Murti - Knowledge

4467: 4818: 65: 4320: 4311: 4302: 4339:, bull and lion, and other details. The texts also include chapters on the design of Jaina and Buddhist murti, as well as reliefs of sages, apsaras, different types of devotees (based on bhakti yoga, jnana yoga, karma yoga, ascetics) to decorate the area near the murti. The texts recommend that the material of construction and relative scale of murti be correlated to the scale of the temple dimensions, using twelve types of comparative measurements. Neither the Hybrid Sanskrit of Mahayana Buddhism, nor the Pali of Theravada Buddhism has the word 'murti'. PK Acharya imputed the Hinduïstic word murti on Buddhist iconography, in which he erred. 98: 4100: 4389: 4780:. Without the guidance of images, the mind of the devotee may go astray and form the wrong imagination. Images dispel false imaginations. It resides within the consciousness of "Rishis" (sages), who possess the ability to perceive the essence of all created things in their manifested forms. They observe the various attributes, the divine and the demoniac, the creative and the destructive forces, engaged in their eternal interplay. It is this vision of Rishis, of the gigantic drama of cosmic powers in eternal conflict, from which the 4732:

cases dehumanizing the others and encouraging the destruction of idols of the others. The outsider conflates and stereotypes the "strange worship" of the other religions as "false worship" first, then calls "false worship" as "improper worship and false belief" of pagan or an equivalent term, thereafter constructing an identity of the others as "primitive and barbarians" that need to be saved, followed by justified intolerance and often violence against those who cherish a different material symbol than one's own. In the history of

84: 4112: 4635: 114: 128: 3995: 4810:" (that which created the universe). Non-theistic Jaina scholars such as Jnansundar, states John Cort, have argued the significance of murti along the same lines, asserting that "no matter what the field – scientific, commercial, religious – there can be no knowledge without an icon", images are part of how human beings learn and focus their thoughts, icons are necessary and inseparable from spiritual endeavors in 4466: 4520:). Acts of devotion, in major temples particularly, are structured on treating the murti as the manifestation of a revered guest, and the daily routine can include awakening the murti in the morning and making sure that it "is washed, dressed, and garlanded." In Vaishnavism, the building of a temple for the murti is considered an act of devotion, but non-murti symbolism is also common wherein the aromatic 51: 4840:) and the Universal Principle (Brahman, god) within himself, there is no need for any temple or divine image for worship. For those who have yet to reach this height of realization, various symbolic manifestations through images, idols, and icons as well as mental modes of worship are offered as one of the spiritual paths in the Hindu way of life. This belief is repeated in ancient 4057:- are images that were meant to terrify, induce fear. These typically have wide, circular eyes, carry weapons, have skulls and bones as adornment. These idols were worshipped by soldiers before going to war, or by people in times of distress or errors. Raudra deity temples were not set up inside villages or towns, but invariably outside and in remote areas of a kingdom. 4880: 3758: 4768:). This text, whose composition date is unknown but probably from late 1st millennium CE, discusses the significance of images as, state Alice Boner and others, "inspiring, elevating and purifying influence" on the viewer and "means of communicating a vision of supreme truth and for giving a taste of the infinite that lies beyond". It adds (abridged): 4013: 4004: 4141:. They recommend materials, measurements, proportions, decoration, and symbolism of the murti. Explanation of the metaphysical significance of each stage of manufacture and the prescription of specific mantras to sanctify the process and evoke and invoke the power of the deity in the image are found in the liturgical handbooks the 4369:, "Only after achieving remarkable expertise in the portrayal of the Buddha figure and of animal and human, did Indian stonemasons turn to produce images of the orthodox 'Hindu' deities". This view, however, is not shared by other scholars. Trudy King et al. state that stone images of reverential figures and guardian spirits ( 445: 4067:- are images that were pacific, peaceful and expressive of love, compassion, kindness and other virtues in Hindu pantheon. These images would carry symbolic icons of peace, knowledge, music, wealth, flowers, sensuality among other things. In ancient India, these temples were predominant inside villages and towns. 4672:

from India and displayed it in their "trophies" room in the United Kingdom with the note claiming that these were given up by Hindus who now accept the "folly and sin of idolatry". In other instances, the colonial British authorities, seeking additional government revenue, introduced Pilgrim Tax on

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height and the sanctum sanctorum room's width be in the ratio of 0.292, it stands on a pedestal that is 0.146 of sanctum room width, thereafter the text describes 20 types of temples with their dimensions. Chapter 58 of the text describes the ratios of various anatomical parts of a murti, from head

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literally means any solid body or form with a definite shape or limits produced from material elements. It contrasts with the mind, thought, and immaterial in ancient Indian literature. The term also refers to any embodiment, manifestation, incarnation, personification, appearance, image, idol, or

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Religious intolerance and polemics, state Halbertal and Margalit, have historically targeted idols and material symbols cherished by other religions, while encouraging the worship of material symbols of one's religion, characterizing the material symbols of others as grotesque and wrong, in some

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as a symbol of depravity and primitiveness, arguing that it was, states Tanisha Ramachandran, "the White Man's Burden to create a moral society" in India. This literature by the Christian missionaries constructed the foundation of a "Hindu image" in Europe, during the colonial era, and it blamed

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An image in Hinduism cannot be equated with a deity and the object of worship is the divine whose power is inside the image, and the image is not the object of worship itself, Hindus believe everything is worthy of worship as it contains divine energy emanating from the one god. According to the

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who is fixed" or "Deva who is foolish". The former interpretation, if accurate, may imply that there were communities in the Vedic era who had Deva in the form of murti, and the context of these hymns suggests that the term could be referring to practices of the tribal communities outside of the

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Superstition is a great enemy of man, but bigotry is worse. Why does a Christian go to church? Why is the cross holy? Why is the face turned toward the sky in prayer? Why are there so many images in the Catholic Church? Why are there so many images in the minds of Protestants when they pray? My

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is an image in Hinduism but not the real thing, but in both cases the image reminds of something of emotional and real value to the viewer. When a person worships a murti, it is assumed to be a manifestation of the essence or spirit of the deity, the worshipper's spiritual ideas and needs are

5475:, Publications of the De Nobili Research Library, Gerold & Co., Vienna, 1988. p. 57 with footnote 354. "The mantras used for infusing the icon with life (pranapratistha) have come from false tantra books, which are opposed to the Vedas (p. 485.7-13)." cf. Furquhar (1915), pp. 297-350" 3862:

The section includes the concept of Time and non-Time, stating that non-Time existed before the creation of the universe, and time came into existence with the creation of the universe. Non-time is indivisible, time is divisible, and the Maitri Upanishad then asserts that the "year is the

4764:, asserts that the doctrine of murti art making is founded on the principles of origin and evolution of universe, is a "form of every form of cosmic creator" that empirically exists in nature, and it functions to inspire a devotee towards contemplating the Ultimate Supreme Principle ( 4021:

Murti in diverse Hindu traditions vary widely in their expression. Raudra or ugra images express destruction, fear and violence, such as Kali image on left. Shanta or saumya images express joy, knowledge and harmony, such as Saraswati (centre). Saumya images are most common in

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and others. These texts, states Noel Salmond, strongly suggest that temples and murti were in existence in ancient India by about 4th century BCE. Recent archaeological evidence confirms that the knowledge and art of sculpture was established in India by the

4159:(mystic diagrams), whereby state Harold Coward and David Goa, the "divine vital energy of the cosmos is infused into the sculpture" and then the divine is welcomed as one would welcome a friend. The esoteric Hindu tantric traditions through texts such as 6404:

Prasanna K Acarya (1927), A dictionary of Hindu architecture : treating of Sanskrit architectural terms, with illustrative quotations from silpāśāstras, general literature, and archaeological records, Oxford University Press (Out of Print),

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region excavations, and this knowledge grew into iconographic traditions and stone monuments in India including those for Buddhism. Neither the Hybrid Sanskrit of Mahayana Buddhism, nor the Pali of Theravada Buddhism has the word 'murti'.

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During the colonial era, Christian missionaries aiming to convert Hindus to Christianity wrote memoirs and books that were widely distributed in Europe, which Mitter, Pennington, and other scholars call fictionalized stereotypes, where

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The texts recommend materials of construction, proportions, postures, and mudra, symbolic items the murti holds in its hands, colors, garments, and ornaments to go with the murti of each god or goddess, vehicles of deities such as

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Western scholarship on Hinduism emphasizes that there was neither murti nor temples nor idol-facilitated worship in the Vedic era. The Vedic Hinduism rituals were directed at nature and abstract deities called during

4350:. However, for some Hindus, it is not the materials used that matter, but the faith and meditation on the universal Absolute Brahman. More particularly, devotees meditate or worship on the formless God (nirguna 4613:

is mode that allows devotees to express love for the deity and visually and experientially connect with the nature of the god or goddess. In worship at a temple, the significant moment is when the adorned

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as people whose source of livelihood was the gifts they received from devotees. In ancient Sanskrit texts that follow Panini's work, numerous references are found to divine images with terms such as

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consecration ceremony, states Buhnemann, has been criticized by Hindu groups. These groups state that this practice came from more recent "false tantra books", and there is not a single word in the

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to toe, along with the recommendation in verse 59.29 that generally accepted variations in dress, decoration, and dimensions of local regional traditions for the murti are the artistic tradition.

