688:, the Vietnamese general who helped Nguyễn Ánh—the future Emperor Gia Long—put down the Tây Sơn rebellion, unify Vietnam and establish the Nguyễn dynasty, and many of the high-ranking mandarins opposed Gia Long's succession plan. Duyệt and many of his southern associates tended to be favourable to Christianity, and supported the installation of Nguyễn Cảnh's descendants on the throne. As a result, Duyệt was held in high regard by the Catholic community. According to the historian Mark McLeod, Duyệt was more concerned with military rather than social needs, and was thus more interested in maintaining strong relations with Europeans so that he could acquire weapons from them, rather than worrying about the social implications of westernization. Gia Long was aware that Catholic clergy were opposed to the installation of Minh Mạng because they favored a Catholic monarch (Cảnh's son) who would grant them favors.
92:
1149:
663:
910:'s policies generated claims of religious bias even though he sponsored and supported many Buddhist organizations, and Buddhism flourished under his regime. As a member of the Catholic minority, he pursued policies which antagonized the Buddhist majority. The government was biased towards Catholics in public service and military promotions, and the allocation of land, business favors and tax concessions. Diệm once told a high-ranking officer, forgetting the man was from a Buddhist background, "Put your Catholic officers in sensitive places. They can be trusted." Many officers in the
83:
998:
364:
72:
63:
34:
6200:
1124:
499:
6714:
6724:
836:
791:
540:
6316:
2394:
2297:
762:
751:
987:
348:
978:. Recent scholarships reveal significant understandings about Diệm's own independent agenda and political philosophy. The Personalist Revolution under his regime promoted religious freedom and diversity to oppose communism's atheism. However, this policy itself ultimately enabled religious activists to threaten the state that supported their religious liberty.
707:. This choice was designed to obtain the support of Catholic missionaries and Vietnamese Catholics, who had been supporting the Catholic line of Prince Cảnh. Lê Văn Khôi further promised to protect Catholicism. In 1833, the rebels took over southern Vietnam, with Catholics playing a large role. 2,000 Vietnamese Catholic troops fought under the command of
696:
disobeyed the order and Minh Mạng was forced to bide his time. The emperor began to slowly wind back the military powers of Duyệt, and increased this after his death. Minh Mạng ordered the posthumous humiliation of Duyệt, which resulted in the desecration of his tomb, the execution of sixteen relatives, and the arrests of his colleagues. Duyệt's son,
918:
Some villages converted en masse in order to receive aid or avoid being forcibly resettled by Diệm's regime. The
Catholic Church was the largest landowner in the country, and its holdings were exempt from reform and given extra property acquisition rights, while restrictions against Buddhism remained
914:
converted to
Catholicism to better their prospects. The distribution of firearms to village self-defense militias intended to repel Việt Cộng guerrillas saw weapons only given to Catholics. Some Catholic priests ran their own private armies, and in some areas forced conversions, looting, shelling and
2370:
and prayed there twice aiming to return the property to the local church. The building was located at a historic
Buddhist site until it was confiscated by the French authorities and given to Catholics, before the communist North Vietnamese government confiscated it from the Catholic Church in 1959.
729:
The failure of the revolt had a disastrous effect on the
Christians of Vietnam. New restrictions against Christians followed, and demands were made to find and execute remaining missionaries. Anti-Catholic edicts to this effect were issued by Minh Mạng in 1836 and 1838. In 1836–37 six missionaries
695:
Minh Mạng issued an imperial edict, that ordered missionaries to leave their areas and move to the imperial city, ostensibly because the palace needed translators, but in order to stop the
Catholics from evangelizing. Whereas the government officials in central and northern Vietnam complied, Duyệt
691:
Minh Mạng began to place restrictions on
Catholicism. He enacted "edicts of interdiction of the Catholic religion" and condemned Christianity as a "heterodox doctrine". He saw the Catholics as a possible source of division, especially as the missionaries were arriving in Vietnam in ever-increasing
639:
Gia Long tolerated the
Catholic faith of his French allies and permitted unimpeded missionary activities out of respect to his benefactors. The missionary activities were dominated by the Spanish in Tonkin and the French in the central and southern regions. At the time of his death, there were six
3283:
The spiritual dimension of the
Republic's Personalist Revolution did not involve state interference in all religious activities. Instead, it promoted religious freedom and diversity, provided that the spiritual values they propagated opposed communism's atheism. ... The Republic pledged to defend
965:
celebrations. A few days earlier, Catholics were encouraged to fly religious—that is, papal—flags at the celebration in honour of Thục's anniversary as bishop. Both actions technically violated a rarely enforced law which prohibited the flying of any flag other than the national one, but only the
616:
At one stage during the civil war, the Nguyễn were in trouble, so
Pigneau was dispatched to seek French aid. He was able to recruit a band of French volunteers. Pigneau and other missionaries acted as business agents for Nguyễn Ánh, purchasing munitions and other military supplies. Pigneau also
682:, the son of Gia Long's second wife, was appointed instead. Gia Long chose him for his strong character and his deeply conservative aversion to Westerners, whereas Cảnh's lineage had converted to Catholicism and were reluctant to maintain their Confucian traditions such as ancestor worship.
612:
region in the far south, where he met
Pigneau. Pigneau became Nguyễn Ánh's confidant. Pigneau reportedly hoped that by playing a substantial role in helping Ánh attain victory, he would be in position to gain important concessions for the Catholic Church in Vietnam and helping its expansion
1083:
on 25 January 2007. Official Vatican delegations have been traveling to Vietnam almost every year since 1990 for meetings with its government authorities and to visit Catholic dioceses. In March 2007, a Vatican delegation visited Vietnam and met with local officials. In October 2014,
2379:, who made the same demands for their respective territories. In February 2008, the governments promised to return the building to the Catholic Church. However, in September 2008, the authorities changed their position and decided to demolish the building to create a public park.
2361:
process for him. Benedict XVI expressed "profound joy" at the news of the official opening of the beatification cause. Vietnamese Catholics reacted positively to the news of the beatification. In December 2007, thousands of Vietnamese Catholics marched in procession to the former
966:
Buddhist flags were prohibited in practice. This prompted a protest against the government, which was violently suppressed by Diệm's forces, resulting in the killing of nine civilians. This in turn led to a mass campaign against Diệm's government during what became known as the
3284:
freedom of religion—at least initially—and promoted religious diversity. Ironically, it was precisely because the state could guarantee neither religious equality nor absolute noninterference in religious affairs that religious groups started to challenge its authority.
1099:
Vietnam remains as the only Asian communist country to have an unofficial representative of the Vatican in the country and has held official to unofficial meetings with the Vatican's representatives both in Vietnam and the Holy See—which does not exist in
330:. There are about 7 million Catholics in Vietnam, representing 7.4% of the total population. There are 27 dioceses (including three archdioceses) with 2,228 parishes and 2,668 priests. The main liturgical rites employed in Vietnam are those of the
621:
when it was besieged by a numerically vastly superior Tây Sơn army in 1794. Upon Pigneau's death, Gia Long's funeral oration described the Frenchman as "the most illustrious foreigner ever to appear at the court of Cochinchina".
1092:. The sides continued discussions about the possibility of establishing normal diplomatic relations, but have not provided a specific schedule for the exchange of ambassadors. The Pope would again meet Vietnamese leader
2925:
4346:
Makino, Motonori (2009). "The Vietnamese Written Languages and European Missionaries: From the Society of Jesus to the Société des Missions Étrangères de Paris". In Shinzo, Kawamura; Veliath, Cyril (eds.).
3326:
2346:
to eight years in prison on grounds of "anti-government activities". Nguyen, who had already spent 14 of the past 24 years in prison, was accused of being a founder of a pro-democracy movement
6169:
4197:
Alberts, Tara (2013). "Priests of a Foreign God: Catholic Religious Leadership and Sacral Authority in Seventeenth-Century Tonkin and Cochinchina". In Alberts, Tara; Irving, D. R. M. (eds.).
2700:
4490:
Trân, Claire Thi Liên (2004). "Les catholiques et la République démocratique du Viêt Nam (1945–1954): une approche biographique". In Goscha, Christopher E.; de Tréglodé, Benoît (eds.).
2564:. Conference 400 năm hình thành và phát triển chữ Quốc ngữ trong lịch sử loan báo Tin Mừng tại Việt Nam. Hochiminh City: Committee on Culture, Catholic Bishops' Conference of Vietnam.
1220:
6116:
5302:
2163:
927:
labor that the government obliged all citizens to perform; U.S. aid was disproportionately distributed to Catholic majority villages. In 1959, Diem dedicated his country to the
2325:
742:, “false religion.” It is believed that between 130,000 and 300,000 Christians died in the various persecutions. The 117 proclaimed saints represent the many unknown martyrs.
2919:
2113:
4260:
Daughton, James P. (2006). "Recasting Pigneau de Béhaine: Missionaries and the Politics of French Colonial History, 1894–1914". In Tran, Nhung Tuyet; Reid, Anthony (eds.).
91:
5644:
1365:
903:
where the border between the two sides was temporarily open, many North Vietnamese Catholics fled southward out of fear that they would be persecuted by the Viet Minh.
4467:
4408:
Nguyen, Phi-Vân (2023). "A Decolonization Gone Too Far? The Vietnamese Catholics' Search for Independence, 1941–1963". In Foster, Elizabeth A.; Greenberg, Udi (eds.).
2338:
Restrictions on Catholic life in Vietnam and the government's desired involvement in the nomination of bishops remain obstacles in bilateral dialogues. In March 2007,
1040:. Joseph-Marie Cardinal Trịnh Văn Căn in 1979, and Paul-Joseph Cardinal Phạm Đình Tụng in 1994, were his successors. The well known Vietnamese Cardinal Francis Xavier
4427:
Ostrowski, Brian (2010). "The Rise of Christian Nôm Literature in Seventeenth-Century Vietnam: Fusing European Content and Local Expression". In Wilcox, Wynn (ed.).
1205:
6255:
2430:
486:
6219:
5097:
Trân, Claire Thi Liên (2020). "The Role of Education Mobilities and Transnational Networks in the Building of a Modern Vietnamese Catholic Elite (1920s–1950s)".
