1144:"The suggestion of equating the ysry·r/l of the stela with Jezreel has now been taken up anew by I. Hjelm and Thomas L. Thompson (2002: 14) without any reference to earlier discussions. The identification is rife with difficulties. First, the Egyptian signs for "bolt" (Gardiner 1957: 507, O34) and "folded cloth" (Gardiner 1957: 507, S29) in Old Egyptian represented the sound s. In the New Kingdom, Hebrew zayin is rendered q or t in Egyptian and not s (Kitchen 1966a: 91, 1966b 59; Helck 1971: 18, 554, 589). Second, ysry·r/l does not include the Egyptian equivalent of ayin needed for the reading yzrªl. Third, the reading "Jezreel" must assume that the determinative for people used with ysry·r/ l was a scribal error, because it does not fit the designation of a geographical location. The orthographic and philological reasons mitigate the reading of ysry·r/ l as Jezreel (see also Kitchen 2004)."
1048:
1246:
reference to either Judah or Israel appears until the ninth century. The pharaoh
Sheshonq I (biblical Shishak; see Sheshonq I–VI) mentions neither entity by name in the inscription recording his campaign in the southern Levant during the late tenth century. In the ninth century, Israelite kings, and possibly a Judaean king, are mentioned in several sources: the Aramaean stele from Tel Dan, inscriptions of Shalmaneser III of Assyria, and the stela of Mesha of Moab. From the early eighth century onward, the kingdoms of Israel and Judah are both mentioned somewhat regularly in Assyrian and subsequently Babylonian sources, and from this point on there is relatively good agreement between the biblical accounts on the one hand and the archaeological evidence and extra-biblical texts on the other.
993:
1033:
1017:
981:
969:
1227:, pp. 46, 62: "No other inscription from Palestine, or from Transjordan in the Iron Age, has so far provided any specific reference to Israel... The name of Israel was found in only a very limited number of inscriptions, one from Egypt, another separated by at least 250 years from the first, in Transjordan. A third reference is found in the stele from Tel Dan – if it is genuine, a question not yet settled. The Assyrian and Mesopotamian sources only once mentioned a king of Israel, Ahab, in a spurious rendering of the name."
378:, and the inscription is mainly about this. The final lines deal with a separate campaign in the East, where some of the Canaanite cities had revolted. Traditionally the Egyptians had concerned themselves only with cities, so the problem presented by Israel must have been something new – possibly attacks on Egypt's vassals in Canaan. Merneptah and Ramesses III fought off their enemies, but it was the beginning of the end of Egypt's control over Canaan – the last evidence of an Egyptian presence in the area is the name of
1140:. Accordingly, the name ysry·r/l could be translated as Iezreel "which might be an inexperienced way of rendering Yezreel, the valley to the north of the country" (Margalith 1990: 229). As others have pointed out elsewhere, Margalith's attempts to identify the entity ysry·r/l with Israel or Jezreel through Ugaritic vocalizations and a Sumerian title of a king are not convincing for an Egyptian inscription with a clear context for this entity in Canaan (Hasel 1994: 46; 1998a: 196–97; compare Kitchen 1966a: 91)."
953:
173:
40:
1005:
1277:
whatever their origin. In the mid—14th century, the Amarna letters mention no Israël, nor any of the biblical tribes, while the
Merneptah stele places someone called Israël in hill-country Palestine toward the end of the Late Bronze Age. The language and material culture of emergent Israël show strong local continuity, in contrast to the distinctly foreign character of early Philistine material culture.
310:
838:
180:
355:, the stele is a black granite slab, over 3 meters (10 feet) high, and the inscription says it was carved in the 5th year of Merneptah of the 19th dynasty. Most of the text glorifies Merneptah's victories over enemies from Libya and their Sea People allies. The final two lines mention a campaign in Canaan, where Merneptah says he defeated and destroyed
194:
534:" Spiegelberg agreed that this translation must be correct. "Won't the reverends be pleased?" remarked Petrie. At dinner that evening, Petrie, who realized the importance of the find, said: "This stele will be better known in the world than anything else I have found." The news of its discovery made headlines when it reached the English papers.
395:
332:, which was removed from his temple and placed back outward, against the wall, in the forecourt of the temple of Merneptah. Owing to the rough surface, and the poor cutting, the readings in many places require careful examination... The scene at the top retains its original colouring of yellow, red, and blue.