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But, when one comprehends it in its parts, that which is itself to be proved or demonstrated becomes the ground of proof, through which it brings itself into consciousness (in an inductive way).

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Subhash Kak, Time, space and structure in ancient India. Conference on Sindhu-Sarasvati Valley Civilization: A Reappraisal, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, February 21 & 22, 2009.

3832:. For example, the Maitrayaniya Upanishad uses the term to mean a "form, manifestation of time". The section sets out to prove Time exists, acknowledges the difficulty in proving Time exists by 4721:

brethren, we can no more think about anything without a mental image than we can live without breathing. By the law of association, the material image calls up the mental idea and vice versa.

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In Hinduism, a murti itself is not god, it is an image of god and thus a symbol and representation. A murti is a form and manifestation of the formless Absolute. Thus a literal translation of

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The polemics of Christian missionaries in colonial India triggered a debate among Hindus, yielding divergent responses. It ranged from activists such as Dayananda Saraswati who denounced all

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is conducted. This ritual is performed to invoke the presence of the god or goddess into the physical form of the murti. In temples, this ceremony is a one-time event for a specific

4504:) practices centered on cultivating a deep and personal bond of love with God, often expressed and facilitated with one or more murti, and includes individual or community hymns, 4668:

monstrous devils or eroticized bizarre beings carved in stone. The British Missionary Society with colonial government's assistance bought and sometimes seized, then transferred

5214: 4740:) have been a religious lens for focusing this anti-Hindu polemic and was the basis for distortions, accusations and attacks by non-Indian religious powers and missionaries. 4286: 3951:

meant idols, images, or statues in various Indian texts such as Bhavishya Purana verse 132.5.7, Brihat Samhita 1.8.29, and inscriptions in different parts of India. The term

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is typically made by carving stone, wood working, metal casting or through pottery. Ancient era texts describing their proper proportions, positions and gestures include the

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Proper murti design is described in ancient and medieval Indian texts. They describe proportions, posture, and expressions among other details, often referencing nature.

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were claimed as the evidence of lack of spiritual heritage in primitive Hindus, of "idolatry and savage worship of stones", practices akin to Biblical demons, calling

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are an easily and commonly visible aspect of Hinduism, they are not necessary for Hindu worship. Among Hindus, states Gopinath Rao, one who has realized Self (Soul,

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and asked Hindus in India and Christians in the West to introspect, that images are used everywhere to help think and as a road to ideas, in the following words,

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PK Acharya, A summary of the Mānsāra, a treatise on architecture and cognate subjects, Ph.D. Thesis awarded by Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden, published by BRILL,

335:, to some Hindus. In a religious context, they are found in Hindu temples or homes, where they may be treated as a beloved guest and serve as a participant of 5682:

PK Acharya, A summary of the Mānsāra, a treatise on architecture and cognate subjects, PhD Thesis awarded by Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden, published by BRILL,

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PK Acharya, A summary of the Mānsāra, a treatise on architecture and cognate subjects, PhD Thesis awarded by Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden, published by BRILL,

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PK Acharya, A summary of the Mānsāra, a treatise on architecture and cognate subjects, PhD Thesis awarded by Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden, published by BRILL,

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rituals with the murti correspond to ancient cultural practices for a beloved guest, and the murti is welcomed, taken care of, and then requested to retire.

4249:, the texts describe working methods for various types of marble, specialized stones, colors, and a range of opacity (transparent, translucent and crystal). 7446: 4802:". In the sixth chapter, Pippalada repeats his message that the artist portrays the particular and universal concepts, with the statement "the work of the 4772:

From the contemplation of images grows delight, from delight faith, from faith steadfast devotion, through such devotion arises that higher understanding (

4255:, a 6th-century encyclopedia of a range of topics from horticulture to astrology to gemology to murti and temple design, specifies in Chapter 56 that the 4167:

state that anyone who considers an icon of Vishnu as nothing but "an ordinary object" made of iron "goes to hell". The use of murti and particularly the

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in the late 12th century CE. They became a target of destruction during raids and religious wars between Islam and Hinduism through the 18th century.

493: 4233:(literally: "treatise on art using the method of measurement"), identify nine materials for murti construction – gold, silver, copper, stone, wood, 2665: 1256: 4040:

in contemporary usage is any image or statue. It may be found inside or outside a temple or home, installed to be moved with a festive procession (

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as 'idol' is incorrect, when idol is understood as superstitious end in itself. Just like the photograph of a person is not the real person, a

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It is much more difficult to focus on God as the unmanifested than God with form, due to human beings needing to perceive via the senses.

3915:, with former referring to images in a shrine, and the latter meaning images that were carried from place to place. Panini also mentions 4046:), or just be a landmark. It is a significant part of Hindu iconography, and is implemented in many ways. Two major categories include: 6072:

Brian Pennington (2007), Was Hinduism Invented?: Britons, Indians, and the Colonial Construction of Religion, Oxford University Press,

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and declared as additional evidence of superstitions and evil by Christian missionaries and colonial authorities in British India.

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Representing Idols, Idolizing Representations: Interpreting Hindu Ima from the Nineteenth Century to the Early Twentieth Century

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Representing Idols, Idolizing Representations: Interpreting Hindu Ima from the Nineteenth Century to the Early Twentieth Century

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in the case of Jainism, thus making the material of construction or the specific shape of the murti not spiritually important.

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Stella Kramrisch (1958), Traditions of the Indian Craftsman, The Journal of American Folklore, Vol. 71, No. 281, pages 224–230

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has been a more generic term referring to an idol or statue of anyone, either a deity, of any human being, animal or any art.

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is a symbolic icon representing divinity for the purpose of devotional activities. Thus, not all icons of gods and saints are

530: 6004:

Richard Eaton(2000), Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States, Journal of Islamic Studies, Vol. 11, Issue 3, pages 283–319

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Partha Mitter (1992), Much Maligned Monsters: A History of European Reactions to Indian Art, University of Chicago Press,

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Anthony Welch (1993), Architectural patronage and the past: The Tughluq sultans of India, Muqarnas, Vol. 10, pages 311–322

2003: 97: 5914: 6498: 6383:"Idolatry and The Colonial Idea of India: Visions of Horror, Allegories of Enlightenment" by Swagato Ganguly. Routledge. 5606: 4388: 2554: 2494: 1102: 3724: 3615: 2260: 2225: 2265: 7623: 7592: 7327: 6545: 4619: 3743: 3414: 3318: 1939: 1624: 936: 389: 4221:

texts such as Vishvakarma. The material of construction range from clay to wood to marble to metal alloys such as

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itself is not God, but it is merely a representative shape, symbolic embodiment, or iconic manifestation of God.

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George Michell (1988), The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms, University of Chicago Press,

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The missionaries and orientalist scholars attempted to justify the need for colonial rule of India by attacking

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Moshe Halbertal and Avishai Margalit (Translator: Naomi Goldblum) (1998), Idolatry, Harvard University Press,

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John Cort (2010), Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History, Oxford University Press,

5586: 5484: 5030: 3491: 2704: 2609: 2534: 1720: 1642: 1097: 535: 503: 341:. On other occasions, they serve as the centre of attention in annual festive processions; these are called 6318:

Alice Boner (1990), Principles of Composition in Hindu Sculpture: Cave Temple Period, Motilal Banarsidass,

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Harold Coward and David Goa (2008), Mantra: 'Hearing the Divine in India and America, Motilal Banarsidass,

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with hymns. However, there isn't a universal consensus, with scholars such as AC Das, pointing to the word

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Vinayak Bharne and Krupali Krusche (2012), Rediscovering the Hindu Temple, Cambridge Scholars Publishing,

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Lo Bue, Erberto (1991). "Statuary Metals in Tibet and the Himalayas: History, Tradition, and Modern Use",

5505: 5279: 4961: 3825: 3781: 3690: 3620: 3456: 3085: 2854: 2514: 1420: 6925: 5904:

Paul Thieme (1984), "Indische Wörter und Sitten," in Kleine Schriften (Wiesbaden), Vol. 2, pages 343–370

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in intricately carved doorframes, on colourfully painted walls, and ornately sculpted rooftop domes. A

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Alice Boner, Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā and Bettina Bäumer (2000), Vāstusūtra Upaniṣad, Motilal Banarsidass,

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Alice Boner, Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā and Bettina Bäumer (2000), Vāstusūtra Upaniṣad, Motilal Banarsidass,

6247:

Alice Boner, Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā and Bettina Bäumer (2000), Vāstusūtra Upaniṣad, Motilal Banarsidass,

5462:, Publications of the De Nobili Research Library, Gerold & Co., Vienna, 1988. p. 27 with footnotes 4609:(invocation) each time a puja is conducted and then dispersed back at the end of the puja. Adorning a 1886: 7633: 7511: 4262: 3716: 3712: 3704: 3593: 3255: 2833: 2803: 2634: 2539: 2170: 2064: 975: 239:

traditions, where they serve as symbols of revered mortals inside Jain temples, and are worshiped in

