516:
493:
987:
42:
5234:
910:. Like other imidazolines, Oxymetazoline is readily absorbed orally. Effects on α receptors from systemically absorbed oxymetazoline hydrochloride may persist for up to 7 hours after a single dose. The elimination half-life in humans is 5–8 hours. It is excreted unchanged both by the kidneys (30%) and in feces (10%).
897:
receptors. Vasoconstriction of vessels results in relief of nasal congestion in two ways: first, it increases the diameter of the airway lumen; second, it reduces fluid exudation from postcapillary venules. It can reduce nasal airway resistance (NAR) up to 35.7% and reduce nasal mucosal blood flow up
827:. Novartis suggested that "The justification was not based on evidence" and cited an extensive body of evidence, and noting a range of recommended periods from five to ten days, which coincides with the typical duration of the common cold.
985:, Fruhstorfer W, Müller-Calgan H, "2-(2,6-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-4-tert-butyl-benzyl)-2-imidazoline,and acid addition salts thereof,and process for their manufacture", issued 23 November 1961, assigned to E Merck AG.
812:, may occur. A 2006 review of the pathology of rhinitis medicamentosa concluded that use of oxymetazoline for more than three days may result in rhinitis medicamentosa and recommended limiting use to three days.
918:
The oxymetazoline brand Afrin was first sold as a prescription medication in 1966. After finding substantial early success as a prescription medication, it became available as an over-the-counter drug in 1975.
1217:
Katz RI, Hovagim AR, Finkelstein HS, Grinberg Y, Boccio RV, Poppers PJ (1990). "A comparison of cocaine, lidocaine with epinephrine, and oxymetazoline for prevention of epistaxis on nasotracheal intubation".
1659:
774:
In the United States, oxymetazoline 1% cream is approved by the Food and Drug
Administration for topical treatment of persistent facial erythema (redness) associated with rosacea in adults.
2892:
116:
1001:
Haenisch B, Walstab J, Herberhold S, Bootz F, Tschaikin M, Ramseger R, et al. (December 2010). "Alpha-adrenoceptor agonistic activity of oxymetazoline and xylometazoline".
650:
745:, most notably. One study classified it in the following order: α(2A) > α(1A) ≥ α(2B) > α(1D) ≥ α(2C) >> α(1B), but this is not universally agreed upon.
1652:
698:, as eye drops to treat eye redness due to minor irritation, and (in the United States) as a prescription topical cream to treat persistent facial redness due to
5259:
5254:
64:
2885:
2389:
606:
5284:
1645:
5274:
1046:"The signaling and selectivity of α-adrenoceptor agonists for the human α2A, α2B and α2C-adrenoceptors and comparison with human α1 and β-adrenoceptors"
5200:
582:
2878:
748:
Another study classified it with selectivity ratios in alpha 2 adrenergic receptors of 200 for a2A vs a2B, 7.1 a2A vs a2C, and 28.2 a2B vs a2C.
5182:
5173:
5164:
2836:
1614:
1589:
1526:
5304:
1345:
835:
There is no specific antidote for oxymetazoline, although its pharmacological effects may be reversed by an adrenergic antagonists such as
5191:
1174:
Patel NU, Shukla S, Zaki J, Feldman SR (October 2017). "Oxymetazoline hydrochloride cream for facial erythema associated with rosacea".
2809:
5264:
1398:
906:
Since imidazolines are sympathomimetic agents, their primary effects appear on α adrenergic receptors, with little if any effect on
626:
1363:
2382:
881:. In addition, the local application of the drug also results in vasoconstriction due to its action on endothelial postsynaptic α
824:
1553:
262:
177:
702:
in adults. Its effects begin within minutes and last for up to six hours. Intranasal use for longer than three days may cause
5294:
5209:
1101:
105:
5289:
4200:
2801:
1346:"Consultation submission: OTC nasal decongestant preparations for topical use: proposed advisory statements for medicines"
751:
In 2021, it was the 292nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 600,000 prescriptions.
5155:
2813:
2693:
392:
4034:
3584:
3324:
2912:
2853:
2375:
864:
857:
738:
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472:
5224:
3489:
2817:
2805:
2611:
5299:
2797:
2340:
2195:
2118:
2011:
3507:
2821:
2074:
1397:
Biaggioni I, Robertson D. "Chapter 9. Adrenoceptor
Agonists & Sympathomimetic Drugs". In Katzung BG (ed.).
1296:
4155:
341:
2841:
2672:
2271:
2002:
971:. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), National Center for Biotechnology Information. CID 4636.
94:
511:
3920:
3612:
3602:
3173:
2930:
2754:
2646:
2266:
809:
703:
109:
5269:
4119:
3895:
3538:
2109:
1855:
1796:
634:
InChI=1S/C16H24N2O/c1-10-8-13(16(3,4)5)15(19)11(2)12(10)9-14-17-6-7-18-14/h8,19H,6-7,9H2,1-5H3,(H,17,18)
332:
205:
2969:
982:
461:
4778:
2567:
2543:
2411:
2331:
2032:
1963:
1864:
760:
726:
675:
241:
82:
4457:
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3799:
3705:
3102:
3008:
2901:
2788:
2718:
2642:
2459:
2367:
2148:
2051:
1950:
1731:
1702:
907:
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707:
488:
287:
74:
3834:
3814:
2904:
2652:
1771:
1741:
1619:
1494:
1469:
Bende M, Löth S (March 1986). "Vascular effects of topical oxymetazoline on human nasal mucosa".
1451:
1278:
1199:
1026:
192:
1776:
1253:
Krempl GA, Noorily AD (September 1995). "Use of oxymetazoline in the management of epistaxis".
