2039:
food supply. ... These radical activists, who became the shock troops of the voluntarist 'Stalin
Revolution' which swept the Soviet Union in the Thirties, were concentrated in working-class and youth groups. ... The collectivisation of agriculture from 1929 to about 1934 proceeded in several fitful campaigns characterised by confusion, lurches to left and right, and the substitution of enthusiasm, exhortation and violence for careful planning. Hard-line officials and volunteers forced reluctant peasants into improvised collective farms. Peasants resisted by slaughtering animals and refusing to plant, harvest or market grain. Neither side would give way. By 1934 the Stalinists had won, at least insofar as the collective farm system was permanently established, but they had paid a painful price: catastrophic livestock losses, social dislocation and, in some places, famine. Millions of people died from starvation, deportation and violence.
2071:'There is no evidence it was intentionally directed against Ukrainians,' said Alexander Dallin of Stanford, the father of modern Sovietology. 'That would be totally out of keeping with what we know -- it makes no sense.' 'This is crap, rubbish,' said Moshe Lewin of the University of Pennsylvania, whose Russian Peasants and Soviet Power broke new ground in social history. 'I am an anti-Stalinist, but I don't see how this campaign adds to our knowledge. It's adding horrors, adding horrors, until it becomes a pathology.' 'I absolutely reject it,' said Lynne Viola of SUNY-Binghamton, the first US historian to examine Moscow's Central State Archive on collectivization. 'Why in god's name would this paranoid government consciously produce a famine when they were terrified of war ?' 'He's terrible at doing research,' said veteran Sovietologist Roberta Manning of Boston College. 'He misuses sources, he twists everything.'
720:
camps, colonies, prisons, exile, in transit and in the POW camps for
Germans. These are clearly much lower figures than those for whom Hitler's regime was responsible." Wheatcroft states that Stalin's "purposive killings" fit more closely into the category of "execution" than "murder", given he thought the accused were indeed guilty of crimes against the state and insisted on documentation. Hitler simply wanted to kill Jews and communists because of who they were, insisted on no documentation and was indifferent at even a pretence of legality for these actions.
1231:, Arch Getty argued that the Soviet political system was chaotic, that institutions often escaped the control of the centre, and that Stalin's leadership consisted to a considerable extent in responding, on an ad hoc basis, to political crises as they arose. Getty's work was influenced by political science of the 1960s onwards, which, in a critique of the totalitarian model, began to consider the possibility that relatively autonomous bureaucratic institutions might have had some influence on policy-making at the highest level.
758:(Wheatcroft said that Conquest's victim totals for Stalinist repressions are still too high, even in his reassessments) and other historians for relying on hearsay and rumour as evidence, and cautioned that historians should instead utilize archive material. During the debates, Ellman distinguished between historians who based their research on archive materials, and those like Conquest whose estimates were based on witnesses evidence and other unreliable data. Wheatcroft stated that historians relied on
682:"raise the term race, they step around it gingerly and quickly retreat to the safer language of ethnicity and nationality." He added, "The Soviets explicitly and loudly rejected the ideology of race... Yet at the same time, traces of racial politics crept into Soviet nationalities policies, especially between 1937 and 1953. The particular traits could be the source of praise and power, as with Russians, or could lead to round-ups, forced deportations, and
963:
494:
1980s, when the "totalitarian model" was still widely used, "it was very useful to show that the model had an inherent bias and it did not explain everything about Soviet society. Now, whereas a new generation of academics considers sometimes as self evident that the totalitarian model was completely erroneous and harmful, it is perhaps more useful to show than there were certain things about the Soviet company that it explained very well."
977:
386:, are more numerous and dominate academic institutions and learned journals. A suggested alternative formulation is "new historians of American communism", but that has not caught on because these historians would describe themselves as unbiased and scholarly and contrast their work to the work of anti-communist "traditionalists", whom they would term biased and unscholarly.
382:" that existed in the Soviet system at the time, a form also criticized by many revisionists. Kovel wrote that the "Soviet system while nominally communist was, given its hierarchy, exploitation and lack of democracy, neither communist nor even authentically socialist." "Revisionists", characterized by Haynes and Klehr as
2004:
Conquest's book will thus give a certain academic credibility to a theory which has not been generally accepted by non-partisan scholars outside the circles of exiled nationalities. In today's conservative political climate, with its 'evil empire' discourse, I am sure that the book will be very popular.
1486:
Analysts such as Tucker, Barghoorn and
Agursky have, in one way or another, understood Soviet policies as being in fundamental conflict with the regime's own official ideology insofar as the Soviet leadership often pursued de facto non- or even antileftist policies, and, above all, russocentric aims.
2003:
Conquest's hypothesis, sources and evidence are not new. Indeed, he himself first put forward his view two years ago in a work sponsored by the
American Enterprise Institute. The intentional famine story, however, has been an article of faith for Ukrainian émigrés in the West since the Cold War. ...