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Klaus Klostermaier (2007) Hinduism: A Beginner's Guide, 2nd Edition, Oxford: OneWorld Publications,

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James Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, The Rosen Publishing Group,

6521: 6481:, Aschwin Lippe, The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New Series, Vol. 18, No. 6, pages 177–192 5931: 5455: 4822: 4634: 4574: 4537: 4142: 4132: 3748: 3641: 3477: 3008: 2870: 2614: 2504: 2489: 2395: 2335: 2300: 1785: 1697: 1316: 1206: 1122: 1076: 586: 488: 479: 459: 7306: 5293: 4426:

favour the use of murti. These traditions suggest that it is easier to dedicate time and focus on

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shape the murti not following fancy but following canonical manuals such as the Agamas and the

3919:, meaning custodians of images of worship who show the images but do not sell them, as well as 1657: 944: 7566: 7268: 7233: 6779: 6456: 6446: 6436: 6426: 6416: 6406: 6395: 6387: 6336: 6319: 6302: 6285: 6265: 6248: 6228: 6204: 6168: 6148: 6128: 6111: 6090: 6073: 6040: 6023: 5985: 5960: 5935: 5885: 5861: 5839: 5819: 5783: 5749: 5729: 5700: 5683: 5666: 5649: 5610: 5590: 5570: 5553: 5536: 5522: 5488: 5438: 5421: 5388: 5358: 5341: 5315: 5249: 5232: 5159: 5139: 5119: 5075: 5034: 5010: 4983: 4937: 4893: 4733: 3829: 3774: 3680: 3649: 3605: 3148: 2907: 2893: 2639: 2564: 2385: 2345: 2340: 2330: 2175: 1871: 1805: 1400: 1395: 1137: 428: 160: 6386:

Prasanna K Acharya, Indian Architecture According to Manasara-Silpasastra, South Asia Books,

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TA Gopinatha Rao (1993), Elements of Hindu iconography, Vol 1 and 2, Motilal Banarsidass,

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Paul Deussen (2010 Reprint), Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass,

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and/or in other customary forms of actively expressing devotion or reverence - whether at

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Helen Mitchell (2014), Roots of Wisdom: A Tapestry of Philosophical Traditions, Cengage,

1459: 1454: 1236: 1142: 912: 5269:, India International Centre Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. 1, Images (March 1986), pages 43–53 3994: 1282: 1062: 508: 7547: 7349: 7041: 6920: 6191:, PhD Thesis granted by Concordia University, Thesis Advisor: Leslie Orr, pages 107–108 6127:

Nancy Cassels (1988), Religion and the Pilgrim Taxes Under the Company Raj, Riverdale,

6063:, Ph.D. Thesis granted by Concordia University, Thesis Advisor: Leslie Orr, pages 57–71 4757: 4689:

idolatry as "the cause for the ills of Indian society". By 19th-century, ideas such as

4375:) were first produced in Jainism and Hinduism, by about 2 century BCE, as suggested by 3675: 3484: 3332: 2983: 2877: 2826: 2629: 2455: 2375: 2325: 2310: 2275: 2230: 2132: 1904: 1765: 1647: 1596: 1581: 1561: 1525: 1191: 993: 900: 525: 3904: 3836:(epistemology in Indian philosophy), then inserts a theory of inductive inference for 2084: 352: 7612: 6852: 6723: 6670: 6560: 6550: 5800: 5416: 4898: 4753: 4439: 4104: 3941: 3339: 3304: 3241: 3187: 3180: 3141: 3134: 3071: 3064: 3057: 3050: 3022: 2966: 2584: 2529: 2509: 2499: 2479: 2450: 2360: 2320: 2155: 2150: 2140: 2089: 2011: 1925: 1758: 1707: 1606: 1541: 1380: 1147: 601: 196: 56: 6487:, Steven Kossak, The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New Series, Vol. 51, No. 4 5552:

TA Gopinatha Rao (1993), Elements of Hindu iconography, Vol 2, Motilal Banarsidass,

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Michael Willis (2009), The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual, Cambridge University Press,

4752:, whose palm-leaf manuscripts were discovered in the 1970s among remote villages of 4163:

follow elaborate rituals to infuse life into a murti. Some tantra texts such as the

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Was Hinduism Invented?: Britons, Indians, and the Colonial Construction of Religion

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includes murti as well as painting of any non-anthropomorphic object. In contrast,

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Jeaneane D Fowler (1996), Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices, Sussex Academic Press,

1520: 7587: 7496: 7359: 7172: 7066: 7001: 6971: 6728: 6660: 6640: 4709: 4411: 4359: 3382: 3106: 2999: 2929: 2742: 2696: 2683: 2657: 2559: 2400: 2390: 2255: 2124: 2114: 1983: 1978: 1881: 1780: 1672: 1662: 1632: 1601: 1510: 1091: 1014: 1006: 808: 577: 241: 133: 4697:), contained in newly translated Sanskrit texts were linked to the idolatry of 3849:

Because without proof, the assumption which is to be proved is not permissible;

50: 7296: 7276: 7228: 7182: 7127: 7021: 6956: 6842: 6769: 6754: 6708: 6693: 6683: 6650: 6147:

Robert Yelle (2012), The Language of Disenchantment, Oxford University Press,

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Monier Monier-Williams, Sanskrit English Dictionary, Oxford University Press,

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Ancient Indian texts assert the significance of murti in spiritual terms. The

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André Wink (2004), Al Hind: the making of Indo-Islamic world, Vol. 3, BRILL,

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For Śilpa Śāstras as a basis for iconographic standards, see Hopkins, p. 113.

4137:

Murti, when produced properly, are made according to the design rules of the

7311: 7248: 7177: 7106: 7031: 7006: 6966: 6897: 6887: 6713: 6688: 6645: 6625: 5782:, International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania, Routledge, 4826: 4807: 4690: 4487: 4483: 4403: 4366: 4088: 4076: 3538: 3470: 3407: 3325: 2728: 2688: 2619: 2465: 2430: 2380: 2350: 2285: 2205: 2109: 2079: 2059: 1743: 1687: 1652: 1637: 1556: 1551: 1533: 859: 773: 704: 643: 295: 264:. The expressions in a murti vary in diverse Hindu traditions, ranging from 89: 6799: 6473:

Divine Images in Stone and Bronze: South India, Chola Dynasty (c. 850–1280)

5609:, PVS Sastri and VMR Bhat (Translators), Reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass ( 5589:, PVS Sastri and VMR Bhat (Translators), Reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass ( 5487:, PVS Sastri and VMR Bhat (Translators), Reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass ( 5248:

Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass,

5118:

Stella Kramrisch (1994), The Presence of Siva, Princeton University Press,

4605:. In domestic rituals, the deity is invited to reside in the murti through 1340: 874: 6399: 6167:

Noel Salmond (2004), Hindu Iconoclasts, Wilfrid Laurier University Press,

6089:

Richard Davis (1999), Lifes of Indian Images, Princeton University Press,

5704: 5687: 5670: 5540: 5340:

Noel Salmond (2004), Hindu Iconoclasts, Wilfrid Laurier University Press,

5314:

Noel Salmond (2004), Hindu Iconoclasts, Wilfrid Laurier University Press,

3895:

One of the earliest firm textual evidence of Deva images, in the sense of

221:; for example, purely decorative depictions of divine figures often adorn 7420: 7405: 7316: 7202: 7122: 7081: 7051: 7036: 6986: 6857: 6809: 6759: 6749: 6744: 6698: 6415:

Alice Boner (1965), Principles of composition in Hindu sculpture, BRILL,

5508:), pages 142–143 (note that the verse number in this version is 58.10–11) 4761: 4578: 4419: 4415: 3610: 3166: 2992: 2949: 2916: 2767: 2762: 2735: 2673: 2445: 2425: 2355: 2305: 2185: 2074: 1990: 1961: 1956: 1825: 1815: 1712: 1692: 1616: 1611: 1576: 1246: 1226: 1186: 1152: 1132: 1112: 998: 609: 567: 562: 436: 396: 150: 37: 6410: 5569:

Ariel Glucklich (2008), The Strides of Vishnu, Oxford University Press,

5266: 17: 7473: 7430: 7243: 7207: 7187: 7167: 7157: 7152: 7132: 7101: 7091: 7086: 7026: 7011: 6981: 6804: 6655: 6484: 6478: 6472: 6420: 4908: 4811: 4765: 4643: 4479: 4460: 4398: 4376: 4351: 4343: 4116: 4042: 3884: 3845:

On account of the subtleness of Time, this is the proof of its reality;

3833: 3579: 3543: 3533: 3283: 3204: 3196: 3013: 2939: 2924: 2721: 2420: 2365: 2104: 2054: 2024: 2019: 1891: 1866: 1753: 1430: 1425: 1385: 1292: 1287: 1277: 1264: 1251: 1241: 1216: 1127: 1117: 926: 890: 778: 763: 758: 694: 689: 653: 648: 635: 343: 332: 303: 299: 261: 253: 236: 73: 70: 6490: 4794:

In the fifth chapter of Vāstusūtra Upaniṣad, Pippalada asserts, "from

4342:

In Southern India, the material used predominantly for murti is black

4209:

The artists who make any art or craft, including murti, were known as

4012: 4003: 7506: 7400: 7395: 7344: 7281: 7223: 7096: 7071: 7056: 7016: 6976: 6912: 6892: 6872: 6847: 6774: 6590: 6585: 6575: 6570: 6540: 4913: 4860:

images are for those who have not reached this knowledge. (Verse 59)

4795: 4777: 4694: 4652:

and temples were well established in South Asia, before the start of

4475: 4371: 4347: 4336: 4156: 4149:. In Tantric traditions, a murti is installed by priests through the 4146: 4128: 3548: 3362: 2678: 2405: 2290: 2195: 2165: 2160: 2094: 2069: 1858: 1728: 1571: 1546: 1485: 1370: 1365: 1355: 1297: 1221: 1181: 1176: 1107: 1032: 967: 952: 854: 798: 783: 729: 709: 622: 617: 454: 320: 5913:

The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and society in India, p. 60 at

5217:, Harvard University Press, Reprinted Motilal Banarsidass, page 750 7468: 7435: 7415: 7410: 7364: 7258: 7253: 7137: 7046: 6996: 6991: 6961: 6703: 6678: 6600: 6595: 6564: 6535: 5374:

Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices, by Jeanne Fowler, pgs. 42–43, at

5180: 4816: 4789:

Pippalada, Vāstusūtra Upaniṣad, Introduction by Alice Boner et al.

4633: 4566:) from the perspective of rituals, gestures, hymns and offerings. 4521: 4471: 4465: 4435: 4387: 4172: 4110: 4098: 4080: 4027: 3876: 3565: 3435: 3200: 3157: 2712: 2250: 2119: 2029: 1876: 1830: 1810: 1490: 1475: 1415: 1405: 1390: 1375: 1201: 1171: 1057: 957: 788: 753: 724: 719: 714: 699: 627: 276: 103: 6475:, Aschwin Lippe, Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 4, pages 29–79 3816:

composed in the 1st millennium BCE, particularly in verse 3.2 of

7440: 7390: 7354: 7321: 7238: 7162: 7142: 6902: 6867: 6630: 6108:

Belief, Bounty, And Beauty: Rituals Around Sacred Trees in India

5719:, by Corinne Dempsey, Oxford University Press, page 215, 228–229 4505: 4084: 2039: 1820: 1790: 1733: 1480: 1467: 1360: 962: 803: 793: 768: 734: 684: 666: 280: 6494: 5728:

John Cort (2011), Jains in the World, Oxford University Press,

5648:

John Cort (2011), Jains in the World, Oxford University Press,

5387:

T Richard Blurton (1994), Hindu Art, Harvard University Press,

5357:

John Cort (2011), Jains in the World, Oxford University Press,

5297: 4079:, where alternate symbols are shaped into a murti, such as the 3887:

verses 7.104.24, 10.87.2 and 10.87.14. This word may refer to "

4075:

forms of religious murti, some traditions of Hinduism cherish

5860:, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 67–68, 4528:

is an aniconic reminder of the spiritualism in Vishnu. These

5286:

Sanskrit: कालात्स्रवन्ति भूतानि कालाद्वृद्धिं प्रयान्ति च ।

4186:

Oh, Tree! you have been selected for the worship of a deity,

3871:

of time", in verse 6.14 of the Maitri Upanishad, as "form".

361:

ritual ground seemed to serve as a template for the temple.

7291: 6930: 6877: 5984:(1. publ ed.). Westport, Conn.: Praeger. p. 194. 5053:, Overview of World Religions, University of Cumbria (2009) 4354:) through murti symbolism of God (saguna Brahman) during a 907: 444: 5884:. Religion and the arts. London: Cassell. pp. 57–58. 4459:

meditated through it, yet the idea of ultimate reality or

4798:-rupa (essence of a form, underlying principle) come the 5858:

The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India

4192:

May all who live in this tree, find residence elsewhere,

331:

is an embodiment of the divine, the ultimate reality or

275:) symbolism to express destruction, fear, and violence ( 195:) is a devotional image, such as a statue or icon, of a 6445:

P Mitter (2001), Indian Art, Oxford University Press,

4267: 174: 4265: 142:

Murti (idols, images) of different deities and saints

4844:. For example, the Jabaladarshana Upanishad states: 3867:

of time". Robert Hume translates the discussion of "