4888:
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3276:
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2301:
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1875:
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54:
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3404:
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2955:
2241:
2231:
1478:
1435:
1262:
1227:
1183:
1065:
1057:
1010:
878:
823:
recommended a five day maximum usage period, rather than three days, in a submission to the
691:
683:
528:
216:
401:
5238:
3656:
2964:
2793:
2770:
2489:
2464:
2420:
2326:
2276:
2201:
1986:
1883:
1781:
1682:
1637:
964:
920:
853:
789:
679:
381:
296:
224:
1404:
1371:
1148:
515:
492:
4768:
4437:
4402:
4123:
3879:
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3542:
3407:
3127:
3082:
2847:
2698:
2603:
2535:
2514:
2504:
2434:
2158:
2061:
1991:
1899:
1888:
1841:
1712:
1669:
1439:
1070:
1045:
805:
788:
In July 2020, oxymetazoline received approval by the FDA for the treatment of acquired
718:
5248:
4918:
4758:
4442:
4386:
4343:
4004:
3928:
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1935:
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1231:
1123:
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2097:
2066:
2046:
2040:
1973:
1958:
1940:
1907:
1819:
1807:
1756:
1751:
1697:
1691:
1673:
890:
836:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
129:
124:
1314:
1187:
1093:
940:, Drixine, Drixoral, Nasivin, Nasivion, Nezeril, Nostrilla, Logicin, Vicks Sinex,
2870:
321:
5068:
5043:
5038:
5033:
4923:
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4883:
4868:
4833:
4818:
4798:
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4703:
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3374:
3369:
3329:
3304:
3294:
3284:
3254:
3249:
3224:
3199:
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3158:
3117:
3112:
3077:
3062:
3057:
3003:
2993:
2974:
2935:
2636:
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2587:
2499:
2494:
2474:
2454:
2444:
2429:
2346:
2336:
2316:
2311:
2226:
2206:
2181:
2129:
2124:
2027:
2022:
2017:
1927:
1917:
1825:
1802:
1384:
Anatomy and
General Functions of the Autonomic and Somatic Motor Nervous Systems
768:
722:
687:
1364:"Chapter 6. Neurotransmission: The Autonomic and Somatic Motor Nervous Systems"
1266:
5133:
5123:
5113:
5098:
5093:
5078:
5058:
5053:
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5023:
5008:
4988:
4983:
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4948:
4938:
4933:
4903:
4893:
4853:
4843:
4823:
4773:
4753:
4733:
4728:
4708:
4693:
4688:
4678:
4658:
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4638:
4633:
4613:
4598:
4588:
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4507:
4502:
4497:
4482:
4477:
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4427:
4417:
4407:
4363:
4348:
4338:
4313:
4308:
4289:
4279:
4260:
4255:
4235:
4230:
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4215:
4205:
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4185:
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4114:
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4014:
3994:
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3018:
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2296:
2286:
2246:
2092:
1978:
1836:
1812:
1761:
1746:
1726:
1720:
1482:
893:
because of centrally-mediated inhibition of sympathetic tone via presynaptic α
695:
558:
372:
101:
33:
1599:
1536:
5128:
5118:
5103:
5083:
5073:
5048:
5018:
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4913:
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4848:
4838:
4803:
4788:
4748:
4738:
4723:
4713:
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4180:
4141:
4109:
4074:
4069:
4039:
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3966:
3962:
3932:
3924:
3864:
3804:
3774:
3749:
3710:
3676:
3632:
3570:
3501:
3493:
3474:
3459:
3449:
3444:
3429:
3419:
3384:
3354:
3339:
3334:
3319:
3309:
3288:
3259:
3239:
3228:
3181:
3168:
3163:
3153:
3143:
3072:
3013:
2984:
2940:
2778:
2723:
2688:
2439:
2260:
2251:
2153:
2080:
2056:
1968:
1735:
1707:
778:
777:
Due to its vasoconstricting properties, oxymetazoline is also used to treat
714:
68:
1330:
1195:
1079:
1022:
41:
17:
1579:
1516:
1490:
1447:
1274:
1239:
5013:
5003:
4953:
4828:
4813:
4808:
4618:
4583:
4578:
4552:
4527:
4394:
4284:
4250:
4131:
4029:
4019:
3999:
3970:
3956:
3900:
3874:
3859:
3741:
3671:
3560:
3550:
3434:
3280:
3264:
3208:
3044:
2979:
2524:
2256:
2221:
2211:
2191:
1912:
1831:
944:
L.R., Sudafed OM, Otrivin, Oxy, SinuFrin, Upneeq, and
Mucinex Sinus-Max.
820:
352:
361:
5108:
5088:
5063:
4958:
4683:
4608:
4049:
3617:
3565:
3519:
2728:
937:
699:
307:
1061:
4378:
3725:
3607:
3028:
1846:
941:
782:
452:
229:
725:
by
Wolfgang Fruhstorfer and Helmut Müller-Calgan in 1961. A direct
421:
581:
572:
432:
233:
3809:
1851:
1368:
1319:
412:
186:
2874:
2371:
1641:
199:
1615:"Advertising; Afrin Goes After Users Of Nasal Decongestants"
477:
1426:
Widdicombe J (1997). "Microvascular anatomy of the nose".
657:
5222:
781:
and eye redness due to minor irritation (marketed as
4561:
4163:
4154:
3888:
3595:
3583:
3136:
2923:
2911:
2767:
2747:
2681:
2602:
2568:
mast cell stabilizer (some are also antihistamines)
2523:
2419:
2410:
2174:
2108:
2001:
1949:
1926:
1898:
1681:
1581:
Veterinary toxicology for
Australia and New Zealand
592:
570:
557:
527:
522:
503:
471:
451:
431:
411:
391:
371:
351:
340:
331:
306:
286:
253:
240:
223:
215:
176:
171:
115:
93:
81:
63:
53:
48:
877:receptors, the action of oxymetazoline results in
1255:The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology
1044:Proudman RG, Akinaga J, Baker JG (October 2022).
759:Oxymetazoline is available over-the-counter as a
923:did not engage in heavy advertising until 1986.
320:
295:
2886:
2383:
1653:
8:
1366:. In Brunton LL, Lazo JS, Parker KL (eds.).
32:
1584:. Amsterdam, Netherlands: McGraw Hill LLC.