615:
states "Conquest seems prone to accept the
Ukrainian nationalist myth." Hiroaki writes that "those who examine the famine from a general Soviet perspective downplay any specific Ukrainian factor, while specialists on Ukraine generally support the concept of a genocidal famine." The most notable work
244:
and almost unlimited powers of the "great leader" such as Stalin. The "revisionist school" beginning in the 1960s focused on relatively autonomous institutions which might influence policy at the higher level. Matt Lenoe describes the "revisionist school" as representing those who "insisted that the
2038:
Stalin gave his backing to radicals in the Party who saw the mixed economy of the
Twenties as an unwarranted concession to capitalism. These leftists, for whom Stalin was spokesman and leader, argued that the free market in grain confronted the state with an unpredictable, inefficient and expensive
1320:
In the intervening quarter-century, the Soviet Union has changed substantially. Our knowledge of the Soviet Union has changed as well. We all know that the traditional paradigm no longer satisfies, despite several efforts, primarily in the early 1960s (the directed society, totalitarianism without
750:
in contemporary times. According to Ellman, the latter "are guilty of mass manslaughter or mass deaths from criminal negligence because of their not taking obvious measures to reduce mass deaths" and a possible defense of Stalin and his associates is that "their behaviour was no worse than that of
1880:
The word is as functional now as it was 50 years ago. It means the kind of regime that existed in Nazi
Germany, the Soviet Union, the Soviet satellites, Communist China, and maybe Fascist Italy, where the word originated. ... Who are we to tell Václav Havel or Adam Michnik that they were fooling
719:
posits that "he
Stalinist regime was consequently responsible for about a million purposive killings, and through its criminal neglect and irresponsibility it was probably responsible for the premature deaths of about another two million more victims amongst the repressed population, i.e. in the
665:
peoples and the 'nationalities deportations' from 1937 to 1950," some revisionist historians "held that these cases of ethnic cleansing were not racial but ideological in nature, in which both elites and ordinary people could be targeted as 'enemies of the people.'" This subgroup of revisionists
2399:
For decades, many historians counted Stalin' s victims in 'tens of millions', which was a figure supported by
Solzhenitsyn. Since the collapse of the USSR, the lower estimates of the scale of the camps have been vindicated. The arguments about excess mortality are far more complex than normally
1716:
The tenor of debate shifted again when the end of the Cold War made available new evidence from Soviet archives and U.S. intelligence sources such as the VENONA decrypts. That evidence indicated that scholars had underestimated the success of Soviet espionage in the United States as well as the
493:
was the first to call the group of historians working on Soviet history in the 1980s "a new cohort of historians." Most young "revisionist school" historians did not want to separate the social history of the Soviet Union from the evolution of the political system. Fitzpatrick explained in the
2356:
The long-awaited archival evidence on repression in the period of the Great Purges shows that levels of arrests, political prisoners, executions, and general camp populations tend to confirm the orders of magnitude indicated by those labeled as 'revisionists' and mocked by those proposing high
1193:
In 1953, Carl
Friedrich characterised totalitarian systems in terms of five points: an official ideology, control of weapons and of media, use of terror, and a single mass party, 'usually under a single leader.' There was of course an assumption that the leader was critical to the workings of
569:
played a major role, but "there is plenty of blame to go around. It must be shared by the tens of thousands of activists and officials who carried out the policy and by the peasants who chose to slaughter animals, burn fields, and boycott cultivation in protest." In an analysis of scholarship
354:), "orthodox", and "right-wing"; Haynes and Klehr argue that "revisionists" categorize all "traditionalists" as conservative to undermine liberal forms of this study, despite the liberal or even left background of many of the founding members of this view on communism, such as Draper and the
532:
while noting the concept is both useful and descriptive rather than analytical, with the conclusion the regimes described as totalitarian do not have a common origin and did not arise in similar ways. Philippe Burrin and Nicholas Werth take a middle position between one making Stalin seem
708:
were due to famines. Getty writes that the "overwhelming weight of opinion among scholars working in the new archives is that the terrible famine of the 1930s was the result of Stalinist bungling and rigidity rather than some genocidal plan." As the majority of excess deaths under
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to support their estimates of deaths under Stalin in the tens of millions but research in the state archives vindicated the lower estimates, while adding that the popular press has continued to include serious errors that should not be cited, or relied on, in academia.
302:
in nature, where the "monarch was dependent on his bureaucracy". Some revisionists also focused on contradictions of the Soviet regime, such as the idea that Soviet elites had betrayed communist ideals in forming top-down apparatuses, as well as demonstrating national
541:
take a longer historical perspective and regard Nazism and Stalinism not so much as examples of a new type of society like Arendt, Brzezinski and Friedrich did, but more as historical "anomalies" or unusual deviations from the typical path of development that most
1487:
The scholarly documentation of such tendencies has markedly grown during the last fifteen years, including books written or edited by Shimon Redlich, Gennadii Kostyrchenko, Yitzhak Brudny, Hildegard Kochanek, Aleksandr Borshchagovskii, William Korey and others.
587:
and that if Stalin was guilty of genocide in the Holodomor, then "any other events of the 1917–53 era (e.g. the deportation of whole nationalities, and the 'national operations' of 1937–38) would also qualify as genocide, as would the acts of ", such as the
2404:(London, 1992) does not really get to grips with the new data and continues to present an exaggerated picture of the repression. The view of the 'revisionists' has been largely substantiated (J. Arch Getty & R. T. Manning (eds),
2818:
1885:
to describe the systems they lived under before 1989? It is a useful word and everyone knows what it means as a general referent. Problems arise when people confuse the useful descriptive term with the old 'theory' from the
578:
against the Soviet Union were historically dubious and politically motivated as part of a campaign by the Ukrainian nationalist community. In a letter to the editors, Conquest dismissed the article as "error and absurdity."
1321:
terror, the mobilization system) to articulate an acceptable variant. We have come to realize that models which were, in effect, offshoots of totalitarian models do not provide good approximations of post-Stalinist reality.
489:. Lenoe responds that "Getty has not denied Stalin's ultimate responsibility for the Terror, nor is he an admirer of Stalin." As the leader of the second generation of the "revisionist school" or "revisionist historians",
1164:
Academic Sovietology, a child of the early Cold War, was dominated by the 'totalitarian model' of Soviet politics. Until the 1960s it was almost impossible to advance any other interpretation, in the USA at
900:
of strictly communist studies is also changing, with some different models of its aims as well as the major shift caused by access to archives. The access to archives, including post-Soviet archives and the
1362:... the Western scholars who in the 1990s and 2000s were most active in scouring the new archives for data on Soviet repression were revisionists (always 'archive rats') such as Arch Getty and Lynne Viola.
