingdom
787:
707:Tanks: An Illustrated History of Their Impact
466:
464:
462:
460:
458:
8:
660:Bigger Isn't Always Better: A1E1 Independent
626:Bigger Isn't Always Better: A1E1 Independent
618:
616:
542:Bigger Isn't Always Better: A1E1 Independent
395:tanks. In 1933, a British army lieutenant,
1386:List of interwar armoured fighting vehicles
476:British Battle Tanks: World War One to 1939
311:tank was heavily influenced by its design.
1381:
794:
780:
772:
20:
1013:Vickers-Carden-Loyd light amphibious tank
362:; its 35.8-litre (2,180 cu in)
307:(triple turret) tank designs. The Soviet
449:
424:
524:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
517:
7:
1423:Interwar tanks of the United Kingdom
726:"Tank A1E1, Independent (E1949.331)"
737:Fletcher, David (14 January 2014),
113:24 ft 11 in (7.59 m)
342:The A1E1 at The Tank Museum (2008)
129:8 ft 11 in (2.72 m)
14:
1428:Heavy tanks of the United Kingdom
358:The tank was largely designed by
152:13–28 mm (0.51–1.10 in)
121:8 ft 9 in (2.67 m)
1380:
1371:
1370:
31:
74:
1:
761:"Great Britain's Heavy Tanks"
657:David Willey (2 March 2024).
623:David Willey (2 March 2024).
591:. Stroud: The History Press.
539:David Willey (2 March 2024).
803:Tanks of the interwar period
732:, The Tank Museum, Bovington
709:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 49–51.
478:. Osprey. pp. 159–161.
16:British heavy tank prototype
25:Vickers A1E1 "Independent"
1469:
243:20 mph (32 km/h)
1366:
686:Tomczyk, Andrzej (2002).
260:that was designed by the
141:
51:Place of origin
30:
1358:Vickers A1E1 Independent
755:A1E1 Vickers Independent
705:Tucker, Spencer (2004).
37:The Vickers A1E1 in 1925
574:(subscription required)
369:engine was designed by
299:tanks, and the British
264:armaments manufacturer
397:Norman Baillie-Stewart
343:
233:95 miles (153 km)
1376:Interwar period tanks
688:Japanese Armor Vol. 1
413:Bovington Tank Museum
409:Vickers Medium Mark I
341:
321:3 pounder (47 mm) gun
1433:Multi-turreted tanks
1067:Vickers Medium Mk II
907:Disston Tractor Tank
671:– via YouTube.
637:– via YouTube.
553:– via YouTube.
360:Walter Gordon Wilson
208:4 forward, 1 reverse
1448:History of the tank
1397:Tank classification
1393:History of the tank
1062:Vickers Medium Mk I
328:Vickers machine gun
181:Vickers machine gun
927:Light tanks Mk I–V
569:The New York Times
437:www.ww2incolor.com
371:Armstrong Siddeley
344:
191:Armstrong Siddeley
59:Production history
1408:
1407:
937:Light Tank Mk VII
743:, The Tank Museum
598:978-0-7509-6122-6
247:
246:
1460:
1384:
1383:
1374:
1373:
1015:
932:Light Tank Mk VI
796:
789:
782:
773:
768:
767:on 10 July 2012.