4160:
3592:
2920:
2893:
2879:
2871:
2416:
2390:
2376:
2368:
1660:
1646:
1638:
514:
491:
380:
1069:
959:
957:
400:
1050:Pharmacology Research & Perspectives
5229:
1554:"Decongestants (Toxicity) - Toxicology"
1351:. Novartis Consumer Health Australasia.
1124:"Oxymetazoline - Drug Usage Statistics"
1003:Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology
953:
936:Brand names include Afrin, ClariClear,
729:, oxymetazoline binds to and activates
631:
611:
487:
360:
267:
1471:The Journal of Laryngology and Otology
1313:Ramey JT, Bailen E, Lockey RF (2006).
1176:Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology
873:. Since vascular beds widely express α
505:
31:
1772:Selenium disulfide (selenium sulfide)
1548:
1546:
1510:
1508:
614:Oc1c(c(c(cc1C(C)(C)C)C)CC/2=N/CCN\2)C
460:
440:
274:-imidazol-2-ylmethyl)-2,4-dimethyl-6-
73:
7:
5260:Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists
5255:Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor agonists
1153:Lexi-Comp: Merck Manual Professional
1104:from the original on 15 January 2024
885:receptors; systemic application of α
159:
149:
139:
128:
420:
311:
5285:Drugs developed by Schering-Plough
5275:Drugs developed by Merck & Co.
1440:10.1111/j.1398-9995.1997.tb04877.x
1302:. accessdata.fda.gov. 8 July 2020.
25:
1782:Zinc pyrithione (pyrithione zinc)
1400:Basic & Clinical Pharmacology
713:Oxymetazoline is a derivative of
5232:
1613:Dougherty PH (20 October 1986).
1015:10.1111/j.1472-8206.2009.00805.x
825:Therapeutic Goods Administration
816:Australian regulatory submission
785:L.R. in the form of eye drops).
545:
539:
40:
5201:Monoamine metabolism modulators
1742:Ciclopirox olamine (ciclopirox)
1403:(11th ed.). Archived from
1370:(11th ed.). Archived from
639:Key:WYWIFABBXFUGLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
2401:and other nasal preparations (
1518:Clinical veterinary toxicology
1220:Journal of Clinical Anesthesia
889:agonists, in contrast, causes
551:
533:
1:
5183:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors
5156:Receptor/signaling modulators
1188:10.1080/17512433.2017.1370370
763:in the form of oxymetazoline
704:congestion to recur or worsen
598:301.5 °C (574.7 °F)
2694:Calcium hexamine thiocyanate
1382:– via AccessMedicine.
1232:10.1016/0952-8180(90)90043-3
682:medication. It is available
670:, sold under the brand name
5305:Drugs developed by Novartis
4266:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
3643:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
3490:Tetracyclic antidepressants
2956:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
5321:
5192:Monoamine releasing agents
2612:Beclometasone dipropionate
1362:Westfall TC, Westfall DP.
1267:10.1177/000348949510400906
856:that selectively agonizes
523:Chemical and physical data
5146:
3508:Tricyclic antidepressants
2831:
2529:excluding corticosteroids
2075:Potassium channel openers
1521:. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby.
1483:10.1017/S0022215100099151
647:
622:
602:
258:
39:
5265:Drugs developed by Bayer
2682:Other nasal preparations
1315:"Rhinitis medicamentosa"
717:. It was developed from
3921:Atypical antipsychotics
3174:Atypical antipsychotics
2673:Triamcinolone acetonide
2272:Glycopyrronium tosylate
2187:Aminobenzoate potassium
2119:5α-Reductase inhibitors
2067:Topilutamide (fluridil)
2012:5α-Reductase inhibitors
1987:Topical corticosteroids
1884:Topical corticosteroids
1558:Merck Veterinary Manual
4120:Typical antipsychotics
3603:(R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline
3539:Typical antipsychotics
2755:Olopatadine/mometasone
2647:Fluticasone propionate
2267:Glycopyrronium bromide
2110:Hair growth inhibitors
1797:Calcineurin inhibitors
908:β adrenergic receptors
810:rhinitis medicamentosa
5295:Topical decongestants
5210:Monoamine neurotoxins
2544:histamine antagonists
1856:urea-containing cream
1094:"The Top 300 of 2021"
5290:Tert-butyl compounds
4779:Dichloroisoprenaline
2748:Combination products
2332:Pregnenolone acetate
2033:Saw palmetto extract
1578:Dalefield R (2017).
1407:on 30 September 2011
1374:on 30 September 2011
871:adrenergic receptors
761:topical decongestant
743:adrenergic receptors
735:adrenergic receptors
676:topical decongestant
208: / Rx-only
27:Topical decongestant
4458:Phenylpropanolamine
4324:Ethylnorepinephrine
3800:Phenylpropanolamine
3706:Ethylnorepinephrine
3103:Phenylpropanolamine
3009:Ethylnorepinephrine
2902:Adrenergic receptor
2810:+dexbrompheniramine
2789:Phenylpropanolamine
2719:Ipratropium bromide
2643:Fluticasone furoate
2149:Cyproterone acetate
2052:Cyproterone acetate
2003:Alopecia treatments
1951:Anti-inflammatories
1732:Cetrimonium bromide
1703:Cyproterone acetate
1515:Plumlee KH (2004).
1261:(9 Pt 1): 704–706.
927:Society and culture
852:Oxymetazoline is a
708:physical dependence
674:among others, is a
36:
2858:Never to phase III
2653:Mometasone furoate
1620:The New York Times
1434:(40 Suppl): 7–11.
1344:Nguyen TM (2014).