334:, the historiography is characterized by a split between traditionalists and revisionists. "Traditionalists" characterize themselves as objective reporters of what they see as a "totalitarian nature" of
726:
says that "the very category 'victims of Stalinism' is a matter of political judgement." Ellman says that mass deaths from famines are not a "uniquely Stalinist evil", and compares the behavior of the
661:, despite social history officially being focused on the lived experiences of the common people. According to Chang, because of this reliance on Soviet archival sources "when it came to the Soviet
413:, played a major role in publicizing the Venona evidence. Archives have also shed new light on inter-communist rivalries during the Cold War, such as the "Soviet Chinese spy wars" during the
245:
old image of the Soviet Union as a totalitarian state bent on world domination was oversimplified or just plain wrong. They tended to be interested in social history and to argue that the
512:. It was considered to be outdated by the 1980s and for the post-Stalinist era, and is seen as a useful word, but the old 1950s theory about it is defunct among scholars. Fitzpatrick and
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431:
378:
imply that "traditionalists" in Communist studies are foremost opposing the establishment of an "ideal" Marxist society, when in practice, traditionalists have criticized the form of "
1881:
themselves when they perceived their rulers as totalitarian? Or for that matter any of the millions of former subjects of Soviet-type rule who use the local equivalents of the Czech
713:
were not direct killings, the exact number of victims of Stalinism is difficult to calculate due to lack of consensus among scholars on which deaths can be attributed to the regime.
771:
While this area is now seldom offered as a field of study in itself, in which one might become a specialist, there are related fields emerging, as may be judged by the titles of
1194:
totalitarianism: at the apex of a monolithic, centralised, and hierarchical system, it was he who issued the orders which were fulfilled unquestioningly by his subordinates.
646:
from 1934 to 1953. Getty and Wheatcroft write that the opening of the Soviet archives has vindicated the lower estimates put forth by the "revisionist school" scholars.
294:
cautioned historians not to "over-Stalinize" the whole of Soviet history, while he also stated that the Soviet Union developed a "propensity for authoritarianism" after
3144:(1922–1927). Modern Humanities Research Association and University College London, School of Slavonic and East European Studies. Retrieved 24 December 2020 – via JSTOR.
3128:(1928–2020). Modern Humanities Research Association and University College London, School of Slavonic and East European Studies. Retrieved 24 December 2020 – via JSTOR.
139:. The wider field included independent study in universities and academia, as well as some support from military and intelligence. Major contemporary journals included
485:. The "totalitarian model" historians objected to the "revisionist school" of historians such as Getty as apologetics for Stalin and accused them of downplaying the
995:
695:
207:
990:
203:
397:'s decrypts, also bolstered traditionalists' view on Cold War intelligence that the CPUSA was subsidized by the Soviet Union, and particularly before the 1950s
2919:
The following journals can only be accessed through participating institutions such as libraries or institutions of higher learning which have a subscription:
2883:
McLane, Charles B. (Autumn 1972). "1970 Yearbook on International Communist Affairs and 1971 Yearbook on International Communist Affairs by Richard F. Staar".
1010:
358:. Norman Markowitz, a prominent "revisionist", referred to traditionalists as "reactionaries", "right-wing romantics", and "triumphalist" who belong to the "
3368:
927:
276:, emphasized that the Soviet Union was not guided by socialism or ideology but more by ruling class. This perspective emerged significantly from ideas of
671:
112:
2156:
911:
607:, Conquest's thesis that the famine constituted genocide and was deliberately inflicted is controversial and remains part of the ongoing debates on the
555:
sources and the insistence on Stalin's engineering of Kirov's murder became embedded in the two sides' position. In a review of Conquest's work on the
477:" of the Soviet Union. In an appendix to the book, Getty also questioned the previously published findings that Stalin organized himself the murder of
1227:
Tucker's work stressed the absolute nature of Stalin's power, an assumption which was increasingly challenged by later revisionist historians. In his
593:
410:
2722:"1975 Yearbook on International Communist Affairs. Edited by Staar Richard F.. (Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1975. Pp. 678. $ 25.00.)"
780:
435:
649:
Another major part of the debate involved Soviet nationality policy and Stalin's deportations. Historian Jon Chang argued that many self-declared "
257:
challenged the "totalitarian model", which was considered to be outdated, and were active in the former communist states' archives, especially the
679:
258:
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1968:
1944:
1917:
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1709:
1635:
1510:
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1186:
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1132:
906:
867:
705:
398:
465:
was not completely controlled from the center and that Stalin only responded to political events as they arose, was a challenge to works by
136:
877:
944:
320:
246:
509:
3338:
2726:
1600:
1579:
1558:
1537:
1110:
948:
124:
3112:(1941–2014). Wiley on behalf of The Editors and Board of Trustees of the Russian Review. Retrieved 24 December 2020 – via JSTOR.
3358:
829:
631:
177:
96:
2376:"Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Police: The Comparability and Reliability of the Archival Data. Not the Last Word"
556:
1027:
1020:
624:, both of whom cite a letter from Conquest stating "he does not believe that Stalin deliberately inflicted the 1933 famine."
366:
scholarship." Haynes and Klehr criticize some "revisionists" for characterizing "traditionalists" as "lowercase" ideological
197:
2776:
Szawlowski, Richard (October 1979). "Reviewed Work: Yearbook on International Communist Affairs 1978 by Richard F. Starr".
2534:
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in oppressive policies or become anti-leftist despite the state imagery. One example was David Brandenberger's concept of
128:
3201:
The following journals are by subscription but most of the back-issue articles can be accessed free of charge online:
823:
667:
666:
sought to recapitulate a "relatively pure" communism in the Soviet Union and explain all of its policies, such as the
608:
445:
160:
108:
3084:(1995–2020). Taylor & Francis. Retrieved 24 December 2020 – via Taylor & Francis Online. Previously known as
3056:(1992–2020). Taylor & Francis. Retrieved 24 December 2020 – via Taylor & Francis Online. Previously known as
2952:(2012–2020). Taylor & Francis. Retrieved 24 December 2020 – via Taylor & Francis Online. Previously known as
3324:
2281:
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3323:. Institute of Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies, University of California, Berkeley. 2 September 2004.