294:) symbolism to express joy, knowledge, and harmony ( 7580: 7540: 7489: 7482: 7456: 7383: 7337: 7267: 7216: 7115: 6949: 6911: 6822: 6737: 6669: 6616: 6609: 6528: 4155:ceremony, where mantras are recited sometimes with 5818:. Vol. 11. Thomson Gale. pp. 7493–7495. 4736:and India, states Pennington, Hindu deity images ( 4280: 4245:(marble types), and earth (clay, terracotta). For 5227: 5225: 5223: 4851:अज्ञानं भावनार्थाय प्रतिमाः परिकल्पिताः || ५९ || 6143: 6141: 5104:Madras, Cornell University Archives, pages 17–39 4998: 4996: 4181:A Hindu prayer before cutting a tree for a murti 6359:Madras, Cornell University Archives, pp. 17–39. 6280: 6278: 6219: 6217: 4846: 4770: 4718: 4444: 4178: 3842: 6243: 6241: 5744: 5742: 4561: 4551: 4545: 27:Idol, symbol, statue or icon in Hindu religion 6506: 6199: 6197: 6183: 6181: 4593:involves various modes and rituals. Before a 4346:, while the material in North India is white 3907:who lived about 4th-century BCE. He mentions 3847:On account of this, the Time is demonstrated. 3782: 8: 6055: 6053: 5531: 5529: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5063: 5061: 5059: 4858:A yogin perceives god (Siva) within himself, 4474:and a pantheon of other gods and goddesses ( 4288:of the sanctum sanctorum's door height, the 32: 6435:Vidya Dehejia (1997), Indian Art, Phaidon, 6351: 6349: 6163: 6161: 5154: 5152: 5134: 5132: 5114: 5112: 5110: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4932: 4930: 4928: 400:to be blessed at the altar before the deity 355:in the 4th century BCE. Prior to that, the 180: 7486: 6613: 6513: 6499: 6491: 6235:, pages 62–63, for context see pages 61–71 4978: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4726:Vivekananda, World Parliament of Religions 4190:I worship you per rules, kindly accept it. 3947:By the early 1st millennium BCE, the term 3789: 3775: 423: 5215:A concordance to the principal Upanishads 4266: 4264: 4194:May they forgive us now, we bow to them. 387:Hindu devotees go to the mandirs to take 5096: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5009:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 77-88. 4849:शिवमात्मनि पश्यन्ति प्रतिमासु न योगिनः | 4784:drew the subject matter for their work. 5928:The Arya Samaj Movement in South Africa 4924: 4693:(the universe is identical with God or 4358:before a murti, or the meditation on a 2666:Sources and classification of scripture 435: 5074:, State University of New York Press, 5029:John Cort (2011), Jains in the World, 31: 5717:The Goddess lives in upstate New York 5628:Some notes on Indian Artistic Anatomy 5519:Bulletin of Tibetology 1–3, pp. 7–41. 5003:Flueckiger, Joyce Burkhalter (2015). 4962:An Encyclopedia of Hindu Architecture 4806:is a creation similar to that of the 1293:Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation) 1288:Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption) 7: 6485:The Arts of South and Southeast Asia 5801:"Bhagavad-Gita: Chapter 12, Verse 5" 5284:, Oxford University Press, page 434; 4237:(a type of stucco, mortar plaster), 4030:murti (right) are an alternate form. 318:forms found in Hinduism include the 5378:, by M. K. V. Narayan at pgs. 84–85 4964:, Oxford University Press, page 426 4642:featuring the elephant-headed God, 288: 269: 235:are also found in some nontheistic 4618:is revealed, and worshippers take 25: 6255:, pages 7–9, for context see 1–10 6030:, pages 160–161 with footnote 241 5959:. Sumit Publications. p. x. 5281:The Thirteen Principal Upanishads 4597:is worshipped, a ritual known as 3808:The earliest mention of the term 190:form, embodiment, or solid object 5146:, pages 96–112, 123–143, 168–172 4878: 4622:by witnessing the fully adorned 4318: 4309: 4300: 4011: 4002: 3993: 3756: 443: 126: 112: 96: 82: 63: 49: 6326:, pages 89–95, 115–124, 174–184 5882:Hinduism and the religious arts 5607:Brihat Samhita of Varaha Mihira 5587:Brihat Samhita of Varaha Mihira 5485:Brihat Samhita of Varaha Mihira 4438:. Hindu scriptures such as the 4410:Major Hindu traditions such as 4281:{\displaystyle {\tfrac {7}{8}}} 394:bringing prepared offerings of 6479:The Sculpture of Greater India 5473:Puja: A Study in Smarta Ritual 5460:Puja: A Study in Smarta Ritual 4569:Some Hindu denominations like 3967:meant "idol of god" only, and 531:Epic-Puranic royal genealogies 1: 7619:Objects used in Hindu worship 6357:Elements of Hindu Iconography 6187:Tanisha Ramachandran (2008), 6059:Tanisha Ramachandran (2008), 5816:Gale Encyclopedia of Religion 5292:रमूर्तिमान् ॥ ॥ १४॥, Source: 5102:Elements of Hindu Iconography 4944:(Reprinted in 2011), page 824 3587:Other society-related topics: 1283:Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy) 368:may also be referred to as a 5769:. Grove Press 2011, page 147 5288:काले चास्तं नियच्छन्ति कालो 4821:6th-century murti carvings, 4776:) that is the royal road to 3698:Hinduism and other religions 2495:Chandrashekarendra Saraswati 6227:, Oxford University Press, 6106:Albertina Nugteren (2005), 5926:Naidoo, Thillayvel (1982). 5814:Lindsay Jones, ed. (2005). 5376:Flipside of Hindu symbolism 4638:A collection of modern-day 4115:Creation of Durga murti at 4103:Men carving stone murti at 3944:period (~3rd century BCE). 3903:by the Sanskrit grammarian 3443:Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram 3415:Naalayira Divya Prabandham 1148:Arishadvargas (six enemies) 1092:Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs) 1087:Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body) 175: 7650: 5778:Trudy King et al. (1996), 4490:) being worshipped during 4122: 3982: 3319:Naalayira Divya Prabandham 2004:Gurus, sants, philosophers 1940:Akshar Purushottam Darshan 1128:Uparati (self-settledness) 420:Etymology and nomenclature 310:images are most common in 6223:Brian Pennington (2007), 5957:Swami Dayānanda Sarasvatī 5195:. Encyclopædia Britannica 4866:Jabaladarsana Upanishad, 4562: 4552: 4546: 4259:(murti) height should be 2485:Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati 1143:Samadhana (concentration) 1007:Three paths to liberation 514:Tribal religions in India 499:Historical Vedic religion 494:Indus Valley Civilisation 223:Hindu temple architecture 164: 43: 6309:, pages 345–346, 247–254 5880:Elgood, Heather (1999). 4712:who refused to denounce 4556:) is different from the 4442:, states in verse 12.5, 4229:and eighth-century text 3822:Shvetashvatara Upanishad 1319:, sacrifice, and charity 7541:Fruits and other plants 6369:Jabaladarsana Upanishad 5031:Oxford University Press 4434:or non-anthropomorphic 4213:. The formally trained 4175:about such a ceremony. 3492:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam 2705:Timeline of Hindu texts 2610:Siddharameshwar Maharaj 1643:Pumsavana Simantonayana 1298:Śabda (word, testimony) 536:Epic-Puranic chronology 504:Dravidian folk religion 5980:Rosen, Steven (2006). 5856:Fuller, C. J. (2004), 4869: 4829: 4792: 4729: 4677:inside major temples. 4646: 4495: 4463:is not confined in it. 4448: 4407: 4282: 4197: 4120: 4108: 3860: 3826:Maitrayaniya Upanishad 3457:Eighteen Greater Texts 3086:Brahma Vaivarta Purana 2515:Krishnananda Saraswati 1759:Vijayadashami-Dussehra 1273:Pratyakṣa (perception) 1133:Titiksha (forbearance) 6355:Gopinath Rao (1914), 5626:Abanindranth Tagore, 5265:Diana L. Eck (1986), 4820: 4637: 4469: 4391: 4283: 4114: 4102: 3857:Maitri Upanishad 6.14 3573:Varna-related topics: 3464:Eighteen Lesser Texts 3037:Devi Bhagavata Purana 1933:Svabhavika Bhedabheda 1919:Achintya Bheda Abheda 1851:Philosophical schools 1153:Ahamkara (attachment) 1113:Vairagya (dispassion) 1041:Mokṣa-related topics: 5673:, pages 49–56, 63–65 5656:, pages 20–21, 56–58 5267:Darshan of the Image 5193:"pratima (Hinduism)" 5072:A Survey of Hinduism 4853:- जाबालदर्शनोपनिषत् 4585:Modes of worshipping 4263: 4231:Manasara-Silpasastra 4225:. The sixth century 3971:was synonymous with 3705:Hinduism and Jainism 2635:Vethathiri Maharishi 2540:Nisargadatta Maharaj 1108:Viveka (discernment) 483:(500/200 BCE–300 CE) 6522:Worship in Hinduism 6211:, pages 2–11, 39–40 5955:Lata, Prem (1990). 5932:Motilal Banarsidass 5471:Buhnemann, Gudrun, 4823:Badami cave temples 4750:Vāstusūtra Upaniṣad 4575:Satya Mahima Dharma 4188:Salutations to you! 4095:Methods and manuals 3805:statue of a deity. 3763:Hinduism portal 3642:Hinduism by country 3478:Iraiyanar Akapporul 3422:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai 2505:Dayananda Saraswati 2490:Bhaktivinoda Thakur 2396:Sripada Srivallabha 2336:Raghunatha Siromani 2301:Narasimha Saraswati 1278:Anumāṇa (inference) 40: 6941:Om Namo Narayanaya 5982:Essential Hinduism 5068:Klaus Klostermaier 4830: 4647: 4496: 4408: 4396:of mother goddess 4278: 4276: 4121: 4109: 4087:for Devi, and the 3901:Jivikarthe Capanye 3840:proof as follows, 3818:Aitareya Upanishad 3812:occurs in primary 3657:Caribbean Shaktism 3376:Kanakadhara Stotra 2625:U. G. Krishnamurti 2605:Satyadhyana Tirtha 2201:Gangesha Upadhyaya 1859:Six Astika schools 1103:Ānanda (happiness) 1082:Anātman (non-self) 7624:Hindu iconography 7606: 7605: 7576: 7575: 7567:Tulasi Vrindavana 6818: 6817: 6780:Panchayatana puja 6461:978-1-4438-4137-5 6451:978-0-19-284221-3 6441:978-0-7148-3496-2 6392:978-81-86142-70-7 6341:978-0-226-53230-1 6324:978-81-208-0705-1 6307:978-0-19-538502-1 6290:978-81-208-0090-8 6270:978-81-208-0090-8 6253:978-81-208-0090-8 6233:978-0-19-532600-0 6209:978-0-674-44313-6 6173:978-0-88920-419-5 6153:978-0-19-992501-8 6133:978-0-913215-26-5 6116:978-90-04-14601-3 6095:978-0-691-00520-1 6078:978-0-19-532600-0 6045:978-0-226-53239-4 6028:978-90-04-13561-1 5991:978-0-275-99006-0 5891:978-0-304-70739-3 5867:978-0-691-12048-5 5844:978-1-85168-163-1 5788:978-1-884964-04-6 5754:978-1-285-19712-8 5734:978-0-19-979664-9 5654:978-0-19-979664-9 5615:978-81-208-1060-0 5595:978-81-208-1060-0 5575:978-0-19-531405-2 5493:978-81-208-1060-0 5415:Hinduism and the 5413:Elgood, Heather. 