118:
127:
106:
98:
33:
650:
When doing the hardness tests, the minimum distance between indentations and the distance from the indentation to the edge of the specimen must be taken into account to avoid interaction between the work-hardened regions and effects of the edge. These minimum distances are different for ISO 6507-1
161:
to the horizontal plane normal of 22ยฐ on each side. The angle was varied experimentally and it was found that the hardness value obtained on a homogeneous piece of material remained constant, irrespective of load. Accordingly, loads of various magnitudes are applied to a flat surface, depending on
56:
of materials. The
Vickers test is often easier to use than other hardness tests since the required calculations are independent of the size of the indenter, and the indenter can be used for all materials irrespective of hardness. The basic principle, as with all common measures of hardness, is to
522:
is in millimeters. A common error is that the above formula to calculate the HV number does not result in a number with the unit newton per square millimeter (N/mm), but results directly in the
Vickers hardness number (usually given without units), which is in fact one
1159:
843:
709:
Vickers values are generally independent of the test force: they will come out the same for 500 gf and 50 kgf, as long as the force is at least 200 gf. However, lower load indents often display a dependence of hardness on indent depth known as the
134:
It was decided that the indenter shape should be capable of producing geometrically similar impressions, irrespective of size; the impression should have well-defined points of measurement; and the indenter should have high resistance to self-deformation. A
1216:
the pins were later found to have been replaced with sub-standard parts, leading to rapid wear and finally loss of the aircraft. On examination, accident investigators found that the sub-standard pins had a hardness value of only some 200โ230HV5.
955:
1083:, and ideally can be directly compared with other hardness tests also defined using projected area. Care must be used when comparing other hardness tests due to various size scale factors which can impact the measured hardness.
1075:
1187:
is a constant determined by yield strength, Poisson's ratio, work-hardening exponent and geometrical factors – usually ranging between 2 and 4. In other words, if HV is expressed in N/mm (i.e. in MPa) then the
397:
121:
An indentation left in case-hardened steel after a
Vickers hardness test. The difference in length of both diagonals and the illumination gradient, are both classic indications of an out-of-level sample. This is not a good
509:
717:
For thin samples indentation depth can be an issue due to substrate effects. As a rule of thumb the sample thickness should be kept greater than 2.5 times the indent diameter. Alternatively indent depth,
254:
1088:
303:
744:
89:, which uses the same units. The hardness number is determined by the load over the surface area of the indentation and not the area normal to the force, and is therefore not pressure.
1289:
893:
986:
886:
1525:
736:
1287:
R.L. Smith & G.E. Sandland, "An
Accurate Method of Determining the Hardness of Metals, with Particular Reference to Those of a High Degree of Hardness,"
993:
426:
in mm, giving HV in the SI unit of MPa. To calculate
Vickers hardness number (VHN) using SI units one needs to convert the force applied from newtons to
318:
157:/8 long intersect at 136ยฐ, it was decided to use this as the included angle between plane faces of the indenter tip. This gives an angle from each face
959:
Vickers hardness can also be converted to an SI hardness based on the projected area of the indent rather than the surface area. The projected area,
1344:
1560:
440:
1208:
airliner were specified by the aircraft manufacturer to be hardened to a
Vickers Hardness specification of 390HV5, the '5' meaning five
1423:
184:
1447:
418:
The corresponding unit of HV is then the kilogram-force per square millimeter (kgf/mm) or HV number. In the above equation,
1154:{\displaystyle {\text{projected area hardness (GPa)}}={\frac {g_{0}}{1000}}{\frac {2}{1.854}}HV\approx {\frac {HV}{94.5}}}
838:{\displaystyle t={\frac {d_{\rm {avg}}}{2{\sqrt {2}}\tan {\frac {\theta }{2}}}}\approx {\frac {d_{\rm {avg}}}{7.0006}},}
265:
139:
in the form of a square-based pyramid satisfied these conditions. It had been established that the ideal size of a
1232:
1531:
ISO 6507-2: Metallic materials โ Vickers hardness test โ Part 2: Verification and calibration of testing machines
117:
65:
and has one of the widest scales among hardness tests. The unit of hardness given by the test is known as the
1492:
Report on the
Convair 340/580 LN-PAA aircraft accident North of Hirtshals, Denmark on September 8, 1989 | aibn
1576:
711:
126:
1341:
1205:
140:
950:{\displaystyle {\text{surface area hardness (GPa)}}={\frac {g_{0}}{1000}}HV={\frac {9.80665}{1000}}HV}
1519:
E92: Standard method for
Vickers hardness of metallic materials (withdrawn and replaced by E384-10e2)
1378:
1227:
1192:(in MPa) โ HV/3. This empirical law depends variably on the work-hardening behavior of the material.