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had failed to be established. Lewin argued that the Soviet Union recapitulated a "bureaucratic absolutism" almost
2657:"The Scale and Nature of Stalinist Repression and its Demographic Significance: On Comments by Keep and Conquest"
350:. Alternative characterizations for traditionalists include "anti-Communist", "conservative", "Draperite" (after
3337:. Institute of Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies, University of California, Berkeley. 20 August 2004.
3373:
2885:
932:
627:
486:
2325:"Victims of the Soviet penal system in the pre-war years: a first approach on the basis of archival evidence"
2274:"Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Pre-War Years: A First Approach on the Basis of Archival Evidence"
1502:
National Bolshevism: Stalinist Mass Culture and the Formation of Modern Russian National Identity, 1931-1956
462:
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2416:, have contained erroneous journalistic articles that should not be cited in respectable academic articles.
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and xenophobia becoming the main ideological currents from the 1930s. Nikolai Mitrokhin highlighted the
2854:(4). Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies; Cambridge University Press: 704–705.
268:, formulated an alternative that also focused on the personality cult of Stalin. Tucker, influenced by
3310:(1945–1961). Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies; Cambridge University Press.
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61:
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2535:"A Tale of 'Two Totalitarianisms': The Crisis of Capitalism and the Historical Memory of Communism"
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611:. Vladimir N. Brovkin describes it as a challenge to the "revisionist school" of historians, while
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of the 1930s, Jeff Coplon says that allegations by "mainstream academics", including Conquest, of
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Cohen, Stephen F.; English, Robert; Kraus, Michael; Lih, Lars T.; Sharlet, Robert (Spring 2011).
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that existed or still exist in some form in many countries, both inside and outside the former
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leadership had had to adjust to social forces." These "revisionist school" historians such as
2480:"Racial Politics without the Concept of Race: Reevaluating Soviet Ethnic and National Purges"
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228:'s power. The "totalitarian model" was first outlined in the 1950s by political scientist
185:
81:
65:
57:
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374:(the historically established Communist parties). In their view, "revisionists" such as
2936:(1993–2019). University of California Press. Retrieved 24 December 2020 – via Elsevier.
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1730:"The Soviet-Chinese Spy Wars in the 1970s: What KGB Counterintelligence Knew, Part II"
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638:, some of the heat has gone out of the debate. A 1993 study of archival data by Getty
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2519:
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Marples, David R. (May 2009). "Ethnic Issues in the Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine".
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180:, the field focused on historical studies and began to include comparisons to the
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3273:
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3115:
2615:"The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 1930–45"
2247:
Sarah Davies; James Harris (8 September 2005). "Joseph Stalin: Power and Ideas".
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Connelly, John (September 2010). "Totalitarianism: Defunct Theory, Useful Word".
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1294:
Zimmerman, William (September 1980). "Review: How the Soviet Union is Governed".
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in the 1990s, among many others. Historian Hiroaki Kuromiya finds it persuasive.
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2579:
Ellman, Michael (November 2002). "Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments".
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3040:(2000–2020). Slavica Publishers. Retrieved 24 December 2020 – via Project MUSE.
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to describe the Stalinist regime's turn against internationalism, with Russian
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Hiroaki, Kuromiya (June 2008). "The Soviet Famine of 1932–1933 Reconsidered".
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653:" generally falling into the revisionist school, relied almost exclusively on
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Storrs, Landon R. Y. (2 July 2015). "McCarthyism and the Second Red Scare".
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that included the study of various aspects of Soviet society, including
3024:(1966–2016). SAGE Publications. Retrieved 24 December 2020 – via JSTOR.
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Davies, Sarah; Harris, James (2005). "Joseph Stalin: Power and Ideas".
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Davies, Sarah; Harris, James (2005). "Joseph Stalin: Power and Ideas".
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Davies, Sarah; Harris, James (2005). "Joseph Stalin: Power and Ideas".
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401:, as well as the knowledge that extensive operations were conducted by
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have attracted debates between historians on several topics, including
49:
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2641:
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Sheila, Fitzpatrick (November 2007). "Revisionism in Soviet History".
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Lenoe, Matt (June 2002). "Did Stalin Kill Kirov and Does It Matter?".
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Ellman, Getty, and Wheatcroft in particular, among others, criticized
1820:
Fitzpatrick, Sheila (October 1986). "New Perspectives on Stalinism".
1787:
Fitzpatrick, Sheila (October 1986). "New Perspectives on Stalinism".
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30:"Soviet studies" redirects here. For the journal Soviet Studies, see
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were prominent advocates of applying the totalitarian concept to a
3345:. Retrieved 24 December 2020 – via Socrates and Berkeley Scholars.
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all-powerful and the other making him seem like a weak dictator.
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In Communist studies, post-Soviet access to archives, including
359:
3248:. Retrieved 24 December 2020 – via Bundesstiftung Aufarbeitung.
409:, a United States Senator for the Democratic Party who led the
346:
in their eagerness on continuing to focus on the issues of the
3272:. Retrieved 24 December 2020 – via JSTOR. Previously known as
3176:(1961–1992). Springer. Retrieved 24 December 2020 – via JSTOR.
3160:(1993–2016). Springer. Retrieved 24 December 2020 – via JSTOR.
616:
in the field that maintains the famine was not genocide is by
2433:"Ethnic Cleansing and Revisionist Russian and Soviet History"
1570:
Haynes, John Earl; Klehr, Harvey (2003). "Revising History".
1549:
Haynes, John Earl; Klehr, Harvey (2003). "Revising History".
1528:
Haynes, John Earl; Klehr, Harvey (2003). "Revising History".
1101:
Haynes, John Earl; Klehr, Harvey (2003). "Revising History".
706:
100 million deaths which are commonly attributed to communism
3207:
Demokratizatsiya: The Journal of Post-Soviet Democratization
2323:
Getty, J. Arch; Rittersporn, Gábor; Zemskov, Viktor (1993).
2272:
Getty, J. Arch; Rittersporn, Gábor; Zemskov, Viktor (1993).
