417:
600:
684:
33:
471:
462:, which would be deeply occupied with organizing the new republican institutions, to establish the abolitionist commission, arguing that any postponing of the emancipation could lead to revolt and bloodshed in the colonies. In his capacity as under-secretary of state and president of the commission, Schœlcher prepared and wrote the decree that was issued on 27 April 1848, through which the French government abolished slavery in all of its colonies and granted citizenship to the emancipated slaves.
1477:
1471:
760:
On 20 May 2020, two statues of Schœlcher were destroyed in
Martinique. French President Emmanuel Macron criticized the acts. Another statue was destroyed in March 2021; their destruction was supported by activists from the separatist "National Front for the Liberation of Martinique", and represents
388:
Schœlcher elaborated on social, economic, and political reforms he believed would be necessary to the
Caribbean colonies after the abolition of slavery. He argued that the production of sugar could continue, though it should be rationalized with the construction of large central factories, and
340:("Of the blacks"), in which he proposed a gradual abolition of slavery. Schœlcher inherited the family business on his father's death in 1832, but sold it on in order to dedicate himself to his abolitionism. In the following years he traveled through Europe, and in 1840 went to the
1725:
475:
1234:
1440:
447:. Arago appointed him under-secretary of state for the colonies the next day, as well as president of a new commission charged with drafting the immediate abolition of slavery, with Louis Percin and
416:
367:
With the knowledge on slavery acquired in his travels, Schœlcher became an advocate for the immediate emancipation of slaves, no longer supporting a gradual process. He published these ideas in
1231:
1084:
1210:
318:
In 1828, Schœlcher was sent by his father on an eighteen months-long trip in
America, as a representative of the family's porcelain enterprise. While in the continent he visited
486:
Schœlcher's ultimate success in ending slavery gave birth to a new republican movement in the
Caribbean colonies. He was elected deputy to the National Assembly in 1848 by the
1433:
1795:
1720:
1775:
1316:
1730:
1690:
1057:
643:
Having never married or left issue, in his will Schœlcher distributed his money and donated his collection to
Guadeloupe, which is now housed at the Schœlcher Museum (
330:. During this trip he learned much about slavery and began his career as an abolitionist writer, and returning to France in 1830 he published his first writing in the
615:("Society for the improvement of women's condition"), and in July 1876 he renewed his proposal for the abolition of capital punishment. In 1882 he co-founded, with
537:, writing a biography of him in 1857. At the same time he published multiple writings criticizing Napoleon III, formerly president of France and now monarch of the
1710:
1426:
375:("French Society for the Abolition of Slavery") founded in 1834, modeled after contemporary British abolitionist societies. After the early 1830s he was also a
1765:
584:
insurrection, Schœlcher tried unsuccessfully to mediate peace talks between the insurgents and the French government, and was briefly imprisoned by the
1770:
455:
1705:
1685:
1259:
599:
1715:
1760:
1184:
892:
349:
1449:
1080:
440:
1206:
1805:
1481:
1462:
1335:
754:
398:
943:
371:("Of the French colonies: Immediate abolition of slavery") in 1842, following his return from the West Indies. He was a member of the
394:
683:
552:
Refusing to take advantage of the amnesty of 1859, Schœlcher only returned to France in late August 1870, after the declaration of
1800:
1700:
1608:
671:, the first black person to be buried in the Panthéon, were transferred at the same time. In 1981, the newly elected President
390:
306:), which was at the time very strongly politicized, not to say openly revolutionary. He later moved to another Parisian lodge,
569:
1493:
1122:
361:
269:
1524:
1049:
1232:
Deux statues de Victor
Schoelcher détruites le 22 mai, jour de la commémoration de l'abolition de l'esclavage en Martinique
1154:
545:, which Schœlcher wrote in English and published in 1854. During this period he became a friend of fellow republican exile
1740:
1735:
1554:
1296:
687:
515:
421:
284:
1418:
1013:
1745:
667:. Schœlcher had wanted to be buried with his father Marc, who was therefore also interred in the Panthéon. The ashes of
507:
1310:
1695:
1680:
577:
406:
280:
1750:
1114:
459:
345:
52:
1785:
1613:
652:
616:
593:
589:
480:
428:
323:
203:
1790:
1755:
1305:
964:
Histoire de la franc-maçonnerie au XIXe siècle, tome 1, André Combes (édition du Rocher, Paris, 1998, page 136)
573:
233:
32:
1780:
561:
276:
470:
672:
534:
448:
444:
327:
319:
303:
237:
1251:
1505:
739:
565:
487:
1476:
1675:
1670:
1176:
884:
695:
624:
538:
519:
499:
668:
1542:
700:
553:
198:
1301:
660:
506:
and was again elected for that department in 1850. He introduced a bill for the abolition of the
410:
402:
1566:
1618:
1590:
1118:
710:
648:
604:
436:
1649:
1644:
1578:
1519:
1353:
1331:
557:
495:
279:
in 1818, but left one year later and began working at the family's porcelain factory in the
1309:
933:
1528:
1238:
1008:
938:
732:
533:, where he settled in 1852. In the following years he became an specialist in the work of
224:
819:
Protestation des citoyens français negres et mulatres contre des accusations calomnieuses
623:. Schœlcher published his last work in 1889, a biography of Haitian revolutionary leader
675:
placed a rose at Schœlcher's tomb in the Panthéon as part of his inauguration ceremony.
