1057:
48:
894:
pharmacy cost of heroin 0.06 cents per grain. In the United States street price $ 30–90 per grain." This inflation in price is believed to drive addicts to commit crimes such as theft and robbery, which are thought to be inherently damaging to society, in order to be able to purchase the drugs on which they are dependent.
1093:
A major concern among opponents of legalizing victimless crimes is the degradation of societal moral standards, but punishing citizens for their choice to engage in victimless acts declared by the law to be immoral is difficult. While the United States's typical response to crimes is retroactive, the
1007:
in the United States, repealed in 1933, is considered a failed "social experiment" because many citizens ignored what it stipulated, turning to home-made spirits in lieu of licensed alcoholic drinks and resultantly making problems worse. In the United States today, tension over marijuana legalization
893:
is a commonly cited example of prosecution of victimless crime. The reasoning behind this is that drug use does not directly harm other people. One argument is that the criminalization of drugs leads to highly inflated prices for drugs. For example, Bedau and Schur found in 1974 that "In
England the
901:
for drugs, the War on Drugs is argued by proponents of legalization to reduce the workforce by damaging the ability of those convicted to find work. It is reasoned that this reduction of the workforce is ultimately harmful to an economy reliant on labor. The number of drug arrests increases every
876:
determines its own laws so as to maximize the happiness of its citizens. But as knowledge, behavior and values change, laws in most countries lag greatly behind these social changes. Once a majority believes that the law is unnecessary, this law prohibits a victimless crime, until it is repealed.
885:
Many victimless crimes begin because of a desire to obtain illegal products or services that are in high demand. Criminal penalties thus tend to limit the supply more than the demand, driving up the black-market price and creating monopoly profits for those criminals who remain in business. This
868:
According to the
University of Chicago's vice scholar, Jim Leitzel, three characteristics can be used to identify whether a crime is a victimless crime: if the act is excessive, is indicative of a distinct pattern of behavior, and its adverse effects impact only the person who has engaged in it.
1097:
Controversies over victimless crime deal mostly with the question of whether a crime can ever actually be victimless. With relation to drugs and their pathway to consumption, the impact of the drug trade and liability laws on drug dealers, their families, and other unforeseen actors may end in
1101:
In contrast, there is the argument for restraining legal powers to allow citizens the freedom to make victimless personal choices that may or may not be perceived as morally wrong. Preventative law, such as sex offender registries and anti-social behavior orders, blurs the distinction between
1098:
victimization. Another act often considered a victimless crime is the possession of pornography, especially fictional child pornography. However, those who hold this position typically acknowledge the victimization that can occur to performers during production of non-fictional pornography.
1102:
criminal and civil law because victimless crime is typically difficult to categorize and criminalize. This is problematic because it causes a distortion of traditional procedures of the criminal and civil of aspects of law by enabling confusion and procedural interchangeability.
886:"crime tariff" encourages the growth of sophisticated and well-organized criminal groups. Organized crime in turn tends to diversify into other areas of crime. Large profits provide ample funds for bribery of public officials, as well as capital for diversification.
1349:"The only part of the conduct of anyone, for which he is amenable to society, is that which concerns others. In the part which merely concerns himself, his independence is, of right, absolute. Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign."
1008:
is in response to the current marijuana prohibition in most states, but there are efforts to legalize cannabis in many countries such as the United States and
Australia, as its legalization has the potential to greatly increase revenue.
802:
adults. Because it is consensual in nature, whether there involves a victim is a matter of debate. Definitions of victimless crimes vary in different parts of the world and different
1014:. The Netherlands legalized prostitution in 1999, and was one of the first countries to do so. As of 2012, however, it has been considering policy changes to severely restrict it.
1524:
902:
year. In a poll taken by the Bureau of
Justice Statistics between 1980 and 2009, " 30-year period... rates for drug possession or use doubled for whites and tripled for blacks."
