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120:"Operetta" is the Italian diminutive of "opera" and was used originally to describe a shorter, perhaps less ambitious work than an opera. Operetta provides an alternative to operatic performances in an accessible form targeting a different audience. Operetta became a recognizable form in the mid-19th century in France, and its popularity led to the development of many national styles of operetta. Distinctive styles emerged across countries including Austria-Hungary, Germany, England, Spain, the Philippines, Mexico, Cuba, and the United States. Through the transfer of operetta among different countries, cultural
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Offenbach's productions were bound by the police prefecture in Paris, which specified the type of performance that would be allowed: "pantomimes with at most five performers, one-act comic musical dialogues for two to three actors, and dance routines with no more than five dancers; choruses were strictly forbidden." These rules defined what came to be defined as operetta: "a small unpretentious operatic work that had no tragic implications and was designed to entertain the public". Two other French composers,
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ranges depending on each country's history with the genre. It is often used to refer to pieces that resemble the one-act compositions by
Offenbach in contrast with his full length compositions, âopĂ©ra-bouffeâ. Offenbach invented this art form in response to the French government's oppressive laws surrounding the stagings of works that were larger than one act or contained more than four characters.
556:(1879). Suppé was a contemporary to Strauss and composed over 30 operettas 180 farces, ballets and other stage works. Recently, though most of his works have been fallen into obscurity, many of them have been reprised within films, cartoons, advertisements and so on. Both Strauss and Suppé are considered to be the most notable composers of the Golden Age of Viennese operetta.
207:. They contain spoken dialogue interspersed between musical numbers, and often the principal characters, as well as the chorus, are called upon to dance, although the music is largely derived from 19th-century operatic styles, with an emphasis on singable melodies. Operetta in the twentieth century is more complex and reached its pinnacle in Austria and Germany.
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274:. The origins of French operetta began when comic actors would perform dances and songs to crowds of people at fairs on open-air stages. In the beginning of the 18th century these actors began to perform comic parodies of known operas. These performances formed operetta as a casual genre derived from
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in terms of its music, orchestral size, and length of the work. Apart from its shorter length, the operetta is usually of a light and amusing character. The subject matter may portray "lovers' spats, mistaken identities, sudden reversals of fortune, and glittering parties". It sometimes also includes
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had been performed 450 times in Vienna, 400 times in Berlin, 350 times in St
Petersburg, 300 times in Copenhagen, and was currently playing every evening in Europe in nine languages. In the USA, five companies were presenting it, and "the rush for tickets at the New Amsterdam Theatre" was likened to
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LehĂĄr assisted in leading operetta into the Silver Age of
Viennese Operetta. During this time, Viennese Censorship laws were changed in 1919. LehĂĄr is most responsible for giving the genre renewed vitality. Studying at the Prague Conservatory LehĂĄr began as a theatre violinist and then took off as a
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to bring the genre to
Austria-Hungary. Offenbach also traveled to the US and England educating musicians on the more than 100 operettas he wrote during his lifetime. This international travel resulted in the appearance of strong national schools in both nations. By the 1870s, however, Offenbach's
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The audiences of operetta during the 1860s and 1870s are described as rowdy and loud. Operetta was considered one of the major controversies about
Italian music and culture between the 1860s and the 1920s. During that period, strong nationalistic undertones in Italy strived to unify its national
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and afterwards. In 1849, Offenbach obtained permission to open the Théùtre des
Bouffes Parisiens, a theatre company that offered programs of two or three satirical one-act sketches. The company was so successful that it led to the elongation of these sketches into an evening's duration. However,
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was one of the first people to use the word operetta, disparagingly, describing operettas as "certain dramatic abortions, those miniature compositions full of bullshit in which one finds only cold songs and couplets from vaudeville". The definition of operetta has changed over the centuries and
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identity. Recognizing operetta as a foreign genre, operetta was perceived as an art form that would contaminate
Italian opera or illegitimately undermine its primacy on the stage. It was not until the early twentieth century that Italian composers systematically engaged in writing operetta.
518:(1825â1899). Strauss was recruited from the dance hall and introduced a distinct Viennese style to the genre. Strauss was highly influenced by the work of Offenbach, so much so that he collaborated with many of Offenbachâs librettists for his most popular works. His operetta,
998:. It was advertised as a âcomic operetta.â Candideâs score in some ways was typical for its announced genre with some waltzes, but Bernstein added the schottische, gavotte, and other dances, and also entered the opera house with the aria âGlitter and Be Gayâ
488:, which paved the way for Austrian and German composers. Soon, Vienna became the epicenter of operetta productions. It is because of the Viennese operetta, not the French, that the term is used to describe a full-length work. Additionally, after the
447:(1858), was by far the most successful. It became the first repertory operetta and was staged hundreds of times across Europe and beyond. Offenbach's legacy is seen in operettas throughout the late 19th century and beyond by encouraging
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It is concluded that Hervé completed the groundwork, and
Offenbach refined and developed the art form into the concept of operetta as we know it today. Therefore, "Offenbach is considered the father of French operetta â but so is HervĂ©."