1634:
332:
288:
265:
38:
564:
on 4 September, the day of the deposition of
Napoleon III and the proclamation of the
1664:
821:(Protests of black and mulatto French citizens against slanderous accusations) (1851)
664:
581:
522:, was one of the few deputies present at the barricades in Paris to resist the coup.
432:
381:
376:
296:
260:, was the owner of a porcelain factory. His mother, Victoire Jacob (1767–1839), from
1470:
1111:
French Anti-Slavery: The
Movement for the Abolition of Slavery in France, 1802-1848
769:
511:
229:
714:
1380:
Conférence sur
Toussaint Louverture, général en chef de l'armée de Saint-Domingue
973:
Dictionnaire
Universelle de la Franc-Maçonnerie - Jode and Cara (Larousse - 2011)
1639:
1148:
746:
656:
546:
353:
341:
292:
268:, was a laundry maid in Paris at the time of their marriage. He was baptized in
188:
1252:"'Proud to be colonised?': statue of French politician torn down in Martinique"
1081:"French President's Debt Comment in Haiti Reopens Old Wounds About Slave Trade"
588:. Afterwards he continued to serve in the National Assembly as a member of the
1050:"Victor Schoelcher (1804 - 1893) - Une vie vouée à l'abolition de l'esclavage"
1003:
765:
721:
585:
503:
491:
476:
Proclamation of the Abolition of Slavery in the French Colonies, 27 April 1848
253:
94:
73:
379:
activist in France, and was one of the founders of the progressive newspaper
232:, writer, politician and journalist, best known for his leading role in the
435:. Schœlcher arrived from Senegal on 3 March, and quickly went to meet with
1726:
Members of the National Legislative Assembly of the French Second Republic
1413:
1403:
1393:
1383:
1373:
1363:
742:
in Paris was named Rue Schœlcher in 1894 and Rue Victor Schœlcher in 2000.
632:
409:
as French slave owners sought reparations for their property lost in the
177:
401:, and had a large influence on the abolitionist movements in all of the
691:
526:
357:
518:, dissolving the National Assembly. The next day Schœlcher, alongside
1350:
De la pétition des ouvriers pour l'abolition immédiate de l'esclavage
530:
257:
857:(The great conspiracy of theft and murder in the Martinique) (1875)
843:
Dangers to England of the alliance with the men of the Coup d'État
682:
598:
543:
Dangers to England of the alliance with the men of the Coup d'État
469:
415:
261:
249:
160:
525:
Schœlcher was then exiled by the new regime. He lived briefly in
1370:
Evénements des 18 et 19 juillet 1881 à Saint-Pierre (Martinique)
1422:
855:
La grande conspiration du pillage et du meurtre à la Martinique
809:(History of slavery during the last two years) (2 vols., 1847)
252:
on 22 July 1804. His father, Marc Schœlcher (1766–1832), from
785:(On slavery of blacks and colonial legislation) (Paris, 1833)
348:. Next he went to Egypt, Greece and Turkey, where he studied
815:(The truth to the workers and farmers of Martinique) (1850)
724:
turned his family's house into the Victor Schœlcher museum.