5393:978-0-674-39189-5 5363:978-0-19-979664-9 5346:978-0-88920-419-5 5320:978-0-88920-419-5 5254:978-81-208-1468-4 5237:978-81-208-1468-4 5164:978-0-8239-3180-4 5144:978-0-521-51874-1 5124:978-0-691-01930-7 5080:978-0-7914-7082-4 5006:Everyday Hinduism 4988:978-1-898723-60-8 4942:978-81-208-3105-6 4894:Hindu iconography 4760:and one in crude 4275: 3830:Prashna Upanishad 3828:and verse 1.5 of 3799: 3798: 3650:Balinese Hinduism 3149:Markandeya Purana 2386:Satyanatha Tirtha 2341:Raghuttama Tirtha 2331:Raghavendra Swami 2176:Ramdas Kathiababa 1257:Sources of dharma 1123:Dama (temperance) 1118:Sama (equanimity) 484: 351:are mentioned by 173: 147: 146: 140: 139: 16:(Redirected from 7641: 7487: 7375:Pilgrimage sites 6936:Om Namah Shivaya 6785:Prana Pratishtha 6765:Kumbhabhishekham 6614: 6515: 6508: 6501: 6492: 6372: 6366: 6360: 6353: 6344: 6333: 6327: 6316: 6310: 6299: 6293: 6282: 6273: 6262: 6256: 6245: 6236: 6221: 6212: 6201: 6192: 6185: 6176: 6165: 6156: 6145: 6136: 6125: 6119: 6104: 6098: 6087: 6081: 6070: 6064: 6057: 6048: 6037: 6031: 6020: 6014: 6011: 6005: 6002: 5996: 5995: 5977: 5971: 5970: 5952: 5946: 5945: 5923: 5917: 5915:Books.Google.com 5911: 5905: 5902: 5896: 5895: 5877: 5871: 5870: 5853: 5847: 5836: 5830: 5829: 5811: 5805: 5804: 5797: 5791: 5776: 5770: 5767:India: A History 5763: 5757: 5746: 5737: 5726: 5720: 5714: 5708: 5697: 5691: 5680: 5674: 5663: 5657: 5646: 5640: 5637: 5631: 5624: 5618: 5617:), pages 503–518 5604: 5598: 5597:), pages 491–501 5584: 5578: 5567: 5561: 5550: 5544: 5533: 5524: 5515: 5509: 5502: 5496: 5482: 5476: 5469: 5463: 5456:Gudrun Bühnemann 5452: 5446: 5435: 5429: 5420:. Cassell 1999. 5411: 5405: 5402: 5396: 5385: 5379: 5372: 5366: 5355: 5349: 5338: 5323: 5312: 5301: 5276: 5270: 5263: 5257: 5246: 5240: 5229: 5218: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5189: 5183: 5173: 5167: 5156: 5147: 5136: 5127: 5116: 5105: 5098: 5083: 5065: 5054: 5048: 5042: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5000: 4991: 4980: 4965: 4958: 4945: 4934: 4888: 4883: 4882: 4881: 4867: 4842:Hindu scriptures 4790: 4727: 4565: 4564: 4555: 4554: 4549: 4548: 4322: 4313: 4304: 4287: 4285: 4284: 4279: 4277: 4268: 4241:(gravel, grit), 4205: 4133:Āgama (Hinduism) 4015: 4006: 3997: 3858: 3824:, verse 6.14 of 3820:, verse 1.13 of 3791: 3784: 3777: 3761: 3760: 3759: 3721:and Christianity 3691:Pilgrimage sites 3621:Reform movements 3499:Vinayagar Agaval 3450:Five Great Epics 3399:Tamil literature 3298:Sushruta Samhita 3093:Bhavishya Purana 3079:Brahmanda Purana 3030:Bhagavata Purana 2958:Other scriptures 2520:Mahavatar Babaji 2100:Satyakama Jabala 1771:Ganesh Chaturthi 1625:Rites of passage 1138:Shraddha (faith) 556:Major traditions 482: 447: 424: 293: 290: 274: 271: 194: 191: 188: 185: 182: 178: 168: 166: 130: 116: 100: 86: 67: 53: 45: 44: 41: 21: 7649: 7648: 7644: 7643: 7642: 7640: 7639: 7638: 7629:Puja (Hinduism) 7609: 7608: 7607: 7602: 7572: 7536: 7478: 7452: 7379: 7333: 7263: 7212: 7111: 6945: 6907: 6883:Sandhyavandanam 6836: 6814: 6790:Sandhyavandanam 6733: 6665: 6605: 6524: 6519: 6469: 6380: 6378:Further reading 6375: 6367: 6363: 6354: 6347: 6334: 6330: 6317: 6313: 6300: 6296: 6283: 6276: 6263: 6259: 6246: 6239: 6222: 6215: 6202: 6195: 6186: 6179: 6166: 6159: 6146: 6139: 6126: 6122: 6105: 6101: 6097:, pages 164–171 6088: 6084: 6071: 6067: 6058: 6051: 6038: 6034: 6021: 6017: 6012: 6008: 6003: 5999: 5992: 5979: 5978: 5974: 5967: 5954: 5953: 5949: 5942: 5934:. p. 158. 5925: 5924: 5920: 5912: 5908: 5903: 5899: 5892: 5879: 5878: 5874: 5868: 5855: 5854: 5850: 5837: 5833: 5826: 5813: 5812: 5808: 5799: 5798: 5794: 5790:, pages 574–575 5777: 5773: 5764: 5760: 5756:, pages 188–189 5747: 5740: 5727: 5723: 5715: 5711: 5698: 5694: 5681: 5677: 5664: 5660: 5647: 5643: 5638: 5634: 5625: 5621: 5605: 5601: 5585: 5581: 5577:, pages 123–124 5568: 5564: 5551: 5547: 5534: 5527: 5516: 5512: 5503: 5499: 5483: 5479: 5470: 5466: 5453: 5449: 5436: 5432: 5412: 5408: 5403: 5399: 5395:, pages 163–164 5386: 5382: 5373: 5369: 5365:, pages 250–251 5356: 5352: 5339: 5326: 5313: 5304: 5287: 5285: 5278:Robert E Hume, 5277: 5273: 5264: 5260: 5247: 5243: 5239:, pages 355–358 5230: 5221: 5212: 5208: 5198: 5196: 5191: 5190: 5186: 5174: 5170: 5157: 5150: 5137: 5130: 5126:, pages 179–187 5117: 5108: 5099: 5086: 5082:, pages 264–267 5066: 5057: 5049: 5045: 5028: 5024: 5017: 5002: 5001: 4994: 4981: 4968: 4959: 4948: 4935: 4926: 4922: 4886:Hinduism portal 4884: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4859: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4791: 4788: 4746: 4728: 4725: 4673:Hindus to view 4654:Delhi Sultanate 4632: 4630:Role in history 4599:prana pratishta 4587: 4501:bhakti movement 4494:, North Kolkata 4432:anthropomorphic 4386: 4384:Role in worship 4332: 4331: 4330: 4329: 4325: 4324: 4323: 4315: 4314: 4306: 4305: 4261: 4260: 4219:Shilpa Shastras 4207: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4165:Pancaratraraksa 4152:Prana pratishta 4139:Shilpa Shastras 4135: 4125:Shilpa Shastras 4123:Main articles: 4097: 4073:anthropomorphic 4034: 4033: 4032: 4031: 4018: 4017: 4016: 4008: 4007: 3999: 3998: 3987: 3981: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3838:epistemological 3795: 3757: 3755: 3736: 3735: 3729: 3699: 3665: 3644: 3636: 3626: 3625: 3588: 3521: 3513: 3505: 3504: 3401: 3369: 3291:Charaka Samhita 3270:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra 3228:Shilpa Shastras 3207: 3160: 3044:Naradiya Purana 3016: 3011: 2986: 2960: 2919: 2783: 2715: 2699: 2668: 2660: 2650: 2649: 2595:Shirdi Sai Baba 2590:Sathya Sai Baba 2570:Ramana Maharshi 2474: 2441:Vadiraja Tirtha 2436:Vācaspati Miśra 2316:Srinivasacharya 2296:Narahari Tirtha 2276:Matsyendranatha 2261:Kumārila Bhaṭṭa 2226:Jagannatha Dasa 2216:Haridasa Thakur 2135: 2014: 2006: 1996: 1995: 1951: 1912:Vishishtadvaita 1861: 1853: 1843: 1842: 1796:Makar Sankranti 1776:Vasant Panchami 1739:Maha Shivaratri 1723: 1627: 1536: 1470: 1439: 1320: 1311: 1303: 1302: 1267: 1161: 1098:Prajña (wisdom) 1094: 1071: 1035: 1009: 978: 947: 945:Meaning of life 932:God in Hinduism 921: 885: 883:Supreme reality 860:Subtle elements 849: 830: 824: 814: 813: 669: 638: 612: 604: 594: 593: 590: 557: 551: 541: 540: 485: 480:Hindu synthesis 476: 471: 422: 404:and to perform 347:. The earliest 291: 272: 192: 189: 186: 183: 143: 136: 131: 122: 117: 106: 101: 92: 87: 76: 68: 59: 54: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7647: 7645: 7637: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7611: 7610: 7604: 7603: 7601: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7584: 7582: 7578: 7577: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7570: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7544: 7542: 7538: 7537: 7535: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7493: 7491: 7484: 7480: 7479: 7477: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7460: 7458: 7457:Sacred animals 7454: 7453: 7451: 7450: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7387: 7385: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7350:Dhvajastambham 7347: 7341: 7339: 7335: 7334: 7332: 7331: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7307:Pillaiyar Suḻi 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7273: 7271: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7220: 7218: 7214: 7213: 7211: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7119: 7117: 7113: 7112: 7110: 7109: 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4010: 4009: 4001: 4000: 3992: 3991: 3990: 3989: 3988: 3983:Main article: 3980: 3977: 3899:, is found in 3854: 3843: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3793: 3786: 3779: 3771: 3768: 3767: 3766: 3765: 3752: 3751: 3746: 3738: 3737: 3734: 3733: 3727: 3701: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3646: 3645: 3640: 3637: 3632: 3631: 3628: 3627: 3624: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3602: 3601: 3594:Discrimination 3590: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3552: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3503: 3502: 3495: 3488: 3485:Abirami Antati 3481: 3474: 3467: 3460: 3453: 3446: 3439: 3432: 3425: 3418: 3411: 3403: 3402: 3397: 3394: 3393: 3386: 3379: 3371: 3370: 3361: 3358: 3357: 3350: 3343: 3336: 3333:Ramcharitmanas 3329: 3322: 3315: 3308: 3301: 3294: 3287: 3284:Pramana Sutras 3280: 3273: 3266: 3259: 3256:Mimamsa Sutras 3252: 3249:Samkhya Sutras 3245: 3238: 3231: 3224: 3217: 3214:Dharma Shastra 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1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1044: 1043: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1011: 1010: 1005: 1002: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 980: 979: 976:Stages of life 974: 971: 970: 965: 960: 955: 949: 948: 943: 940: 939: 937:God and gender 934: 929: 923: 922: 919: 916: 915: 910: 905: 904: 903: 898: 887: 886: 881: 878: 877: 872: 870:Gross elements 867: 862: 857: 851: 850: 847: 844: 