938:"the feverish crowding round the doors of a threatened bank". Stan Czech, in his LehĂĄr biography, claims that by 1910 it had been performed "around 18,000 times in ten languages on 154 American, 142 German, and 135 British stages".
785:(State Music Institute), which deprecated and banned "decadent" music like jazz and similar "foreign" musical forms. In the beginning of twenty-first century, German revival of operetta was an unforeseen theatrical development.
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or the "musical". In the early decades of the 20th century, operetta continued to exist alongside the newer musicals, with each influencing the other. The distinctive traits of operetta are found in the musical theatre works of
1030:, which premiered in Milan in 1907. Italian operetta composers tended to stretch the definition of an "operetta" more than other nations in order to fit the beauty of Italian Romantic opera style. An example would be
544:, also known as Francesco Ezechiele Ermenegildo, Cavaliere Suppé-Demelli, was born in 1819 and his fame rivals that of Offenbach. Suppé was a leading composer and conductor in Vienna and most known for his operetta
472:. The 20th century found French operetta even more out of favor as the international public turned to Anglo-American and Viennese operettas, which continued to develop the art form into the late Romantic era.
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Operetta became recognized as a musical genre around 1850 in Paris. In 1870, the centre for operetta shifted to Vienna when Paris fell to the
Prussians. The form of operetta continued to evolve through the
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Operetta was first created in Paris, France in the middle of the 19th century in order to satisfy a need for short, light works in contrast to the full-length entertainment of the increasingly serious
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have significantly influenced the operatic tradition of Italy. The widespread popularity of foreign operetta in Italy reached its climax at the turn of the century, in particular with the success of
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with a tragic plot. The definition of "comique" meant something closer to "humanistic", meant to portray "real life" in a more realistic way, representing tragedy and comedy next to each other, as
524:(1874), became the most performed operetta in the world, and remains his most popular stage work. In all, Strauss wrote 16 operettas and one opera, most with great success when first premiered.
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The political limitations placed on
Offenbach and Parisian theatre were gradually lifted, and operetta gained wide popularity. While Offenbach's earliest one-act pieces included
712:, elements of jazz and other syncopated dance rhythms, a transatlantic style, and the presence of ragged marching tunes. Berlin operettas also sometimes included aspects of
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were making political commentaries on the British government and military with one of the main topics being capital punishment which was still widely used at the time.
779:). These bucolic, nostalgic, home-loving operettas were officially preferred over Berlin-style operettas after 1933, when the Nazis came to power and instituted the
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popularity declined. The public showed more interest in romantic operettas that showed the "grace and refinement" of the late Romantic period. This included
896:, continue to enjoy regular performances throughout the English-speaking world. While many of these operas seem to be very light-hearted, works such as
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never failed to draw huge crowds when his stage works were first performed. After many of the numbers the audience would call noisily for encores.
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The Berlin-style operetta coexisted with more bourgeois, charming, home-loving, and nationalistic German operettas â some of which were called
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There are some common characteristics among operettas that flourished from the mid-1850s through the early 1900s, beginning with the French
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The term operetta arises in the mid-eighteenth-century Italy and it is first acknowledged as an independent genre in Paris around 1850.
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Garde, Ulrike; Severn, John R. (2020-10-30). "2. 1930s jazz operetta and internationalisation then and now Risks, ethics, aesthetics".
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925:, many of the Viennese operettas were adapted very successfully for the English stage. To explain this phenomenon, Derek Scott writes,
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took a more extreme form of the Berlin operetta style and used it in his operas, operettas, and musicals. It is arguable that some of
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was the heir apparent. Lehar is widely considered the leading operetta composer of the 20th century and his most successful operetta,
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Daly, Nicholas (2017-12-14). "2. Modernism, operetta, and Ruritania: Ivor Novello's Glamorous Night". In Ortolano, Scott (ed.).
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Sorba, Carlotta (September 2006). "The origins of the entertainment industry: the operetta in late nineteenth-century Italy".
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Viagrande, iccardo (2009) Tu che m'hai preso il cuor. Un viaggio nel mondo dell'operetta. Monza: Casa Musicale Eco. (Italian)
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The Differences in an Operetta & a Musical: The Business of Singing â Youtube video posted by Expert Village Leaf Group
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Offenbach was unabashed about spreading operetta around the continent. In 1861, he staged some of his recent works at the
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Feurzeig, Lisa (2019). "Viennese Golden-Age Operetta: Drinking, Dancing and Social Criticism in a Multi-Ethnic Empire".