369:
Des colonies françaises: Abolition immédiate de l'esclavage
283:. In his teenage years Schœlcher became an opponent of the
510:, which was to be discussed on the day on which President
807:
Histoire de l'esclavage pendant les deux dernières années
393:. Schœlcher was the first European abolitionist to visit
568:. Organizing a legion of artillery, he took part in the
813:
La verité aux ouvriers et cultivateurs de la Martinique
803:(Foreign colonies in America and Haiti) (2 vols., 1843)
783:
De l'esclavage des noirs et de la législation coloniale
655:, his remains were transferred on 20 May 1949 to the
572:. In 1871 he was again elected by Martinique for the
738:
A street created at the south-eastern corner of the
454:
Schœlcher had convinced Arago not to wait until the
1627:
1601:
1585:
1573:
1561:
1549:
1537:
1512:
1500:
1488:
1457:
194:
184:
167:
147:
142:
130:
111:
90:
69:
50:
23:
1293:Victor Schœlcher. Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions
753:– an auxiliary cruiser during World War II, and a
494:. The next year he ran for reelection but lost to
761:part of wider protests against "colonial memory".
373:Société française pour l'abolition de l'esclavage
833:(History of the crimes of the 2 December) (1852)
801:Les colonies étrangères dans l'Amérique et Hayti
385:in 1843, to which he was a regular contributor.
344:to further study slavery and the results of its
228:; 22 July 1804 – 25 December 1893) was a French
1412:, Fort-de-France, Imprimerie officielle, 1944.
631:). He died on 25 December 1893 in his house in
613:Societé pour l'amélioration du sort de la femme
439:, the Minister of the Navy and Colonies of the
291:of Paris. In 1820, at the age of 16, he joined
1400:Un grand ancêtre: Victor Schœlcher (1804–1893)
827:(The trial of the Marie-Galante colony) (1851)
690:celebrating the 1848 abolition of slavery, in
1434:
713:of Case-Navire (Martinique) took the name of
287:while frequenting the literary and political
8:
709:In homage to his fight against slavery, the
1360:Restauration de la traite des noirs à Natal
1317:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography
1441:
1427:
1419:
1408:Magallon Graineau, Louis-Alphonse Eugène.
1104:
1102:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
611:In 1875, Schœlcher became a member of the
107:13 January 1850 – 2 December 1851
31:
20:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
839:(The government of the 2 December) (1853)
768:on a commemorative note of five thousand
364:between September 1847 and January 1848.
1796:French people of the Franco-Prussian War
1721:Members of the 1848 Constituent Assembly
1150:Dictionnaire des parlementaires français
1147:Robert, Adolphe; Cougny, Gaston (1891).
825:Le procès de la colonie de Marie-Galante
1731:Members of the National Assembly (1871)
1691:19th-century French non-fiction writers
1153:(in French). Vol. 5. p. 288.
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
873:
86:24 June 1849 – 17 October 1849
1402:, Rodez, Imprimerie P. Carrère, 1936.
688:Statue of Schœlcher with a freed slave
1711:Republican Union (France) politicians
1450:French Provisional Government of 1848
1362:, Paris, Imprimerie E. Brière, 1877.
1241:, la1ere.francetvinfo.fr, 22 May 2020
1213:from the original on 30 December 2023
1079:Jublin, Matthieu, ed. (12 May 2015).
795:Les colonies françaises de l'Amérique
223:
126:12 March 1871 – 7 March 1876
7:
1157:from the original on 6 December 2022
1087:from the original on 13 January 2016
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
879:
877:
764:He was honored by the department of
295:, being initiated into the Parisian
65:9 August 1848 – 26 May 1849
1776:French anti–death penalty activists
797:(French colonies of America) (1842)
895:from the original on 19 April 2023
14:
1766:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
1262:from the original on 29 June 2021
1060:from the original on 11 June 2021
946:from the original on 25 June 2021
831:Histoire des crimes du 2 décembre
346:abolition in the British colonies
1482:Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure
1475:
1469:
1463:Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure
1452:(24 February 1848 to 9 May 1848)
1336:Bibliothèque Nationale de France
1286:A Brief History Of The Caribbean
1187:from the original on 9 June 2021
1016:from the original on 9 June 2021
755:Commandant Rivière-class frigate
407:debt collected from the Haitians
16:19th-century French abolitionist
1706:The Mountain (1849) politicians
1686:19th-century French journalists
1609:Jacques Gervais, baron Subervie
1574:Education and Religious Affairs
1392:, , Imprimerie Marchand, 1936.