1506:
777:
1551:
1024:(sexual acts between unmarried people) have not been prosecuted in the United States for over 50 years, although the laws against them, like those against
950:
Many activities that were once considered crimes are no longer illegal in some countries, at least in part because of their status as victimless crimes.
1742:
McGinty EE, Niederdeppe J, Heley K, Barry CL (2017). "Public perceptions of arguments supporting and opposing recreational marijuana legalization".
394:
1913:
770:
1561:
1457:
1279:
1028:, are still on the books in several states. However, because sodomy laws were struck down as unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in
117:
1295:
1142:
744:
598:
1922:
1628:
1490:
763:
1605:
1004:
938:
1930:
641:
338:
1961:
578:
558:
122:
1147:
1112:
739:
734:
588:
1606:"Margin of Appreciation or a Victimless Crime: The European Court of Human Rights on Consensual Incest of Adult Siblings"
860:
against which criminal offenses may be directed. They may be considered offenses against the state rather than society.
389:
180:
968:
Two large categories of victimless crimes are sexual pleasure and recreational drug use (drug pleasure). On the first,
1956:
646:
1688:
Hall, Wayne (2010). "What are the policy lessons of
National Alcohol Prohibition in the United States, 1920–1933?".
1209:
1204:
1127:
1088:
553:
278:
229:
102:
1850:
Reiter, Nicholas (2007). "Dollars for victims of a "victimless" crime: A defense of drug dealer liability acts".
1035:
691:
573:
477:
443:
428:
234:
137:
1408:
1011:
696:
92:
1352:
923:
A transaction between consenting adults that does not harm others (assisted suicide, gambling, prostitution)
583:
418:
224:
147:
1192:
1132:
749:
511:
132:
1094:
illegality of victimless crimes is a more preventative approach to justice and is highly controversial.
811:
701:
651:
548:
501:
423:
384:
358:
305:
127:
72:
67:
1946:
1187:
671:
666:
656:
608:
568:
563:
526:
470:
379:
273:
190:
97:
1951:
1723:
Routh, Matthew J. (2017). "Re-thinking liberty: Cannabis prohibition and substantive due process".
1224:
1152:
716:
593:
516:
506:
310:
77:
995:
but is the most "widely used illicit drug" in the country, just as it is in countries such as the
1892:
1832:
1214:
1182:
1172:
1162:
976:
711:
686:
343:
293:
249:
142:
1434:
1378:"Strictly Taboo: Cultural Anthropology's Insights into Mass Incarceration and Victimless Crime"
1918:
1759:
1705:
1670:
1557:
1486:
1453:
1393:
1389:
1377:
1275:
1157:
1137:
1030:
984:
603:
374:
244:
170:
1926:
1882:
1824:
1790:
1751:
1697:
1662:
1586:
1478:
1299:
1267:
1198:
1117:
1040:
849:
823:
369:
1167:
1122:
931:
706:
348:
288:
283:
268:
200:
195:
185:
107:
87:
975:
Other sexual matters considered victimless crimes and proposed for legalization include
972:
Homosexual sex has been legalized in many countries, the first one being France in 1791.
1966:
1779:"Policy Change in Prostitution in the Netherlands: From Legalization to Strict Control"
1666:
1653:
Hall, W. (1997). "The recent
Australian debate about the prohibition on cannabis use".
1219:
1034:, the laws against fornication would also be unconstitutional as was recognized by the
857:
845:
465:
82:
1056:
1940:
1836:
1701:
1271:
996:
958:
954:
621:
453:
363:
261:
1896:
17:
1482:
1229:
962:
906:
898:
890:
819:
815:
616:
175:
1755:
1021:
1000:
927:
910:
661:
448:
353:
300:
152:
112:
35:
798:
that typically either directly involves only the perpetrator or occurs between
47:
1828:
1795:
1778:
1629:"A Victimless Sex Crime: The Case for Decriminalizing Consensual Teen Sexting"
1590:
1177:
1020:(sexual acts between a married person and a person other than the spouse) and
853:
807:
803:
681:
676:
482:
1887:
1870:
992:
827:
320:
256:
1763:
1709:
1553:
Worldwide
Perspectives on Lesbians, Gays, and Bisexuals [3 volumes]
1815:
Green, Stuart P. (10 October 2013). "Vice Crimes and
Preventive Justice".