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in London and Broadway in New York. American audiences were first introduced to operetta through Gilbert and Sullivan's
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to distinguish this family-friendly fare from the risqué French operettas of the 1850s and 1860s. Their works, such as
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to continue the tradition of Operetta. LehĂĄr was also one of the first composers who began to incorporate into film.
1578:"History Repeating Itself. The function of turning points and continuity in three historical narratives on operetta"
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Scott, Derek B. (29 December 2016). "Early Twentieth-Century Operetta from the German Stage: A Cosmopolitan Genre".
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writing the libretti and Sullivan composing the music, the pair produced 14 comic operas, which were later called
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Operetta was the first imported vocal genre in Italy. Since the 1860s, French and Viennese composers such as
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Residenzstadt und Metropole. Zu einer kulturellen Topographie des Wiener Unterhaltungstheaters (1858â1918)
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style, and would compose "operettas in three acts". Other notable composers of Italian operetta include
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was the center of German operetta. Berlin operetta often had its own style, including, especially after
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Hervé was a singer, composer, librettist, conductor, and scene painter. In 1842, he wrote the one act
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Jacques Offenbach is most responsible for the development and popularization of operettaâalso called
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Schwarzkopf Sings Operetta . (2005). Warner Music. (2005). Retrieved from Alexander Street database.
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emerged in the previous century. Operetta as a genre lost favor in the 1930s and gave way to modern
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Baranello, Micaela K. (2019). "The Operetta Factory: Production Systems of Silver-Age Vienna".
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style, and his popularity causes many to think of him as the national composer of Austria. The
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This article is about the form of theatre and a genre of light opera. For the film genre, see
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Fisch, Elliot (2017). "Operetta Overview: Part 1: French and Viennese Operettas 1850-1900".
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The international embrace of operetta directly correlated with the development of both the
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750:", which remains quite popular internationally. Much later, in the 1920s and 1930s,
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Theatre and Internationalization: Perspectives from Australia, Germany, and Beyond
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solidified the format in England with their long-running collaboration during the
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Extensive site with information about operettas, light operas and their composers
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Essay on operettas of Offenbach, Johann Strauss Jr. and their contemporaries
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English operetta continued into the 1890s, with works by composers such as
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Glitter and be Gay: Die authentische Operette und ihre schwulen Verehrer
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Strauss's operettas, waltzes, polkas, and marches often have a strongly
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The Origin and Development of French Operetta in the Nineteenth Century
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Popular Modernism and Its Legacies: From Pop Literature to Video Games
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78:. It includes spoken dialogue, songs, and dances. It is lighter than
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Oh Joy! Oh Rapture! The Enduring Phenomenon of Gilbert and Sullivan
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composer in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. During this 1905, LehĂĄr's
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In the same way that Vienna was the center of Austrian operetta,
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had dominated the French operatic stage since the decline of
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Following the death of Johann Strauss and his contemporary,
2038:"The beginner's guide to operetta | English National Opera"
1293:"The beginner's guide to operetta | English National Opera"
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is the CsĂĄrdĂĄskirĂĄlynĆ ("Czardas Queen"). It was played at
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German Operetta on Broadway and in the West End, 1900â1940
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Grout, Donald Jay & Williams, Hermine Weigel (2013).
758:'s compositions could be considered modernist operetta.
575:), is one of the classic operettas still in repertory.
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had done centuries earlier. With this new connotation,
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Famous Operettas â Youtube video posted by Kaleb Fair
441:(all 1855) did well, his first full-length operetta,
380:, followed Offenbach's model and wrote the operettas
1700:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. xvii, 83.
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Offenbach's influence reached England by the 1860s.
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2311:. Québec, Qc.: MinistÚre des Affaires culturelles.
990:and others. Another notable operetta in English is
1511:"Toperettas: the history of operetta in ten works"
1213:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Theatre and Performance
400:). The two operettas were considered a major hit.
160:claims that this term has a long history and that
1606:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
510:The most significant composer of operetta in the
2177:Lucca, Valeria De (2019). "Operetta in Italy".
1622:"The Merry Widow Lesson: What's Operetta, Doc?"
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407:One of the most well-known operettas of famous
186:in 1879. An example of early Viennese operetta.
44:List of Monster High characters § Operetta
2221:Letellier, Robert Ignatius (19 October 2015).
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1171:"Opera, Operetta, or Musical Theatre? â Blog"
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2358:(with a large archive of historical reviews)
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34:. For the German film of the same name, see
850:(1866) as a direct reaction to Offenbach's
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27:Form of theatre and a genre of light opera
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625:The Viennese tradition was carried on by
367:âgiving it its enormous vogue during the
2124:ed. L. Macy, accessed February 11, 2009
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608:) paved a pathway for composers such as
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110:, an operetta from the Spanish genre of
2325:. Berlin: Max Niemeyer Verlag. (German)
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1348:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.20386
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128:. Important operetta composers include
2304:(3 Volumes). New York: Schirmer Books.