801:Rebound congestion
193:General sales list
154:) (combinations),
5220:
5219:
5213:
5204:
5195:
5186:
5177:
5168:
5159:
5142:
5141:
4889:Iodocyanopindolol
4864:Hydroxytertatolol
4784:Dihydroalprenolol
4397:
4389:
4381:
4298:
4150:
4149:
3744:
3736:
3728:
3680:
3662:Dihydroergotamine
3579:
3578:
3412:hydroxynefazodone
3277:dihydroergotamine
3047:
3039:
3031:
2988:
2868:
2867:
2763:
2762:
2365:
2364:
2302:Magnesium sulfate
2282:Hydrogen peroxide
2217:Calcium gluconate
1876:Lithium succinate
1871:Lithium gluconate
1767:Piroctone olamine
1591:978-0-12-799912-8
1528:978-0-323-01125-9
1182:(10): 1049–1054.
1062:10.1002/prp2.1003
665:
664:
583:Interactive image
473:CompTox Dashboard
203:
190:
16:(Redirected from
5312:
5300:Vasoconstrictors
5237:
5236:
5235:
5228:
5207:
5198:
5189:
5180:
5171:
5162:
5150:
4859:Hydroxycarteolol
4423:Methoxyphenamine
4395:
4387:
4382:-DOPA (levodopa)
4379:
4296:
4270:-methyldopamine)
4161:
4065:Phenoxybenzamine
3742:
3734:
3729:-DOPA (levodopa)
3726:
3678:
3647:-methyldopamine)
3593:
3405:Phenylpiperazine
3395:Phenoxybenzamine
3045:
3037:
3032:-DOPA (levodopa)
3029:
2986:
2970:Dexisometheptene
2960:-methyldopamine)
2921:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2872:
2771:Sympathomimetics
2573:Cromoglicic acid
2460:Levmetamfetamine
2421:Sympathomimetics
2417:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2369:
2242:Deoxycholic acid
2232:Cromoglicic acid
1683:Anti-seborrheics
1662:
1655:
1648:
1639:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1550:
1541:
1540:
1512:
1503:
1502:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1394:
1388:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1073:
1041:
1035:
1034:
998:
992:
991:
990:
986:
979:
973:
972:
961:
902:Pharmacokinetics
879:vasoconstriction
863:and, partially,
848:Pharmacodynamics
692:nasal congestion
684:over-the-counter
661:
660:
653:
585:
565:
553:
547:
541:
535:
518:
507:
496:
495:
481:
479:
464:
444:
424:
404:
384:
364:
344:
324:
314:
313:
299:
270:3-(4,5-Dihydro-1
245:
201:
198:
188:
185:
163:
153:
143:
132:
77:
44:
37:
35:
21:
5320:
5319:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5310:
5309:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5233:
5231:
5223:
5221:
5216:
5138:
4557:
4146:
3884:
3657:Dexmedetomidine
3588:
3575:
3408:antidepressants
3132:
2965:Desglymidodrine
2916:
2907:
2899:
2869:
2864:
2863:
2848:Clinical trials
2827:
2794:Pseudoephedrine
2769:
2759:
2743:
2677:
2604:Corticosteroids
2598:
2528:
2519:
2490:Propylhexedrine
2465:Methylephedrine
2406:
2396:
2366:
2361:
2327:Povidone-iodine
2277:Hyaluronic acid
2202:Benzoylperoxide
2170:
2104:
1997:
1945:
1922:
1900:Skin lightening
1894:
1677:
1666:
1636:
1635:
1625:
1623:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1592:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1562:
1560:
1552:
1551:
1544:
1529:
1514:
1513:
1506:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1410:
1408:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1377:
1375:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1158:
1156:
1149:"Oxymetazoline"
1147:
1146:
1142:
1132:
1130:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1105:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1000:
999:
995:
988:
981:
980:
976:
965:"Oxymetazoline"
963:
962:
955:
950:
934:
929:
921:Schering-Plough
916:
904:
896:
888:
884:
876:
868:
861:
854:sympathomimetic
850:
845:
833:
818:
808:congestion, or
803:
798:
790:drooping eyelid
757:
742:
734:
727:sympathomimetic
706:, resulting in
680:vasoconstrictor
656:
654:
651:(what is this?)
648:
643:
640:
635:
630:
629:
618:
615:
610:
609:
588:
563:
550:
544:
538:
499:
475:
467:
447:
427:
407:
387:
367:
347:
327:
310:
302:
282:
279:
266:
265:
243:
217:Pharmacokinetic
211:
167:
134:
96:
84:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5318:
5316:
5308:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5247:
5246:
5242:
5241:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5214:
5205:
5196:
5187:
5178:
5169:
5160:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4769:Dexpropranolol
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4438:Norepinephrine
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4403:Levosalbutamol
4400:
4392:
4390:-Phenylalanine
4384:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4167:
4165:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4124:chlorpromazine
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3960:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3892:
3890:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3880:Xylometazoline
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3790:Norepinephrine
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3739:
3737:-Phenylalanine
3731:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3599:
3597:
3590:
3586:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3543:chlorpromazine
3536:
3531:
3505:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3202:
3197:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3128:Xylometazoline
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3083:Norepinephrine
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3042:
3040:-Phenylalanine
3034:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2908:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2875:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2845:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2802:+carbinoxamine
2791:
2786:
2781:
2775:
2773:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2699:Eucalyptus oil
2696:
2691:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2563:
2562:
2556:
2551:
2539:
2538:
2536:Spaglumic acid
2532:
2530:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2515:Xylometazoline
2512:
2507:
2505:Tuaminoheptane
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2435:Cyclopentamine
2432:
2426:
2424:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2372:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2189:
2184:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2159:Spironolactone
2156:
2151:
2146:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2114:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2062:Spironolactone
2059:
2054:
2049:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2007:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1992:hydrocortisone
1982:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1964:Gamolenic acid
1961:
1955:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1930:
1928:Skin darkening
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1904:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1889:hydrocortisone
1880:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1849:
1844:
1842:Salicylic acid
1839:
1834:
1822:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1793:
1790:Antihistamines
1786:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1729:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1713:Spironolactone
1710:
1705:
1700:
1687:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1672:preparations (
1670:dermatological
1667:
1665:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1642:
1634:
1633:
1605:
1590:
1570:
1542:
1527:
1504:
1477:(3): 285–288.