1247:
1242:
1237:
1213:
1201:
1080:
58:
1267:
962:
1534:
ISO 6507-3: Metallic materials โ Vickers hardness test โ Part 3: Calibration of reference blocks
888:, to get the hardness in MPa (N/mm) and furthermore divided by 1000 to get the hardness in GPa.
1429:
1419:
1396:
158:
1474:
1386:
1189:
1169:
858:
431:
864:
162:
the hardness of the material to be measured. The HV number is then determined by the ratio
1537:
ISO 6507-4: Metallic materials โ Vickers hardness test โ Part 4: Tables of hardness values
1348:
854:
594:
1367:"Indentation size effects in crystalline materials: A law for strain gradient plasticity"
1168:
If HV is first expressed in N/mm (MPa), or otherwise by converting from kgf/mm, then the
1382:
1257:
1209:
721:
524:
427:
408:
1555:
1391:
1366:
105:
17:
1570:
82:
49:
1070:{\displaystyle A_{\rm {p}}={\frac {d_{\rm {avg}}^{2}}{2}}={\frac {1.854}{2}}{A_{s}}}
1262:
714:(ISE). Small indent sizes will also have microstructure-dependent hardness values.
604:
1491:
1465:
Zhang, P. (September 2011). "General relationship between strength and hardness".
542:
if duration of force differs from 10 s to 15 s, e.g. 440HV30/20, where:
392:{\displaystyle \mathrm {HV} ={\frac {F}{A}}\approx {\frac {1.8544F}{d^{2}}}\quad }
312:
is the average length of the diagonal left by the indenter in millimeters. Hence,
45:
1478:
1550:
1252:
624:
1433:
1400:
153:
of the ball diameter. As two tangents to the circle at the ends of a chord 3
97:
32:
1522:
ASTM E384: Standard Test Method for Knoop and
Vickers Hardness of Materials
1302:
853:
To convert the
Vickers hardness number to SI units the hardness number in
178:
is the surface area of the resulting indentation in square millimeters.
86:
53:
1528:
6507-1: Metallic materials โ Vickers hardness test โ Part 1: Test method
663:
Distance from the center of the indentation to the edge of the specimen
1352:
634:
136:
110:
504:{\displaystyle \mathrm {HV} \approx {0.1891}{\frac {F}{d^{2}}}\quad ,}
567:
indicates the loading time if it differs from 10 s to 15 s
1079:
This hardness is sometimes referred to as the mean contact area or
44:
was developed in 1921 by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at
125:
116:
104:
96:
62:
31:
1516:
614:
988:, is defined as the following for a Vickers indenter geometry:
259:
which can be approximated by evaluating the sine term to give,
61:
from a standard source. The Vickers test can be used for all
1540:
ISO 18265: Metallic materials โ Conversion of Hardness Values
857:
per square millimeter (kgf/mm) has to be multiplied with the
174:
is the force applied to the diamond in kilograms-force and
686:
for steel and copper alloys and > 3ยทd for light metals
249:{\displaystyle A={\frac {d^{2}}{2\sin(136^{\circ }/2)}},}
1418:(2nd ed.). New York: Springer. pp. 212โ213.
1290:
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers
81:). The hardness number can be converted into units of
1091:
996:
965:
896:
867:
747:
724:
443:
321:
268:
187:
1332:
Smithells Metals Reference Book, 8th Edition, ch. 22
1153:
1069:
980:
949:
880:
837:
730:
503:
391:
297:
248:
298:{\displaystyle A\approx {\frac {d^{2}}{1.8544}},}
1305:. UKcalibrations.co.uk. Retrieved on 2016-06-03.