1135:
Hasel (2008): "The view that the term ysry·r/l is a possible territory within Canaan but not associated with biblical Israel was proposed by
Othniel Margalith (1990). His conclusions are based on the suggestion by G. R. Driver (1948: 135) that the Egyptian letter 's' in the word could also represent
911:
wrote that "the 'classical' opposition of nomadic shepherds and settled farmers does not seem to suit the area concerned". Hasel also says that this does not suggest that the
Israelites were an urban people at this time, nor does it provide information about the actual social structure of the people
940:
and Yanoam. The fourth shows a battle in open hilly country against an enemy shown as
Canaanite. Yurco suggested that this scene was to be equated with the Israel of the stele. While the idea that Merneptah's Israelites are to be seen on the walls of the temple has had an influence on many theories
833:
groups or peoples, without a fixed city-state home, thus implying a seminomadic or rural status for 'Israel' at that time". The phrase "wasted, bare of seed" is formulaic, and often used of defeated nations – it implies that the grain-store of the nation in question has been destroyed, which would
1276:
The
Assyrian royal annals, along with the Mesha and Dan inscriptions, show a thriving northern state called Israël in the mid—9th century, and the continuity of settlement back to the early Iron Age suggests that the establishment of a sedentary identity should be associated with this population,
1245:
The earliest certain mention of the ethnonym Israel occurs in a victory inscription of the
Egyptian king Merenptah, his well-known "Israel Stela" (c. 1210 BCE); recently, a possible earlier reference has been identified in a text from the reign of Rameses II (see Rameses I–XI). Thereafter, no
821:
wrote, of the idea that this determinative means the "'ysrỉꜣr" were a people: "The argument is good, but not conclusive, because of the notorious carelessness of Late-Egyptian scribes and several blunders of writing in this stela". This sentiment was subsequently built upon by other scholars.
525:
Petrie called upon
Wilhelm Spiegelberg, a German philologist in his archaeological team, to translate the inscription. Spiegelberg was puzzled by one symbol towards the end, that of a people or tribe whom Merneptah (also written Merenptah) had victoriously smitten –
1047:
902:
on the stele meant grain, suggested that "Israel functioned as an agriculturally based or sedentary socioethnic entity in the late 13th century BCE" and this in some degree of contrast to nomadic "Shasu" pastoralists in the region. Others disagree that
1559:, p. 14: "Unfortunately, even the supposed earliest mention of the name Israel in the triumphal hymn of Merenptah composed about 1230 b.c. does not provide any unambiguous answer to this question, for this name may also be explained as Jezreel."
923:
The stele was found in
Merneptah's funerary chapel in Thebes, the ancient Egyptian capital on the west bank of the Nile. On the opposite bank is the Temple of Karnak, where a fragmentary copy was found. In the 1970s
771:– the hieroglyphs that refer to Israel instead employ the throw stick (the determinative for "foreign") plus a sitting man and woman (the determinative for "people") over three vertical lines (a plural marker):
1016:
1319:
1459:
883:
concur that the reference should indeed be understood as referring to Israel, and mainstream scholarship acknowledges a connection between the Israel mentioned and biblical Israel.
274:, then part of Egypt's imperial possessions. It is sometimes referred to as the "Israel Stele" because a majority of scholars translate a set of hieroglyphs in line 27 as "
952:
328:. In his "Inscriptions" chapter of Petrie's 1897 publication "Six Temples at Thebes," Spiegelberg described the stele as "engraved on the rough back of the stele of
1973:
Hasel, Michael (2008). "Merenptah's reference to Israel: critical issues for the origin of Israel". In Hess, Richard S.; Klingbeil, Gerald A.; Ray, Paul J. (eds.).
1105:
Whether the
Egyptian scribes used these determinatives consistently in general and in the Merneptah Stele in particular, is in itself a matter of some debate.
1122:, and that such an amendment would allow the characters to be translated as "wearers of the sidelock", which refers to Libyans in other sources such as the
1523:
J. K. Hoffmeier, "The Egyptian Origins of Israel: Recent Developments in Historiography", in Thomas E. Levy, Thomas Schneider, William H.C. Propp (eds.)
1032:
2607:
1069:
845:
According to James Hoffmeier, "no Egyptologists would ever read the signs of a foreign ethnic entity as indicating a foreign land, but a people group".
281:
The stele represents the earliest textual reference to Israel and the only reference from ancient Egypt. It is one of four known inscriptions from the
2587:
2554:
1432:
992:
968:
1323:
2468:
2350:
2214:
2193:
2172:
2133:
2074:
2024:
2003:
1982:
1963:
1930:
1909:
1885:
1866:
1796:
1757:
1709:
1682:
1652:
1493:
1478:
Egypt, Canaan and Israel: History, Imperialism, Ideology and Literature: Proceedings of a Conference at the University of Haifa, 3–7 May 2009
2498:
980:
301:. Consequently, some consider the Merneptah Stele to be Petrie's most famous discovery, an opinion with which Petrie himself concurred.
286:
860:
Alternatives to the reading "Israel" have been put forward since the stele's discovery, the two primary candidates being as follows:
2617:
2602:
2534:
172:
659:
2592:
2206:
Ethnicity and Identity in Ancient Israel: Prolegomena to the Study of Ethnic Sentiments and Their Expression in the Hebrew Bible
932:, Merneptah's father, in fact belonged to Merneptah. The four reliefs show the capture of three cities, one of them labelled as
782:
612:
580:
564:
563:
517:
were cities within the region. Based on their determinatives, Canaan referred to the land whilst Israel referred to the people.
2582:
802:
654:
631:
607:
586:
575:
569:
566:
558:
555:
207:
1788:
What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It?: What Archeology Can Tell Us About the Reality of Ancient Israel
633:
561:
2477:
Wiener, Malcolm H. 2014. “Dating the Emergence of Historical Israel in Light of Recent Developments in Egyptian Chronology.”