934:"Victor Schoelcher (1804-1893)"
516:coup d'état, on 2 December 1851
502:" and abolitionist, but won in
391:concentration of land ownership
1771:Burials at the Panthéon, Paris
1716:Government ministers of France
1494:Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin
1181:Journal de l'île de La Réunion
1109:Jennings, Lawrence C. (2000).
405:. He was actively against the
234:abolition of slavery in France
1:
1555:Pierre Marie de Saint-Georges
1410:L'exemple de Victor Schœlcher
1382:, , Editions Panorama, 1966.
837:Le gouvernement du 2 décembre
791:(Abolition of slavery) (1840)
757:in service from 1962 to 1988.
659:on the initiative of Senator
576:, where he voted against the
574:National Assembly in Bordeaux
422:Louis Stanislas Marin-Lavigne
1761:Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni
1525:Louis-Antoine Garnier-Pagès
861:Vie de Toussaint Louverture
629:Vie de Toussaint Louverture
603:Photograph of Schœlcher by
281:rue du Faubourg Saint-Denis
1822:
1806:19th-century musicologists
1467:
1115:Cambridge University Press
1352:, Paris, Pagnerre, 1844.
1311:"Schœlcher, Victor"
451:assigned as secretaries.
210:
138:
119:
100:
79:
58:
46:
30:
1562:Agriculture and Commerce
1458:President of the Council
1320:. New York: D. Appleton.
789:Abolition de l'esclavage
621:Le Moniteur des Colonies
580:. During the subsequent
512:Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte
1288:(New York: Plume, 2000)
1256:www.theartnewspaper.com
851:(Life of Handel) (1857)
635:, near Paris, aged 89.
1801:Journalists from Paris
1701:Politicians from Paris
1614:Louis-Eugène Cavaignac
1372:, Paris, Dentu, 1882.
729:Place Victor Schœlcher
705:
653:Père Lachaise Cemetery
651:. First buried in the
617:Gaston Gerville-Réache
608:
535:Georg Friedrich Handel
483:
481:François-Auguste Biard
449:Henri-Alexandre Wallon
441:provisional government
424:
420:Schœlcher in 1848, by
328:southern United States
304:Grand Orient de France
248:Schœlcher was born in
225:[viktɔʁʃœlʃɛʁ]
1506:Alphonse de Lamartine
772:first issued in 1946.
740:Montparnasse Cemetery
698:, it was listed as a
686:
602:
473:
419:
300:Les Amis de la Vérité
272:on 9 September 1804.
1741:French abolitionists
1736:French life senators
696:Louis-Ernest Barrias
625:Toussaint Louverture
539:Second French Empire
520:Jean-Baptiste Baudin
514:seized power with a
429:revolution in France
427:In February 1848, a
356:, traveling through
336:, an article titled
277:Lycée Louis-le-Grand
270:Saint-Laurent Church
236:in 1848, during the
1746:French male writers
1378:Schœlcher, Victor.
1368:Schœlcher, Victor.
1358:Schœlcher, Victor.
1348:Schœlcher, Victor.
1048:Manière, Fabienne.
1004:"Victor Schoelcher"
889:Assemblée nationale
885:"Victor Schoelcher"
735:is named after him.
701:monument historique
673:François Mitterrand
607:, between 1876–1884
556:. He was appointed
541:, in works such as
458:of the constituent
275:He enrolled in the
1696:French biographers
1681:Writers from Paris
1237:2022-06-01 at the
706:
661:Gaston Monnerville
609:
596:in December 1875.
592:, and was elected
500:free man of colour
484:
425:
411:Haitian Revolution
403:French West Indies
308:La Clémente Amitié
1751:French Freemasons
1658:
1657:
1586:Navy and Colonies
1398:Basquel, Victor.
1388:Monnerot, Jules.
1258:. 10 March 2021.