763:. Archived from
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502:. Archived from
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251:Independent A1E1
240:
165:QF 3 pounder gun
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1401:interwar period
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1288:Stridsvagn m/31
1243:Medium Mark III
1233:Landsverk L-120
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740:The Independent
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647:Fletcher (2014)
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500:"Archived copy"
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472:Fletcher, David
470:
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200:370 hp (280 kW)
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1348:Type 98 Chi-Ho
1345:
1343:Type 97 Chi-Ni
1340:
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1253:Medium Tank A7
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1122:Cruiser Mk III
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1057:Type 97 Chi-Ha
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749:External links
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730:Virtual museum
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1338:Type 95 heavy
1336:
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1333:Type 91 heavy
1331:
1329:
1328:Type 87 Chi-I
1326:
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1321:
1319:
1316:
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1309:
1308:T7 Combat Car
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1298:T1 Light Tank
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1248:Medium Mark D
1246:
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1239:
1238:Leichttraktor
1236:
1234:
1231:
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1206:experimentals
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1150:Hotchkiss H35
1148:
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1117:Cruiser Mk II
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1007:Vickers 6-Ton
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1002:Type 95 Ha-Go
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962:M2 Light Tank
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957:M1 combat car
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874:Type 97 Te-Ke
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854:Tančík vz. 33
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716:1-57607-995-3
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571:, 8 June 1966
570:
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544:
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532:
527:
521:
506:on 2 May 2017
505:
501:
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485:9781472817556
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348:General Staff
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301:Medium Mk III
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1391:Background:
1390:
1357:
1228:Kolohousenka
1223:Grosstraktor
1112:Cruiser Mk I
1052:Type 89 I-Go
1019:Vickers T-15
849:T-32 (Š-I-D)
765:the original
739:
729:
706:
690:. AJ Press.
687:
680:Bibliography
665:. Retrieved
659:
652:
643:
631:. Retrieved
625:
587:
580:
568:
559:
547:. Retrieved
541:
534:
508:. Retrieved
504:the original
494:
475:
452:, p. 7.
450:Tomczyk 2002
445:
436:
427:
401:
385:Soviet Union
382:
379:
357:
352:British Army
345:
318:
305:Cruiser Mk I
294:
278:
268:between the
250:
248:
205:Transmission
64:Manufacturer
18:
1174:super-heavy
897:38M Toldi I
824:Carden Loyd
290:tanks, the
253:is a multi-
227:Operational
217:coil spring
77: built
1417:Categories
1273:Škoda MU-4
1202:Prototypes
724:Garth, M,
419:References
375:War Office
367:air-cooled
325:0.303 inch
213:Suspension
179:4 × 0.303
103:short tons
1303:T2 Medium
1293:ST vz. 39
1268:PZInż 130
1155:Matilda I
1127:SOMUA S35
1076:Cavalry,
972:Panzer II
952:LT vz. 38
947:LT vz. 35
942:LT vz. 34
912:Fiat 3000
811:Tankettes
607:899703041
173:Secondary
97:(34
95:long tons
1137:Infantry
967:Panzer I
520:cite web
510:24 April
474:(2016).
255:turreted
175:armament
160:armament
1438:Vickers
1353:Verdeja
1187:Char B1
1182:Char 2C
1107:BT tank
1078:cruiser
1037:Char D2
902:Char D1
869:Type 94
864:Type 92
667:3 March
633:3 March
549:3 March
350:of the
334:History
266:Vickers
262:British
167:(47 mm)
68:Vickers
1218:FCM F1
1145:FCM 36
1102:AMR 35
1097:AMR 33
1092:AMC 35
1087:AMC 34
1080:, fast
1029:Medium
713:
694:
605:
595:
482:
315:Design
292:German
281:Soviet
274:Second
220:bogies
197:petrol
187:Engine
148:Armour
126:Height
110:Length
1323:T-100
1170:Heavy
884:Light
834:L3/35
829:L3/33
819:AH-IV
284:T-100
270:First
229:range
118:Width
101:; 37
1318:T-42
1313:T-19
1213:10TP
1192:T-35
1160:T-26
1047:T-28
1042:T-24
997:T-38
992:T-37
987:T-26
982:T-18
922:L-60
844:T-27
711:ISBN
692:ISBN
669:2024
635:2024
603:OCLC
593:ISBN
551:2024
526:link
512:2017
480:ISBN
393:T-35
391:and
389:T-28
309:T-35
303:and
288:T-28
286:and
272:and
258:tank
249:The
158:Main
134:Crew
90:Mass
46:Tank
43:Type
1278:SMK
977:R35
917:H35
892:7TP
859:TKS
839:R-1
364:V12
194:V12
93:33
75:No.
1419::
1399:,
1395:,
1172:,
728:,
615:^
601:.
567:,
522:}}
518:{{
457:^
435:.
1204:,
795:e
788:t
781:v
719:.
700:.
609:.
528:)
514:.
488:.
439:.
137:8
105:)
99:t
80:1
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