1172:(in MPa) of the material can be approximated as
1371:Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids
1365:Nix, William D.; Gao, Huajian (1 March 1998).
8:
572:Examples of HV values for various materials
1508:Meyers and Chawla (1999). "Section 3.8".
1390:
1136:
1117:
1106:
1100:
1092:
1090:
1060:
1055:
1045:
1031:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1002:
1001:
995:
971:
970:
964:
931:
911:
905:
897:
895:
872:
866:
814:
813:
807:
791:
778:
761:
760:
754:
746:
723:
530:Vickers hardness numbers are reported as
489:
483:
482:
469:
460:
455:
444:
442:
434:). This leads to the following equation:
380:
374:
373:
360:
346:
333:
322:
320:
281:
275:
267:
229:
223:
200:
194:
186:
653:
570:
1563:โ Vickers, Brinell, and Rockwell scales
1280:
675:for steel and copper alloys and > 6ยท
527:per square millimeter (1 kgf/mm).
57:observe a material's ability to resist
113:indenter of a Vickers hardness tester
7:
1303:The Vickers Hardness Testing Machine
1494:. Aibn.no. Retrieved on 2016-06-03.
1467:Materials Science and Engineering A
1414:Fischer-Cripps, Anthony C. (2007).
1204:attachment pins and sleeves in the
555:names the hardness scale (Vickers),
1551:Video on the Vickers hardness test
1263:Vickers toughness test of ceramics
1212:. However, on the aircraft flying
1026:
1023:
1020:
1003:
972:
821:
818:
815:
768:
765:
762:
738:, can be calculated according to:
448:
445:
326:
323:
85:, but should not be confused with
25:
1416:Introduction to contact mechanics
1510:Mechanical Behavior of Materials
561:indicates the load used in kgf.
477:
368:
495:
478:
386:
369:
237:
216:
1:
1392:10.1016/S0022-5096(97)00086-0
1094:projected area hardness (GPa)
660:Distance between indentations
1164:Estimating tensile strength
981:{\displaystyle A_{\rm {p}}}
899:surface area hardness (GPa)
130:This is a good indentation.
1593:
1479:10.1016/j.msea.2011.08.061
1293:, Vol. I, 1922, p 623โ641.
1233:Leeb Rebound Hardness Test
651:and ASTM E384 standards.
430:by dividing by 9.806 65 (
48:as an alternative to the
36:A Vickers hardness tester
75:Diamond Pyramid Hardness
1347:21 October 2014 at the
712:indentation size effect
549:is the hardness number,
1155:
1071:
982:
951:
882:
849:Conversion to SI units
839:
732:
505:
393:
299:
250:
131:
123:
114:
102:
67:Vickers Pyramid Number
52:method to measure the
37:
18:Vickers hardness scale
1556:Vickers hardness test
1512:. Prentice Hall, Inc.
1156:
1072:
983:
952:
883:
881:{\displaystyle g_{0}}
840:
733:
506:
394:
300:
251:
129:
120:
108:
100:
42:Vickers hardness test
35:
1228:Indentation hardness
1089:
994:
963:
894:
865:
745:
722:
585:316L stainless steel
441:
319:
266:
185:
1383:1998JMPSo..46..411N
1248:Meyer hardness test
1243:Knoop hardness test
1238:Hardness comparison
1214:Partnair Flight 394
1036:
573:
415:is in millimeters.