1461:
1418:
1389:
1354:
1336:
1325:(3): 148–155.
1305:
1297:"UPNEEQ Label"
1288:
1245:
1209:
1166:
1140:
1115:
1085:
1036:
1009:(6): 729–739.
993:
974:
952:
951:
949:
946:
933:
930:
928:
925:
915:
912:
903:
900:
894:
886:
882:
874:
866:
859:
849:
846:
844:
841:
832:
829:
817:
814:
802:
799:
797:
794:
756:
753:
740:
732:
719:xylometazoline
663:
662:
645:
644:
642:
641:
638:
636:
633:
625:
624:
623:
620:
619:
617:
616:
613:
605:
604:
603:
600:
599:
596:
590:
589:
587:
586:
578:
576:
568:
567:
561:
555:
554:
548:
542:
536:
531:
525:
524:
520:
519:
509:
501:
500:
498:
497:
484:
482:
469:
468:
466:
465:
457:
455:
449:
448:
446:
445:
437:
435:
429:
428:
426:
425:
417:
415:
409:
408:
406:
405:
397:
395:
389:
388:
386:
385:
377:
375:
369:
368:
366:
365:
357:
355:
349:
348:
346:
345:
337:
335:
329:
328:
326:
325:
317:
315:
304:
303:
301:
300:
292:
290:
284:
283:
281:
280:
269:
261:
260:
259:
256:
255:
251:
250:
247:
238:
237:
227:
221:
220:
213:
212:
210:
209:
196:
182:
180:
174:
173:
169:
168:
166:
165:
121:
119:
113:
112:
99:
97:administration
91:
90:
87:
79:
78:
71:
61:
60:
57:
51:
50:
46:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5317:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5240:
5230:
5226:
5212:
5211:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5174:Serotonergics
5170:
5167:
5166:
5165:Dopaminergics
5161:
5158:
5157:
5154:
5149:
5148:
5145:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4919:Levobetaxolol
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4759:Cyanopindolol
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4560:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4443:Orciprenaline
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4393:
4391:
4385:
4383:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4344:Hexoprenaline
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4153:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4005:Esmirtazapine
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3929:brexpiprazole
3926:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3795:Oxymetazoline
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3740:
3738:
3732:
3730:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3623:Apraclonidine
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3582:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3512:amitriptyline
3509:
3506:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3424:triazoledione
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3205:Beta blockers
3203:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3178:brexpiprazole
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3098:Phenylephrine
3096:
3094:
3093:Oxymetazoline
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3043:
3041:
3035:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3024:Isometheptene
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2896:
2891:
2889:
2884:
2882:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2814:+fexofenadine
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2784:Phenylephrine
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2768:Systemic use:
2766:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2668:Triamcinolone
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2641:Fluticasone (
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2632:Dexamethasone
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2617:Betamethasone
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2549:Levocabastine
2546:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2485:Phenylephrine
2483:
2481:
2480:Oxymetazoline
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2399:Decongestants
2393:
2388:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2322:Oxymetazoline
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2138:Antiandrogens
2135:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2041:Antiandrogens
2038:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1936:Afamelanotide
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1865:Lithium salts
1862:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1692:Antiandrogens
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1651:
1649:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1609:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1574:
1571:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1419:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1393:
1390:
1385:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1355:
1347:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1306:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1167:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1056:(5): e01003.
1055:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
997:
994:
984:
978:
975:
970:
966:
960:
958:
954:
947:
945:
943:
939:
931:
926:
924:
922:
913:
911:
909:
901:
899:
892:
880:
872:
869:
862:
855:
847:
842:
840:
838:
830:
828:
826:
822:
815:
813:
811:
807:
800:
795:
793:
791:
786:
784:
780:
775:
772:
770:
766:
765:hydrochloride
762:
754:
752:
749:
746:
744:
736:
728:
724:
720:
716:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
668:Oxymetazoline
659:
652:
646:
637:
632:
628:
621:
612:
608:
601:
597:
595:
594:Melting point
591:
584:
580:
579:
577:
574:
569:
562:
560:
556:
532:
530:
526:
521:
517:
513:
510:
508:
506:ECHA InfoCard
502:
494:
490:
489:DTXSID3040691
486:
485:
483:
474:
470:
463:
459:
458:
456:
454:
450:
443:
439:
438:
436:
434:
430:
423:
419:
418:
416:
414:
410:
403:
399:
398:
396:
394:
390:
383:
379:
378:
376:
374:
370:
363:
359:
358:
356:
354:
350:
343:
339:
338:
336:
334:
330:
323:
319:
318:
316:
309:
305:
298:
294:
293:
291:
289:
285:
278:-butyl-phenol
277:
273:
268:
264:
257:
252:
248:
246:
239:
235:
231:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
207:
197:
194:
184:
183:
181:
179:
175:
170:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
131:
126:
123:
122:
120:
118:
114:
111:
107:
103:
100:
98:
92:
88:
86:
80:
76:
72:
70:
66:
62:
59:Afrin, others
58:
56:
52:
49:Clinical data
47:
43:
38:
34:Oxymetazoline
30:
19:
5270:Imidazolines
5208:
5199:
5190:
5181:
5172:
5163:
5152:
5151:
4944:Metipranolol
4929:Levomoprolol
4874:Idropranolol
4369:Isoprenaline
4267:
4191:Arformoterol
4136:thioridazine
4128:fluphenazine
4100:Spiroxatrine
4060:Phentolamine
3979:tandospirone
3945:paliperidone
3835:Tasipimidine
3815:Rezatomidine
3794:
3760:Medetomidine
3644:
3555:thioridazine
3547:fluphenazine
3528:trimipramine
3516:clomipramine
3400:Phentolamine
3269:acetergamine
3245:Corynanthine
3092:
2957:
2739:Saline water
2658:Prednisolone
2566:
2559:Thonzylamine
2542:
2525:Antiallergic
2479:
2450:Fenoxazoline
2357:Tralokinumab
2341:progesterone
2337:Progestogens
2321:
2307:Metandienone
2292:Lebrikizumab
2237:Delgocitinib
2196:testosterone
2166:Eflornithine
2144:Bicalutamide
2136:
2117:
2098:Ritlecitinib
2087:
2073:
2047:Bicalutamide
2039:
2010:
1985:
1974:Pimecrolimus
1959:Alitretinoin
1941:Melanotan II
1908:Hydroquinone
1882:
1863:
1826:Keratolytics
1824:
1820:Isotretinoin
1808:Pimecrolimus
1795:
1788:
1757:Ketoconazole
1752:Clotrimazole
1719:
1698:Bicalutamide
1690:
1624:. Retrieved
1618:
1608:
1580:
1573:
1561:. Retrieved
1557:
1517:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1409:. Retrieved
1405:the original
1399:
1392:
1383:
1376:. Retrieved
1372:the original
1367:
1357:
1339:
1322:
1318:
1308:
1291:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1226:(1): 16–20.