1987:
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1576:Strömberg, Mikael (27 December 2017).
210:Operetta is a precursor of the modern
2362:Kurt Ganzl's 2019 favourite operettas
2258:Arthur Sullivan: A Victorian Musician
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1759:"Franz von Suppé | Austrian composer"
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954:American operetta composers included
765:(folk operettas). A prime example is
175:Boccaccio, oder Der Prinz von Palermo
7:
2286:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2106:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1950:150 Years of Popular Musical Theatre
1824:Lamb, Andrew (2001). "Franz Lehar".
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2332:. Garden City, New York: Doubleday.
2302:The Encyclopedia of Musical Theatre
2179:The Cambridge Companion to Operetta
2021:"The Magic of Gilbert and Sullivan"
1990:, introductory note on nomenclature
1865:The Cambridge Companion to Operetta
1785:The Cambridge Companion to Operetta
1696:Letellier, Robert Ignatius (2015).
746:(1902) includes the song and tune "
180:Boccaccio, or the Prince of Palermo
1675:"The beginner's guide to operetta"
874:themselves call their joint works
158:Dictionnaire de la musique moderne
25:
2227:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
2224:Operetta: A Sourcebook, Volume II
2019:and Hewett, Ivan (2 August 2009)
1471:Journal of Modern Italian Studies
1427:Traubner, Richard (1 June 2004).
1332:Lamb, Andrew (2001). "Operetta".
94:advertisement for a recording of
3783:
3774:
3773:
2309:Sur la scĂšne et dans la coulisse
2061:Scott, Derek B. (27 June 2019).
1513:, Bachtrack.com, 22 October 2019
1105:
1091:
700:, father of the Berlin operetta
108:Niña Rita, o, La Habana en 1830
2330:Operetta: A Theatrical History
2065:. Cambridge University Press.
1386:10.1093/obo/9780199757824-0171
978:, followed by the musicals of
1:
1930:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
1721:Crittenden, Camille. (2006).
1596:(inactive 17 September 2024).
1207:Kennedy, Dennis, ed. (2005).
419:, by the name 'Riviera Girl'.
330:Don Quichotte et Sancho Pança
57:Théùtre des Bouffes-Parisiens
398:The Daughter of Madame Angot
2261:. Oxford University Press.
2007:. Oxford University Press.
1376:Baranello, Micaela (2016).
1215:. Oxford University Press.
256:(1875) is an example of an
3836:
2027:. Retrieved 14 April 2010.
1727:Cambridge University Press
1275:Metropolitan Opera website
1126:List of operetta composers
929:In January 1908, Londonâs
919:. Beginning in 1907, with
769:'s extremely popular 1917
299:Playbill for a revival of
29:
3820:Italian opera terminology
3769:
2419:
2328:Traubner, Richard (1983)
2187:10.1017/9781316856024.016
2137:Laird, Paul (Fall 2018).
1873:10.1017/9781316856024.014
1793:10.1017/9781316856024.004
1483:10.1080/13545710600806730
1244:Columbia University Press
1076:Reception and controversy
621:
383:Les Cloches de Corneville
2505:ComĂ©die mĂȘlĂ©e d'ariettes
2356:Operetta Research Center
2321:Linhardt, Marion (2006)
2102:Bordman, Gerald (1981).
1677:. English National Opera
1594:10.7146/nts.v29i1.102970
1239:A Short History of Opera
917:Edwardian musical comedy
393:La Fille de Madame Angot
83:satirical commentaries.
3223:Theatre of ancient Rome
2307:Goulet, Charles (1981)
2282:Bordman, Gerald (1981)
2126:(subscription required)
1832:Oxford University Press
1763:Encyclopedia Britannica
1545:Abreu, Juliana (2004).
1525:Our Musicals, Ourselves
1340:Oxford University Press
887:The Pirates of Penzance
490:Prussian defeat in 1866
316:, based on the popular
2491:Comédie en vaudevilles
1698:Operetta: A Sourcebook
1582:Nordic Theatre Studies
1522:Jones, J. Bush (2003)
940:
837:
701:
596:
507:
420:
363:
357:
305:
187:
117:
68:
3430:Theatre of the Absurd
2797:Science fiction opera
2784:Schauspiel mit Gesang
2289:Clarke, Kevin (2007)
2143:American Music Review
2071:10.1017/9781108614306
2001:Bradley, Ian (2005).
1955:Yale University Press
1649:American Record Guide
1437:10.4324/9780203509029
1409:10.1093/musqtl/gdw009
1401:The Musical Quarterly
927:
831:
696:
685:in the 20th century.