3352:
6290:
722:
was captured in the siege, and had been supporting Khôi, and asked for the help of the Siamese army, through communications to his counterpart in Siam, Father
617:
served as a military advisor and de facto foreign minister until his death in 1799. From 1794, Pigneau took part in all campaigns. He organized the defense of
1225:
6224:
6603:
3330:
1731:
6174:
6159:
6270:
6109:
5516:
3236:
1025:
738:. The villages of Christians were destroyed and their possessions confiscated. Families were broken apart. Christians were branded on the forehead with
193:
174:
6300:
625:
By 1802, when Nguyễn Ánh conquered all of Vietnam and declared himself Emperor Gia Long, the Catholic Church in Vietnam had three dioceses as follows:
6648:
6179:
2053:
1781:
1148:
975:
6285:
6265:
3434:
2318:
2103:
1045:
6260:
6164:
2708:
2402:
6628:
2158:
113:
6275:
6154:
6144:
5526:"The first encounters of Vietnam with the Western literature in the 17th century (a case study of Jeronimo Maiorica's Nôm hagiographic writings)"
3909:
4826:
Luria, Keith P. (2017b). "Catholic Marriage and the Customs of the Country: Building a New Religious Community in Seventeenth-Century Vietnam".
4654:
Cooke, Nola (2008). "Strange Brew: Global, Regional and Local Factors behind the 1690 Prohibition of Christian Practice in Nguyễn Cochinchina".
6295:
6184:
4511:"Les catholiques vietnamiens et le mouvement moderniste: quelques éléments de réflexion sur la question de modernité fin xix – début xx siècle"
2978:
2943:
2118:
2013:
6214:
5922:
2425:
1033:
6239:
6102:
5637:
3600:
1971:
1796:
771:
6280:
5550:
3508:
3489:
1044:, who was imprisoned by the Communist regime from 1975 to 1988 and spent nine years in solitary confinement, was nominated secretary of the
6679:
6438:
6353:
6125:
6019:
5932:
3526:
3396:
2388:
2123:
1991:
1976:
1240:
6149:
3296:
1116:. These relations have improved in recent years, as the Holy See announced they will have a permanent representative in Vietnam in 2018.
596:
played a key role in Vietnamese history towards the end of the 18th century. He had come to southern Vietnam to evangelize. In 1777, the
6758:
6748:
6234:
6139:
3380:
2420:
2311:
2183:
1981:
1132:
4241:
Cooke, Nola (2013). "Early Christian Conversion in Seventeenth-Century Cochinchina". In Young, Richard Fox; Seitz, Jonathan A. (eds.).
3028:
105:
6643:
6548:
6079:
4747:
Hoang, Tuan (2019). "Ultramontanism, Nationalism, and the Fall of Saigon: Historicizing the Vietnamese American Catholic Experience".
4551:
Wilcox, Wynn (2010). "Đặng Đức Tuấn and the Complexities of Nineteenth-Century Vietnamese Christian Identity". In Wilcox, Wynn (ed.).
4532:
Tran, Nhung Tuyet (2005). "Les Amantes de la Croix: An Early Modern Vietnamese Sisterhood". In Bousquet, Gisèle; Taylor, Nora (eds.).
2193:
1901:
1896:
1632:
1579:
845:
801:
550:
6689:
6229:
5877:
5581:
5560:
5409:
5378:
5314:
5196:
5175:
4726:
Hansen, Peter (2009). "Bắc Di Cư: Catholic Refugees from the North of Vietnam, and Their Role in the Southern Republic, 1954–1959".
4560:
4541:
4522:
4499:
4480:
4455:
4436:
4417:
4398:
4379:
4356:
4336:
4307:
4288:
4269:
4250:
4231:
4206:
4093:
4064:
4033:
4012:
3983:
3940:
3919:
3898:
3877:
3799:
3751:
3733:
3712:
3694:
3676:
3654:
3622:
878:
205:
6049:
5994:
692:
numbers. Duyệt protected Vietnamese Catholic converts and westerners from Minh Mạng's policies by disobeying the emperor's orders.
657:
4136:
Les catholiques vietnamiens pendant la Guerre d'indépendance, 1945–1954: entre la reconquête coloniale et la résistance communiste
3366:
2339:
6753:
5630:
5423:
2221:
2006:
1861:
1280:
109:
5571:
5076:
Trân, Claire Thi Liên (2013). "The Challenge for Peace within South Vietnam's Catholic Community: A History of Peace Activism".
4147:
Les missionnaires français au Tonkin et au Siam (XVIIe–XVIIIe siècles): analyse comparée d'un relatif succès et d'un total échec
2511:
2371:
This was the first mass civil action by Vietnamese Catholics since the 1970s. Later the protests were supported by Catholics in
1065:
6598:
6563:
6518:
4323:
4314:
1716:
1609:
1554:
1397:
1380:
1185:
911:
4805:
Keith, Charles (2008). "Annam Uplifted: The First Vietnamese Catholic Bishops and the Birth of a National Church, 1919–1945".
811:
560:
6488:
6483:
6378:
6189:
5927:
5917:
5781:
5720:
3856:
3837:
2173:
2108:
2058:
2018:
1961:
1527:
1522:
1457:
1402:
1285:
1215:
719:
470:
4939:
Ngô, Lân (2022). "Prophets and Zealots: The 1873 Synodal Document, Nonconformist Confucianism, and the Vietnamese Clergy".
6608:
6583:
6498:
6478:
6428:
6398:
6388:
5705:
5365:. History of Mathematical Sciences: Portugal and East Asia. Vol. III. World Scientific Publishing. pp. 161–185.
4368:"Native Priests in Christian Societies in the Northern Regions of Pre-Colonial Vietnam: The Appearance of a Glocal Elite?"
2038:
1931:
1891:
1871:
1644:
1614:
1599:
1534:
1512:
1487:
1462:
1390:
1375:
1340:
1325:
1310:
1265:
1200:
323:
6684:
6694:
6573:
6568:
6448:
5937:
5715:
5679:
5473:"Tôn giáo Việt Nam trong thế kỉ XVIII theo cái nhìn tổng hợp của giáo sĩ phương Tây đương thời ở Đàng Ngoài (tiếp theo)"
4372:
A History of the Social Integration of Visitors, Migrants, and Colonizers in Southeast Asia: Role of Local Collaborators
2542:
2354:
2283:
2228:
2143:
2093:
2068:
1866:
1701:
1589:
1584:
1502:
1492:
1330:
1056:. Vietnamese Catholics who died for their faith from 1533 to the present day were canonized in 1988 by John Paul II as "
1041:
900:
675:
640:
European bishops in Vietnam. The population of Christians was estimated at 300,000 in Tonkin and 60,000 in Cochinchina.
249:
6004:
5811:
5396:. History of Mathematical Sciences: Portugal and East Asia. Vol. IV. World Scientific Publishing. pp. 31–67.
4158:
Le rôle de missionnaires français en Cochinchine aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles: fidélité à Rome et volonté d'indépendance
662:
6653:
6638:
6588:
6543:
6523:
6513:
6413:
5834:
4989:
Ramsay, Jacob (2004). "Extortion and Exploitation in the Nguyễn Campaign against Catholicism in 1830s–1840s Vietnam".
2273:
2263:
2248:
2153:
2078:
2048:
2023:
1986:
1946:
1941:
1916:
1786:
1664:
1604:
1574:
1559:
1549:
1477:
1437:
1412:
1255:
1250:
1230:
1195:
1180:
1076:
708:
635:
Diocese of Central and Southern Cochinchina: 60,000 members, 15 Vietnamese priests, 5 missionary priests and 1 bishop.
222:
210:
4776:
Hoang, Tuan (2022). ""Our Lady's Immaculate Heart Will Prevail": Vietnamese Marianism and Anticommunism, 1940–1975".
3930:
5844:
101:
6528:
6508:
6393:
6383:
6009:
5786:
5700:
4849:"Local Administrators and the Nguyen Dynasty's Suppression of Christianity during the Reign of Minh Mang 1820–1841"
2475:
2278:
2253:
2233:
2208:
2136:
2083:
2063:
1966:
1921:
1881:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1821:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1791:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1696:
1659:
1649:
1639:
1564:
1422:
1385:
1370:
1355:
1345:
1335:
1300:
1295:
1245:
1190:
1165:
1140:
1093:
971:
5907:
4075:
1013:
477:
were gradually taking the role of evangelization in Vietnam. Other missionaries active in pre-modern Vietnam were
198:
6658:
6593:
6558:
6493:
6473:
6463:
6423:
6408:
6403:
5796:
2258:
2238:
2203:
2098:
2088:
2033:
2028:
1956:
1936:
1926:
1911:
1906:
1886:
1856:
1851:
1826:
1816:
1749:
1726:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1654:
1594:
1472:
1467:
1432:
1427:
1360:
1315:
1275:
1170:
1158:
5768:
5165:
4446:
Ramsay, Jacob (2007). "Miracles and Myths: Vietnam Seen through Its Catholic History". In Taylor, Philip (ed.).
2561:
Từ Nước Mặn đến Roma: Những đóng góp của các giáo sĩ Dòng Tên trong quá trình La tinh hoá tiếng Việt ở thế kỷ 17
2376:
849:
442:, Gaspar do Amaral, Antonio Barbosa, and de Rhodes developed an alphabet for the Vietnamese language, using the
82:
6699:
6618:
6578:
6553:
6533:
6468:
6443:
6433:
6418:
6370:
6346:
5710:
5695:
5552:
Opusculum de Sectis apud Sinenses et Tunkinenses: A Small Treatise on the Sects among the Chinese and Tonkinese
4864:
Nguyen, Phi-Vân (2016). "Fighting the First Indochina War Again? Catholic Refugees in South Vietnam, 1954–59".
2243:
2198:
2188:
2178:
2168:
2073:
1951:
1876:
1846:
1736:
1721:
1711:
1569:
1544:
1517:
1507:
1497:
1482:
1407:
1350:
1305:
1290:
1270:
1260:
1235:
1175:
5857:
5517:"H-Diplo Article Reviews No. 485 – 'Phát Diệm Nationalism, Religion and Identity in the Franco-Việt Minh War'"
3888:
5958:
5948:
5390:"Evangelization, Politics, and Technology Transfer in the 17th-Century Cochinchina: The Case of João da Cruz"
2372:
1112:—due to long and historical relations between Vietnam and the Catholic Church dating to before the period of
990:
6538:
6503:
6458:
6453:
6362:
5801:
5653:
5486:
Trần, Claire Thị Liên (2013a). "Communist State and Religious Policy in Vietnam: A Historical Perspective".
5460:"Tôn giáo Việt Nam trong thế kỉ XVIII theo cái nhìn tổng hợp của giáo sĩ phương Tây đương thời ở Đàng Ngoài"
2448:
2413:
2268:
2148:
2043:
1706:
1676:
1671:
1539:
1450:
1417:
1320:
1210:
1017:
5963:
5303:"Victims of Atheist Persecution: Transnational Catholic Solidarity and Refugee Protection in Cold War Asia"
997:
685:
5864:
5186:
1037:
482:
5912:
5839:
5806:
5126:
Trần, Claire Thị Liên (2022). "Thanh Lao Công in Tonkin, 1935–1945: From Social to Political Activism".
3431:
807:
700:, along with the southerners who had seen their and Duyệt's power curtailed, revolted against Minh Mạng.