1223:
1219:
1212:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1157:. Retrieved
1152:
1143:
1131:. Retrieved
1127:
1118:
1106:. Retrieved
1097:
1088:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1006:
1002:
996:
977:
968:
935:
917:
905:
891:vasodilation
851:
843:Pharmacology
837:phentolamine
834:
819:
804:
796:Side effects
787:
776:
773:
769:nasal sprays
758:
755:Medical uses
750:
747:
712:
671:
667:
666:
655:
649:
275:
271:
242:Elimination
178:Legal status
172:Legal status
29:
5069:Spirendolol
5044:Propranolol
5039:Propafenone
5034:Pronethalol
4924:Levobunolol
4899:Isoxaprolol
4884:Indopanolol
4869:ICI-118,551
4834:Eugenodilol
4819:Ersentilide
4799:Draquinolol
4794:Diprafenone
4764:Dalbraminol
4744:Cicloprolol
4719:Carpindolol
4704:Butofilolol
4649:Bornaprolol
4594:Alprenoxime
4562:Antagonists
4523:Tulobuterol
4518:Tretoquinol
4513:Terbutaline
4473:Ractopamine
4468:Prenalterol
4374:Isoxsuprine
4359:Indacaterol
4329:Eugenodilol
4319:Etilevodopa
4304:Epinephrine
4295:Droxidopa (
4275:Dipivefrine
4246:Clenbuterol
4090:Setiptiline
4080:Rauwolscine
4055:Pardoprunox
4045:Mirtazapine
4010:Fenmetozole
3953:risperidone
3916:Atipamezole
3889:Antagonists
3845:Tiamenidine
3840:Tetryzoline
3820:Rilmenidine
3785:Naphazoline
3721:Guanoxabenz
3696:Epinephrine
3686:Etilevodopa
3677:Droxidopa (
3667:Dipivefrine
3628:Brimonidine
3498:maprotiline
3375:Pardoprunox
3370:Niguldipine
3330:Mepiprazole
3305:Hydroxyzine
3295:Etoperidone
3285:nicergoline
3255:Domesticine
3250:Dapiprazole
3225:eugenodilol
3200:Benoxathian
3194:risperidone
3159:Anisodamine
3137:Antagonists
3118:Tiamenidine
3113:Tetryzoline
3078:Naphazoline
3063:Methoxamine
3058:Metaraminol
3004:Etilevodopa
2994:Epinephrine
2985:Droxidopa (
2975:Dipivefrine
2936:Amidephrine
2844:from market
2818:+loratadine
2806:+cetirizine
2637:Flunisolide
2627:Ciclesonide
2588:Olopatadine
2500:Tramazoline
2495:Tetryzoline
2475:Naphazoline
2455:Iproheptine
2445:Epinephrine
2430:Amidephrine
2347:Ruxolitinib
2317:Oclacitinib
2312:Nemolizumab
2227:Crisaborole
2207:Brimonidine
2182:Abrocitinib
2130:Finasteride
2125:Dutasteride
2028:Finasteride
2023:Dutasteride
2018:Alfatradiol
1918:Monobenzone
1803:Cyclosporin
1721:Antifungals
1411:30 November
1155:. Merck.com
932:Brand names
779:nose bleeds
688:nasal spray
566: g·mol
512:100.014.618
254:Identifiers
55:Trade names
18:Vicks Sinex
5249:Categories
5134:Xipranolol
5124:Toliprolol
5114:Tiprenolol
5099:Tienoxolol
5094:Tertatolol
5079:Sulfinalol
5059:Soquinolol
5054:Ronactolol
5029:Procinolol
5024:Primidolol
5009:Penbutolol
4989:Pacrinolol
4984:Oxprenolol
4979:Nipradilol
4949:Metoprolol
4939:Mepindolol
4934:Medroxalol
4904:Isamoltane
4894:Iprocrolol
4854:Flusoxolol
4844:Falintolol
4824:Esatenolol
4774:Diacetolol
4754:Cloranolol
4734:Celiprolol
4729:Carvedilol
4709:Capsinolol
4694:Butaxamine
4689:Bupranolol
4679:Bunitrolol
4659:Bucindolol
4654:Brefonalol
4644:Bopindolol
4639:Bisoprolol
4634:Bevantolol
4614:Arotinolol
4599:Amosulalol
4589:Alprenolol
4569:Acebutolol
4548:Zilpaterol
4533:Vilanterol
4508:Solabegron
4503:Salmeterol
4498:Salbutamol
4483:Reproterol
4478:Procaterol
4463:Pirbuterol
4448:Oxyfedrine
4433:Mirabegron
4428:Methyldopa
4418:Melevodopa
4408:Lubabegron
4364:Isoetarine
4349:Higenamine
4339:Formoterol
4314:Etilefrine
4309:Etafedrine
4290:Dopexamine
4280:Dobutamine
4261:Denopamine
4256:Corbadrine
4236:Carmoterol
4231:Carbuterol
4221:Broxaterol
4216:Bitolterol
4206:Bambuterol
4196:Arotinolol
4186:Arbutamine
4176:Alifedrine
4171:Abediterol
4115:Tolazoline
4105:Sunepitron
4095:Spegatrine
4085:Rotigotine
4025:Ketanserin
4015:Fluparoxan
3995:Cirazoline
3990:Buflomedil
3975:ipsapirone
3963:Azapirones
3949:quetiapine
3941:olanzapine
3937:lurasidone
3911:Aptazapine
3906:Amesergide
3855:Tolonidine
3850:Tizanidine
3830:Talipexole
3825:Romifidine
3780:Moxonidine
3770:Methyldopa