1674:
1525:"Factbox: Botswana joins the 10 latest countries to decriminalize gay sex"
1450:
Labor
Economics From A Free Market Perspective: Employing The Unemployable
916:
Vera
Bergelson states that victimless crime comes in four main varieties:
1017:
852:, "victimless" from a position that considers the individual as the sole
834:
460:
407:
39:
980:
799:
521:
491:
1025:
873:
438:
62:
856:, to the exclusion of more abstract bodies such as a community or a
841:
with the implication that the law in question should be abolished.
1012:
Prostitution is legal in many countries, though usually restricted
920:
An act that does not harm others (suicide, drug use, unemployment)
909:, illegal immigration and emigration is a victimless crime from a
795:
433:
214:
1929:
criticizing the existence of laws against consensual crimes. See
1051:
1507:"Criminalization of same-sex sexual relationships decreasing"
937:
Actions which are banned due to being considered immoral (
926:
An act whose consequences are borne by society at large (
1473:
Bergelson, Vera (1 February 2013). "Victimless Crimes".
1382:
New England Journal on Criminal & Civil Confinement
1258:
Fletcher, Robin (30 October 2019). "Victimless crime".
1068:
1577:Hörnle, Tatjana (2014). "Consensual Adult Incest".
806:, but usually include possession of any illegal
1324:. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Company. 2004.
1725:The Kansas Journal of Law & Public Policy
1337:Victimless Crimes: Two Sides of a Controversy
771:
8:
1633:University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
778:
764:
412:
31:
1886:
1794:
1871:"Child Pornography's Forgotten Victims"
1241:
490:
34:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1648:
1646:
1296:"Is Prostitution a Victimless Crime?"
991:Marijuana use is forbidden by law in
7:
1783:Sexuality Research and Social Policy
1610:German Yearbook of International Law
1475:International Encyclopedia of Ethics
1357:. Oxford University. pp. 21–22
1667:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1997.tb03668.x
1143:Decriminalization of homosexuality
837:or an activist might use the term
830:among other similar infractions.
25:
1914:Ain't Nobody's Business If You Do
1452:. World Scientific. p. 176.
1413:Encyclopedia of Crime and Justice
897:In addition to the creation of a
1702:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.02926.x
1055:
123:Risk & actuarial criminology
46:
946:Legalization of victimless acts
1627:Lampe, Joanna R. (2012–2013).
1483:10.1002/9781444367072.wbiee094
1435:"Arrests in The United States"
1272:10.1093/OBO/9780195396607-0272
844:Victimless crimes are, in the
1:
1437:. Office of Justice Programs.
1339:. The New York Times Company.
1148:Decriminalization of sex work
1113:Anti-homelessness legislation
1264:Oxford Bibliographies Online
1817:Criminal Law and Philosophy
1756:10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.01.024
1550:Ph.D, Paula Gerber (2021).
953:One example is the British
822:between consenting adults,
1983:
1210:Pornography laws by region
1205:Photography Is Not a Crime
1128:Civil and political rights
1089:Expressive function of law
1086:
820:prohibited sexual behavior
103:Expressive function of law
1852:Journal of Law and Policy
1829:10.1007/s11572-013-9260-7
1796:10.1007/s13178-012-0088-z
1777:Outshoorn, Joyce (2012).
1604:Braasch, Patrick (2012).
1591:10.1525/nclr.2014.17.1.76
1351:John Stuart Mill (1859).
1036:Supreme Court of Virginia
983:by teenagers (considered
1556:. ABC-CLIO. p. 97.