745:Two ships of the
529:before moving to
460:National Assembly
352:, and finally to
214:
213:
201:(Second Republic)
53:National Assembly
1813:
1786:French feminists
1650:Alexandre Martin
1645:Ferdinand Flocon
1595:Victor Schœlcher
1593:, Sub-secretary
1579:Hippolyte Carnot
1543:Adolphe Crémieux
1527:, Sub-secretary
1520:Michel Goudchaux
1479:
1473:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1420:
1321:
1313:
1291:James Chastain,
1284:Jan Rogozinski,
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1248:
1242:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1207:"Aix Google Map"
1203:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1144:
1129:
1128:
1106:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1045:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1002:Schmidt, Nelly.
999:
974:
971:
965:
962:
956:
955:
953:
951:
930:
905:
904:
902:
900:
881:
751:Victor Schœlcher
749:have been named
619:, the newspaper
594:senator for life
590:Republican Union
570:defence of Paris
554:war with Prussia
496:Cyrille Bissette
399:its independence
285:Bourbon monarchy
227:
222:
217:Victor Schœlcher
206:(Third Republic)
204:Republican Union
174:
171:25 December 1893
157:
155:
143:Personal details
124:
105:
84:
63:
35:
25:Victor Schœlcher
21:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1791:Handel scholars
1756:French atheists
1661:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1623:
1597:
1581:
1569:
1567:Eugène Bethmont
1557:
1545:
1533:
1529:Charles Duclerc
1508:
1501:Foreign Affairs
1496:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1465:
1453:
1447:
1345:
1328:
1308:, eds. (1900).
1300:
1281:
1276:
1275:
1265:
1263:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1239:Wayback Machine
1230:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1190:
1188:
1177:"L'émoi de mai"
1175:
1174:
1170:
1160:
1158:
1146:
1145:
1132:
1125:
1117:. p. 278.
1108:
1107:
1100:
1090:
1088:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1063:
1061:
1047:
1046:
1029:
1019:
1017:
1009:Ohio University
1001:
1000:
977:
972:
968:
963:
959:
949:
947:
932:
931:
908:
898:
896:
883:
882:
875:
870:
779:
733:Aix-en-Provence
720:The commune of
681:
645:Musée Schœlcher
641:
560:colonel of the
468:
316:
246:
238:Second Republic
220:
202:
195:Political party
176:
172:
159:
153:
151:
125:
120:
106:
101:
85:
80:
64:
59:
42:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1819:
1817:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1781:Male feminists
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1663:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1635:Armand Marrast
1631:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1619:François Arago
1616:
1611:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1591:François Arago
1589:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1522:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1406:
1396:
1386:
1376:
1366:
1356:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1327:
1326:External links
1324:
1323:
1322:
1298:
1289:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1243:
1224:
1198:
1168:
1130:
1123:
1098:
1071:
1027:
975:
966:
957:
906:
872:
871:
869:
866:
865:
864:
858:
852:
846:
840:
834:
828:
822:
816:
810:
804:
798:
792:
786:
778:
775:
774:
773:
762:
758:
743:
736:
725:
718:
694:. Sculpted by
680:
677:
649:Pointe-à-Pitre
640:
637:
605:Étienne Carjat
566:Third Republic
562:National Guard
467:
464:
437:François Arago
431:overthrew the
350:Muslim slavery
333:Revue de Paris
315:
312:
266:Seine-et-Marne
245:
242:
212:
211:
208:
207:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
175:(aged 89)
169:
165:
164:
149:
145:
144:
140:
139:
136:
135:
132:
128:
127:
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
56:
55:
51:Member of the
48:
47:
44:
43:
39:Henri Decaisne
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1818:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:Other members
1626:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1332:List of works
1330:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1302:Wilson, J. G.
1299:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1228:
1225:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1086:
1083:. Vice News.
1082:
1075:
1072:
1059:
1056:(in French).
1055:
1051:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1005:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
976:
970:
967:
961:
958:
945:
942:(in French).
941:
940:
935:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
907:
894:
891:(in French).
