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461:. The lackluster training and the low morale of his conscripted troops made any advance impossible, and only the eventual withdrawal of the defending Red Finns, allowed the White Finns to advance a small distance, until the troops mutinied again, as the scope of the operation had passed the state border. In the end, the force retreated back to Finland and performed only small incursions into East Karelia.
228:
156:
516:. A small minority of the population wanted Karelia to be joined to the new state of Finland. Most importantly, for the great majority of the population, practical issues (such as ensuring having enough food) were more important than ideological issues. In the end, the proposal to join East Karelia to Finland received support in the White Karelian villages around Uhtua. Local Finnish White Guard (
37:
475:
553:, and some Red Finns occupied the railway line from Murmansk south as far as Kem. The arrival of British reinforcements and an Allied plan for them to link up with anti-Bolshevik units in Siberia prompted Trotsky, now at peace with the Germans, to send 3,000 Red troops northwards. In July these troops were disarmed and seen off by the British, who advanced as far south as
597:
In the end, the expedition failed due to lack of decisive support by both the
Finnish government, who was reluctant to escalate, and the local Finnish population, who distrusted the Whites. Conversely, British forces in the region instilled a sense of nationalism to fight against the Finnish effort
584:
in
September–October. The Finnish troops withdrew to Finland on 2 October. Of these troops, 195 survived and made their way home; 83 were killed. The British forces withdrew in October 1919 and the situation of the Russian
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626:
825:
800:
820:
703:. However before taking part to the operation as volunteers they were required to resign from the military. Forces were however sponsored and to some extent supported by government.
508:
When the
Finnish troops arrived in White Sea Karelia, they noticed that the population was divided. Part of the population wanted to secede from Russia and form an independent
686:
consisted of conscripted soldiers initially ordered to clear
Northern Finland from remaining Red Finns. Troops mutinied and were at very low morale after crossing the border.
453:. Initial operations in Northern Finland were successful and the Red Finns were forced to withdraw to Eastern Karelia. Wallenius and his light infantry crossed the border at
598:
to annex East
Karelia. Also the support of the expedition from the Finnish government waned with the fortunes of the Germans. After the Viena expedition, the parishes of
309:
505:, where he began defending western White Sea Karelia. The Finns now switched tactics and adopted a village-by-village strategy of persuading locals to join them.
146:
513:
401:
810:
512:
separate from
Finland. However, a larger part of the population just wanted some form of autonomy. Many thought they would get autonomy as part of
576:
on 27 August. 18 men were lost. The next attack came against
Luusalmi on 8 September when 42 Finns were killed. Subsequent battles were fought at
611:
746:
529:
was placed in charge of the
Finnish troops. The Finnish government could not decide whether to recall the troops or to send reinforcements.
83:
302:
549:. By June 1918, an assortment of British Royal Marines, French artillerymen, part of a Serb battalion, Poles, Red Russians from the
572:
The situation of the Viena expedition began to deteriorate. The
Karelian regiment stationed in Kem attacked the Finnish troops at
434:
considered these
Karelians "kindred" to the Finnish nation, and therefore supported Finnish annexation of Russian East Karelia.
295:
331:
542:
356:
181:
522:) militias were formed in over 20 villages in that area. In July, Malm was recalled to Finland and in his place
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and consisted of about 350 volunteers. By 10 April, Malm's group had advanced as far as the coastal town of
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on 6 March to prevent the Germans (and their Finnish allies) from gaining the White Sea coast and the
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which was controlled by the Finnish Red Guard. Malm was unable to capture the town and retreated to
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557:. British-led forces defending the railway line included a battalion of 1,400 Red Finns and the
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Finlands okända krig finska och skandinaviska frikårer i baltikum och ryssland 1918-1920
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in East Karelia had held a vote to join Finland, but Finland gave up all claims to
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Part of the volunteers, especially the military leaders were former
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Battles of the Russian Civil War involving the United Kingdom
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was more of a Finnish puppet state than a unrecognized state.