101:Vickers test scheme
59:plastic deformation
1323:ISO 6507-1:2005(E)
1268:Superhard material
1151:
1067:
1014:
978:
947:
878:
835:
728:
571:
501:
422:could be in N and
389:
295:
246:
132:
124:
115:
103:
38:
1149:
1125:
1115:
1095:
1053:
1040:
939:
920:
900:
830:
802:
799:
783:
731:{\displaystyle t}
707:
706:
643:
642:
486:
475:
377:
366:
341:
290:
241:
16:(Redirected from
1584:
1561:Conversion table
1513:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1394:
1362:
1356:
1339:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1285:
1190:tensile strength
1186:
1182:
1178:
1170:tensile strength
1160:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1145:
1137:
1126:
1118:
1116:
1111:
1110:
1101:
1096:
1093:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1054:
1046:
1041:
1035:
1030:
1029:
1013:
1008:
1007:
1006:
987:
985:
984:
979:
977:
976:
975:
956:
954:
953:
948:
940:
932:
921:
916:
915:
906:
901:
898:
887:
885:
884:
879:
877:
876:
859:standard gravity
844:
842:
841:
836:
831:
826:
825:
824:
808:
803:
801:
800:
792:
784:
779:
773:
772:
771:
755:
737:
735:
734:
729:
679:for light metals
654:
574:
510:
508:
507:
502:
494:
493:
488:
487:
484:
476:
474:
473:
461:
459:
451:
432:standard gravity
398:
396:
395:
390:
385:
384:
379:
378:
375:
367:
365:
364:
355:
347:
342:
334:
329:
304:
302:
301:
296:
291:
286:
285:
276:
255:
253:
252:
247:
242:
240:
233:
228:
227:
205:
204:
195:
152:
151:
147:
21:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1567:
1566:
1547:
1507:
1504:
1502:Further reading
1499:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1426:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1349:Wayback Machine
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1223:
1198:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1138:
1102:
1087:
1086:
1056:
997:
992:
991:
966:
961:
960:
907:
892:
891:
868:
863:
862:
855:kilograms-force
851:
809:
774:
756:
743:
742:
720:
719:
648:
595:stainless steel
481:
465:
439:
438:
372:
356:
348:
317:
316:
277:
264:
263:
219:
206:
196:
183:
182:
149:
145:
144:
143:impression was
95:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1590:
1588:
1580:
1579:
1577:Hardness tests
1569:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1558:
1553:
1546:
1545:External links
1543:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1514:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1484:
1457:
1439:
1424:
1406:
1377:(3): 411โ425.
1357:
1334:
1325:
1316:
1314:ASTM E384-10e2
1307:
1295:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1258:Rockwell scale
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1197:
1194:
1175:
1165:
1162:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1121:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1081:Meyer hardness
1063:
1059:
1052:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1011:
1005:
1000:
974:
969:
946:
943:
938:
935:
930:
927:
924:
919:
914:
910:
904:
875:
871:
850:
847:
846:
845:
834:
829:
823:
820:
817:
812:
806:
798:
795:
790:
787:
782:
777:
770:
767:
764:
759:
753:
750:
727:
705:
704:
698:
692:
688:
687:
680:
669:
665:
664:
661:
658:
647:
644:
641:
640:
637:
631:
630:
627:
621:
620:
617:
611:
610:
607:
601:
600:
597:
590:
589:
586:
582:
581:
578:
569:
568:
562:
556:
550:
525:kilogram-force
512:
511:
500:
497:
492:
480:
472:
468:
464:
458:
454:
450:
447:
428:kilogram-force
401:
400:
388:
383:
371:
363:
359:
354:
351:
345:
340:
337:
332:
328:
325:
306:
305:
294:
289:
284:
280:
274:
271:
257:
256:
245:
239:
236:
232:
226:
222:
218:
215:
212:
209:
203:
199:
193:
190:
109:The pyramidal
94:
93:Implementation
91:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1589:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1493:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1452:matter.org.uk
1449:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1425:9780387681887
1421:
1417:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1281:
1274:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1171:
1163:
1161:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1119:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1084:
1082:
1077:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1015:
1009:
998:
989:
967:
957:
944:
941:
936:
933:
928:
925:
922:
917:
912:
908:
902:
889:
873:
869:
860:
856:
848:
832:
827:
810:
804:
796:
793:
788:
785:
780:
775:
757:
751:
748:
741:
740:
739:
725:
715:
713:
703:
699:
697:
693:
690:
689:
685:
681:
678:
674:
670:
667:
666:
662:
659:
656:
655:
652:
645:
638:
636:
633:
632:
628:
626:
623:
622:
618:
616:
613:
612:
608:
606:
603:
602:
598:
596:
592:
591:
587:
584:
583:
579:
576:
575:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
544:
543:
541:
537:
533:
528:
526:
521:
517:
498:
490:
470:
466:
462:
456:
452:
437:
436:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
416:
414:
410:
406:
381:
361:
357:
352:
349:
343:
338:
335:
330:
315:
314:
313:
311:
292:
287:
282:
278:
272:
269:
262:
261:
260:
243:
234:
230:
224:
220:
213:
210:
207:
201:
197:
191:
188:
181:
180:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
160:
156:
142:
138:
128:
119:
112:
107:
99:
92:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
55:
51:
47:
43:
34:
30:
27:Hardness test
19:
1509:
1487:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1451:
1442:
1415:
1409:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1342:Vickers Test
1337:
1328:
1319:
1310:
1298:
1288:
1283:
1199:
1167:
1085:
1078:
990:
958:
890:
852:
716:
708:
701:
695:
683:
676:
672:
649:
605:Carbon steel
564:
558:
552:
546:
539:
535:
531:
529:
519:
518:is in N and
515:
513:
423:
419:
417:
412:
404:
402:
309:
307:
258:
175:
171:
167:
163:
154:
133:
122:indentation.