93:Differential association
1888:10.58948/2331-3528.1113
1869:Rogers, Audrey (2008).
1579:New Criminal Law Review
977:consensual adult incest
941:, incest, flag burning)
905:According to economist
148:Symbolic interactionism
1448:Block, Walter (2008).
1322:Black's Law Dictionary
1193:Legality of euthanasia
1133:Criticism of copyright
1005:Prohibition of alcohol
957:laws that applied the
27:Concept in criminology
1962:Political terminology
1376:Hughes, B.T. (2015).
1335:Schur, Edwin (1973).
812:recreational drug use
652:Biosocial criminology
359:Uniform Crime Reports
68:Biosocial criminology
1188:Legality of cannabis
527:Solitary confinement
191:Alexandre Lacassagne
18:Victim-less offender
1744:Preventive Medicine
1225:Suicide legislation
1153:Drug liberalization
717:Radical criminology
78:Collective efficacy
1957:Libertarian theory
1409:"Victimless Crime"
1302:on 30 January 2017
1215:Public-order crime
1183:Jury nullification
1173:Illegal drug trade
1163:Freedom of thought
1067:. You can help by
1563:978-1-4408-4227-6
1459:978-981-4475-86-0
1281:978-0-19-539660-7
1158:Freedom of speech
1138:Decriminalization
1085:
1084:
1031:Lawrence v. Texas
985:child pornography
788:
787:
534:
533:
471:Prisoners' rights
375:Positivist school
16:(Redirected from
1974:
1927:Peter McWilliams
1901:
1900:
1890:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1812:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1696:(7): 1164–1173.
1685:
1679:
1678:
1661:(9): 1109–1115.
1650:
1641:
1640:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1547:
1541:
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1538:
1536:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1433:Snyder, Howard.
1430:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1407:Frase, Richard.
1404:
1398:
1397:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1298:. Archived from
1292:
1286:
1285:
1260:Victimless Crime
1255:
1199:Malum prohibitum
1118:Artistic freedom
1080:
1077:
1059:
1052:
1041:Martin v. Ziherl
872:In theory, each
850:John Stuart Mill
839:victimless crime
824:assisted suicide
792:victimless crime
780:
773:
766:
413:
370:Crime statistics
296:
50:
32:
21:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1937:
1936:
1925:) is a book by
1909:
1907:Further reading
1904:
1875:Pace Law Review
1868:
1867:
1863:
1858:(3): 1329–1374.
1849:
1848:
1844:
1814:
1813:
1804:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1722:
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1717:
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1644:
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1625:
1621:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1576:
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1523:
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1518:
1505:
1504:
1500:
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1471:
1467:
1460:
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1432:
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1427:
1417:
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1401:
1375:
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1360:
1358:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1305:
1303:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1257:
1256:
1243:
1239:
1234:
1168:Freedom to roam
1123:Cannabis rights
1108:
1091:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1065:needs expansion
1050:
948:
932:insider trading
883:
866:
833:In politics, a
784:
755:
754:
730:
722:
721:
647:Anthropological
637:
629:
628:
544:
536:
535:
410:
400:
399:
349:Critical theory
334:
326:
325:
306:State-corporate
294:
217:
206:
205:
201:Archibald Reiss
196:Cesare Lombroso
186:Michel Foucault
166:
165:Major theorists
158:
157:
133:Social learning
118:Rational choice
108:Labeling theory
88:Criminalization
58:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1980:
1978:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1931:mcwilliams.com
1908:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1881:(4): 847–885.
1861:
1842:
1823:(3): 561–576.
1802:
1789:(3): 233–243.