3765:Melevodopa
3755:Lofexidine
3716:Guanfacine
3701:Etilefrine
3691:Ergotamine
3652:Detomidine
3638:Corbadrine
3534:Trimazosin
3524:imipramine
3485:Tolazoline
3480:Tiodazosin
3470:Tamsulosin
3465:Talipexole
3455:Spegatrine
3440:Quinazosin
3416:nefazodone
3390:Phendioxan
3380:Pelanserin
3365:Niaprazine
3360:Neldazosin
3350:Naftopidil
3345:Moxisylyte
3315:Ketanserin
3300:Fenspiride
3273:ergotamine
3235:Buflomedil
3221:carvedilol
3217:arotinolol
3213:amosulalol
3190:quetiapine
3186:olanzapine
3149:Ajmalicine
3108:Synephrine
3088:Octopamine
3068:Methyldopa
3053:Melevodopa
3019:Indanidine
2999:Etilefrine
2951:Corbadrine
2946:Cirazoline
2905:modulators
2798:+azatadine
2734:Ritiometan
2714:Hyaluronan
2709:Hexamidine
2704:Framycetin
2663:Tixocortol
2622:Budesonide
2593:Lodoxamide
2583:Azelastine
2578:Nedocromil
2554:Antazoline
2510:Tymazoline
2470:Metizoline
2352:Tiratricol
2297:Lokivetmab
2287:Ivermectin
2247:Diclofenac
2093:Nepidermin
1979:Tacrolimus
1837:Resorcinol
1813:Tacrolimus
1777:Xenysalate
1762:Miconazole
1747:Climbazole
1727:Bifonazole
1378:24 January
1133:14 January
1108:14 January
983:DE 1117588
948:References
696:nosebleeds
571:3D model (
559:Molar mass
442:CHEBI:7862
402:8VLN5B44ZY
373:ChemSpider
333:IUPHAR/BPS
288:CAS Number
263:IUPAC name
225:Metabolism
195:(GSL, OTC)
102:Intranasal
83:Dependence
5153:See also:
5129:Xibenolol
5119:Tolamolol
5104:Tilisolol
5084:Talinolol
5074:SR 59230A
5049:Ridazolol
5019:Practolol
4999:Pamatolol
4994:Pafenolol
4974:Nifenalol
4969:Nebivolol
4964:Nadoxolol
4914:Landiolol
4909:Labetalol
4879:Indenolol
4849:Flestolol
4839:Exaprolol
4804:Ecastolol
4789:Dilevalol
4749:Cinamolol
4739:Cetamolol
4724:Carteolol
4714:Carazolol
4699:Butidrine
4674:Bufuralol
4669:Bufetolol
4664:Bucumolol
4629:Betaxolol
4624:Befunolol
4604:Ancarolol
4574:Adaprolol
4538:Xamoterol
4493:Ritodrine
4488:Rimiterol
4453:PF-610355
4413:Mabuterol
4398:-Tyrosine
4354:Ibopamine
4334:Fenoterol
4241:Cimaterol
4226:Buphenine
4211:Befunolol
4181:Amibegron
4142:Yohimbine
4110:Terguride
4075:Piribedil
4070:Piperoxan
4040:Mianserin
3985:BRL-44408
3967:buspirone
3933:clozapine
3925:asenapine
3865:Vatinoxan
3805:Piperoxan
3775:Mivazerol
3750:Ibopamine
3745:-Tyrosine
3711:Guanabenz
3633:Clonidine
3571:Zolertine
3502:mianserin
3494:amoxapine
3475:Terazosin
3460:Spiperone
3450:Silodosin
3445:Quinidine
3430:Piperoxan
3420:trazodone
3385:Perlapine
3355:Nantenine
3340:Monatepil
3335:Metazosin
3320:L-765,314
3310:Indoramin
3289:terguride
3265:Ergolines
3260:Doxazosin
3240:Bunazosin
3229:labetalol
3182:clozapine
3169:Atiprosin
3164:Anisodine
3154:Alfuzosin
3144:Abanoquil
3073:Midodrine
3048:-Tyrosine
3014:Ibopamine
2941:Buspirone
2854:Phase III
2842:Withdrawn
2822:+naproxen
2779:Ephedrine
2724:Mupirocin
2689:Cafaminol
2440:Ephedrine
2261:estradiol
2257:Estrogens
2252:Dupilumab
2192:Androgens
2154:Flutamide
2081:Minoxidil
2057:Flutamide
1969:Oxaceprol
1736:cetrimide
1708:Flutamide
1600:992119220
1537:460904351
715:imidazole
690:to treat
462:ChEMBL762
297:1491-59-4
249:5–6 hours
244:half-life
95:Routes of
85:liability
75:Monograph
69:Drugs.com
5239:Medicine
5014:Pindolol
5004:Pargolol
4954:Moprolol
4829:Esprolol
4814:Ericolol
4809:Epanolol
4619:Atenolol
4584:Afurolol
4579:Adimolol
4553:Zinterol
4528:Vibegron
4285:Dopamine
4251:Colterol
4164:Agonists
4132:loxapine
4030:Lisuride
4020:Idazoxan
4000:Efaroxan
3971:gepirone
3957:zotepine
3901:Adimolol
3875:Xylazine
3860:Urapidil
3672:Dopamine
3596:Agonists
3561:Urapidil
3551:loxapine
3435:Prazosin
3281:lisuride
3209:adimolol
2980:Dopamine
2924:Agonists
2222:Collagen
2212:Caffeine
1913:Mequinol
1832:Coal tar
1626:30 March
1499:37998936
1456:46018611
1331:16784007
1283:37579139
1204:19930755
1196:28837365
1159:15 April
1128:ClinCalc
1102:Archived
1098:ClinCalc
1080:36101495
1031:25064699
1023:20030735
898:to 50%.