1478:"National Bolshevism (review): Was Stalinism nationalistic?"
516:
criticize the concept and highlight the differences between
290:
and in the process creating a more tsarist-type government.
1717:
extent of Soviet control over the American Communist Party.
747:
2809:"As Soviet Union dissolves, 'kremlinologists' shift gears"
1626:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. pp.
1016:
Nostalgia for the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
461:, a book published in 1985 in which Getty posits that the
1904:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–4, 8–12, 17–19.
1127:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–17.
751:
many rulers in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries."
432:
Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin
272:'s writings on how the Soviet Union had reverted into a
1215:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 4–5.
1181:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–4.
91:
Soviet and Eastern European studies was also a form of
3285:
The Slavonic and East European Review. American Series
3029:
Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History
2542:
History of the Present: A Journal of Critical History
1901:
Beyond Totalitarianism: Stalinism and Nazism Compared
1856:
Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History
2966:
Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics
1933:
Goslan, Richard Joseph; Rousso, Henry, eds. (2004).
1152:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 3.
642:
showed that a total of 1,053,829 people died in the
2157:"Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932–33 Revisited"
941:
World Strength of the Communist Party Organizations
3321:Berkeley Program in Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies
2369:
2367:
2365:
1898:Fitzpatrick, Sheila; Geyer, Michael, eds. (2009).
1756:
1736:. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
1665:"Exchange with Arthur Herman and Venona book talk"
1619:
1331:
1329:
1080:. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
342:. They are criticized by their opponents as being
1961:Stalinism and Nazism: Dictatorships in Comparison
1936:Stalinism and Nazism: History and Memory Compared
1759:In Denial: Historians, Communism, & Espionage
220:was dominated by the "totalitarian model" of the
1694:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History
1613:
1611:
1609:
1289:
1287:
264:Some critics of the totalitarian model, such as
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2107:
2105:
1074:"Looking Back at the Origins of Soviet Studies"
1067:
1065:
1063:
996:Bibliography of the post-Stalinist Soviet Union
696:Crimes against humanity under communist regimes
678:wrote that, while revisionists on the topic of
426:Totalitarianism, revisionism, and the Holodomor
208:Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union
2575:
2573:
2571:
2049:
2047:
1687:
1685:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1593:In Denial: Historians, Communism and Espionage
1572:In Denial: Historians, Communism and Espionage
1551:In Denial: Historians, Communism and Espionage
1530:In Denial: Historians, Communism and Espionage
1103:In Denial: Historians, Communism and Espionage
991:Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union
323:and Moscow administration of the Soviet era.
232:, who posited that the Soviet Union and other
204:Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union
3230:Jahrbuch für Historische Kommunismusforschung
912:Jahrbuch für Historische Kommunismusforschung
583:states that in the end it all depends on the
8:
3299:The American Slavic and East European Review
2408:(Cambridge, 1993)). The popular press, even
2251:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–5.
1243:
1241:
1239:
1006:Nostalgia for the German Democratic Republic
549:During the debates in the 1980s, the use of
928:Yearbook on International Communist Affairs
1011:Nostalgia for the Polish People's Republic
3296:(1943–1944). Cambridge University Press.
3264:(1961–2017). Cambridge University Press.
3238:Yearbook for Historical Communist Studies
2859:
2655:Wheatcroft, Stephen G. (September 2000).
1959:Kershaw, Ian; Lewin, Moshe, eds. (1997).
1939:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
1755:Haynes, John Earl; Klehr, Harvey (2003).
1591:Haynes, John Earl; Klehr, Harvey (2005).
1425:
917:Yearbook for Historical Communist Studies
905:, also bolstered traditionalist views on
594:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
411:Moynihan Commission on Government Secrecy
2069:– via Montclair State University.
925:. Other serial publications include the
436:Political repression in the Soviet Union
1574:. San Francisco: Encounter. pp. 50–51.
1532:. San Francisco: Encounter. pp. 43–44.
1105:. San Francisco: Encounter. pp. 11–57.
1059:
259:State Archive of the Russian Federation
1420:(1). Cambridge University Press: 242.
101:Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
3117:The Slavonic and East European Review
2426:
2424:
2083:Conquest, Robert (21 February 1988).
1472:
1470:
1468:
907:Soviet espionage in the United States
868:The Slavonic and East European Review
630:and James Harris write that with the
469:and part of the debates between the "
7:
3282:(1941). Cambridge University Press.
2925:Communist and Post-Communist Studies
2893:(3). Taylor & Francis: 548–551.
2840:Morris, Bernard S. (December 1970).
2821:from the original on 31 January 2018
1702:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.6
943:, an annual report published by the
795:Communist and Post-Communist Studies
777:fall of communism in the early 1990s
2807:Goshko, John M. (3 December 1991).
1663:Haynes, John Earl (February 2000).
1595:. San Francisco: Encounter. p. 87.
1553:. San Francisco: Encounter. p. 43.
945:Bureau of Intelligence and Research
565:, Getty writes that Stalin and the
370:(communism in general) rather than
224:, stressing the absolute nature of
184:years as well as new data from the
3369:Historiography of the Soviet Union
3096:(1954–1992). Taylor & Francis.
2915:Account required for online access
2406:Stalinist Terror: New Perspectives
2016:Getty, J. Arch (22 January 1987).
1981:Getty, J. Arch (22 January 1987).
668:nationality operations of the NKVD
510:comparison of Nazism and Stalinism
103:(COMECON), trade relations in the
25:
2727:American Political Science Review
2402:The Great Terror: A Re-assessment
2056:"In Search of a Soviet Holocaust"
1618:Moynihan, Daniel Patrick (1998).
1374:Martin, Douglas (1 August 2010).
949:United States Department of State
878:Jane's Soviet Intelligence Review
3149:Studies in East European Thought
2054:Coplon, Jeff (12 January 1988).