556:
5869:
5824:
3849:
French Catholic Missionaries and the Politics of Imperialism in Vietnam, 1857–1914: A Documentary Survey
3760:
McLeod, Mark W. (1992). "Nationalism and Religion in Vietnam: Phan Boi Chau and the Catholic Question".
946:
universities were placed under Catholic authority to foster a Catholic-influenced academic environment.
169:
157:
4300:
Historical Dictionary of the Indochina War (1945–1954): An International and Interdisciplinary Approach
466:
was an expert, was the main script conveying Catholic faith to Vietnamese until the late 19th century.
395:
in the 16th century. The earliest missions did not bring impressive results. Only after the arrival of
363:
6064:
5989:
5829:
5266:"A Secular State for a Religious Nation: The Republic of Vietnam and Religious Nationalism, 1946–1963"
5047:
Trân, Claire Thi Liên (2005). "The Catholic Question in North Vietnam: From Polish Sources, 1954–56".
3251:"A Secular State for a Religious Nation: The Republic of Vietnam and Religious Nationalism, 1946–1963"
2469:
632:
Diocese of Western Tonkin: 120,000 members, 65 Vietnamese priests, 46 missionary priests and 1 bishop.
5389:
5358:
3668:
3452:
2363:
1049:
1001:
629:
Diocese of Eastern Tonkin: 140,000 members, 41 Vietnamese priests, 4 missionary priests and 1 bishop.
238:
6044:
5968:
2986:
2940:
697:
6668:
6339:
5953:
5773:
5758:
2458:
2443:
731:
653:
451:
432:
234:
6723:
6039:
6014:
5973:
4621:
Cooke, Nola (2004). "Early Nineteenth-Century Vietnamese Catholics and Others in the Pages of the
678:
had already died, it was assumed that Cảnh's son would succeed Gia Long as emperor, but, in 1816,
405:
6320:
6084:
5573:
Views of Seventeenth-Century Vietnam: Christoforo Borri on Cochinchina and Samuel Baron on Tonkin
5503:
5345:
5252:
5223:
5143:
5114:
5064:
5035:
5006:
4956:
4793:
4764:
4714:
4681:
4642:
4178:
3505:
3486:
3182:
2453:
2301:
1057:
649:
593:
584:
5978:
4968:
Nyan, Francis (2011). "Half-Brothers: The Frères des Écoles Chrétiennes in Vietnam, 1900–1945".
4180:
Nguyễn–Catholic History (1770s–1890s) and the Gestation of Vietnamese Catholic National Identity
4004:
3523:
3412:
3393:
6034:
3975:
605:
71:
5791:
5763:
5753:
5748:
5577:
5556:
5405:
5374:
5310:
5235:
Michaud, Jean (2004). "Missionary Ethnographers in Upper-Tonkin: The Early Years, 1895–1920".
5192:
5171:
5018:
Tran, Anh Q. (2022). "Catholicism and the Development of the Vietnamese Alphabet, 1620–1898".
4556:
4537:
4518:
4495:
4476:
4451:
4432:
4413:
4394:
4375:
4352:
4332:
4303:
4284:
4265:
4246:
4227:
4202:
4089:
4060:
4029:
4008:
3979:
3936:
3915:
3894:
3873:
3852:
3833:
3795:
3747:
3729:
3708:
3690:
3672:
3650:
3618:
3613:
Southern Vietnam under the reign of Minh Mạng (1820–1841): central policies and local response
3596:
1080:
1053:
856:
726:. This showed the strong Catholic involvement in the revolt and Father Marchand was executed.
723:
674:
system of Vietnam was not to last. Gia Long himself was Confucian in outlook. As Crown Prince
463:
439:
5442:"Western Missionaries' Overview on Religion in Tonkin (North of Vietnam) in the 18th Century"
4243:
Asia in the Making of Christianity: Conversion, Agency, and Indigeneity, 1600s to the Present
3867:
601:
5743:
5738:
5537:
5495:
5397:
5366:
5337:
5287:
5277:
5244:
5215:
5135:
5106:
5085:
5056:
5027:
4998:
4977:
4948:
4925:
4898:
4873:
4835:
4814:
4785:
4756:
4735:
4706:
4671:
4663:
4634:
4609:
4600:
Chu, Lan T. (2008). "Catholicism vs. Communism, Continued: The Catholic Church in Vietnam".
4588:
4112:
4081:
4050:
4023:
4000:
3971:
3967:
Mandarins and Martyrs: The Church and the Nguyen Dynasty in Early Nineteenth-Century Vietnam
3769:
3565:
3272:
3262:
3177:
3162:
3084:
3025:
1113:
943:
424:
396:
352:
253:
162:
62:
6024:
5188:
An Empire Divided: Religion, Republicanism, and the Making of French Colonialism, 1880–1914
4579:
Alberts, Tara (2012). "Catholic Written and Oral Cultures in Seventeenth-Century Vietnam".
3304:
2463:
704:
415:
5819:
4887:"Resistance, Negotiation and Development: The Roman Catholic Church in Vietnam, 1954–2010"
3530:
3512:
3493:
3456:
3438:
3400:
3107:
3032:
2947:
2929:
2546:
2515:
967:
715:
474:
295:
128:
5999:
5616:
5525:
5441:
4218:
4085:
938:" was regularly flown at all major public events in South Vietnam. The newly constructed
714:
The rebellion was suppressed after three years of fighting. The French missionary Father
6199:
4167:
3783:
The Lost Mandate of Heaven: The American Betrayal of Ngo Dinh Diem, President of Vietnam
613:
throughout Southeast Asia. From then on he became a politician and military strategist.
458:
33:
5882:
5427:
4298:
Goscha, Christopher E. (2011). "Catholics in Vietnam and the War; Lê Hữu Từ; Vatican".
4199:
Intercultural Exchange in Southeast Asia: History and Society in the Early Modern World
3721:
3687:
Cold War Mandarin: Ngo Dinh Diem and the Origins of America's War in Vietnam, 1950–1963
3611:
3543:
2509:
939:
150:
145:
4077:
Gods, Heroes, and Ancestors: An Interreligious Encounter in Eighteenth-Century Vietnam
3469:
3237:
Taylor on Nguyen, 'The Unimagined Community: Imperialism and Culture in South Vietnam'
679:
498:
116:
represent various architectural styles of Vietnamese, Baroque, Gothic, and Romanesque.
6742:
6717:
6029:
5507:
5472:
5459:
5349:
5227:
5147:
5118:
5068:
5039:
5010:
4960:
4797:
4768:
4718:
4685:
4646:
4117:
4104:
2358:
1005:
958:
954:
907:
896:
892:
5607:
5256:
730:
were executed: Ignacio Delgado, Dominico Henares, José Fernández, François Jaccard,
5598:
3642:
2494:
1085:
1061:
1021:
935:
860:
735:
671:
609:
443:
423:). These missionaries were mainly Italians, Portuguese, and Japanese. Two priests,
400:
331:
186:
138:
17:
5541:
3773:
2518:
Based on individual diocesan statistics variously reported in 2012, 2013 and 2014.
4046:
A Vietnamese Moses: Philiphê Bỉnh and the Geographies of Early Modern Catholicism
3809:
3632:
3569:
403:
begin to establish its positions within the local populations in both domains of
6727:
5852:
5248:
3584:
2398:
1105:
928:
608:
was the most senior member of the family to have survived, and he fled into the
478:
420:
315:
6315:
6094:
5401:
5370:
4789:
3045:
2296:
428:
5499:
5282:
5265:
5139:
5060:
5002:
4952:
4710:
4667:
4638:
4592:
3267:
3250:
2393:
1068:
was opened by Cardinal Nguyễn Văn Thuận in the diocese of Belley-Ars, France.
1048:, and made its president in 1998. On 21 February 2001, he was elevated to the
618:
384:
5219:
5031:
4839:
4044:
3994:
3911:
Disunion: Anticommunist Nationalism and the Making of the Republic of Vietnam
2539:
2342:(b. 1946), a dissident Catholic priest, was sentenced by Vietnamese court in
5428:"Tam giáo chư vọng (1752) – Một cuốn sách viết tay bàn về tôn giáo Việt Nam"
5341:
4818:
4739:
4613:
3965:
3869:
Misalliance: Ngo Dinh Diem, the United States, and the Fate of South Vietnam
2347:
986:
761:
750:
447:
368:
327:
924:
347:
6331:
5622:
4981:
4903:
4886:
4760:
4169:
The Nôm Works of Geronimo Maiorica, S.J. (1589–1656) and Their Christology
3367:"Holy See to have permanent representative in Vietnam | ROME REPORTS"
4510:
4281:
The Tay Son Uprising: Society and Rebellion in Eighteenth-Century Vietnam
4279:
Dutton, George (2006). "Christians and Christianity in the Tây Sơn Era".
1072:
1029:
580:
388:
311:
2343:
950:
435:
and Portuguese Pero Marques converted more than 6,000 people in Tonkin.
5089:
4324:"Narrating Women's Catholic Conversions in Seventeenth-Century Vietnam"
4105:"The Historiography of the Jesuits in Vietnam: 1615–1773 and 1957–2007"
4055:
3417:
2409:
597:
314:. Vietnam has the fifth largest Catholic population in Asia, after the
303:
5292:
4676:
4025:
Pierre Pigneaux: Évêque d'Adran et mandarin de Cochinchine (1741–1799)
3277:
666:
Three Catholics confess their faith and refuse to step over the cross.
5454:
Institute for Religious Studies, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences.
5394:
Europe and China: Science and the Arts in the 17th and 18th Centuries
5359:"Traditional Vietnamese Astronomy in Accounts of Jesuit Missionaries"
4930:
4913:
4848:
4367:
4156:
4145:
4134:
3506:"Archbishop of Hanoi confirms restitution of nunciature, thanks pope"
3297:"Vatican: Vietnam working on full diplomatic relations with Holy See"
450:
marks. This writing system continues to be used today, and is called
410:
299:
5110:
4877:
4448:
Modernity and Re-Enchantment: Religion in Post-Revolutionary Vietnam
3932:
Between War and the State: Civil Society in South Vietnam, 1954–1975
3524:"In Hanoi, stance of repression against Catholics seems to have won"
2559:
456:(literally "national language script"). Meanwhile, the traditional
5307:
Refugees and Religion: Ethnographic Studies of Global Trajectories
2392:
2367:
1101:
985:
962:
703:
Khôi declared himself in favour of the restoration of the line of
590:
392:
362:
319:
5167:
Conflict and Conversion: Catholicism in Southeast Asia, 1500–1700
2705:
Rev. John Trần Công Nghị, Religious Education Congress in Anaheim
5436:
Viện Nghiên cứu Tôn giáo, Viện Hàn lâm Khoa học Xã hội Việt Nam.