843: 838: 832: 831: 828: 825: 820: 819: 816: 815: 812: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 745: 744: 738: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 681: 680: 671: 670: 660: 657: 656: 651: 646: 640: 639: 634: 631: 630: 625: 620: 614: 613: 608: 605: 600: 599: 596: 595: 592: 591: 584: 581: 580: 575: 570: 565: 559: 558: 555: 552: 547: 546: 543: 542: 539: 538: 533: 528: 526:Itihasa-Purana 517: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 472: 469: 468: 465: 464: 463: 462: 457: 449: 448: 440: 439: 433: 432: 421: 418: 213:or shrines. A 145: 144: 141: 138: 137: 132: 125: 123: 118: 111: 108: 107: 102: 95: 93: 88: 81: 78: 77: 69: 62: 60: 55: 48: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7646: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7616: 7614: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7585: 7583: 7579: 7568: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7545: 7543: 7539: 7533: 7532:Sacred groves 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7488: 7485: 7483:Sacred plants 7481: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7461: 7459: 7455: 7449: 7448: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7388: 7386: 7382: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7342: 7340: 7336: 7330: 7329: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7266: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7215: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7120: 7118: 7114: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6954: 6952: 6948: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6914: 6910: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6853:Brahmamuhurta 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6824: 6821: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6742: 6740: 6736: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6724:Putrakameshti 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6672: 6668: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6619: 6615: 6612: 6608: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6566: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6516: 6511: 6509: 6504: 6502: 6497: 6496: 6493: 6486: 6483: 6480: 6477: 6474: 6471: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6432: 6431:81-208-0878-9 6428: 6424: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6412: 6408: 6403: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6382: 6381: 6377: 6370: 6365: 6362: 6358: 6352: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6332: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6315: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6298: 6295: 6292:, pages 18–23 6291: 6287: 6281: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6261: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6244: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6220: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6200: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6184: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6164: 6162: 6158: 6155:, pages 79–82 6154: 6150: 6144: 6142: 6138: 6135:, pages 18–34 6134: 6130: 6124: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6103: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6086: 6083: 6080:, pages 62–64 6079: 6075: 6069: 6066: 6062: 6056: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6036: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6019: 6016: 6010: 6007: 6001: 5998: 5993: 5987: 5983: 5976: 5973: 5968: 5966:81-7000-114-5 5962: 5958: 5951: 5948: 5943: 5941:81-208-0769-3 5937: 5933: 5929: 5922: 5919: 5916: 5910: 5907: 5901: 5898: 5893: 5887: 5883: 5876: 5873: 5869: 5863: 5859: 5852: 5849: 5846:, pages 63–65 5845: 5841: 5835: 5832: 5827: 5825:0-02-865980-5 5821: 5817: 5810: 5807: 5802: 5796: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5775: 5772: 5768: 5762: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5745: 5743: 5739: 5736:, pages 63–64 5735: 5731: 5725: 5722: 5718: 5713: 5710: 5707:, pages 66–72 5706: 5702: 5696: 5693: 5690:, pages 57–62 5689: 5685: 5679: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5662: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5645: 5642: 5636: 5633: 5629: 5623: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5603: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5583: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5566: 5563: 5560:, pages 76–77 5559: 5558:81-208-0878-9 5555: 5549: 5546: 5543:, pages 49–50 5542: 5538: 5532: 5530: 5526: 5523: 5520: 5514: 5511: 5507: 5501: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5481: 5478: 5474: 5468: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5451: 5448: 5445:, pages 25-30 5444: 5440: 5434: 5431: 5427: 5426:0-304-33820-6 5423: 5419: 5418: 5410: 5407: 5401: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5384: 5381: 5377: 5371: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5354: 5351: 5348:, pages 18–20 5347: 5343: 5337: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5325: 5322:, pages 15–17 5321: 5317: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5283: 5282: 5275: 5272: 5268: 5262: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5245: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5213:G. A. Jacob, 5210: 5207: 5194: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5178: 5172: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5155: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5047: 5044: 5041:, pages 80-85 5040: 5036: 5032: 5026: 5023: 5018: 5016:9781118528204 5012: 5008: 5007: 4999: 4997: 4993: 4990:, pages 41–45 4989: 4985: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4925: 4919: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4899:Hindu deities 4897: 4895: 4892: 4891: 4887: 4876: 4871: 4861: 4854: 4845: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4828: 4824: 4819: 4815: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4785: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4769: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4735: 4722: 4717: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4702: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4676: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4657: 4655: 4651: 4645: 4641: 4636: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4589:Worship of a 4584: 4582: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4567: 4559: 4543: 4539: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4502: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4468: 4464: 4462: 4457: 4453: 4447: 4443: 4441: 4440:Bhagavad Gita 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4405: 4401: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4374: 4373: 4368: 4365:According to 4363: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4340: 4338: 4321: 4312: 4303: 4294: 4291: 4272: 4269: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4206: 4204:59.10 - 59.11 4203: 4195: 4183: 4182: 4176: 4174: 4170: 4169:prana protist 4166: 4162: 4161:Tantra-tattva 4158: 4154: 4153: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4118: 4113: 4106: 4105:Mahabalipuram 4101: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4066: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4052: 4049: 4048: 4047: 4045: 4044: 4039: 4029: 4025: 4024:Hindu temples 4014: 4005: 3996: 3986: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3945: 3943: 3942:Maurya Empire 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3872: 3870: 3866: 3852: 3841: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3803: 3792: 3787: 3785: 3780: 3778: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3769: 3764: 3754: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3741: 3740: 3739: 3732: 3728: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3703: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3668: 3664:Hindu culture 3662: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3638: 3635: 3630: 3629: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3616:Organisations 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3600: 3597: 3596: 3595: 3592: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3554: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3480: 3479: 3475: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3466: 3465: 3461: 3459: 3458: 3454: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3445: 3444: 3440: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3431: 3430: 3426: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3417: 3416: 3412: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3395: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3385: 3384: 3380: 3378: 3377: 3373: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3359: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3349: 3348: 3344: 3342: 3341: 3340:Yoga Vasistha 3337: 3335: 3334: 3330: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3321: 3320: 3316: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3307: 3306: 3305:Natya Shastra 3302: 3300: 3299: 3295: 3293: 3292: 3288: 3286: 3285: 3281: 3279: 3278: 3274: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3258: 3257: 3253: 3251: 3250: 3246: 3244: 3243: 3242:Brahma Sutras 3239: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3223: 3222: 3218: 3216: 3215: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3193: 