581:
503:
406:
388:The Bells of Normandy
298:
171:
89:
54:
3405:Shakespearean comedy
3203:Ancient Greek comedy
2295:MĂ€nnerschwarm Verlag
2181:. pp. 220â231.
1867:. pp. 189â204.
1050:Pasquale Mario Costa
872:Richard D'Oyly Carte
856:Gilbert and Sullivan
59:, the birthplace of
55:The audience at the
2857:Tragédie en musique
2551:Fairy-tale opera /
2472:BĂŒhnenweihfestspiel
2300:Ganzl, Kurt (2001)
2116:Ledbetter, Steven.
1916:Berlin Philharmonic
1152:Informational notes
1046:Ruggero Leoncavallo
1002:Operetta in Italian
824:Operetta in English
536:Theater an der Wien
449:Strauss the Younger
98:in a production of
3393:Comédie larmoyante
3388:Sentimental comedy
3383:Restoration comedy
3346:Commedia dell'arte
3218:Corral de comedias
2748:Pastorale héroïque
2122:Grove Music Online
1827:Grove Music Online
1787:. pp. 32â46.
1335:Grove Music Online
838:
818:Ludwig Schmidseder
738:, which includes "
702:
597:
546:Leichte Kavallerie
508:
476:Operetta in German
421:
349:Mam'zelle Nitouche
314:L'Ours et le pacha
306:
231:Operetta in French
188:
118:
69:
3797:
3796:
3575:Musical comedians
3538:
3537:
3336:Comedy of manners
3331:Comedy of humours
3321:Boulevard theatre
3309:
3308:
3213:Comédie-Italienne
3208:Comédie-Française
3175:
3174:
2901:
2900:
2540:Dramma per musica
2519:Dramma eroicomico
2284:American Operetta
2234:978-1-4438-8508-9
2104:American Operetta
1976:978-1-000-20905-1
1936:978-1-5013-2512-0
1849:978-1-56159-263-0
1357:978-1-56159-263-0
1222:978-0-19-860174-6
1177:. 19 October 2013
1028:La vedova allegra
996:Leonard Bernstein
852:Les deux aveugles
782:Reichsmusikkammer
777:Black Forest Girl
643:Richard Heuberger
602:Die lustige Witwe
584:Die lustige Witwe
569:Die lustige Witwe
516:Johann Strauss II
514:was the Austrian
505:Johann Strauss II
469:Les saltimbanques
444:Orphée aux enfers
426:Les deux aveugles
374:Robert Planquette
302:Orphée aux enfers
291:Notable composers
134:Jacques Offenbach
61:Jacques Offenbach
18:Viennese operetta
16:(Redirected from
3827:
3787:
3777:
3776:
3724:Self-referential
3341:Comedy of menace
3193:
3186:
3049:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2905:
2772:Romantische Oper
2755:Posse mit Gesang
2533:Dramma pastorale
2406:
2399:
2392:
2383:
2272:
2239:
2238:
2218:
2209:
2208:
2174:
2159:
2158:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2118:"Victor Herbert"
2114:
2108:
2107:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2058:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2034:
2028:
2018:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1964:
1958:
1945:
1939:
1924:
1918:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1830:(8th ed.).
1821:
1815:
1814:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1628:. 5 January 2016
1618:
1612:
1611:
1605:
1597:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1542:
1536:
1520:
1514:
1504:
1495:
1494:
1466:
1451:
1450:
1424:
1413:
1412:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1373:
1362:
1361:
1338:(8th ed.).
1329:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1289:
1276:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1204:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1167:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1101:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1066:Virgilio Ranzato
1042:Vincenzo Valente
980:Rodgers and Hart
972:Princess Theatre
810:Rudolf Dellinger
772:SchwarzwaldmÀdel
366:
360:
280:Jaques Offenbach
271:tragédie lyrique
225:Stephen Sondheim
142:Francisco Alonso
92:Columbia Records
21:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3765:
3630:
3612:Animated sitcom
3534:
3500:Musical theatre
3450:
3444:
3420:Stand-up comedy
3366:One-person show
3356:Improvisational
3305:
3227:
3171:
3125:Science fiction
3078:
3038:
2959:Comedy festival
2937:
2932:
2902:
2897:
2715:Opera semiseria
2560:Fait historique
2498:Comédie lyrique
2465:BĂŒhnenfestspiel
2458:Ballet héroïque
2444:Azione teatrale
2415:
2410:
2342:
2277:Further reading
2269:
2251:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2220:
2219:
2212:
2197:
2176:
2175:
2162:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2081:
2060:
2059:
2052:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2015:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1965:
1961:
1957:, 2001. p. 203.