5206:
Hoang, Tuan (2022a). "New Histories of Vietnamese Catholicism".
3634:
Vietnam: History, documents and opinions on a major world crisis
1109:
1089:
670:
The peaceful coexistence of Catholicism alongside the classical
427:
and Diogo Carvalho, established the first Catholic community in
307:
181:
6335:
6098:
5626:
4329:
Conversions: Gender and Religious Change in Early Modern Europe
3830:
Les Missions-Étrangères et la pénétration française au Viêt-Nam
4349:
Beyond Borders: A Global Perspective of Jesuit Mission History
3487:"Vietnamese Catholics broaden their protest demanding justice"
3327:"Vatican and Vietnam edge closer to restoring diplomatic ties"
957:
was archbishop, Buddhists were prohibited from displaying the
829:
784:
533:
493:
282:
3823:(PhD). Faculté de droit et des sciences économiques de Paris.
2701:"Catholic Church in Vietnam with 470 years of Evangelization"
5363:
The Jesuits, the Padroado and East Asian Science (1552–1773)
3353:"Pope Francis welcomes Vietnamese leader's visit to Vatican"
1071:
There have been meetings between leaders of Vietnam and the
3381:"Vatican, Vietnam move closer to full diplomatic relations"
3026:
SNIE 53-2-63, "The Situation in South Vietnam, 10 July 1963
5328:(Seventeenth- to Eighteenth-Century Vietnamese Grammar)".
3449:
906:
In a country where Buddhists were the majority, President
4697:
and Interfaith Dialogues in Eighteenth-Century Vietnam".
3744:
The Vietnamese Response to French Intervention, 1862–1874
4914:"Tools of Empire? Vietnamese Catholics in South Vietnam"
4517:. Presses universitaires de Provence. pp. 177–196.
4389:
Marr, David G. (2013). "Catholics: Allies or Enemies?".
4224:
A Companion to the Early Modern Catholic Global Missions
469:
Since the late 17th century, French missionaries of the
1060:". On 26 March 1997, the beatification process for the
510:
3047:
Những bí ẩn đằng sau các cuộc thánh chiến tại Việt Nam
221:
Committee for Solidarity of Vietnamese Catholics (in
4853:
Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko
4513:. In Gantès, Gilles de; Nguyen, Phuong Ngoc (eds.).
4393:. University of California Press. pp. 428–441.
3821:
Christianisme et colonialisme au Vietnam (1857–1914)
2412:, including three archdioceses, in a total of three
6667:
6627:
6369:
6248:
6207:
6132:
6073:
5893:
5731:
5688:
5672:
5660:
5099:
Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia
4866:
Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia
4473:
Saigon at War: South Vietnam and the Global Sixties
4264:. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 290–322.
3413:"Late Vietnamese cardinal put on road to sainthood"
2353:On 16 September 2007, the fifth anniversary of the
438:In the 17th century, Jesuit missionaries including
278:
267:
259:
244:
230:
216:
204:
192:
180:
168:
156:
144:
134:
124:
31:
5324:Pham, Ly Thi Kieu (2019). "The True Editor of the
4693:Du, Yuqing (2022). "Reconfiguring Inculturations:
4492:Naissance d'un État-Parti: Le Viêt Nam depuis 1945
4468:"The Catholic Opposition and Political Repression"
4466:
4322:
4217:
3610:
2558:Trần, Quốc Anh; Phạm, Thị Kiều Ly (October 2019).
2350:and a member of the Progression Party of Vietnam.
4331:. Manchester University Press. pp. 195–215.
4283:. University of Hawaiʻi Press. pp. 175–196.
5305:. In Meyer, Birgit; Veer, Peter van der (eds.).
4475:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 195–222.
4302:. NIAS Press. pp. 90–91, 262–263, 481–482.
3996:Catholic Vietnam: A Church from Empire to Nation
3204:
3202:
1075:, including a visit by Vietnam's Prime Minister
1008:is today common in many churches for decoration.
45:
5078:Peace & Change: A Journal of Peace Research
4410:Decolonization and the Remaking of Christianity
4391:Vietnam: State, War, and Revolution (1945–1946)
2695:
2693:
2691:
355:in Vietnamese (Kinh Thiên Chúa 經天主) written in
4918:Journal of the Canadian Historical Association
3593:A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tu Duc
2431:Archdiocese (Metropolitan) of Ho Chi Minh City
248:72/12 Trần Quốc Toản Street, Võ Thị Sáu Ward,
6347:
6110:
5638:
4351:. Sophia University Press. pp. 342–349.
4327:. In Ditchfield, Simon; Smith, Helen (eds.).
4139:(PhD). Institut d'études politiques de Paris.
2319:
804:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies
553:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies
399:in the first decades of the 17th century did
8:
5361:. In Saraiva, Luís; Jami, Catherine (eds.).
4555:. Cornell University Press. pp. 71–87.
4431:. Cornell University Press. pp. 19–39.
1088:met with Prime Minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng in
589:The French missionary priest and Bishop of
485:(in Eastern Tonkin), and those sent by the
481:(in Cochinchina), Italian Dominicans &
431:in 1615. Between 1627 and 1630, Avignonese
6354:
6340:
6332:
6117:
6103:
6095:
5645:
5631:
5623:
3581:Southeast Asia: Its Historical Development
3180:(17 June 1963). "Diệm and the Buddhists".
2326:
2312:
1118:
891:From 1954 to 1975, Vietnam was split into
859:. Please do not remove this message until
814:this issue before removing this message.
563:this issue before removing this message.
5291:
5281:
4929:
4902:
4675:
4116:
4054:
4005:10.1525/california/9780520272477.001.0001
3276:
3266:
2941:The 1966 Buddhist Crisis in South Vietnam
2574:
879:Learn how and when to remove this message
359:in the book, 聖教經願 Thánh giáo kinh nguyện.
5570:Dror, Olga; Taylor, K. W., eds. (2006).
4494:. Les Indes savantes. pp. 253–276.
3976:10.11126/stanford/9780804756518.001.0001
2357:'s death, the Catholic Church began the
1046:Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace
996:
855:Relevant discussion may be found on the
781:Catholicism in South Vietnam (1954–1975)
661:
346:
2873:
2871:
2737:
2735:
2486:
1139:
1096:and his associates in Vatican in 2016.
1026:Catholic Bishops' Conference of Vietnam
283:Catholic Bishops' Conference of Vietnam
175:Catholic Bishops' Conference of Vietnam
4536:. Les Indes savantes. pp. 51–66.
4450:. ISEAS Publishing. pp. 371–398.
3329:. AFP. 19 October 2014. Archived from
3082:"South Vietnam: Whose funeral pyre?".
2979:"South Viet Nam: The Religious Crisis"
2897:
2895:
2885:
2883:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2829:
2827:
2799:
2797:
2787:
2785:
2783:
28:
5530:Russian Journal of Vietnamese Studies
3707:, New York: Oxford University Press,
2921:The Cambridge History of Christianity
1114:French colonization in Southeast Asia
7:
4553:Vietnam and the West: New Approaches
4429:Vietnam and the West: New Approaches
4412:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
4161:(PhD). Université Paris IV-Sorbonne.
4150:(PhD). Université Paris VII-Diderot.
3689:, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield,
3068:
3066:
2527:
2389:List of Catholic dioceses in Vietnam
949:In May 1963, in the central city of
298:, under the spiritual leadership of
4623:Annales de la Propagation de la Foi
2421:Archdiocese (Metropolitan) of Hanoi
808:create a more balanced presentation
557:create a more balanced presentation
6080:Bible translations into Vietnamese
4991:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
4656:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
4627:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
4086:10.1093/oso/9780190677602.001.0001
4049:. University of California Press.
3999:. University of California Press.
2403:Roman Catholic Diocese of Hưng Hóa
1028:was founded in 1980. In 1976, the
25:
5878:Christian and Missionary Alliance
5617:"Catholic processions in Vietnam"
5326:Manuductio ad linguam Tunkinensem
4222:. In Hsia, Ronnie Po-chia (ed.).
2426:Archdiocese (Metropolitan) of Huế
915:demolition of pagodas occurred.
6722:
6713:
6712:
6314:
6198:
6170:Diocese of Lạng Sơn and Cao Bằng
5835:Ignacio Clemente Delgado Cebrián
5524:Tran, Thi Phuong Phuong (2020).
5488:Hague Journal on the Rule of Law
4201:. I.B. Tauris. pp. 84–117.
4166:Ostrowski, Brian Eugene (2006).
4155:Massot-Marin, Catherine (1998).
4118:10.1163/2468-7723_jho_COM_210470
3762:The International History Review
2540:Catholic Encyclopedia, Indochina
2495:Giáo trình lớp Hội nhập Văn hoá
2295:
2114:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1221:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1147:
1122:
834:
789:
770:Làng Sông, once the seat of the
760:
749:
538:
497:
473:and Spanish missionaries of the
90:
81:
70:
61:
32:
5938:Francis Xavier Nguyễn Văn Thuận
4581:Journal of Early Modern History
3914:. University of Hawaiʻi Press.
3792:Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War
3470:"Holy row over land in Vietnam"
3303:. 12 March 2007. Archived from
2493:Antôn Nguyễn Ngọc Sơn (2020). "
976:assassinated on 2 November 1963
912:Army of the Republic of Vietnam
6680:British Indian Ocean Territory
5845:Valentín Faustino Berrio Ochoa
5721:Vietnam Evangelical Fellowship
5515:Trần, Claire Thị Liên (2014).
5309:. Bloomsbury. pp. 51–67.
4509:Trân, Claire Thi Liên (2009).
4374:. Toyo Bunko. pp. 35–73.
4262:Viêt Nam: Borderless Histories
3851:. Liverpool University Press.
3595:, Greenwood Publishing Group,
3544:"Catholic Dioceses in Vietnam"
2985:. 14 June 1963. Archived from
2472:(Vietnamese Lenten meditation)
919:in force. Catholics were also
772:Apostolic Vicariate of Quinhon
720:Paris Foreign Missions Society
306:who are in communion with the
1:
5706:Baptist Convention of Vietnam
5701:Evangelical Church of Vietnam
5542:10.24411/2618-9453-2020-10035
5330:Journal of Vietnamese Studies
5208:Journal of Vietnamese Studies
5128:Journal of Vietnamese Studies
5020:Journal of Vietnamese Studies
4970:Journal of Vietnamese Studies
4941:Journal of Vietnamese Studies
4912:Nguyen-Marshall, Van (2009).
4891:Studies in World Christianity
4807:Journal of Vietnamese Studies
4778:Journal of Vietnamese Studies
4728:Journal of Vietnamese Studies
4699:Journal of Vietnamese Studies
4602:Journal of Vietnamese Studies
4515:Vietnam: Le moment moderniste
4370:. In Hirosue, Masashi (ed.).