800:
799:
680:
661:
656:
652:
609:
605:
584:
583:
577:
572:
941:
regarding the significance of the inscription, not all Egyptologists accept Yurco's ascription of the reliefs to Merneptah.
1004:
908:
818:
915:
As for its location, most scholars believe that Merneptah's Israel must have been in the hill country of central Canaan.
537:
The line which refers to Israel is below (shown in reverse to match the English translation; the original Egyptian is in
477:" is a term the Egyptians used to refer to their enemies; the actual enemies varied according to time and circumstance.
94:
63:
409:
The bulk of the inscription deals with Merneptah's victory over the Libyans, but the closing lines shift to Canaan:
2386:
Hjelm, Ingrid and Thomas L. Thompson. 2002. "The Victory Song of Merneptah, Israel and the People of Palestine."
768:
402:
2612:
1671:
Finkelstein, Israel; Mazar, Amihay; Colloquium, International Institute for Secular Humanistic Judaism (2007).
1126:. Nibbi supports this by noting that the male figure has an apparent outgrowth of hair on the side of his head.
764:
2597:
2522:
1943:(1965). "XXVI, Palestine in the Time of the Nineteenth Dynasty: (a) the Exodus and Wanderings, Volume II".
1855:"Treasures of Merenptah in the Karnak Temple at Luxor: The Record of the Walls of the Cour de la Cachette"
1240:
Maeir, A. M. 2013. Israel and Judah. pp. 3523–27, The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. New York: Blackwell
1064:
2558:
2148:
1347:
2426:"Israel in Canaan. (Long) Before Pharaoh Merenptah? A fresh look at Berlin statue pedestal relief 21687"
1119:
1115:
2512:
1876:
Dever, William G. (2009). "Merenptah's "Israel," the Bible's, and Ours". In Schloen, J. David (ed.).
814:
538:
161:
2453:"The Identity of Early Israel: The Realignment and Transformation of Late Bronze-Iron Age Palestine"
325:
2360:
Nibbi, Alessandra (1996). "Some Remarks on the Merenptah Stela and the So-Called Name of Israel".
2084:
Nestor, Dermot (2015). "Merneptah's 'Israel' and the Absence of Origins in Biblical Scholarship".
895:
in ancient history and is widely considered to be authentic and providing historical information.
848:
In contrast to this apparent Israelite statelessness, the other Canaanite groups fought by Egypt (
2627:
2310:
2270:
2109:
2051:
1539:
1474:"The Battle Of Kadesh: Identifying New Kingdom Polities, Places, And Peoples In Canaan And Syria"
1267:
374:
king invaded Egypt from the west in alliance with various northern peoples. Merneptah achieved a
2144:
2464:
2346:
2210:
2189:
2168:
2129:
2101:
2070:
2020:
1999:
1978:
1959:
1926:
1905:
1881:
1862:
1792:
1786:
1753:
1705:
1701:
The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts
1678:
1648:
1524:
1489:
928:
announced that some reliefs at Karnak which had been thought to depict events in the reign of
1854:
1473:
370:, faced significant invasions. The problems began in Merneptah's 5th year (1208 BCE), when a
362:
Egypt was the dominant power in the region during the long reign of Merneptah's predecessor,
2482:
2437:
2406:
2391:
2302:
2262:
2121:
2093:
2043:
1526:
Israel's Exodus in Transdisciplinary Perspective: Text, Archaeology, Culture, and Geoscience
1481:
375:
39:
2290:
1955:
Domination and Resistance: Egyptian Military Activity in the Southern Levant, 1300–1185 BC
959:
834:
result in a famine the following year, incapacitating them as a military threat to Egypt.
348:
321:
313:
298:
256:
248:
139:
129:
17:
1674:
The Quest for the Historical Israel: Debating Archaeology and the History of Early Israel
1408:
2538:
2442:
2425:
2622:
2456:
1940:
1414:
1092:
sign (a semicircle) but for reasons of legibility, the bird is here placed next to the
925:
892:
869:
865:
486:
2517:
1485:
270:
and their allies, but the last three of the 28 lines deal with a separate campaign in
2576:
2314:
2113:
2055:
1123:
817:"people" has been the subject of significant scholarly discussion. As early as 1955,
423:
329:
294:
267:
252:
244:
88:
2486:
2372:
Dever, William G. 1995. “Ceramics, Ethnicity, and the Question of Israel’s Origin.”
1895:
367:
309:
1258:
Fleming, Daniel E. (1998-01-01). "Mari and the Possibilities of Biblical Memory".
1114:
Nibbi suggests that the first character in "I.si.ri.ar" was misread – rather than
2452:
2340:
2323:
2225:
2204:
2183:
2160:
2064:
2014:
1993:
1953:
1920:
1899:
1699:
1672:
1642:
875:
A continuation of the description of Libya referring to "wearers of the sidelock"
2047:
1750:
On the Skirts of Canaan in the Iron Age: Historical and Topographical Researches
929:
383:
379:
363:
290:
2395:
2306:
211:
The Merneptah Stele was discovered in Thebes and is currently housed in Cairo,
891:
The Merneptah stele is considered to be the first extra-biblical reference to
880:
829:, this "foreign people ... sign is typically used by the Egyptians to signify
456:
275:
2105:
2097:
2034:
Margalith, Othniel (1990). "On the Origin and Antiquity of the Name Israel".