1946:
1942:
1925:
1921:
1912:PlĂĄcido Domingo
1902:
1898:
1883:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1850:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1803:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1767:
1765:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1737:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1646:
1645:
1641:
1631:
1629:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1598:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1521:
1517:
1505:
1498:
1468:
1467:
1454:
1447:
1426:
1425:
1416:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1375:
1374:
1365:
1358:
1331:
1330:
1307:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1279:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1246:. p. 378.
1235:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1206:
1205:
1190:
1180:
1178:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1149:
1131:Musical theatre
1111:
1104:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1078:
1070:Giuseppe Pietri
1054:Pietro Mascagni
1032:Giacomo Puccini
1004:
960:Sigmund Romberg
948:H.M.S. Pinafore
935:The Merry Widow
922:The Merry Widow
881:H.M.S. Pinafore
842:Arthur Sullivan
834:H.M.S. Pinafore
826:
691:
663:Emmerich KĂĄlmĂĄn
606:The Merry Widow
588:The Merry Widow
573:The Merry Widow
561:Franz von Suppé
542:Franz von Suppé
512:German language
498:
496:AustriaâHungary
478:
413:Emmerich KĂĄlmĂĄn
293:
238:
233:
221:Richard Rodgers
212:musical theatre
198:First World War
193:
184:Franz von Suppé
150:
126:musical theatre
122:cosmopolitanism
104:Ernesto Lecuona
47:
42:character, see
36:Operetta (film)
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3833:
3831:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3802:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3781:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3687:
3682:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3640:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3604:
3599:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3480:Comédie-ballet
3477:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3460:
3454:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3425:Street theatre
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3385:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3199:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2954:Comedic device
2951:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2908:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2775:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2730:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2612:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2574:Festa teatrale
2570:
2563:
2556:
2548:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2526:Dramma giocoso
2522:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2428:
2425:Acte de ballet
2420:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2348:
2341:
2340:External links
2338:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2305:
2298:
2287:
2274:
2273:
2267:
2253:Jacobs, Arthur
2241:
2240:
2233:
2210:
2195:
2160:
2129:
2109:
2094:
2079:
2050:
2029:
2013:
1992:
1980:
1959:
1947:Lamb, Andrew.
1940:
1919:
1896:
1881:
1855:
1848:
1816:
1801:
1775:
1750:
1735:
1713:
1706:
1688:
1666:
1639:
1613:
1568:
1537:
1515:
1496:
1477:(3): 282â302.
1452:
1445:
1414:
1391:
1363:
1356:
1305:
1277:
1266:
1253:978-0231507721
1252:
1228:
1221:
1188:
1161:
1160:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1102:
1086:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1062:Enrico Toselli
1058:Carlo Lombardo
1003:
1000:
974:musicals, and
970:, such as the
956:Victor Herbert
825:
822:
794:Eduard KĂŒnneke
763:Volksoperetten
690:
687:
683:Ivo TijardoviÄ
675:Igo Hofstetter
651:Ralph Benatzky
635:Karl Millöcker
521:Die Fledermaus
497:
494:
477:
474:
378:Charles Lecocq
358:opéras bouffes
343:Le petit Faust
326:X. B. Saintine
292:
289:
237:
234:
232:
229:
192:
189:
172:Cover page of
149:
146:
130:Johann Strauss
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3832:
3821:
3818:
3816:
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3808:
3807:
3805:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3780:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3756:Ventriloquism
3754:
3752:
3749:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3709:Observational
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3675:
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3551:
3548:
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3541:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3520:Opéra comique
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3510:Opéra bouffon
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3468:Café-chantant
3466:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3447:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3410:Sketch comedy
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
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3359:
3357:
3354:
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3349:
3347:
3344:
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3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
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3150:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3137:
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2710:
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2708:Opéra lyrique
2705:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2696:
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2694:Opéra comique
2691:
2689:
2688:
2687:Opéra bouffon
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2628:Literaturoper
2625:
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2613:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2599:
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2590:
2589:
2588:GĂ©nero grande
2585:
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2512:Drame lyrique
2509:
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2485:Chamber opera
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2268:0-19-315443-9
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2026:
2025:The Telegraph
2022:
2016:
2014:0-19-516700-7
2010:
2006:
2005:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1970:. Routledge.