4183:(PhD). Georgetown University.
3970:. Stanford University Press.
3929:Nguyen-Marshall, Van (2023).
3828:Lê, Nicole-Dominique (1975).
3774:10.1080/07075332.1992.9640628
3631:Gettleman, Marvin E. (1966),
3166:. 22 June 1963. pp. 5–6.
2397:Ceremonial procession of the
1016:, was consecrated in 1933 at
1012:The first Vietnamese bishop,
953:, where Diệm's elder brother
6126:Catholic dioceses in Vietnam
5908:Jean-Baptiste Nguyễn Bá Tòng
5716:Assemblies of God in Vietnam
5680:Eastern Orthodoxy in Vietnam
5576:. Cornell University Press.
5555:. Cornell University Press.
5270:The Journal of Asian Studies
5185:Daughton, James P. (2006a).
4465:Stur, Heather Marie (2020).
4109:Jesuit Historiography Online
4022:Mantienne, Frédéric (2012).
3935:. Cornell University Press.
3887:Goscha, Christopher (2016).
3872:. Harvard University Press.
3847:Tuck, Patrick J. N. (1987).
3665:A History of South-east Asia
3255:The Journal of Asian Studies
1014:Jean-Baptiste Nguyễn Bá Tòng
5923:Joseph-Marie Trịnh Như Khuê
5865:Discalced Augustinian Order
5249:10.1080/1463136042000221876
5191:. Oxford University Press.
5170:. Oxford University Press.
4226:. Brill. pp. 269–302.
4080:. Oxford University Press.
3794:, Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO,
3790:Tucker, Spencer C. (2000),
3728:, New York: Penguin Books,
3571:Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled
3533:, Asianews], September 2008
3496:, Asianews, 15 January 2008
2959:Gettleman, pp. 275–76, 366.
1034:Joseph-Marie Trịnh Như Khuê
961:during the sacred Buddhist
955:Pierre Martin Ngô Đình Thục
861:conditions to do so are met
600:brothers killed the ruling
530:Missionaries and the Nguyễn
223:Vietnamese Fatherland Front
47:Giáo hội Công giáo Việt Nam
6775:
6759:Catholic Church by country
6749:Catholic Church in Vietnam
5787:Pierre Lambert de la Motte
5769:Giovanni Filippo de Marini
5666:Catholic Church in Vietnam
5608:Catholic Church in Vietnam
5599:Catholic Church in Vietnam
5402:10.1142/9789814390446_0002
5392:. In Saraiva, Luís (ed.).
5371:10.1142/9789812771261_0007
4790:10.1525/vs.2022.17.2-3.126
4172:(PhD). Cornell University.
4043:Dutton, George E. (2016).
3088:. 29 June 1963. p. 9.
2497:Văn hoá Công Giáo Việt Nam
2476:Holy See-Vietnam relations
2386:
1141:Catholic Church by country
647:
578:
292:Catholic Church in Vietnam
38:Catholic Church in Vietnam
6708:
6309:
6196:
5797:Pierre Pigneau de Behaine
5500:10.1017/S1876404512001133
5283:10.1017/S0021911818000505
5140:10.1525/vs.2022.17.2-3.93
5061:10.1080/14682740500284747
5003:10.1017/S0022463404000165
4953:10.1525/vs.2022.17.2-3.64
4847:Makino, Motonori (2013).
4828:French Historical Studies
4749:American Catholic Studies
4711:10.1525/vs.2022.17.2-3.38
4668:10.1017/S0022463408000313
4639:10.1017/S0022463404000141
4593:10.1163/15700658-12342325
4366:Makino, Motonori (2020).
4321:Luria, Keith P. (2017a).
4245:. Brill. pp. 29–52.
3637:, New York: Penguin Books
3609:Choi Byung, Wook (2004),
3268:10.1017/S0021911818000505
2466:(Vietnamese cantillation)
2355:Cardinal Nguyễn Văn Thuận
294:is part of the worldwide
55:
42:
6429:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
6363:Catholic Church in Asia
6020:Gilbert Trần Chánh Chiếu
5933:Philippe Nguyễn Kim Điền
5782:Foreign Missions Society
5711:Vietnam Mennonite Church
5696:Protestantism in Vietnam
5549:Dror, Olga, ed. (2002).
5446:Religious Studies Review
5301:Nguyen, Phi-Vân (2021).
5264:Nguyen, Phi-Vân (2018).
5220:10.1525/vs.2022.17.2-3.1
5032:10.1525/vs.2022.17.2-3.9
4840:10.1215/00161071-3857016
3742:McLeod, Mark W. (1991),
3649:, Boston: E. P. Dutton,
3492:24 November 2015 at the
3455:26 December 2016 at the
3249:Nguyen, Phi-Vân (2018).
3160:"Diệm's other crusade".
2928:31 December 2013 at the
2729:Buttinger, pp. 241, 311.
2514:18 December 2016 at the
2416:. The archdioceses are:
2414:ecclesiastical provinces
1206:Central African Republic
471:Foreign Missions Society
6754:Catholic Church in Asia
6690:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
6220:Diocese of Ban Mê Thuột
5959:Philípphê Phan Văn Minh
5949:Vinh Sơn Phạm Hiếu Liêm
5802:Jacques-Benjamin Longer
5654:Christianity in Vietnam
5388:Volkov, Alexei (2012).
5357:Volkov, Alexei (2008).
5342:10.1525/vs.2019.14.2.68
5164:Alberts, Tara (2013a).
4819:10.1525/vs.2008.3.2.128
4740:10.1525/vs.2009.4.3.173
4614:10.1525/vs.2008.3.1.151
4133:Trân, Thi Liên (1997).
3993:Keith, Charles (2012).
3866:Miller, Edward (2013).
3819:Cao, Huy Thuan (1969).
3781:Shaw, Geoffrey (2015).
3591:Chapuis, Oscar (1995),
3529:5 December 2016 at the
3432:UCANews at Catholic.org
3235:Taylor, K. W. (2020). "
3007:Tucker, pp. 49, 291–93.
2449:Christianity in Vietnam
1079:to the Vatican to meet
6321:Catholicism portal
5812:Léopold Michel Cadière
5471:Trần Văn Toàn (2005).
5458:Trần Văn Toàn (2005).
5440:Trần Văn Toàn (2007).
4534:Le Viêt Nam au féminin
4216:Alberts, Tara (2018).
4144:Forest, Alain (1997).
4028:. Les Indes savantes.
3964:Ramsay, Jacob (2008).
3890:Vietnam: A New History
3808:Warner, Denis (1963),
3703:Jones, Howard (2003),
3663:Hall, D.G. E. (1981),
3579:Cady, John F. (1964),
3399:27 August 2016 at the
3072:Gettleman, pp. 280–82.
2707:. 2004. Archived from
2622:Buttinger, pp. 237–40.
2405:
2340:Thaddeus Nguyễn Văn Lý
2302:Catholicism portal
1782:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1009:
994:
667:
483:Discalced Augustinians
380:
360:
46:
6286:Diocese of Phan Thiết
6276:Diocese of Long Xuyên
6256:Archdiocese of Saigon
6140:Archdiocese of Hà Nội
5964:Gioakim Đặng Đức Tuấn
5870:Hilario di Jesu Costa
5157:Supplementary sources
4982:10.1525/vs.2011.6.3.1
4904:10.3366/swc.2019.0269
4885:Nguyen, Thao (2019).
4761:10.1353/acs.2019.0014
4219:"Missions in Vietnam"
4103:Tran, Anh Q. (2018).
4074:Tran, Anh Q. (2017).
3908:Tran, Nu-Anh (2022).
3814:, New York: Macmillan
3705:Death of a Generation
3685:Jacobs, Seth (2006),
3617:, SEAP Publications,
3394:Asia News, March 2007
3301:Catholic News Service
2396:
2104:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1366:São Tomé and Príncipe
1226:Republic of the Congo
1066:Marcel Nguyễn Tân Văn
1036:the first Vietnamese
1000:
989:
709:Father Nguyễn Văn Tâm
665:
387:visited Vietnam from
366:
350:
6604:United Arab Emirates
6296:Diocese of Vĩnh Long
6291:Diocese of Phú Cường
6235:Diocese of Nha Trang
6185:Diocese of Thanh Hóa
6180:Diocese of Thái Bình
6175:Diocese of Phát Diệm
6160:Diocese of Hải Phòng
5928:Paul Nguyễn Văn Bình
4177:Ngo, Lan A. (2016).
3574:, Praeger Publishers
3511:4 March 2016 at the
3421:. 17 September 2007.
3031:1 April 2010 at the
2989:on 30 September 2007
2946:4 March 2008 at the
2545:3 March 2016 at the
2364:apostolic nunciature
1732:United Arab Emirates
1050:College of Cardinals
1018:St. Peter's Basilica
934:The white and gold "
644:Later Nguyễn dynasty
379:, late 18th century.
206:Apostolic Delegation
6631:limited recognition
6301:Diocese of Xuân Lộc
6240:Diocese of Qui Nhơn
6165:Diocese of Hưng Hóa
6145:Diocese of Bắc Ninh
5913:Dominic Hồ Ngọc Cẩn
5840:Jerónimo Hermosilla
5759:Alexandre de Rhodes
5477:Nghiên cứu Tôn giáo
5464:Nghiên cứu Tôn giáo
5432:Nghiên cứu Tôn giáo
3952:Specialized sources
3647:A Death in November
3437:6 June 2011 at the
3383:. 21 December 2018.
2968:Moyar, pp. 215–216.
2459:Our Lady of La Vang
2444:Religion in Vietnam
2119:Trinidad and Tobago
2014:Antigua and Barbuda
848:of this article is
732:Jean-Charles Cornay
433:Alexandre de Rhodes
383:The first Catholic
225:), state-controlled
18:Vietnamese Catholic
6266:Diocese of Cần Thơ
6249:Province of Saigon
6230:Diocese of Kon Tum
6225:Diocese of Đà Nẵng
6215:Archdiocese of Huế
6155:Diocese of Hà Tĩnh
6150:Diocese of Bùi Chu
6085:Vietnamese Martyrs
6025:Empress Nam Phương
5918:Thaddeus Lê Hữu Từ
5825:Juan de Santa Cruz
5612:Catholic-Hierarchy
5090:10.1111/pech.12040
4056:10.1525/luminos.22
3811:The Last Confucian
3726:Vietnam: A history
3468:Pham, Nga (2008).
3333:on 22 October 2014
3226:Moyar, pp. 212–13.
3183:The New York Times
3123:Buttinger, p. 993.
2842:McLeod, pp. 28–29.
2768:Buttinger, p. 269.
2759:Buttinger, p. 268.
2676:Buttinger, p. 267.