482:
461:
109:
96:
837:
502:
474:
316:'s 1897 mirror image copy of the main part of the inscription (all 28 lines)
278:". Alternative translations have been advanced but are not widely accepted.
236:
478:
428:
415:
282:
2274:
1644:
Israel's Ethnogenesis: Settlement, Interaction, Expansion and Resistance
1271:
1053:
Closeup of the Merenptah Stele, mentioning ysrỉꜣr ("Israel") on Line 27
933:
849:
760:
506:
440:
356:
240:
53:
2293:(2004). "The Victories of Merenptah, and the Nature of their Record".
2266:
1429:
830:
514:
494:
490:
451:
434:
401:(Tjeḥenu) are described by determinatives: foreign person + people +
341:
271:
2410:
1857:. In Aitken, James K.; Dell, Katharine J.; Mastin, Brian A. (eds.).
852:, Gezer, and Yano'am) are described in the stele as nascent states.
2250:
1238:
1022:
The stele in 2019. The bottom section, containing the reference to
1137:
937:
836:
510:
446:
398:
394:
393:
352:
308:
260:
212:
143:
1878:
Exploring the Longue Durée: Essays in Honor of Lawrence E. Stager
879:
However, these remain minority interpretations, the majority of
371:
333:
324:
in the ancient Egyptian city of Thebes, and first translated by
1088:
In the original text, the bird (a sparrow) is placed below the
266:
The text is largely an account of Merneptah's victory over the
2479:
Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University
763:, Gezer and Yanoam are given the determinative for a city – a
337:
1435:, January-March 1982, Vol. 102, No. 1 pp. 111-113 pp.111-112
1859:
On Stone and Scroll: Essays in Honour of Graham Ivor Davies
1728:
Hasel, Michael G. (1994), "Israel in the Merneptah Stela",
1507:
1505:
1292:, American Schools of Oriental Research, 1997, p. 35
2537:. Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago. Archived from
2416:
Shanks, Hershel. 2012. “When did ancient Israel begin?”
2401:
Miller, Robert D. 2004. "Identifying Earliest Israel."
1302:
1300:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
2379:
Frerichs, Ernest S., and Leonard H. Lesko, eds. 1997.
1443:
1441:
336:
is shown giving a sword to the king, who is backed by
2403:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
27:
Inscription by the ancient Egyptian pharaoh Merneptah
2322:
Metcalfe, William Musham; Erskine, Ruaraidh (1897).
791:
774:
672:
644:
623:
597:
547:
1698:Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2002).
366:, but Merneptah and one of his nearest successors,
157:
149:
135:
125:
82:
69:
59:
49:
32:
2036:Zeitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft
1723:
1721:
1647:(reprinted ed.). Routledge. pp. 159–66.
1343:
247:who reigned from 1213 to 1203 BCE. Discovered by
2424:Theis, Christopher; van der Veen, Peter (2003).
2255:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt
1430:'Gaza in the Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom,'
2557:(full translation). Bible dudes. Archived from
1791:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 118–19.
1260:Revue d'Assyriologie et d'Archéologie Orientale
411:
382:(1141–1133 BC) inscribed on a statue base from
179:
841:A portion of line 27, translated as "Israel "
8:
2430:Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections
1476:. In S. Bar; D. Kahn; J. J. Shirley (eds.).
420:Not one raises his head among the Nine Bows.
2167:. Oxford University Press. pp. 58–89.
2063:Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E (2011).
2388:Journal for the Study of the Old Testament
2295:Journal for the Study of the Old Testament
2161:"Bitter lives: Israel in and out of Egypt"
1975:Critical Issues in Early Israelite History
1772:
1070:List of artifacts significant to the Bible
936:; Yurco suggested that the other two were
795:
778:
676:
648:
627:
601:
551:
468:Everyone who was restless has been bound.
38:
29:
2441:
1835:
1616:
1568:
1556:
2342:Ethnicity and Identity in Ancient Israel
2165:The Oxford History of the Biblical World
1511:
1433:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1188:
827:The Oxford History of the Biblical World
376:great victory in the summer of that year
2016:The Israelites in History and Tradition
1677:. Society of Biblical Lit. p. 94.
1666:
1664:
1580:
1162:
1081:
948:
530:Petrie quickly suggested that it read "
497:were smaller units within the region, -
1922:Flinders Petrie: A life in Archaeology
1823:
1811:
1371:
1306:
1224:
1200:
1176:
962:in 2022, with tourists shown for scale
2126:Canaan and Canaanite in ancient Egypt
1628:
1604:
1592:
1447:
1395:
1383:
1359:
1212:
285:that date to the time of and mention
7:
464:has become a widow because of Egypt.
320:The stele was discovered in 1896 by
2443:10.2458/azu_jaei_v02i4_van_der_veen
1998:. Society for Biblical Literature.