890:
886:
880:
878:
874:
867:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
849:Vie de Händel
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
780:
776:
771:
767:
763:
759:
756:
752:
748:
744:
741:
737:
734:
730:
726:
723:
719:
716:
712:
708:
707:
703:
702:
697:
693:
689:
685:
678:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
638:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
606:
601:
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
582:Paris Commune
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
508:death penalty
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
482:
478:
477:
472:
465:
463:
461:
457:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
433:July Monarchy
430:
423:
418:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
386:
384:
383:
378:
374:
370:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
334:
329:
325:
321:
313:
311:
309:
305:
301:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
243:
241:
239:
235:
231:
226:
218:
209:
205:
200:
197:
193:
190:
187:
185:Resting place
183:
179:
170:
166:
162:
150:
146:
141:
137:
133:
129:
123:
118:
114:
110:
104:
99:
96:
93:
89:
83:
78:
75:
72:
68:
62:
57:
54:
49:
45:
40:
34:
29:
22:
19:
1594:
1550:Public Works
1409:
1399:
1389:
1379:
1369:
1359:
1349:
1343:Bibliography
1315:
1292:
1285:
1279:Bibliography
1264:. Retrieved
1255:
1246:
1227:
1217:18 September
1215:. Retrieved
1201:
1189:. Retrieved
1180:
1171:
1159:. Retrieved
1149:
1110:
1089:. Retrieved
1074:
1062:. Retrieved
1053:
1018:. Retrieved
1007:
969:
960:
948:. Retrieved
937:
897:. Retrieved
888:
860:
854:
848:
842:
836:
830:
824:
818:
812:
806:
800:
794:
788:
782:
750:
728:
699:
644:
642:
628:
620:
612:
610:
578:peace treaty
551:
542:
524:
498:, a former "
485:
474:
466:Later career
453:
445:new Republic
426:
389:opposed the
387:
380:
372:
368:
366:
337:
331:
317:
314:Abolitionism
307:
299:
274:
247:
230:abolitionist
216:
215:
199:The Mountain
173:(1893-12-25)
158:22 July 1804
131:Constituency
121:
112:Constituency
102:
91:Constituency
81:
70:Constituency
60:
37:Portrait by
18:
1676:1893 deaths
1671:1804 births
1640:Louis Blanc
747:French Navy
669:Félix Éboué
547:Victor Hugo
354:West Africa
342:West Indies
293:Freemasonry
1665:Categories
1124:0521772494
1091:18 January
868:References
722:Fessenheim
586:communards
504:Guadeloupe
492:Martinique
488:department
382:La Réforme
377:republican
326:, and the
254:Fessenheim
244:Early life
154:1804-07-22
134:Martinique
115:Guadeloupe
95:Guadeloupe
74:Martinique
1390:Schœlcher
1306:Fiske, J.
715:Schœlcher
338:Des noirs
122:In office
103:In office
82:In office
61:In office
1489:Interior
1338:database
1266:3 August
1260:Archived
1235:Archived
1211:Archived
1185:Archived
1155:Archived
1085:Archived
1058:Archived
1054:Herodote
1014:Archived
944:Archived
893:Archived
717:in 1888.
704:in 1999
657:Panthéon
633:Houilles
456:election
189:Panthéon
180:, France
178:Houilles
163:, France
1538:Justice
1513:Finance
1334:in the
1295:(2004)
1161:20 June
1064:10 June
766:Réunion
711:commune
692:Cayenne
679:Homages
527:Belgium
443:of the
358:Senegal
221:French:
1414:Manioc
1404:Manioc
1394:Manioc
1384:Manioc
1374:Manioc
1364:Manioc
1354:Manioc
1191:9 June
1121:
1020:9 June
950:9 June
899:8 June
863:(1889)
845:(1854)
770:francs
665:Guiana
639:Legacy
531:London
397:after
362:Gambia
320:Mexico
289:salons
258:Alsace
41:, 1832
939:Sénat
777:Works
663:from
647:) in
558:staff
395:Haiti
297:lodge
262:Meaux
250:Paris
161:Paris
1268:2021
1219:2012
1193:2021
1163:2021
1119:ISBN
1093:2016
1066:2021
1022:2021
952:2021
901:2021
727:The
360:and
324:Cuba
168:Died
148:Born
1602:War
731:in
490:of
479:by
264:in
256:in
1667::
1314:.
1304:;
1254:.
1209:.
1183:.
1179:.
1133:^
1113:.
1101:^
1052:.
1030:^
1012:.
1006:.
978:^
936:.
909:^
887:.
876:^
549:.
413:.
322:,
310:.
240:.
1442:e
1435:t
1428:v
1270:.
1221:.
1195:.
1165:.
1127:.
1095:.
1068:.
1024:.
954:.
903:.
627:(
302:(
219:(
156:)
152:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