1969:
1963:
1960:
1956:
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1929:
1923:
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1917:
1913:
1910:conducted by
1909:
1907:
1906:Berliner Luft
1900:
1897:
1892:
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1882:9781316856024
1878:
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1802:9781316856024
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1136:Operetta film
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988:Irving Berlin
985:
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977:
973:
969:
965:
964:Rudolph Friml
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
939:
936:
933:claimed that
932:
926:
924:
923:
918:
914:
910:
906:
905:Edward German
901:
899:
895:
894:
889:
888:
883:
882:
877:
873:
869:
865:
864:W. S. Gilbert
861:
860:Victorian era
857:
853:
849:
848:
843:
836:
835:
830:
823:
821:
819:
815:
814:Walter Goetze
811:
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783:
778:
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773:
768:
764:
759:
757:
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749:
748:The Glow-Worm
745:
741:
740:Berliner Luft
737:
733:
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707:
699:
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647:Edmund Eysler
644:
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369:Second Empire
365:
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344:
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335:
331:
327:
323:
322:EugĂšne Scribe
319:
315:
311:
304:
303:
297:
290:
288:
285:
281:
277:
276:opéra comique
273:
272:
267:
266:opéra comique
263:
259:
258:opéra comique
255:
254:
249:
248:Georges Bizet
245:
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243:opéra comique
235:
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100:Eliseo Grenet
97:
96:Rita Montaner
93:
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81:
77:
73:
66:
62:
58:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
32:Operetta film
19:
3815:Opera genres
3617:Black sitcom
3597:Mockumentary
3524:
3505:Opéra bouffe
3473:Café-théùtre
3458:Ballad opera
3376:Harlequinade
3326:Comedy-drama
3105:Mockumentary
2989:Impersonator
2969:Comic timing
2890:
2883:
2876:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2789:
2782:
2770:
2766:Rescue opera
2753:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2701:Opéra féerie
2699:
2692:
2685:
2680:Opéra bouffe
2678:
2671:
2666:Opéra-ballet
2664:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2626:
2619:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2581:GĂ©nero chico
2579:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2552:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2477:
2470:
2463:
2456:
2451:Ballad opera
2449:
2442:
2437:Azione sacra
2435:
2423:
2413:Opera genres
2329:
2322:
2308:
2301:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2275:
2257:
2246:Bibliography
2245:
2244:
2223:
2178:
2146:
2142:
2132:
2121:
2112:
2103:
2097:
2062:
2041:. Retrieved
2032:
2024:
2003:
1995:
1983:
1967:
1962:
1949:
1943:
1927:
1922:
1905:
1899:
1864:
1858:
1825:
1819:
1784:
1778:
1766:. Retrieved
1762:
1753:
1722:
1716:
1697:
1691:
1681:28 September
1679:. Retrieved
1669:
1655:(5): 51â57.
1652:
1648:
1642:
1632:28 September
1630:. Retrieved
1625:
1616:
1602:cite journal
1585:
1581:
1571:
1546:
1540:
1524:
1518:
1474:
1470:
1428:
1400:
1394:
1377:
1333:
1296:. Retrieved
1269:
1257:. Retrieved
1238:
1231:
1212:
1179:. Retrieved
1174:
1165:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1113:Opera portal
1099:Music portal
1079:
1035:
1005:
951:
947:
941:
934:
930:
928:
920:
913:Sidney Jones
902:
891:
885:
879:
876:comic operas
868:Savoy Operas
851:
845:
839:
832:
802:Jean Gilbert
798:Walter Kollo
787:
780:
776:
770:
762:
760:
743:
739:
735:
730:
703:
679:Paul Abraham
671:Fred Raymond
655:Robert Stolz
627:Oscar Straus
624:
614:Oscar Straus
605:
601:
598:
587:
583:
572:
568:
558:
553:
552:(1876), and
549:
545:
540:
529:
526:
519:
509:
479:
467:
457:
456:'s operetta
442:
436:
432:Le violoneux
430:
424:
422:
397:
391:
387:
381:
354:
347:
341:
329:
313:
309:
307:
300:
275:
269:
265:
257:
251:
241:
239:
209:
205:opéra-bouffe
202:
194:
179:
173:
157:
154:Castil-Blaze
151:
119:
111:
107:
71:
70:
65:Ămile Bayard
48:
40:Monster High
3685:Documentary
3681:(dry humor)
3644:Alternative
3622:Teen sitcom
3515:Opera buffa
3490:Light music
3485:Comedy club
3435:Tragicomedy
3400:Shadow play
2778:Savoy opera
2761:Radio opera
2722:Opera seria
2673:Opera buffa
2659:Opera ballo
2621:Liederspiel
2595:Grand opera
2553:MĂ€rchenoper
2293:. Hamburg:
1988:Jacobs 1984
1507:GĂ€nzl, Kurt
1175:Opera VivrĂ
1121:Comic opera
984:Cole Porter
909:Ivan Caryll
847:Cox and Box
806:Leon Jessel
790:Paul Lincke
767:Leon Jessel
732:Paul Lincke
710:World War I
698:Paul Lincke
667:Nico Dostal
631:Carl Zeller
594:Franz LehĂĄr
565:Franz LehĂĄr
482:Carltheater
464:Louis Ganne
411:playwright
346:(1869) and
262:Shakespeare
217:Jerome Kern
148:Definitions
138:Franz LehĂĄr
76:light opera
3804:Categories
3592:Television
3495:Music hall
3440:Vaudeville
3361:Macchietta
3351:Double act
3260:Indonesia
3254:Mo lei tau
3250:Hong Kong
3244:Xiangsheng
3115:Remarriage
3024:Visual gag
3014:Punch line
3009:Prank call
2878:Zauberoper
2802:Semi-opera
2645:Musikdrama
2634:Melodramma
2615:Intermezzo
2431:Afterpiece
2155:2182493597
1736:0521027578
1661:1932310532
1626:Utah Opera
1588:(1): 102.