2604:Buttinger, p. 234.
2577:, pp. 23, 38.
2454:Vietnamese Martyrs
2406:
2401:at Dị Nậu parish,
2054:Dominican Republic
1058:Vietnamese Martyrs
1010:
995:
668:
650:Vietnamese Martyrs
594:Pigneau de Behaine
585:Pigneau de Behaine
509:. You can help by
381:
361:
199:Joseph Nguyễn Năng
100:The Cathedrals of
6736:
6735:
6673:other territories
6329:
6328:
6281:Diocese of Mỹ Tho
6271:Diocese of Đà Lạt
6261:Diocese of Bà Rịa
6133:Province of Hanoi
6092:
6091:
5764:Girolamo Maiorica
5754:Christoforo Borri
5749:Francisco de Pina
3785:. Ignatius Press.
3602:978-0-313-29622-2
3566:Buttinger, Joseph
3239:". H-Net Reviews.
3178:Halberstam, David
3141:Buttinger p. 933.
3112:The Two Viet-Nams
3050:. pp. 47–50.
3044:Lữ Giang (2009).
2336:
2335:
1241:Equatorial Guinea
1081:Pope Benedict XVI
1054:Pope John Paul II
970:. Diệm was later
889:
888:
881:
828:
827:
806:. Please help to
798:This section may
724:Jean-Louis Taberd
577:
576:
555:. Please help to
547:This section may
527:
526:
464:Girolamo Maiorica
440:Francisco de Pina
351:A variant of the
288:
287:
274:
226:
16:(Redirected from
6766:
6726:
6716:
6715:
6685:Christmas Island
6371:Sovereign states
6356:
6349:
6342:
6333:
6319:
6318:
6202:
6119:
6112:
6105:
6096:
6065:Hoàng Trọng Thừa
5995:Nguyễn Trường Tộ
5990:Anê Lê Thị Thành
5853:Franciscan Order
5830:Raimondo Lezzoli
5807:Théophane Vénard
5774:João de Loureiro
5744:Francesco Buzomi
5739:Society of Jesus
5647:
5640:
5633:
5624:
5619:photo collection
5587:
5566:
5545:
5520:
5511:
5480:
5467:
5453:
5435:
5415:
5384:
5353:
5320:
5297:
5295:
5285:
5260:
5231:
5202:
5181:
5151:
5122:
5093:
5072:
5049:Cold War History
5043:
5014:
4985:
4964:
4935:
4933:
4931:10.7202/044402ar
4908:
4906:
4881:
4860:
4843:
4822:
4801:
4784:(2–3): 126–157.
4772:
4743:
4722:
4695:Hội Đồng Tứ Giáo
4689:
4679:
4650:
4617:
4596:
4587:(4–5): 383–402.
4572:Journal articles
4566:
4547:
4528:
4505:
4486:
4470:
4461:
4442:
4423:
4404:
4385:
4362:
4342:
4326:
4313:
4294:
4275:
4256:
4237:
4221:
4212:
4184:
4173:
4162:
4151:
4140:
4127:Doctoral theses:
4122:
4120:
4099:
4070:
4058:
4039:
4018:
3989:
3946:
3925:
3904:
3883:
3862:
3843:
3824:
3815:
3804:
3786:
3777:
3756:
3738:
3717:
3699:
3681:
3659:
3643:Hammer, Ellen J.
3638:
3627:
3616:
3605:
3587:
3575:
3552:
3551:
3540:
3534:
3521:
3515:
3503:
3497:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3465:
3459:
3447:
3441:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3409:
3403:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3307:on 13 March 2007
3293:
3287:
3286:
3280:
3270:
3246:
3240:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3209:
3206:
3197:
3196:Topmiller, p. 2.
3194:
3188:
3187:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3157:
3151:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3124:
3121:
3115:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3061:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3041:
3035:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3008:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2951:
2938:
2932:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2890:
2887:
2878:
2875:
2866:
2863:
2852:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2822:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2792:
2789:
2778:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2730:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2697:
2686:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2668:
2665:
2659:
2658:Mantienne, p.135
2656:
2650:
2647:
2641:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2578:
2575:Ostrowski (2010)
2572:
2566:
2565:
2555:
2549:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2507:
2501:
2491:
2373:Hồ Chí Minh City
2328:
2321:
2314:
2300:
2299:
2184:Papua New Guinea
2159:Marshall Islands
1982:Northern Ireland
1151:
1126:
1125:
1119:
1042:Nguyễn Văn Thuận
1032:made Archbishop
923:exempt from the
884:
877:
873:
870:
864:
838:
837:
830:
823:
820:
793:
792:
785:
764:
753:
676:Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh
658:Nguyễn Trường Tộ
572:
569:
542:
541:
534:
522:
519:
501:
494:
425:Francesco Buzomi
279:Official website
272:
254:Ho Chi Minh City
220:
94:
85:
74:
65:
51:
49:
36:
29:
21:
6774:
6773:
6769:
6768:
6767:
6765:
6764:
6763:
6739:
6738:
6737:
6732:
6704:
6672:
6663:
6644:Northern Cyprus
6630:
6623:
6365:
6360:
6330:
6325:
6313:
6305:
6244:
6208:Province of Hue
6203:
6194:
6190:Diocese of Vinh
6128:
6123:
6093:
6088:
6069:
6050:Nguyễn Đình Đầu
5985:
5944:
5889:
5876:
5851:
5820:Dominican Order
5818:
5780:
5727:
5684:
5673:Orthodox Church
5668:
5661:Catholic Church
5656:
5651:
5595:
5590:
5584:
5569:
5563:
5548:
5523:
5514:
5485:
5479:(2 #32): 15–20.
5470:
5466:(1 #31): 60–68.
5457:
5439:
5434:(1 #19): 47–54.
5422:
5418:
5412:
5387:
5381:
5356:
5323:
5317:
5300:
5263:
5237:Asian Ethnicity
5234:
5205:
5199:
5184:
5178:
5163:
5159:
5154:
5134:(2–3): 93–125.
5125:
5111:10.1355/sj35-2c
5096:
5075:
5046:
5017:
4988:
4967:
4938:
4911:
4884:
4878:10.1355/sj31-1f
4863:
4846:
4825:
4804:
4775:
4746:
4725:
4692:
4653:
4620:
4599:
4578:
4574:
4569:
4563:
4550:
4544:
4531:
4525:
4508:
4502:
4489:
4483:
4464:
4458:
4445:
4439:
4426:
4420:
4407:
4401:
4388:
4382:
4365:
4359:
4345:
4339:
4320:
4315:Online resource
4310:
4297:
4291:
4278:
4272:
4259:
4253:
4240:
4234:
4215:
4209:
4196:
4192:
4187:
4176:
4165:
4154:
4143:
4132:
4102:
4096:
4073:
4067:
4042:
4036:
4021:
4015:
3992:
3986:
3963:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3943:
3928:
3922:
3907:
3901:
3893:. Basic Books.
3886:
3880:
3865:
3859:
3846:
3840:
3827:
3818:
3807:
3802:
3789:
3780:
3759:
3754:
3741:
3736:
3722:Karnow, Stanley
3720:
3715:
3702:
3697:
3684:
3679:
3662:
3657:
3641:
3630:
3625:
3608:
3603:
3590:
3578:
3564:
3560:
3555:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3531:Wayback Machine
3522:
3518:
3513:Wayback Machine
3504:
3500:
3494:Wayback Machine
3485:
3481:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3457:Wayback Machine
3448:
3444:
3439:Wayback Machine
3430:
3426:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3401:Wayback Machine
3392:
3388:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3336:
3334:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3310:
3308:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3217:Karnow, p. 295.
3216:
3212:
3207:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3132:Karnow, p. 294.
3131:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3106:
3102:
3098:Warner, p. 210.
3097:
3093:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3064:
3060:Tucker, p. 291.
3059:
3055:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3033:Wayback Machine
3024:
3020:
3016:Maclear, p. 63.
3015:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2992:
2990:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2948:Wayback Machine
2939:
2935:
2930:Wayback Machine
2918:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2893:
2888:
2881:
2877:Chapuis, p. 192
2876:
2869:
2864:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2825:
2821:Choi, pp. 60–61
2820:
2816:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2795:
2790:
2781:
2777:Choi, pp. 56–57
2776:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2714:
2712:
2711:on 14 June 2010
2699:
2698:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2573:
2569:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2547:Wayback Machine
2538:
2534:
2526:
2522:
2516:Wayback Machine
2508:
2504:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2440:
2433:(former Saigon)
2391:
2385:
2332:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2224:
2214:
2213:
2194:Solomon Islands
2139:
2129:
2128:
2009:
1999:
1998:
1902:North Macedonia
1752:
1742:
1741:
1635:
1625:
1624:
1453:
1443:
1442:
1161:
1123:
1077:Nguyễn Tấn Dũng
1002:Chợ Quán Church
984:
968:Buddhist crisis
885:
874:
868:
865:
854:
839:
835:
824:
818:
815:
794:
790:
783:
778:
777:
776:
775:
774:, then and now.
767:
766:
765:
756:
755:
754:
716:Joseph Marchand
680:Nguyễn Phúc Đảm
660:
646:
587:
579:Main articles:
573:
567:
564:
543:
539:
532:
523:
517:
514:
507:needs expansion
488:Propaganda Fide
475:Dominican Order
345:
340:
296:Catholic Church
120:
119:
118:
117:
97:
96:
95:
87:
86:
77:
76:
75:
67:
66:
43:
37:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6772:
6770:
6762:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6741:
6740:
6734:
6733:
6731:
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6720:
6709:
6706:
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6703:
6702:
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6692:
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6682:
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6674:
6665:
6664:
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6661:
6656:
6651:
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6641:
6635:
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6622:
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6606:
6601:
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6501:
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6436:
6431:
6426:
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6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
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6381:
6375:
6373:
6367:
6366:
6361:
6359:
6358:
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6344:
6336:
6327:
6326:
6324:
6323:
6310:
6307:
6306:
6304:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
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6232:
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6222:
6217:
6211:
6209:
6205:
6204:
6197:
6195:
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6192:
6187:
6182:
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6172:
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6162:
6157:
6152:
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6134:
6130:
6129:
6124:
6122:
6121:
6114:
6107:
6099:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6075:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6067:
6055:
6054:
6053:
6052:
6047:
6045:Nguyễn Mạnh Hà
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6010:Nguyễn Hữu Bài
6007:
6005:Huỳnh Tịnh Của
6002:
6000:Trương Vĩnh Ký
5997:
5992:
5983:
5982:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5969:Phêrô Trần Lục
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5942:
5941:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5897:
5895:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5887:
5886:
5885:
5883:William Cadman
5874:
5873:
5872:
5862:
5861:
5860:
5849:
5848:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5792:François Pallu
5789:
5778:
5777:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5735:
5733:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5725:
5724:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5692:
5690:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5676:
5674:
5670:
5669:
5664:
5662:
5658:
5657:
5652:
5650:
5649:
5642:
5635:
5627:
5621:
5620:
5614:
5605:
5594:
5593:External links
5591:
5589:
5588:
5582:
5567:
5561:
5546:
5521:
5512:
5494:(2): 229–252.