414:The princes are prostrate, saying '
289:by name, with the others being the
2066:Biblical History and Israel's Past
1704:. Simon and Schuster. p. 57.
459:is laid waste—its seed is no more;
25:
2608:Foreign contacts of ancient Egypt
2362:Discussions in Egyptology, Oxford
1486:10.1163/ej.9789004194939.i-370.27
405:(=state/country of Libyan people)
255:in 1896, it is now housed at the
2251:"Merenptah's Canaanite Campaign"
1540:"Archeology of the Hebrew Bible"
1046:
1031:
1015:
1003:
991:
979:
967:
951:
501:might here refer to the city of
466:All lands together are pacified.
192:
178:
171:
2588:1896 archaeological discoveries
2487:10.1179/0334435514Z.00000000035
2019:. Westminster John Knox Press.
898:Michael G. Hasel, arguing that
2381:Exodus: The Egyptian Evidence.
2163:. In Coogan, Michael D (ed.).
1995:Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity
1904:. Princeton University Press.
1529:, Springer, 2015 pp. 196–208 .
193:
1:
2383:Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.
2128:. Discussions in Egyptology.
2086:Currents in Biblical Research
1344:Petrie & Spiegelberg 1897
1038:Close up of the reference to
974:The reverse side of the stele
347:Now in the collection of the
73:
2523:Resources in other libraries
2013:Lemche, Niels Peter (1998).
1947:. Vol. 31. CUP Archive.
1026:, has a protective covering
912:group identified as Israel.
485:represented the entirety of
359:, Gezer, Yanoam and Israel.
64:Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs
2418:Biblical Archaeology Review
2159:Redmount, Carol A (2001) .
2150:Six temples at Thebes, 1896
2048:10.1515/zatw.1990.102.2.225
1925:. Univ of Wisconsin Press.
998:Reverse side, top, close up
2644:
2451:Whitelam, Keith W (1997).
2396:10.1177/030908920202700101
2374:The Biblical Archaeologist
2307:10.1177/030908920402800301
1919:Drower, Margaret (1995) .
1785:Dever, William G. (2001).
1290:The Biblical Archaeologist
233:Victory Stele of Merneptah
18:Victory Stela of Merneptah
2518:Resources in your library
2226:"The contemporary review"
2203:Sparks, Kenton L (1998).
1992:Killebrew, Ann E (2005).
1952:Hasel, Michael G (1998).
1945:Cambridge Ancient History
1901:The End of the Bronze Age
1748:Lipinski, Edward (2006).
1472:Michael G. Hasel (2011).
1010:Front side, top, close up
167:
37:
2618:Late Bronze Age collapse
2603:Ancient Israel and Judah
2185:The Early History of God
2098:10.1177/1476993X14534792
856:Alternative translations
2593:Ancient Egyptian stelas
2339:Nestor, Dermot (2010).
2230:The Contemporary Review
1752:. Peeters. p. 60.
1641:Faust, Avraham (2016).
305:Description and context
235:, is an inscription by
2583:13th-century BC steles
2182:Smith, Mark S (2002).
1853:Atwell, James (2011).
1773:Moore & Kelle 2011
1428:H. Jacob Katzenstein,
1065:Berlin pedestal relief
842:
471:
406:
317:
186:Egyptian Museum, Cairo
2535:"The Merneptah Stela"
2324:"The Scottish review"
2249:Yurco, F. J. (1986).
2143:Petrie, WM Flinders;
1861:. Walter de Gruyter.
1480:. Brill. p. 67.
1191:, pp. 71–72, 97.
840:
454:is made non-existent;
397:
312:
110:25.72056°N 32.61028°E
2461:The Historical Books
2145:Spiegelberg, Wilhelm
539:right-to-left script
227:, also known as the
208:class=notpageimage|
162:New Kingdom of Egypt
2553:Lichtheim, Miriam.
2328:The Scottish Review
2224:Strahan, A (1896).
2153:. London: Quaritch.
1546:. 18 November 2008.
1386:, pp. 189–215.
872:in northern Canaan;
340:on one side and by
326:Wilhelm Spiegelberg
106: /
2481:41, no. 1: 50–54.
1775:, pp. 115–16.
1410:FitzWilliam Museum
843:
521:"Israel" reference
422:Desolation is for
407:
390:Canaanite campaign
318:
115:25.72056; 32.61028
2555:"Merneptah Stele"
2499:Library resources
2470:978-1-85075-786-3
2420:38, no. 1: 59–67.
2390:27, no. 1: 3–18.
2352:978-0-567-01297-5
2216:978-1-57506-033-0
2195:978-0-8028-3972-5
2174:978-0-19-513937-2
2135:978-0-9510704-4-4
2122:Nibbi, Alessandra
2076:978-0-8028-6260-0
2026:978-0-664-22727-2
2005:978-1-58983-097-4
1984:978-1-57506-598-4
1965:978-90-04-10984-1
1932:978-0-299-14623-8
1911:978-0-691-02591-9
1887:978-1-57506-161-0
1868:978-3-11-022806-9
1798:978-0-8028-2126-3
1759:978-90-429-1798-9
1711:978-0-7432-2338-6
1684:978-1-58983-277-0
1654:978-1-134-94208-4
1607:, pp. 47–60.