3190: 3189: 3188:Sthapatyaveda 3185: 3183: 3182: 3181:Gandharvaveda 3178: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3154: 3151: 3150: 3146: 3144: 3143: 3142:Varaha Purana 3139: 3137: 3136: 3135:Skanda Purana 3132: 3130: 3129: 3125: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3095: 3094: 3090: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3081: 3080: 3076: 3074: 3073: 3072:Brahma Purana 3069: 3067: 3066: 3065:Garuda Purana 3062: 3060: 3059: 3058:Matsya Purana 3055: 3053: 3052: 3051:Vāmana Purana 3048: 3046: 3045: 3041: 3039: 3038: 3034: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3025: 3024: 3023:Vishnu Purana 3020: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3006: 3005: 3002: 3001: 2997: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2969: 2968: 2967:Bhagavad Gita 2964: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2913: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2903: 2902: 2898: 2896: 2895: 2891: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2883: 2880: 2879: 2875: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2860: 2857: 2856: 2852: 2850: 2849: 2845: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2816: 2813: 2810: 2809: 2806: 2805: 2801: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2748: 2745: 2744: 2740: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2731: 2730: 2726: 2724: 2723: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2662: 2659: 2654: 2653: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2550:Radhakrishnan 2548: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2530:Narayana Guru 2528: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2510:Jaggi Vasudev 2508: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2500:Chinmayananda 2498: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2478: 2477: 2471: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2361:Ramprasad Sen 2359: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2211:Gorakshanatha 2209: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2156:Allama Prabhu 2154: 2152: 2151:Akka Mahadevi 2149: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2141:Abhinavagupta 2139: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2090:Prashastapada 2088: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2008: 2005: 2000: 1999: 1992: 1989: 1985: 1982: 1981: 1980: 1977: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1959: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1950:Other schools 1948: 1947: 1942: 1941: 1937: 1935: 1934: 1930: 1928: 1927: 1926:Shuddhadvaita 1923: 1921: 1920: 1916: 1914: 1913: 1909: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1900: 1899: 1895: 1894: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1855: 1852: 1847: 1846: 1839: 1836: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1607:Kalaripayattu 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1542:Bharatanatyam 1540: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1421:Nritta-Nritya 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1323: 1318: 1314: 1313: 1307: 1306: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1164: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1151: 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7234:Karatalas 7229:Harmonium 7178:Rudraksha 7116:Materials 7032:Kamandalu 6967:Banalinga 6898:Third eye 6888:Śaktipāta 6750:Ashirvada 6714:Pravargya 6689:Agnihotra 6646:Parikrama 6626:Abhisheka 6556:Festivals 6400:296289012 6110:, BRILL, 5705:898773783 5688:898773783 5671:898773783 5541:898773783 5199:21 August 5181:0903.3252 4827:Karnataka 4808:Prajapati 4782:Sthapakas 4774:parāvidyā 4691:pantheism 4526:Saligrama 4524:plant or 4484:Sarasvati 4424:Smartaism 4404:Rajasthan 4367:John Keay 4089:saligrama 4077:aniconism 3731:Criticism 3725:and Islam 3686:Mythology 3539:Kshatriya 3471:Athichudi 3408:Tirumurai 3326:Tirumurai 2935:Vyākaraṇa 2871:Chandogya 2863:Samaveda: 2751:Divisions 2729:Yajurveda 2689:Ātmatuṣṭi 2645:Yogananda 2620:Trailanga 2615:Sivananda 2480:Aurobindo 2466:Vyasaraja 2431:Tyagaraja 2381:Sankardev 2351:Ramananda 2246:Jñāneśvar 2221:Harivansh 2206:Gaudapada 2171:Chaitanya 2110:Vashistha 2080:Patanjali 2060:Jamadagni 1979:Vaishnava 1967:Pashupata 1744:Navaratri 1721:Festivals 1688:Upanayana 1653:Jatakarma 1638:Pumsavana 1557:Kuchipudi 1552:Kathakali 1521:Rāja yoga 1455:Samādhāna 1336:Prarthana 1310:Practices 1237:Svādhyāya 841:Mythology 836:Cosmology 829:Worldview 774:Kartikeya 705:Prajapati 644:Saraswati 296:Saraswati 245:rituals. 170:romanized 90:Jagannath 7593:Samskara 7581:See also 7522:Parijata 7421:Sannyasa 7406:Purohita 7317:Swastika 7203:Turmeric 7158:Marigold 7123:Agarwood 7097:Tilakamu 7037:Khirapat 6987:Dhunachi 6858:Jagarana 6810:Upakarma 6745:Achamana 6699:Aupasana 6272:, page 9 5298:Archive2 5070:(2010), 4872:See also 4864:— 4804:Sthapaka 4787:— 4762:Sanskrit 4734:Hinduism 4724:— 4470:Goddess 4430:through 4420:Shaktism 4416:Shaivism 4215:Shilpins 4211:shilpins 3933:Devakula 3929:Devagara 3925:Devagrha 3917:Devalaka 3885:Rig Veda 3881:Mūradeva 3855:— 3744:Glossary 3676:Calendar 3611:Hindutva 3534:Brahmana 3205:samhitas 3197:Shastras 3167:Ayurveda 3158:Upavedas 2993:Ramayana 2984:Itihasas 2950:Jyotisha 2917:Vedangas 2901:Mandukya 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Other 262:Samhitas 161:Sanskrit 38:Hinduism 18:Vigraham 7565: ( 7512:Kadamba 7447:more... 7431:Satguru 7328:more... 7244:Manjira 7208:Vibhuti 7188:Sindūra 7183:Candana 7168:Panakam 7153:Kumkuma 7148:Incense 7133:Camphor 7102:Utsavar 7092:Shankha 7087:Rangoli 7052:Mulavar 7027:Kalasha 7012:Garland 6982:Coconut 6950:Objects 6913:Mantras 6805:Tarpana 6795:Shuddhi 6656:Prasada 6651:Pranāma 6610:Rituals 6563: ( 6551:Deities 6546:Darshan 6411:5709812 5780:Mathura 5294:Archive 4909:Thangka 4812:Jainism 4766:Brahman 4695:Brahman 4620:darshan 4607:avahana 4577:reject 4480:Lakshmi 4461:Brahman 4402:, from 4399:Matrika 4377:Mathura 4352:Brahman 4344:granite 4290:Pratima 4257:pratima 4239:sarkara 4157:yantras 4147:Tantras 4117:Kolkata 4071:Beyond 3969:Vigraha 3957:Pratima 3834:Pramana 3749:Outline 3544:Vaishya 3512:Society 3363:Stotras 3014:Puranas 2940:Nirukta 2930:Chandas 2925:Shiksha 2908:Prashna 2894:Mundaka 2758:Samhita 2722:Rigveda 2585:Samarth 2421:Tukaram 2366:Ravidas 2105:Valmiki 2055:Jaimini 2025:Angiras 2020:Agastya 2012:Ancient 1898:Advaita 1892:Vedanta 1887:Mīmāṃsā 1867:Samkhya 1754:Ramlila 1496:Sādhanā 1386:Tarpana 1371:Kīrtana 1366:Bhajana 1317:Worship 1242:Shaucha 1217:Akrodha 1063:Saṃsāra 927:Ishvara 896:Nirguna 891:Brahman 855:Tattvas 779:Krishna 764:Hanuman 759:Ganesha 695:Chandra 690:Ashvins 654:Parvati 649:Lakshmi 636:Tridevi 602:Deities 509:Śramaṇa 489:History 470:Origins 460:History 390:darshan 377:pratima 371:vigraha 333:Brahman 304:Ganesha 300:Lakshmi 289:transl. 270:transl. 254:Puranas 184: 172:: 149:In the 74:Ganesha 71:Parvati 7563:Tulasi 7527:Peepal 7507:Banyan 7502:Ashoka 7401:Pujari 7396:Pandit 7370:Temple 7345:Ashram 7338:Places 7282:Lingam 7224:Dholak 7198:Tulasi 7072:Pandal 7057:Paduka 7017:Ghanta 7007:Cāmara 6977:Biruda 6893:Stotra 6873:Kirtan 6848:Bhajan 6827:Prayer 6800:Śrauta 6775:Ngejot 6591:Utsava 6586:Tilaka 6576:Mantra 6571:Kirtan 6541:Bhajan 6459: 6449: 6439: 6429: 6421:352681 6419: 6409: 6398: 6390: 6339: 6322: 6305: 6288: 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1177:Niyama 1160:Ethics 968:Moksha 953:Dharma 901:Saguna 799:Shakti 784:Kubera 730:Varuna 710:Pushan 623:Vishnu 618:Brahma 455:Hindus 353:Pāṇini 321:lingam 308:Saumya 302:, and 285:saumya 260:, and 258:Agamas 165:मूर्ति 7558:Lotus 7490:Trees 7469:Horse 7436:Swami 7416:Sadhu 7411:Rishi 7384:Roles 7365:Matha 7302:Pindi 7287:Murti 7259:Veena 7254:Tabla 7138:Charu 7077:Pinda 7062:Palki 7047:Kolam 7042:Kindi 6997:Dhupa 6992:Dhuni 6962:Altar 6738:Other 6704:Dhuni 6679:Yajna 6601:Yatra 6596:Vrata 6581:Murti 6565:Yajna 6536:Ārati 5177:arXiv 4838:Atman 4834:murti 4738:murti 4714:murti 4708:, to 4706:murti 4699:murti 4687:murti 4682:murti 4675:murti 4670:murti 4666:murti 4662:murti 4650:Murti 4640:murti 4624:murti 4616:murti 4611:murti 4603:murti 4595:murti 4591:murti 4522:Tulsi 4518:aarti 4472:Durga 4456:murti 4452:murti 4436:icons 4394:murti 4235:Sudha 4173:Vedas 4081:linga 4038:murti 4028:Linga 3979:Types 3973:Bimba 3965:Bimba 3953:murti 3949:murti 3909:Acala 3897:murti 3877:yajna 3869:mūrti 3865:mūrti 3810:murti 3802:Murti 3566:Dalit 3519:Varna 3436:Kural 2974:Agama 2945:Kalpa 2841:Katha 2713:Vedas 2684:Ācāra 2679:Smṛti 2674:Śruti 2658:Texts 2251:Kabir 2120:Vyasa 2030:Aruni 1877:Nyaya 1831:Vishu 1811:Ugadi 1491:Asana 1476:Sadhu 1445:Tapas 1416:Matha 1406:Yatra 1391:Vrata 1376:Yajna 1351:Murti 1232:Tapas 1207:Damah 1202:Satya 1172:Yamas 1058:Karma 958:Artha 875:Guṇas 789:Radha 754:Durga 725:Ushas 720:Surya 715:Rudra 700:Indra 676:Vedic 667:Devis 663:Devas 628:Shiva 413:aarti 382:deity 366:murti 349:murti 329:murti 316:murti 283:) to 277:Durga 250:murti 233:Murti 227:mūrti 219:mūrti 215:mūrti 201:saint 197:deity 176:mūrti 156:murti 151:Hindu 104:Durga 34:Murti 7548:Bael 7474:Nāga 7441:Yogi 7426:Sant 7391:Guru 7355:Ghat 7322:Yoni 7239:Khol 7193:Soma 7163:Milk 7143:Ghee 7128:Alta 7002:Diya 6903:Yoga 6868:Japa 6671:Homa 6631:Bhog 6618:Puja 6561:Homa 6457:ISBN 6447:ISBN 6437:ISBN 6427:ISBN 6417:OCLC 6407:OCLC 6396:OCLC 6388:ISBN 6371:1.59 6337:ISBN 6320:ISBN 6303:ISBN 6286:ISBN 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