1622:Secrecy: The American Experience
1350:10.1111/j.1468-2303.2007.00429.x
975:
961:
891:Studies in East European Thought
873:Studies in East European Thought
283:, evaluating Stalin as a deeply
3013:Journal of Contemporary History
2613:Wheatcroft, Stephen G. (1996).
2562:10.5406/historypresent.4.2.0115
2554:10.5406/historypresent.4.2.0115
2374:Wheatcroft, Stephen G. (1999).
830:Journal of Contemporary History
632:dissolution of the Soviet Union
261:related to the Soviet Union.
178:dissolution of the Soviet Union
2533:Ghodsee, Kristen (Fall 2014).
1963:. Cambridge University Press.
1427:10.5612/slavicreview.70.1.0242
1028:Historiography of the Cold War
1021:Nostalgia for the Soviet Union
674:, as a reflection of Marxism.
528:defends the work of Friedrich
198:Historiography of the Cold War
1:
2155:Ellman, Michael (June 2007).
1647:– via Internet Archive.
1499:Brandenberger, David (2002).
1461:. London: Verso. p. 383.
1250:The Journal of Modern History
931:(1966–1991) published by the
2954:Journal of Communist Studies
1763:. Encounter Books. pp.
1505:. Harvard University Press.
809:Journal of Communist Studies
38:Soviet and communist studies
2997:Journal of Cold War Studies
2593:10.1080/0966813022000017177
1696:. Oxford University Press.
1229:Origins of the Great Purges
909:. Printed journals include
824:Journal of Cold War Studies
686:in horrendous conditions."
609:Holodomor genocide question
481:to justify his campaign of
446:Holodomor genocide question
161:Journal of Cold War Studies
27:Field of historical studies
3390:
3073:Problems of Post-Communism
2449:10.1007/s12129-019-09791-8
2332:American Historical Review
2282:American Historical Review
2022:The London Review of Books
1987:The London Review of Books
883:Jane's Intelligence Review
851:Problems of Post-Communism
693:
557:Soviet famine of 1932–1933
439:
429:
201:
195:
176:, among others. After the
129:policies towards religions
29:
3197:Mostly free-online access
3165:Studies in Soviet Thought
2941:Eastern European Politics
2676:10.1080/09668130050143860
2634:10.1080/09668139608412415
2226:10.1080/09668130902753325
2176:10.1080/09668130701291899
2126:10.1080/09668130801999912
887:Studies in Soviet Thought
805:Eastern European Politics
657:sources while neglecting
212:The academic field after
2886:Canadian Slavonic Papers
2583:. Taylor & Francis.
2085:"Letters to the Editors"
1910:10.1017/CBO9780511802652
933:Hoover Institution Press
546:are expected to follow.
319:and antisemitism of the
3327:4 December 2004 at the
2720:Gyorgy, Andrew (1978).
2478:Weitz, Eric D. (2002).
2400:believed. R. Conquest,
1482:socialhistoryportal.org
672:deportations of Koreans
634:and the release of the
463:Soviet political system
459:Origins of Great Purges
450:Denial of the Holodomor
407:Daniel Patrick Moynihan
384:historical revisionists
3359:Area studies by period
3341:9 October 2004 at the
3275:The Slavonic Year-Book
2431:Chang, Jon K. (2019).
2395:10.1080/09668139999056
2018:"Starving the Ukraine"
1983:"Starving the Ukraine"
781:the end of Soviet rule
760:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
598:sanctions against Iraq
585:definition of genocide
506:Carl Joachim Friedrich
405:for the Soviet Union.
399:aiding it in espionage
230:Carl Joachim Friedrich
3086:Problems of Communism
2249:Stalin: A New History
1868:10.1353/kri.2010.0001
1457:Lewin, Moshe (2005).
1213:Stalin: A New History
1179:Stalin: A New History
1150:Stalin: A New History
1125:Stalin: A New History
846:Problems of Communism
730:regime vis-à-vis the
717:Stephen G. Wheatcroft
622:Stephen G. Wheatcroft
562:The Harvest of Sorrow
440:Further information:
202:Further information:
3364:History of socialism
2786:Taylor & Francis
2089:The Ukrainian Weekly
690:Victims of Stalinism
590:Atlantic slave trade
544:industrial societies
238:totalitarian systems
117:nationality policies
62:history of communism
18:Victims of communism
3133:The Slavonic Review
3045:Post-Soviet Affairs
2981:Europe-Asia Studies
2814:The Washington Post
2664:Europe-Asia Studies
2622:Europe-Asia Studies
2581:Europe-Asia Studies
2383:Europe-Asia Studies
2214:Europe-Asia Studies
2164:Europe-Asia Studies
2114:Europe-Asia Studies
1072:Dresen, F. Joseph.
1043:Post-Soviet studies
1001:Communist nostalgia
951:beginning in 1948.
937:Stanford University
841:Post-Soviet Affairs
814:Europe-Asia Studies
779:and the effects of
704:, over half of the
680:Soviet deportations
502:Zbigniew Brzezinski
309:National Bolshevism
147:Europe-Asia Studies
74:Communist Party USA
32:Europe-Asia Studies
3101:The Russian Review
2437:Academic Questions
1822:The Russian Review
1789:The Russian Review
1459:The Soviet Century
1380:The New York Times
1338:History and Theory
862:The Russian Review
491:Sheila Fitzpatrick
475:revisionist school
471:totalitarian model
296:Marxian principles
173:The Russian Review
86:Cold War espionage
50:historical studies
44:, is the field of
3315:Academic programs
2258:978-1-139-44663-1
1969:978-0-521-56521-9
1946:978-0-803-29000-6
1919:978-0-521-72397-8
1774:978-1-893554-72-6
1711:978-0-199-32917-5
1637:978-0-300-08079-7
1512:978-0-674-00906-6
1222:978-1-139-44663-1
1188:978-1-139-44663-1
1159:978-1-139-44663-1
1134:978-1-139-44663-1
773:academic journals
767:Academic journals
651:social historians
603:As summarized by
415:Sino–Soviet split
393:archives and the
356:Cold War liberals
313:cultural hegemony
274:tsarist autocracy
76:. Aspects of its
66:communist parties
60:, as well as the
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572:Ukrainian famine
570:surrounding the
567:Soviet Politburo
504:, Conquest, and
340:communist states
328:John Earl Haynes
270:George F. Kennan
266:Robert C. Tucker
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430:Main articles:
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372:anti-Communists
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247:Communist Party
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3250:
3247:
3243:
3240:(1993–2020).