1549:(Thesis).
1534:1584653116
1403:: gdw009.
1209:"Operetta"
1147:References
1020:Strauss Jr
931:Daily Mail
898:the Mikado
893:The Mikado
756:Kurt Weill
752:Kurt Weill
744:Lysistrata
659:Leo Ascher
592:poster by
438:Ba-ta-clan
318:vaudeville
38:. For the
3739:Slapstick
3664:Christian
3659:Character
3636:Subgenres
3451:and dance
3371:Pantomime
3157:Slapstick
3130:Screwball
3034:Word play
2850:Tonadilla
2843:Syngespil
2836:Spieloper
2829:Songspiel
2822:Singspiel
2791:Schuloper
2741:Pasticcio
2639:Monodrama
2609:IntermĂšde
2297:.(German)
2205:217930941
2089:198515413
2043:5 October
1914:with the
1891:213581729
1811:211657809
1768:4 October
1745:443368102
1563:305111951
1491:144059143
1298:4 October
1181:4 October
1157:Citations
1008:Offenbach
736:Frau Luna
714:burlesque
554:Boccaccio
550:Fatinitza
459:VĂ©ronique
409:Hungarian
364:opérettes
334:Cervantes
3810:Operetta
3779:Category
3714:Physical
3525:Operetta
3299:Sarugaku
3167:Thriller
3059:American
2979:Humorist
2949:Comedian
2885:Zeitoper
2871:Zarzuela
2815:Serenata
2808:Sepolcro
2734:Opérette
2728:Operetta
2602:Handlung
2546:Duodrama
2479:Burletta
2255:(1984).
2151:ProQuest
1657:ProQuest
1559:ProQuest
1555:56597428
1429:Operetta
1378:Operetta
1141:Zarzuela
1085:See also
1037:verisimo
968:musicals
944:West End
862:. With
854:(1855).
639:Leo Fall
548:(1866),
532:Viennese
454:Messager
417:Broadway
352:(1883).
310:opérette
113:zarzuela
72:Operetta
3751:Surreal
3679:Deadpan
3565:Hip hop
3463:Cabaret
3189:Country
3181:Theatre
3145:Mexican
3140:Italian
3120:Romance
3095:Fantasy
3074:Italian
3064:British
3052:Country
2864:Verismo
992:Candide
950:in 1878
726:cabaret
689:Germany
340:parody
332:(after
236:Origins
191:History
3789:Portal
3761:Zombie
3744:Topics
3704:Insult
3699:Horror
3674:Cringe
3607:Sitcom
3570:Parody
3294:Rakugo
3289:Owarai
3284:Manzai
3279:KyĆgen
3275:Japan
3269:Ludruk
3264:Lenong
3196:Europe
3162:Stoner
3152:Silent
3110:Parody
3100:Horror
3090:Action
3069:French
3019:Satire
2984:Humour
2942:Topics
2935:Comedy
2315:
2265:
2231:
2203:
2193:
2153:
2087:
2077:
2011:
1974:
1934:
1889:
1879:
1846:
1809:
1799:
1743:
1733:
1704:
1659:
1561:
1553:
1532:
1489:
1443:
1354:
1250:
1219:
976:revues
706:Berlin
618:KĂĄlmĂĄn
616:, and
486:Vienna
390:) and
338:Gounod
284:Hervé.
253:Carmen
162:Mozart
140:, and
3729:Shock
3669:Clown
3649:Black
3602:Roast
3587:Radio
3582:Novel
3555:Album
3550:Music
3543:Media
3530:Revue
3449:Music
3314:Genre
3239:China
3083:Genre
2999:Irony
2974:Farce
2652:Opéra
2567:Farsa
2201:S2CID
2149:(1).
2085:S2CID
1999:See
1887:S2CID
1807:S2CID
1487:S2CID
1259:2 May
1024:LehĂĄr
1016:Suppé
1012:Hervé
724:, or
722:farce
718:revue
182:) by
80:opera
3734:Sick
3719:Prop
3690:High
3654:Blue
3560:Rock
3415:Spex
3232:Asia
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