1769:
1734:
1715:
1680:
1642:
1619:
1596:
1569:
1562:
1542:
1531:. 11 June 2019
1516:
1511:www.unaids.org
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1342:
1327:
1313:
1287:
1280:
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1235:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1220:Status offence
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
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1125:
1120:
1115:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1083:
1082:
1076:September 2023
1062:
1060:
1049:
1046:
989:
988:
973:
947:
944:
943:
942:
939:homosexual sex
935:
924:
921:
882:
879:
865:
862:
846:harm principle
786:
785:
783:
782:
775:
768:
760:
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752:
747:
742:
737:
731:
728:
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724:
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709:
704:
702:Organizational
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561:
556:
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545:
542:
541:
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531:
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529:
524:
519:
514:
512:Transformative
509:
504:
496:
495:
488:
487:
486:
485:
480:
478:Rehabilitation
475:
474:
473:
468:
466:Prisoner abuse
458:
457:
456:
451:
446:
436:
431:
429:Incapacitation
426:
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171:Émile Durkheim
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145:
140:
135:
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128:Social control
125:
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110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
83:Crime analysis
80:
75:
73:Broken windows
70:
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59:
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55:
52:
51:
43:
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26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
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2:
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1924:
1923:0-931580-58-7
1920:
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1876:
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1780:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1735:
1731:(2): 174–175.
1730:
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1719:
1716:
1711:
1707:
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1634:
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1623:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1585:(1): 76–102.
1584:
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1554:
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1494:
1492:9781405186414
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1533:. Retrieved
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1385:
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1353:
1345:
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1300:the original
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1230:Thoughtcrime
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1069:adding to it
1064:
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1016:
1010:
990:
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963:unemployment
952:
949:
915:
907:Walter Block
904:
899:black market
896:
891:War on Drugs
888:
884:
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838:
832:
816:prostitution
791:
789:
697:Experimental
419:Denunciation
385:Quantitative
315:
295:Public-order
250:White-collar
181:Enrico Ferri
176:Hans Eysenck
29:
1947:Criminology
1361:27 February
1048:Controversy
1022:fornication
1001:New Zealand
928:tax evasion
911:libertarian
804:law systems
796:illegal act
687:Development
662:Criminology
584:Integrative
522:Utilitarian
517:Retributive
507:Restorative
494:in penology
380:Qualitative
354:Ethnography
339:Comparative
245:Blue-collar
153:Victimology
113:Psychopathy
36:Criminology
1952:Liberalism
1941:Categories
1535:27 October
1354:On Liberty
1237:References
1178:Illegalism
1087:See also:
864:Definition
808:contraband
800:consenting
682:Demography
604:Positivist
483:Recidivism
424:Deterrence
316:Victimless
143:Subculture
1837:195070438
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1690:Addiction
1655:Addiction
1418:3 October
1306:2 October
993:Australia
854:sovereign
828:smuggling
707:Political
636:Subfields
559:Classical
549:Anarchist
444:abolition
344:Profiling
289:Political
284:Organized
269:Corporate
257:Cold case
213:Types of
1897:55629905
1764:28189806
1710:20331549
1106:See also
1018:Adultery
881:Examples
835:lobbyist
740:Journals
667:Critical
657:Conflict
642:American
613:Realism
579:Feminist
569:Critical
564:Conflict
461:Prisoner
408:Penology
274:Juvenile
225:Humanity
221:Against
98:Deviance
40:penology
1675:9374007
1529:Reuters
1394:2436576
981:sexting
672:Culture
594:Marxist
589:Italian
554:Chicago
543:Schools
492:Justice
333:Methods
262:Perfect
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712:Public
454:reform
439:Prison
241:Class
230:Person
138:Strain
63:Anomie
57:Theory
1967:Crime
1893:S2CID
1833:S2CID
858:state
735:Index
677:Cyber
622:Right
434:Trial
395:NIBRS
301:State
235:State
215:crime
1919:ISBN
1760:PMID
1706:PMID
1671:PMID
1558:ISBN
1537:2021
1487:ISBN
1454:ISBN
1420:2011
1390:SSRN
1363:2008
1308:2015
1276:ISBN
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