1495:978-90-04-19493-9
1374:, pp. 96–97.
1362:, pp. 18–20.
1320:"Merneptah Stele"
1118:, Nibbi suggests
958:The stele in the
907:meant grain, and
810:
809:
806:
805:
790:
789:
786:
785:
752:
751:
688:
687:
684:
683:
669:
668:
665:
664:
641:
640:
637:
636:
620:
619:
616:
615:
594:
593:
590:
589:
433:Plundered is the
221:
220:
44:The stele in 2023
16:(Redirected from
2635:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2533:Klein, Ralph W.
2474:
2447:
2445:
2405:no. 333: 55–68.
2369:
2356:
2335:
2318:
2291:Kitchen, Kenneth
2278:
2267:10.2307/40001099
2245:
2243:
2241:
2220:
2199:
2178:
2154:
2139:
2117:
2080:
2059:
2030:
2009:
1988:
1969:
1948:
1936:
1915:
1891:
1872:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1745:
1739:
1737:
1725:
1716:
1715:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1668:
1659:
1658:
1638:
1632:
1631:, p. 89–91.
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1536:
1530:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1500:
1499:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1436:
1426:
1420:
1418:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1322:. Archived from
1316:
1310:
1304:
1295:
1293:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1145:
1133:
1127:
1112:
1106:
1103:
1097:
1086:
1050:
1035:
1019:
1007:
995:
986:The museum label
983:
971:
955:
796:
792:
779:
775:
677:
673:
649:
645:
628:
624:
602:
598:
552:
548:
544:
543:
437:with every evil;
196:
195:
182:
181:
175:
136:Present location
121:
120:
118:
117:
116:
111:
107:
104:
103:
102:
99:
78:
75:
42:
30:
21:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2613:Egyptian Museum
2573:
2572:
2564:
2562:
2552:
2544:
2542:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2507:
2506:
2504:Merneptah Stele
2502:
2495:
2471:
2450:
2423:
2411:10.2307/1357794
2359:
2353:
2338:
2321:
2289:
2286:
2284:Further reading
2281:
2248:
2239:
2237:
2223:
2217:
2209:. Eisenbrauns.
2202:
2196:
2181:
2175:
2158:
2142:
2136:
2120:
2083:
2077:
2062:
2033:
2027:
2012:
2006:
1991:
1985:
1977:. Eisenbrauns.
1972:
1966:
1951:
1941:Eissfeldt, Otto
1939:
1933:
1918:
1912:
1894:
1888:
1880:. Eisenbrauns.
1875:
1869:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1727:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1670:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1446:
1439:
1427:
1423:
1417:: Ancient Egypt
1407:
1406:
1402:
1394:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1370:
1366:
1358:
1354:
1342:
1338:
1329:
1327:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1298:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1203:, pp. 96–.
1199:
1195:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1134:
1130:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1061:
1054:
1051:
1042:
1036:
1027:
1020:
1011:
1008:
999:
996:
987:
984:
975:
972:
963:
960:Egyptian Museum
956:
947:
921:
909:Edward Lipinski
889:
858:
811:
801:
769:three mountains
757:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
660:
655:
653:
632:
608:
606:
585:
576:
565:
562:
523:
470:
467:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:Seized upon is
444:
439:Carried off is
438:
432:
427:
421:
419:
403:foreign country
392:
349:Egyptian Museum
344:on the other".
322:Flinders Petrie
314:Flinders Petrie
307:
299:Kurkh Monoliths
268:ancient Libyans
257:Egyptian Museum
249:Flinders Petrie
225:Merneptah Stele
217:
216:
215:
210:
204:
203:
202:
201:
197:
189:
188:
187:
183:
140:Egyptian Museum
130:Flinders Petrie
114:
112:
108:
105:
100:
97:
95:
93:
92:
91:
87:
77: 1208 BCE
76:
45:
33:Merneptah Stele
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2641:
2639:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2598:Victory steles
2595:
2590:
2585:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2550:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:External links
2491:
2490:
2489:
2475:
2469:
2457:Exum, J Cheryl
2448:
2421:
2414:
2399:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2357:
2351:
2336:
2319:
2301:(3): 259–272.
2285:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2246:
2221:
2215:
2200:
2194:
2179:
2173:
2156:
2140:
2134:
2118:
2092:(3): 293–329.
2081:
2075:
2060:
2031:
2025:
2010:
2004:
1989:
1983:
1970:
1964:
1949:
1937:
1931:
1916:
1910:
1892:
1886:
1873:
1867:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1838:, p. 155.
1836:Killebrew 2005
1828:
1816:
1804:
1797:
1777:
1765:
1758:
1740:
1717:
1710:
1690:
1683:
1660:
1653:
1633:
1621:
1619:, p. 154.
1617:Killebrew 2005
1609:
1597:
1595:, p. 101.
1585:
1583:, p. 624.
1573:
1571:, p. 225.
1569:Margalith 1990
1561:
1557:Eissfeldt 1965
1549:
1531:
1516:
1501:
1494:
1464:
1452:
1437:
1421:
1400:
1388:
1376:
1364:
1352:
1336:
1311:
1309:, p. 296.