5483:
5482:
5481:
5468:
5437:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5410:
5385:
5379:
5354:
5321:
5315:
5298:
5276:(3): 741–771.
5261:
5243:(2): 179–194.
5232:
5203:
5197:
5182:
5176:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5123:
5105:(2): 243–270.
5094:
5084:(4): 446–473.
5073:
5055:(4): 427–449.
5044:
5015:
4997:(2): 311–328.
4986:
4965:
4947:(2–3): 64–92.
4936:
4924:(2): 138–159.
4909:
4897:(3): 297–323.
4882:
4872:(1): 207–246.
4861:
4859:(71): 109–139.
4844:
4834:(3): 457–473.
4823:
4813:(2): 128–171.
4802:
4773:
4744:
4734:(3): 173–211.
4723:
4705:(2–3): 38–63.
4690:
4662:(3): 383–409.
4651:
4633:(2): 261–285.
4618:
4608:(1): 151–192.
4597:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4561:
4548:
4542:
4529:
4523:
4506:
4500:
4487:
4481:
4462:
4456:
4443:
4437:
4424:
4418:
4405:
4399:
4386:
4380:
4363:
4357:
4343:
4337:
4318:
4308:
4295:
4289:
4276:
4270:
4257:
4251:
4238:
4232:
4213:
4207:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4174:
4163:
4152:
4141:
4124:
4123:
4100:
4094:
4071:
4065:
4040:
4034:
4019:
4013:
3990:
3984:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3941:
3926:
3920:
3905:
3899:
3884:
3878:
3863:
3857:
3844:
3838:
3825:
3816:
3805:
3800:
3787:
3778:
3768:(4): 661–680.
3757:
3752:
3739:
3734:
3718:
3713:
3700:
3695:
3682:
3677:
3660:
3655:
3639:
3628:
3623:
3606:
3601:
3588:
3576:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3535:
3516:
3498:
3479:
3460:
3442:
3424:
3404:
3386:
3372:
3358:
3344:
3318:
3288:
3261:(3): 741–771.
3241:
3228:
3219:
3210:
3208:Jarvis, p. 59.
3198:
3189:
3169:
3152:
3143:
3134:
3125:
3116:
3100:
3091:
3074:
3062:
3053:
3036:
3018:
3009:
3000:
2970:
2961:
2952:
2933:
2912:
2903:
2891:
2879:
2867:
2853:
2851:McLeod, p. 29.
2844:
2835:
2833:McLeod, p. 28.
2823:
2814:
2812:McLeod, p. 27.
2805:
2803:McLeod, p. 26.
2793:
2791:McLeod, p. 24.
2779:
2770:
2761:
2752:
2743:
2731:
2722:
2687:
2685:Karnow, p. 78.
2678:
2669:
2667:Karnow, p. 77.
2660:
2651:
2642:
2633:
2631:McLeod, p. 10.
2624:
2615:
2606:
2597:
2588:
2579:
2567:
2550:
2532:
2520:
2502:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2428:
2423:
2387:Main article:
2384:
2381:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2286:
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2276:
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2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2005:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1972:United Kingdom
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1753:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1636:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1454:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1144:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1128:
1127:
1094:Trần Đại Quang
991:Cửa Bắc Church
983:
980:
901:300-day period
887:
886:
842:
840:
833:
826:
825:
810:. Discuss and
797:
795:
788:
782:
779:
769:
768:
759:
758:
757:
748:
747:
746:
745:
744:
645:
642:
637:
636:
633:
630:
575:
574:
559:. Discuss and
546:
544:
537:
531:
528:
525:
524:
504:
502:
344:
341:
339:
336:
286:
285:
280:
276:
275:
269:
265:
264:
261:
257:
256:
246:
242:
241:
232:
228:
227:
218:
214:
213:
211:Marek Zalewski
208:
202:
201:
196:
194:CBCV President
190:
189:
184:
178:
177:
172:
166:
165:
160:
154:
153:
148:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
126:
125:Classification
122:
121:
99:
98:
89:
88:
80:
79:
78:
69:
68:
60:
59:
58:
57:
56:
53:
52:
40:
39:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6771:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6746:
6744:
6729:
6725:
6721:
6719:
6711:
6710:
6707:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6677:
6675:
6670:
6666:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6654:South Ossetia
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6632:
6626:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6376:
6374:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6357:
6352:
6350:
6345:
6343:
6338:
6337:
6334:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6311:
6308:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6247:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6212:
6210:
6206:
6201:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6120:
6115:
6113:
6108:
6106:
6101:
6100:
6097:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6072:
6066:
6063:
6062:
6061:
6059:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6030:Ngô Đình Diệm
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5987:
5984:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5954:Anrê Dũng Lạc
5952:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5943:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5868:
5867:
5866:
5863:
5859:
5856:
5855:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5822:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5741:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5730:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5698:
5697:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5689:Protestantism
5687:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5648:
5643:
5641:
5636:
5634:
5629:
5628:
5625:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5592:
5585:
5583:9780877277712
5579:
5575:
5574:
5568:
5564:
5562:9780877277323
5558:
5554:
5553:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5522:
5518:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5484:
5478:
5474:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5456:
5455:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5424:Trần Văn Toàn
5421:
5420:
5413:
5411:9789814401579
5407:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5386:
5382:
5380:9789814474269
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5322:
5318:
5316:9781350167162
5312:
5308:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5204:
5200:
5198:9780195305302
5194:
5190:
5189:
5183:
5179:
5177:9780199646265
5173:
5169:
5168:
5162:
5161:
5156:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5026:(2–3): 9–37.
5025:
5021:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4564:
4562:9780877277828
4558:
4554:
4549:
4545:
4543:9782846540759
4539:
4535:
4530:
4526:
4524:9782821885653
4520:
4516:
4512:
4507:
4503:
4501:9782846540643
4497:
4493:
4488:
4484:
4482:9781316676752
4478:
4474:
4469:
4463:
4459:
4457:9789812304568
4453:
4449:
4444:
4440:
4438:9780877277828
4434:
4430:
4425:
4421:
4419:9781512824964
4415:
4411:
4406:
4402:
4400:9780520274150
4396:
4392:
4387:
4383:
4381:9784809703034
4377:
4373:
4369:
4364:
4360:
4358:9784324086100
4354:
4350:
4344:
4340:
4338:9780719099151
4334:
4330:
4325:
4319:
4316:
4311:
4309:9788776940638
4305:
4301:
4296:
4292:
4290:9780824829841
4286:
4282:
4277:
4273:
4271:9780299217747
4267:
4263:
4258:
4254:
4252:9789004251298
4248:
4244:
4239:
4235:
4233:9789004355286
4229:
4225:
4220:
4214:
4210:
4208:9780857722836
4204:
4200:
4195:
4194:
4190:Book chapters
4189:
4182:
4181:
4175:
4171:
4170:
4164:
4160:
4159:
4153:
4149:
4148:
4142:
4138:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4119:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4101:
4097:
4095:9780190677602
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4078:
4072:
4068:
4066:9780520293434
4062:
4057:
4052:
4048:
4047:
4041:
4037:
4035:9782846542883
4031:
4027:
4026:
4020:
4016:
4014:9780520272477
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3991:
3987:
3985:9780804756518
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3944:
3942:9781501770579
3938:
3934:
3933:
3927:
3923:
3921:9780824887865
3917:
3913:
3912:
3906:
3902:
3900:9780465094363
3896:
3892:
3891:
3885:
3881:
3879:9780674072985
3875:
3871:
3870:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3835:
3831:
3826:
3822:
3817:
3813:
3812:
3806:
3803:
3801:1-57607-040-9
3797:
3793:
3788:
3784:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3758:
3755:
3753:0-275-93562-0
3749:
3745:
3740:
3737:
3735:0-670-84218-4
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3714:0-19-505286-2
3710:
3706:
3701:
3698:
3696:0-7425-4447-8
3692:
3688:
3683:
3680:
3678:0-333-24163-0
3674:
3670:
3666:
3661:
3658:
3656:0-525-24210-4
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3635:
3629:
3626:
3624:0-87727-138-0
3620:
3615:
3614:
3607:
3604:
3598:
3594:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3577:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3549:
3548:GCatholic.org
3545:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3507:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3483:
3480:
3475:
3471:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3428:
3425:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3390:
3387:
3382:
3376:
3373:
3368:
3362:
3359:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3319:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3223:
3220:
3214:
3211:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3165:
3164:
3156:
3153:
3150:Jacobs p. 91.
3147:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3129:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3108:Fall, Bernard
3104:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3087:
3086:
3078:
3075:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3049:
3048:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3022:
3019:
3013:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2916:
2913:
2910:McLeod, p. 32
2907:
2904:
2901:McLeod, p. 31
2898:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2865:McLeod, p. 30
2862:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2750:Cady, p. 409.
2747:
2744:
2741:Cady, p. 408.
2738:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2664:
2661:
2655:
2652:
2649:Hall, p. 431.
2646:
2643:
2640:Cady, p. 284.
2637:
2634:
2628:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2613:McLeod, p. 9.
2610:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2595:Hall, p. 423.
2592:
2589:
2586:McLeod, p. 7.
2583:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2568:
2563:
2562:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2490:
2487:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2470:Ngắm Mùa Chay
2468:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2408:There are 27
2404:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2359:beatification
2356:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2317:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2292:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2222:South America
2218:
2217:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2124:United States
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2007:North America
2003:
2002:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1862:Liechtenstein
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1628:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1447:
1446:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1281:Guinea-Bissau
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1007:
1006:Neon lighting
1003:
999:
992:
988:
981:
979:
977:
973:
969:
964:
960:
959:Buddhist flag
956:
952:
947:
945:
941:
937:
932:
930:
926:
922:
916:
913:
909:
908:Ngô Đình Diệm
904:
902:
898:
897:South Vietnam
894:
883:
880:
872:
862:
858:
852:
851:
847:
841:
832:
831:
822:
813:
809:
805:
803:
796:
787:
786:
780:
773:
763:
752:
743:
741:
737:
734:, and Bishop
733:
727:
725:
721:
717:
712:
710:
706:
701:
699:
693:
689:
687:
683:
681:
677:
673:
664:
659:
655:
654:Đặng Đức Tuấn
651:
643:
641:
634:
631:
628:
627:
626:
623:
620:
614:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
592:
586:
582:
571:
562:
558:
554:
552:
545:
536:
535:
529:
521:
512:
508:
505:This section
503:
500:
496:
495:
492:
490:
489:
484:
480:
476:
472:
467:
465:
461:
460:
455:
454:
449:
445:
441:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
417:
412:
408:
407:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
378:
374:
370:
365:
358:
354:
353:Lord's Prayer
349:
343:Early periods
342:
337:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
284:
281:
277:
270:
266:
262:
258:
255:
251:
247:
243:
240:
236:
233:
229:
224:
219:
215:
212:
209:
207:
203:
200:
197:
195:
191:
188:
185:
183:
179:
176:
173:
171:
167:
164:
161:
159:
155:
152:
149:
147:
143:
140:
137:
133:
130:
127:
123:
115:
111:
107:
103:
93:
84:
73:
64:
54:
50:
48:
41:
35:
30:
27:
19:
6669:Dependencies
6613:
6599:Turkmenistan
6564:Saudi Arabia
6058:Evangelicals
6057:
6056:
6040:Vũ Đình Tụng
6015:Mai Lão Bạng
5974:Cao Văn Luận
5898:
5732:Missionaries
5665:
5611:
5602:
5572:
5551:
5536:(4): 71–80.