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16:
Attempt by Finnish volunteers to annex White Karelia in 1918
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Battles of the Allied Intervention in the Russian Civil War
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and Bolshevik control was established, a group of Karelian
537:
The situation became more complicated with the landing in
785:
White Finland's attempts to conquer East Karelia in 1918
442:
The expedition was made up of two groups. One group was
410:) fought near the newly independent Finland during the
801:Battles of the Russian Civil War involving Finland
561:also known as the "Irish Karelians" after Colonel
388:) was the military expedition in March 1918 by
21:
478:Tribal warriors in Viena Karelia; the writer
303:
8:
619:British expeditionary forces had left Russia
821:Battles involving Soviet Russia (1917–1922)
426:, and was at the time mostly inhabited by
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296:
288:
18:
404:. It was one of the many "kinship wars" (
787:Oulu University, Department of History.
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675:
629:in an attempt to form their own state.
617:Two years later, after the last of the
625:supported by Finnish volunteers began
457:, but got bogged down in fighting the
7:
392:volunteer forces in order to annex
811:History of the Republic of Karelia
14:
569:who raised and led the regiment.
482:is in the back riding on a horse
282:Red Guards and Karelians 100-150
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430:. However, many advocates of a
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332:Estonian War of Independence
543:Royal Marine Light Infantry
486:The other group was led by
357:Revolt of the Ingrian Finns
182:Royal Marine Light Infantry
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196:
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73:Failure of the expedition
53:21 March – 2 October 1918
45:
34:
26:
737:Roselius, Aapo (2021).
41:Initial Finnish Advance
783:Vahtola, Jouko (1997)
770:Vahtola (1997) p. 455
483:
424:Grand Duchy of Finland
418:was never part of the
385:
377:
352:East Karelian uprising
197:Commanders and leaders
761:Vahtola (1997) p. 453
684:Kurt Martti Wallenius
654:North Russia Campaign
477:
451:Kurt Martti Wallenius
274:Casualties and losses
208:Kurt Martti Wallenius
697:Finnish Jäger troops
533:British Intervention
444:Finnish Jäger troops
347:Petsamo expeditions
115:White Guard (Finns)
567:Royal Irish Rifles
488:Lieutenant Colonel
484:
470:Initial Operations
459:Finnish Red Guards
243:Philip James Woods
160:Red Guards (Finns)
127:Finnish volunteers
748:978-91-7903-442-9
714:Republic of Uhtua
644:Finnish Civil War
559:Karelian regiment
547:Murmansk Railroad
514:Bolshevist Russia
491:Carl Wilhelm Malm
412:Russian Civil War
386:Vienaexpeditionen
378:Vienan retkikunta
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216:Carl Wilhelm Malm
191:Karelian Regiment
139:Republic of Uhtua
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664:Murmansk Legion
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612:Treaty of Tartu
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551:Murmansk Soviet
541:of 130 British
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610:in the 1920
608:East Karelia
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527:Toivo Kuisma
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416:East Karelia
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232:Oskari Tokoi
223:Toivo Kuisma
151:Russian SFSR
108:
103:Belligerents
701:White Guard
659:Pork mutiny
649:Metsäsissit
627:an uprising
589:collapsed.
582:Vuokkiniemi
78:Territorial
795:Categories
724:References
623:irredentia
587:White Army
574:Jyskyjärvi
563:P.J. Woods
448:Lieutenant
414:. Russian
407:Heimosodat
320:Heimosodat
258:Red Guards
29:Heimosodat
604:Porajärvi
499:White Sea
428:Karelians
262:Karelians
92:Porajärvi
633:See also
578:Kostamus
539:Murmansk
279:122 dead
249:Strength
58:Location
27:Part of
593:Outcome
565:of the
555:Sorokka
524:Captain
510:Karelia
497:on the
455:Kuusamo
446:led by
422:or the
400:) from
390:Finnish
382:Swedish
374:Finnish
80:changes
745:
600:Repola
88:Repola
70:Result
670:Notes
503:Uhtua
264:1,550
743:ISBN
712:The
602:and
580:and
368:The
260:and
90:and
50:Date
495:Kem
269:130
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614:.
384::
380:,
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751:.
396:(
372:(
311:e
304:t
297:v
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