1296:
1281:
1250:
1229:
1217:
1215:, p. 194.
1205:
1193:
1181:
1179:, p. 221.
1161:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1128:
1107:
1098:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1045:
1043:
1037:
1030:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1002:
1000:
997:
990:
988:
985:
978:
976:
973:
966:
964:
957:
950:
946:
943:
926:Frank J. Yurco
920:
919:Karnak reliefs
917:
893:ancient Israel
888:
887:Interpretation
885:
877:
876:
873:
857:
854:
819:John A. Wilson
808:
807:
804:
803:
788:
787:
784:
783:
773:
756:
753:
750:
749:
746:
743:
741:
738:
734:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
707:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
690:
689:
686:
685:
682:
681:
670:
667:
666:
663:
662:
657:
642:
639:
638:
635:
634:
621:
618:
617:
614:
613:
610:
595:
592:
591:
588:
587:
581:
578:
573:
570:
567:
559:
556:
522:
519:
487:Syro-Palestine
412:
391:
388:
306:
303:
287:ancient Israel
219:
218:
206:
205:
199:
198:
191:
190:
185:
184:
177:
176:
170:
169:
168:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
151:
150:Identification
147:
146:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
84:
80:
79:
71:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2640:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2561:on 2011-07-19
2560:
2556:
2551:
2541:on 2016-03-04
2540:
2536:
2531:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2463:. Continuum.
2462:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2345:. Continuum.
2344:
2343:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2042:(2): 225–37.
2041:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1896:Drews, Robert
1893:
1889:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1837:
1832:
1829:
1826:, p. 35.
1825:
1820:
1817:
1814:, p. 23.
1813:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1766:
1761:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1741:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1694:
1691:
1686:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1520:
1517:
1514:, p. 97.
1513:
1512:Redmount 2001
1508:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1450:, p. 26.
1449:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1404:
1401:
1398:, p. 52.
1397:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1337:
1326:on 2023-09-26
1325:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1237:Maeir, Aren.
1233:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1189:Redmount 2001
1185:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1124:Book of Gates
1121:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1013:
1006:
1001:
994:
989:
982:
977:
970:
965:
961:
954:
949:
944:
942:
939:
935:
931:
927:
918:
916:
913:
910:
906:
901:
896:
894:
886:
884:
882:
881:Egyptologists
874:
871:
867:
864:"Jezreel", a
863:
862:
861:
855:
853:
851:
846:
839:
835:
832:
828:
825:According to
823:
820:
816:
815:determinative
798:
797:
794:
793:
781:
780:
777:
776:
772:
770:
766:
762:
755:Determinative
754:
747:
744:
742:
739:
736:
735:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
708:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
691:
679:
678:
675:
674:
671:
658:
651:
650:
647:
646:
643:
630:
629:
626:
625:
622:
611:
604:
603:
600:
599:
596:
582:
579:
574:
571:
568:
560:
557:
554:
553:
550:
549:
546:
545:
542:
540:
535:
533:
529:
520:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
469:
463:
458:
453:
448:
442:
436:
430:
425:
417:
410:
404:
400:
396:
389:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
360:
358:
354:
350:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
330:Amenhotep III
327:
323:
315:
311:
304:
302:
300:
296:
295:Tel Dan Stele
292:
288:
284:
279:
277:
273:
269:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
245:ancient Egypt
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
214:
209:
174:
166:
163:
160:
156:
152:
148:
145:
141:
138:
134:
131:
128:
126:Discovered by
124:
119:
90:
89:Thebes, Egypt
85:
81:
72:
68:
65:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2563:. Retrieved
2559:the original
2543:. Retrieved
2539:the original
2513:Online books
2503:
2478:
2460:
2436:(4): 15–25.
2433:
2429:
2417:
2402:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2341:
2331:
2327:
2298:
2294:
2258:
2254:
2238:. Retrieved
2233:
2229:
2205:
2188:. Eerdmans.
2184:
2164:
2149:
2125:
2089:
2085:
2069:. Eerdmans.
2065:
2039:
2035:
2015:
1994:
1974:
1954:
1944:
1921:
1900:
1877:
1858:
1831:
1819:
1807:
1787:
1780:
1768:
1749:
1743:
1736:(12): 54, 56
1733:
1729:
1700:
1693:
1673:
1643:
1636:
1624:
1612:
1600:
1588:
1581:Strahan 1896
1576:
1564:
1552:
1543:
1534:
1525:
1519:
1477:
1467:
1455:
1424:
1409:
1403:
1391:
1379:
1367:
1355:
1339:
1328:. Retrieved
1324:the original
1314:
1289:
1284:
1275:
1266:(1): 41–78.
1263:
1259:
1253:
1244:
1239:
1232:
1220:
1208:
1196:
1184:
1141:
1131:
1110:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1039:
1023:
922:
914:
904:
899:
897:
890:
878:
859:
847:
844:
826:
824:
812:
758:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
536:
531:
527:
524:
498:
472:
431:is pacified;
413:
408:
368:Ramesses III
361:
346:
319:
280:
265:
232:
229:Israel Stele
228:
224:
222:
2376:58: 200–13.