3239:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2964:(1985–1993).
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2914:
2909:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2879:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2847:Slavic Review
2843:
2836:
2833:
2820:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2803:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2769:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2716:
2713:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2484:Slavic Review
2481:
2474:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2427:
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2417:
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2411:
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2396:
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2368:
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2362:
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2349:
2345:
2341:
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2319:
2316:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2275:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2151:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2061:
2060:Village Voice
2057:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2009:
2005:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1776:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1760:
1751:
1748:
1735:
1734:Wilson Center
1731:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1639:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1601:1-59403-088-X
1598:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1580:1-893554-72-4
1577:
1573:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1559:1-893554-72-4
1556:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1538:1-893554-72-4
1535:
1531:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1453:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1414:Slavic Review
1411:
1410:"Moshe Lewin"
1404:
1401:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1296:Slavic Review
1290:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1141:
1136:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1111:1-893554-72-4
1108:
1104:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1079:
1078:Wilson Center
1075:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
988:
984:
983:Russia portal
973:
970:
959:
954:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
929:
924:
923:
922:Slavic Review
918:
914:
913:
908:
904:
899:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
879:
874:
870:
869:
864:
863:
858:
857:
856:Slavic Review
852:
848:
847:
842:
838:
837:
832:
831:
826:
825:
820:
816:
815:
810:
806:
802:
801:
796:
792:
791:
786:
782:
778:
774:
766:
764:
761:
757:
752:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
718:
714:
712:
711:Joseph Stalin
707:
703:
702:J. Arch Getty
700:According to
697:
689:
687:
685:
681:
677:
676:Eric D. Weitz
673:
669:
664:
660:
656:
652:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
623:
619:
614:
610:
606:
601:
599:
595:
591:
586:
582:
577:
573:
568:
564:
563:
559:, especially
558:
554:
553:
547:
545:
540:
536:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
514:Michael Geyer
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:Hannah Arendt
495:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
455:J. Arch Getty
451:
447:
443:
437:
433:
425:
420:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
326:According to
324:
322:
318:
317:ethnocentrism
314:
310:
306:
301:
297:
293:
289:
286:
282:
279:
275:
271:
267:
262:
260:
256:
252:
251:J. Arch Getty
248:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
226:Joseph Stalin
223:
219:
215:
209:
205:
199:
191:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
174:
169:
168:
167:Slavic Review
163:
162:
157:
156:
152:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
3335:Publications
3307:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3237:
3229:
3218:(1992–2006).
3215:
3211:
3206:
3200:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3173:
3169:
3164:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3068:(1985–1992).
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2989:
2985:
2980:
2976:(1994–2011).
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2918:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2851:
2845:
2835:
2823:. Retrieved
2812:
2802:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2759:. Retrieved
2731:
2725:
2715:
2703:. Retrieved
2667:
2663:
2650:
2625:
2621:
2608:
2584:
2580:
2545:
2541:
2528:
2487:
2483:
2473:
2440:
2436:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2386:
2382:
2355:
2335:
2331:
2318:
2306:. Retrieved
2286:
2280:
2267:
2248:
2242:
2217:
2213:
2167:
2163:
2150:
2117:
2113:
2094:14 September
2092:. Retrieved
2088:
2078:
2070:
2063:. Retrieved
2059:
2037:
2030:. Retrieved
2025:
2021:
2011:
2002:
1995:. Retrieved
1990:
1986:
1976:
1960:
1955:
1935:
1928:
1900:
1893:
1882:
1879:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1758:
1750:
1738:. Retrieved
1733:
1724:
1715:
1693:
1672:. Retrieved
1668:
1641:. Retrieved
1621:
1592:
1587:
1571:
1566:
1550:
1545:
1529:
1501:
1494:
1485:
1481:
1458:
1452:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1391:. Retrieved
1379:
1369:
1361:
1344:(4): 77–91.
1341:
1337:
1319:
1299:
1295:
1253:
1249:
1228:
1226:
1212:
1192:
1178:
1172:
1163:
1149:
1143:
1124:
1118:
1102:
1082:. Retrieved
1077:
940:
926:
920:
916:
910:
895:
890:
886:
882:
876:
872:
866:
860:
854:
850:
844:
840:
834:
828:
822:
818:
812:
808:
807:(previously
804:
798:
794:
788:
770:
753:
722:
715:
699:
684:resettlement
659:oral history
648:
639:
628:Sarah Davies
626:
618:R. W. Davies
602:
560:
550:
548:
529:
526:Henry Rousso
496:
487:Great Terror
479:Sergey Kirov
458:
453:
403:atomic spies
391:Eastern Bloc
388:
371:
367:
332:Harvey Klehr
325:
278:neo-Freudian
263:
222:Soviet Union
214:World War II
211:
171:
165:
159:
153:
150:
146:
140:
125:human rights
121:Kremlinology
93:area studies
90:
70:Eastern Bloc
54:Soviet Union
41:
40:, or simply
37:
36:
3234:(in German)
2788:: 617–619.
2705:1 September
2490:(1): 1–29.
2308:30 November
2065:30 November
2032:20 December
1997:20 December
539:Moshe Lewin
535:Ian Kershaw
483:Great Purge
442:Great Purge
292:Moshe Lewin
255:Lynne Viola
240:, with the
182:post-Soviet
133:imperialism
105:Warsaw Pact
97:agriculture
64:and of the
3353:Categories
2825:31 January
2734:(2): 819.
2357:estimates.