78:
74:
70:
66:
41:
39:
29:
1206:Convair 580
1196:Application
646:Precautions
46:Vickers Ltd
1448:"Hardness"
1275:References
1253:Mohs scale
668:ISO 6507-1
625:Martensite
609:55โ120HV5
540:xxxHVyy/zz
1434:187014877
1401:0022-5096
1210:kiloponds
1134:≈
805:≈
794:θ
789:
691:ASTM E384
619:30โ80HV5
453:≈
344:≈
273:≈
225:∘
214:
1571:Category
1355:website.
1345:Archived
1221:See also
1183:, where
657:Standard
639:10000HV
599:180HV30
588:140HV30
577:Material
170:, where
87:pressure
54:hardness
1379:Bibcode
1353:Instron
934:9.80665
671:> 3ยท
635:Diamond
629:1000HV
536:440HV30
534:, e.g.
532:xxxHVyy
148:⁄
141:Brinell
137:diamond
111:diamond
83:pascals
50:Brinell
1473:: 62.
1432:
1422:
1399:
828:7.0006
580:Value
514:where
457:0.1891
407:is in
403:where
376:kgf/mm
350:1.8544
308:where
288:1.8544
159:normal
63:metals
1179:โ HV/
1123:1.854
1048:1.854
593:347L
538:, or
73:) or
1517:ASTM
1430:OCLC
1420:ISBN
1397:ISSN
1200:The
1147:94.5
1113:1000
937:1000
918:1000
700:2.5ยท
694:2.5ยท
682:2.5ยท
615:Iron
485:N/mm
411:and
40:The
1526:ISO
1475:doi
1471:529
1387:doi
1202:fin
786:tan
547:440
409:kgf
221:136
211:sin
79:DPH
1573::
1469:.
1450:.
1428:.
1395:.
1385:.
1375:46
1373:.
1369:.
1351:.
861:,
565:20
559:30
553:HV
71:HV
1481:.
1477::
1454:.
1436:.
1403:.
1389::
1381::
1185:c
1181:c
1176:u
1174:ฯ
1143:V
1140:H
1131:V
1128:H
1120:2
1108:0
1104:g
1098:=
1062:s
1058:A
1051:2
1043:=
1038:2
1033:2
1027:g
1024:v
1021:a
1016:d
1010:=
1004:p
999:A
973:p
968:A
945:V
942:H
929:=
926:V
923:H
913:0
909:g
903:=
874:0
870:g
833:,
822:g
819:v
816:a
811:d
797:2
781:2
776:2
769:g
766:v
763:a
758:d
752:=
749:t
726:t
702:d
696:d
684:d
677:d
673:d
520:d
516:F
499:,
496:]
491:2
479:[
471:2
467:d
463:F
449:V
446:H
424:d
420:F
413:d
405:F
399:,
387:]
382:2
370:[
362:2
358:d
353:F
339:A
336:F
331:=
327:V
324:H
310:d
293:,
283:2
279:d
270:A
244:,
238:)
235:2
231:/
217:(
208:2
202:2
198:d
192:=
189:A
176:A
172:F
168:A
166:/
164:F
155:d
150:8
146:3
77:(
69:(
20:)
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