2261:: 189–215.
1824:Atwell 2011
1812:Atwell 2011
1544:www.pbs.org
1462:, 378 n. 18
1372:Sparks 1998
1307:Nestor 2015
1225:Lemche 1998
1201:Sparks 1998
1177:Drower 1995
1136:the Hebrew
930:Ramesses II
765:throw stick
745:seed/grain
528:I.si.ri.ar?
380:Ramesses VI
364:Ramesses II
291:Mesha Stele
113: /
2577:Categories
2565:2011-04-13
2545:2011-01-18
1629:Dever 2009
1605:Hasel 2008
1593:Nibbi 1989
1448:Smith 2002
1396:Hasel 2008
1384:Yurco 1986
1360:Drews 1995
1346:, p.
1330:2023-03-12
1213:Hasel 1998
1152:References
297:, and the
101:32°36′37″E
98:25°43′14″N
83:Discovered
2628:Merneptah
2368:: 79–102.
2315:170520107
2114:143259584
2106:1476-993X
2056:170951991
1958:. Brill.
1157:Citations
475:nine bows
237:Merneptah
2275:40001099
2236:: 624–26
2147:(1897).
2124:(1989).
1898:(1995).
1272:23282083
1059:See also
934:Asqaluni
850:Asqaluni
761:Asqaluni
748:his/its
507:Asqaluni
441:Asqaluni
357:Asqaluna
283:Iron Age
153:JE 31408
50:Material
2459:(ed.).
1846:Sources
945:Gallery
831:nomadic
737:Israel
532:Israel!
505:,- and
424:Tjehenu
399:Libyans
384:Megiddo
241:pharaoh
231:or the
70:Created
60:Writing
54:Granite
2501:about
2467:
2349:
2334:: 125.
2313:
2273:
2240:19 Jan
2213:
2192:
2171:
2132:
2112:
2104:
2073:
2054:
2023:
2002:
1981:
1962:
1929:
1908:
1884:
1865:
1795:
1756:
1708:
1681:
1651:
1492:
1270:
1040:ysrỉꜣr
1024:ysrỉꜣr
870:valley
759:While
740:waste
711:ysrỉꜣr
515:Yanoam
499:Canaan
495:Israel
491:Canaan
462:Kharru
457:Israel
452:Yanoam
435:Canaan
372:Libuan
342:Khonsu
293:, the
276:Israel
272:Canaan
253:Thebes
200:Thebes
158:Period
2623:Gezer
2455:. In
2311:S2CID
2271:JSTOR
2110:S2CID
2052:S2CID
1730:BASOR
1268:JSTOR
1138:zayin
1096:sign.
1076:Notes
938:Gezer
767:plus
511:Gezer
483:Ḫurru
479:Hatti
473:The "
447:Gezer
429:Hatti
416:Peace
353:Cairo
261:Cairo
213:Egypt
144:Cairo
2465:ISBN
2347:ISBN
2242:2011
2211:ISBN
2190:ISBN
2169:ISBN
2130:ISBN
2102:ISSN
2071:ISBN
2021:ISBN
2000:ISBN
1979:ISBN
1960:ISBN
1927:ISBN
1906:ISBN
1882:ISBN
1863:ISBN
1793:ISBN
1754:ISBN
1706:ISBN
1679:ISBN
1649:ISBN
1490:ISBN
1460:ANET
1142:and
868:and
866:city
813:The
726:pr.t
716:fk.t
513:and
503:Gaza
493:and
481:and
334:Amun
239:, a
223:The
86:1896
2483:doi
2438:doi
2407:doi
2392:doi
2303:doi
2263:doi
2094:doi
2044:doi
2040:102
1734:296
1482:doi
905:prt
900:prt
541:):
351:at
338:Mut
259:in
251:at
243:in
2579::
2432:.
2428:.
2366:36
2364:.
2332:29
2330:.
2326:.
2309:.
2299:28
2297:.
2269:.
2259:23
2257:.
2253:.
2234:69
2232:.
2228:.
2108:.
2100:.
2090:13
2088:.
2050:.
2038:.
1732:,
1720:^
1663:^
1542:.
1504:^
1488:.
1440:^
1415:UK
1413:,
1348:26
1299:^
1274:.
1264:92
1262:.
1243:.
1165:^
1120:G4
1116:G1
731:=f
721:bn
509:,
489:,
418:!'
386:.
263:.
142:,
74:c.
2568:.
2548:.
2485::
2473:.
2446:.
2440::
2434:2
2413:.
2409::
2398:.
2394::
2355:.
2317:.
2305::
2277:.
2265::
2244:.
2219:.
2198:.
2177:.
2155:.
2138:.
2116:.
2096::
2079:.
2058:.
2046::
2029:.
2008:.
1987:.
1968:.
1935:.
1914:.
1890:.
1871:.
1801:.
1762:.
1738:.
1714:.
1687:.
1657:.
1498:.
1484::
1419:.
1350:.
1333:.
1294:.
1094:t
1090:t
449:;
443:;
426:;
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