5533:
5529:
5491:
5487:
5476:
5463:
5449:
5445:
5431:
5393:
5362:
5336:(2): 68–92.
5333:
5329:
5325:
5306:
5273:
5269:
5240:
5236:
5214:(2–3): 1–8.
5211:
5207:
5187:
5166:
5131:
5127:
5102:
5098:
5081:
5077:
5052:
5048:
5023:
5019:
4994:
4990:
4973:
4969:
4944:
4940:
4921:
4917:
4894:
4890:
4869:
4865:
4856:
4852:
4831:
4827:
4810:
4806:
4781:
4777:
4752:
4748:
4731:
4727:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4659:
4655:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4605:
4601:
4584:
4580:
4552:
4533:
4514:
4491:
4472:
4447:
4428:
4409:
4390:
4371:
4348:
4328:
4299:
4280:
4261:
4242:
4223:
4198:
4179:
4168:
4157:
4146:
4135:
4126:
4125:
4108:
4076:
4045:
4024:
3995:
3966:
3931:
3910:
3889:
3868:
3848:
3829:
3820:
3810:
3791:
3782:
3765:
3761:
3743:
3725:
3704:
3686:
3664:
3646:
3633:
3612:
3592:
3580:
3570:
3558:Bibliography
3547:
3538:
3519:
3501:
3482:
3473:
3463:
3445:
3427:
3416:
3407:
3389:
3375:
3361:
3347:
3335:. Retrieved
3331:the original
3321:
3309:. Retrieved
3305:the original
3300:
3291:
3282:
3258:
3254:
3244:
3231:
3222:
3213:
3192:
3181:
3172:
3163:New Republic
3161:
3155:
3146:
3137:
3128:
3119:
3111:
3103:
3094:
3085:New Republic
3083:
3077:
3056:
3046:
3039:
3021:
3012:
3003:
2991:. Retrieved
2987:the original
2982:
2973:
2964:
2955:
2936:
2920:
2915:
2906:
2847:
2838:
2817:
2808:
2773:
2764:
2755:
2746:
2725:
2713:. Retrieved
2709:the original
2704:
2681:
2672:
2663:
2654:
2645:
2636:
2627:
2618:
2609:
2600:
2591:
2582:
2570:
2560:
2553:
2535:
2523:
2505:
2496:
2489:
2407:
2352:
2337:
1717:Saudi Arabia
1619:
1610:Turkmenistan
1398:South Africa
1381:Sierra Leone
1186:Burkina Faso
1098:
1086:Pope Francis
1070:
1062:Redemptorist
1022:Pope Pius XI
1011:
982:Present time
948:
936:Vatican flag
933:
920:
917:
905:
890:
875:
866:
844:
816:
802:undue weight
799:
739:
736:Pierre Borie
728:
713:
702:
694:
690:
686:Lê Văn Duyệt
684:
669:
638:
624:
615:
610:Mekong Delta
602:Nguyễn lords
588:
565:
551:undue weight
548:
515:
511:adding to it
506:
487:
468:
457:
453:chữ Quốc ngữ
452:
444:Latin script
437:
414:
404:
401:Christianity
385:missionaries
382:
377:chữ Quốc ngữ
376:
372:
356:
332:Latin Church
291:
289:
263:1533 or 1615
245:Headquarters
217:Associations
44:
26:
6728:Asia portal
6629:States with
6549:Philippines
6489:South Korea
6484:North Korea
6379:Afghanistan
5858:José García
5452:(3): 14–28.
4976:(3): 1–43.
4755:(1): 1–36.
3746:, Praeger,
3585:McGraw Hill
2889:Wook, p. 95
2528:Tran (2018)
2399:Virgin Mary
2174:New Zealand
2109:Saint Lucia
2059:El Salvador
1962:Switzerland
1897:Netherlands
1633:Middle East
1580:Philippines
1528:South Korea
1523:North Korea
1458:Afghanistan
1403:South Sudan
1286:Ivory Coast
1106:North Korea
1004:in Saigon.
929:Virgin Mary
899:. During a
819:August 2020
705:Prince Cảnh
698:Lê Văn Khôi
568:August 2020
479:Franciscans
462:, in which
446:with added
421:Cochinchina
367:Vietnamese
316:Philippines
135:Orientation
6743:Categories
6609:Uzbekistan
6584:Tajikistan
6499:Kyrgyzstan
6479:Kazakhstan
6399:Bangladesh
6389:Azerbaijan
5979:Thanh Lãng
5293:1993/34017
4677:1885/27684
3957:Monographs
3858:0853231362
3839:2719306118
3832:. Mouton.
3337:22 October
3278:1993/34017
2950:HistoryNet
2164:Micronesia
2039:Costa Rica
1932:San Marino
1892:Montenegro
1872:Luxembourg
1645:Azerbaijan
1615:Uzbekistan
1600:Tajikistan
1535:Kyrgyzstan
1513:Kazakhstan
1488:East Timor
1463:Bangladesh
1391:Somaliland
1376:Seychelles
1341:Mozambique
1326:Mauritania
1311:Madagascar
1201:Cape Verde
869:April 2020
846:neutrality
648:See also:
619:Diên Khánh
606:Nguyễn Ánh
518:April 2020
416:Đàng Trong
406:Đàng Ngoài
271:7 million
250:District 3
235:Vietnamese
170:Governance
6695:Hong Kong
6649:Palestine
6574:Sri Lanka
6569:Singapore
6449:Indonesia
6035:Ngô Tử Hạ
5899:Catholics
5894:Adherents
5603:GCatholic
5508:154978637
5350:181585717
5228:250519054
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3669:Macmillan
3114:, p. 199.
2482:Citations
2348:Bloc 8406
2284:Venezuela
2229:Argentina
2144:Australia
2094:Nicaragua
2069:Guatemala
1867:Lithuania
1702:Palestine
1590:Sri Lanka
1585:Singapore
1503:Indonesia
1493:Hong Kong
1331:Mauritius
857:talk page
718:, of the
672:Confucian
448:diacritic
369:Hail Mary
328:Indonesia
163:Episcopal
146:Scripture
102:Phát Diệm
6718:Category
6639:Abkhazia
6589:Thailand
6544:Pakistan
6524:Mongolia
6519:Maldives
6514:Malaysia
6414:Cambodia
6074:See also
5945:Priests
5904:Bishops
5519:. H-Net.
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5257:55551641
3724:(1997),
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3509:Archived
3490:Archived
3474:BBC News
3453:Archived
3450:UCA News
3435:Archived
3397:Archived
3110:(1963),
3029:Archived
2944:Archived
2926:Archived
2923:, p. 517
2543:Archived
2512:Archived
2464:Đọc kinh
2438:See also
2410:dioceses
2383:Dioceses
2274:Suriname
2264:Paraguay
2249:Colombia
2154:Kiribati
2079:Honduras
2049:Dominica
2024:Barbados
1987:Scotland
1947:Slovenia
1942:Slovakia
1917:Portugal
1787:Bulgaria
1665:Abkhazia
1605:Thailand
1575:Pakistan
1560:Mongolia
1555:Maldives
1550:Malaysia
1478:Cambodia
1438:Zimbabwe
1413:Tanzania
1256:Ethiopia
1251:Eswatini
1231:Djibouti
1196:Cameroon
1181:Botswana
1133:a series
1131:Part of
1064:brother
1038:cardinal
1030:Holy See
993:, Hanoi.
921:de facto
850:disputed
581:Gia Long
389:Portugal
231:Language
129:Catholic
6614:Vietnam
6529:Myanmar
6509:Lebanon
6439:Georgia
6394:Bahrain
6384:Armenia
3418:Reuters
2377:Hà Đông
2279:Uruguay
2254:Ecuador
2234:Bolivia
2209:Vanuatu
2137:Oceania
2084:Jamaica
2064:Grenada
2019:Bahamas
1977:England
1967:Ukraine
1922:Romania
1882:Moldova
1842:Ireland
1837:Iceland
1832:Hungary
1822:Germany
1812:Finland
1807:Estonia
1802:Denmark
1797:Czechia
1792:Croatia
1777:Belgium
1772:Belarus
1767:Austria
1762:Andorra
1757:Albania
1697:Lebanon
1660:Georgia
1650:Bahrain
1640:Armenia
1620:Vietnam
1565:Myanmar
1423:Tunisia
1386:Somalia
1371:Senegal
1356:Nigeria
1346:Namibia
1336:Morocco
1301:Liberia
1296:Lesotho
1246:Eritrea
1216:Comoros
1191:Burundi
1166:Algeria
1073:Vatican
972:deposed
812:resolve
598:Tây Sơn
561:resolve
459:chữ Nôm
397:Jesuits
373:chữ Nôm
357:chữ Nôm
338:History
304:Vietnam
300:bishops
268:Members
187:Francis
106:Bùi Chu
6659:Taiwan
6594:Turkey
6559:Russia
6494:Kuwait
6474:Jordan
6464:Israel
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2099:Panama
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2029:Belize
1957:Sweden
1937:Serbia
1927:Russia
1912:Poland
1907:Norway
1887:Monaco
1857:Latvia
1852:Kosovo
1827:Greece
1817:France
1750:Europe
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1682:Israel
1655:Cyprus
1595:Taiwan
1473:Brunei
1468:Bhutan
1433:Zambia
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1276:Guinea
1266:Gambia
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6434:Egypt
6419:China
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4957:S2CID
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2368:Hanoi
2244:Chile
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2189:Samoa
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2169:Nauru
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1992:Wales
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1261:Gabon
1236:Egypt
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1102:China
963:Vesak
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549:lend
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