1740:8 December
1674:8 December
1643:8 December
1393:8 December
1084:8 December
1054:References
790:Communisme
746:) and the
596:, and the
376:Joel Kovel
362:school of
305:chauvinism
155:Communisme
113:scientific
56:and other
3270:0037-6779
3246:0944-629X
2756:147472919
2700:205667754
2520:156279881
2504:0037-6779
2465:150711796
2457:0895-4852
2142:143876370
1876:143510612
1824:. Wiley.
1791:. Wiley.
1444:163943811
1436:0037-6779
1388:0362-4331
1358:1468-2303
1278:142829949
1270:0022-2801
849:(renamed
738:(towards
732:Holodomor
728:Stalinist
522:Stalinism
336:communism
3339:Archived
3325:Archived
2899:40866482
2819:Archived
2692:19326595
2234:67783643
2192:53655536
2184:20451381
2134:20451530
1993:(2): 7–8
1883:totalita
1484:. 2005.
955:See also
663:diaspora
655:archival
576:genocide
348:Cold War
300:Prussian
285:paranoid
218:Cold War
109:cultural
46:regional
2870:2493285
2748:1954276
2512:2696978
2352:2166597
2303:2166597
1316:2497167
947:of the
885:), and
836:Kritika
785:Eurasia
740:Ireland
473:" and "
52:on the
3268:
3244:
2897:
2868:
2794:150933
2792:
2761:13 May
2754:
2746:
2698:
2690:
2684:153593
2682:
2642:152781
2640:
2601:826310
2599:
2560:
2518:
2510:
2502:
2463:
2455:
2350:
2301:
2255:
2232:
2190:
2182:
2140:
2132:
1967:
1943:
1916:
1886:1950s.
1874:
1842:130471
1840:
1809:130466
1807:
1771:
1708:
1634:
1599:
1578:
1557:
1536:
1509:
1442:
1434:
1386:
1356:
1314:
1276:
1268:
1219:
1185:
1165:least.
1156:
1131:
1109:
919:) and
640:et al.
592:, the
552:émigré
530:et al.
518:Nazism
448:, and
288:tyrant
170:, and
135:, and
99:, the
2895:JSTOR
2866:JSTOR
2790:JSTOR
2784:(4).
2752:S2CID
2744:JSTOR
2696:S2CID
2680:JSTOR
2660:(PDF)
2638:JSTOR
2618:(PDF)
2597:JSTOR
2558:JSTOR
2538:(PDF)
2516:S2CID
2508:JSTOR
2461:S2CID
2379:(PDF)
2348:JSTOR
2328:(PDF)
2299:JSTOR
2277:(PDF)
2230:S2CID
2188:S2CID
2180:JSTOR
2160:(PDF)
2138:S2CID
2130:JSTOR
1872:S2CID
1838:JSTOR
1805:JSTOR
1767:–17.
1628:15–16
1440:S2CID
1312:JSTOR
1274:S2CID
1049:Notes
744:India
644:Gulag
364:CPUSA
236:were
145:(now
3266:ISSN
3242:ISSN
2827:2018
2763:2017
2707:2021
2688:PMID
2500:ISSN
2453:ISSN
2412:and
2310:2020
2253:ISBN
2096:2021
2067:2020
2034:2020
1999:2020
1965:ISBN
1941:ISBN
1914:ISBN
1769:ISBN
1742:2021
1706:ISBN
1676:2021
1645:2021
1632:ISBN
1597:ISBN
1576:ISBN
1555:ISBN
1534:ISBN
1507:ISBN
1432:ISSN
1395:2021
1384:ISSN
1354:ISSN
1266:ISSN
1217:ISBN
1183:ISBN
1154:ISBN
1129:ISBN
1107:ISBN
1086:2021
935:and
896:The
742:and
670:and
620:and
537:and
520:and
434:and
360:HUAC
338:and
330:and
321:CPSU
253:and
206:and
111:and
84:and
48:and
2856:doi
2736:doi
2672:doi
2630:doi
2589:doi
2550:doi
2492:doi
2445:doi
2410:TLS
2391:doi
2340:doi
2291:doi
2222:doi
2172:doi
2122:doi
2028:(2)
1906:doi
1864:doi
1830:doi
1797:doi
1698:doi
1422:doi
1346:doi
1304:doi
1258:doi
893:).
875:),
853:),
821:),
811:),
783:in
457:'s
3355::
3308:20
3302:.
3288:.
3278:.
3262:76
3258:20
3256:.
3236:.
3216:14
3210:.
3190:44
3184:.
3174:44
3168:.
3158:68
3154:45
3152:.
3136:.
3126:98
3120:.
3110:73
3104:.
3094:41
3088:.
3082:67
3078:42
3076:.
3060:.
3054:36
3048:.
3038:21
3032:.
3022:51
3016:.
3006:16
3000:.
2990:64
2986:45
2984:.
2974:27
2970:10
2968:.
2956:.
2950:36
2946:28
2944:.
2934:52
2928:.
2891:14
2889:.
2864:.
2852:29
2850:.
2844:.
2817:.
2811:.
2782:31
2780:.
2750:.
2742:.
2732:72
2730:.
2724:.
2694:.
2686:.
2678:.
2668:52
2666:.
2662:.
2636:.
2626:48
2624:.
2620:.
2595:.
2585:54
2570:^
2556:.
2544:.
2540:.
2514:.
2506:.
2498:.
2488:61
2486:.
2482:.
2459:.
2451:.
2441:32
2439:.
2435:.
2423:^
2397:.
2387:51
2385:.
2381:.
2364:^
2354:.
2346:.
2336:98
2334:.
2330:.
2297:.
2287:98
2285:.
2279:.
2228:.
2218:61
2216:.
2200:^
2186:.
2178:.
2168:59
2166:.
2162:.
2136:.
2128:.
2118:60
2116:.
2104:^
2087:.
2058:.
2046:^
2036:.
2024:.
2020:.
2001:.
1989:.
1985:.
1912:.
1878:.
1870:.
1860:11
1858:.
1836:.
1826:45
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