831:Overdose
821:Novartis
658:(verify)
353:DrugBank
117:ATC code
106:eye drop
89:Moderate
5280:Phenols
5109:Timolol
5089:Tazolol
5064:Sotalol
4959:Nadolol
4684:Bunolol
4609:Arnolol
4543:XP21279
4122:(e.g.,
4050:NAN-190
3965:(e.g.,
3923:(e.g.,
3870:XP21279
3618:Amitraz
3566:WB-4101
3541:(e.g.,
3520:doxepin
3510:(e.g.,
3492:(e.g.,
3410:(e.g.,
3267:(e.g.,
3207:(e.g.,
3176:(e.g.,
3123:XP21279
2729:Retinol
2527:agents,
2423:, plain
2412:Topical
2339:(e.g.,
2259:(e.g.,
2194:(e.g.,
1990:(e.g.,
1887:(e.g.,
1563:3 April
1491:3950497
1448:9353554
1428:Allergy
1275:7661519
1240:2310576
1071:9471048
969:PubChem
938:Dristan
914:History
806:Rebound
700:rosacea
564:260.381
529:Formula
362:DB00935
308:PubChem
232:(30%),
158: (
156:S01GA04
148: (
146:R01AB07
138: (
136:R01AA05
133:)
127: (
125:D11AX27
110:topical
5225:Portal
4299:-DOPS)
3681:-DOPS)
3608:4-NEMD
2989:-DOPS)
2837:WHO-EM
2175:Others
2088:Others
1847:Sulfur
1668:Other
1598:
1588:
1535:
1525:
1497:
1489:
1454:
1446:
1329:
1281:
1273:
1238:
1202:
1194:
1078:
1068:
1029:
1021:
989:
942:Visine
783:Visine
607:SMILES
453:ChEMBL
422:D08322
230:Kidney
204:
191:
3613:6-FNE
2931:6-FNE
1495:S2CID
1452:S2CID
1349:(PDF)
1300:(PDF)
1279:S2CID
1200:S2CID
1027:S2CID
723:Merck
686:as a
672:Afrin
627:InChI
573:JSmol
433:ChEBI
236:(10%)
234:fecal
4201:BAAM
4035:mCPP
3896:1-PP
3810:PS75
3325:mCPP
1852:Urea
1628:2015
1596:OCLC
1586:ISBN
1565:2023
1533:OCLC
1523:ISBN
1487:PMID
1444:PMID
1413:2011
1380:2015
1327:PMID
1271:PMID
1236:PMID
1192:PMID
1161:2013
1135:2024
1110:2024
1076:PMID
1019:PMID
737:and
694:and
678:and
413:KEGG
393:UNII
382:4475
322:4636
276:tert
219:data
65:AHFS
2403:R01
1674:D11
1479:doi
1475:100
1436:doi
1263:doi
1259:104
1228:doi
1184:doi
1066:PMC
1058:doi
1011:doi
767:in
721:at
478:EPA
342:124
312:CID
206:OTC
161:WHO
151:WHO
144:),
141:WHO
130:WHO
5251::
4134:,
4130:,
4126:,
3977:,
3973:,
3969:,
3955:,
3951:,
3947:,
3943:,
3939:,
3935:,
3931:,
3927:,
3553:,
3549:,
3545:,
3526:,
3522:,
3518:,
3514:,
3500:,
3496:,
3422:,
3418:,
3414:,
3287:,
3283:,
3279:,
3275:,
3271:,
3227:,
3223:,
3219:,
3215:,
3211:,
3192:,
3188:,
3184:,
3180:,
2850::
2820:,
2816:,
2812:,
2808:,
2804:,
2800:,
2645:,
1617:.
1594:.
1556:.
1545:^
1531:.
1507:^
1493:.
1485:.
1473:.
1450:.
1442:.
1432:52
1430:.
1323:16
1321:.
1317:.
1277:.
1269:.
1257:.
1234:.
1222:.
1198:.
1190:.
1180:10
1178:.
1151:.
1126:.
1100:.
1096:.
1074:.
1064:.
1054:10
1052:.
1048:.
1025:.
1017:.
1007:24
1005:.
967:.
956:^
839:.
792:.
771:.
710:.
543:24
537:16
200:US
187:UK
108:,
104:,
5227::
4396:L
4388:L
4380:L
4297:L
4268:N
4156:β
4138:)
3981:)
3959:)
3743:L
3735:L
3727:L
3679:L
3645:N
3587:2
3585:α
3557:)
3530:)
3504:)
3426:)
3291:)
3231:)
3196:)
3046:L
3038:L
3030:L
2987:L
2958:N
2915:1
2913:α
2894:e
2887:t
2880:v
2824:)
2796:(
2649:)
2595:)
2571:(
2561:)
2547:(
2405:)
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2343:)
2263:)
2198:)
1994:)
1891:)
1858:)
1854:(
1738:)
1734:(
1676:)
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1630:.
1602:.
1567:.
1539:.
1501:.
1481::
1458:.
1438::
1415:.
1387:.
1333:.
1285:.
1265::
1242:.
1230::
1224:2
1206:.
1186::
1163:.
1137:.
1112:.
1082:.
1060::
1033:.
1013::
895:2
887:2
883:2
875:1
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865:α
860:1
858:α
741:2
739:α
733:1
731:α
575:)
552:O
549:2
546:N
540:H
534:C
480:)
476:(
272:H
202::
189::
164:)
67:/
20:)
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