4100:
1625:
4094:
4106:
1917:
19:
2367:. This Chinese character (chữ Hán) refers to a "dead ghost" and its purpose can be better understood by using the following analogy. When a person dies in Chinese mythology, he or she becomes a ghost. Living people greatly dislike seeing ghosts. Similarly, it is believed in Chinese mythology that ghosts are afraid when they see a "dead ghost" and will run away. The ancient Chinese, therefore, believed that ghosts will be scared away if this Daoist magic character, meaning "dead ghost", is hung somewhere in their homes or worn as an amulet.
2316:(狀元). The bulk of the amulets were produced in China and many of these amulets made their way to Vietnam. These types of amulets that contain inscriptions wishing for success at the imperial examinations were extremely popular among the students that were studying for the Confucian exams. It is very likely that there have been many types of different imperial court examinations amulets produced during the period when Confucian court exams were administered in Vietnam.
687:
498:, which translates into English to "Long life, riches, and honour". This inscription symbolises good fortune in marriage as well as protection. There are also some Vietnamese marriage amulets with the inscription Thọ Sơn Phúc Hải (壽山福海, "longevity, mountain, happiness, and sea"), which is a part of a Chinese congratulatory phrase "May your age be as
646:(khánh) shaped as bats for centuries, some Vietnamese amulets are modeled after this shape. While these amulets may also be found in China, they are produced in Vietnam and are one of the few unique categories of Vietnamese numismatic charms. These amulets are associated with wealth and good luck because of their bat shape, which is a
673:
made from plastics began being produced. The obverse inscription that appears on some of these amulets is "Thần Chúng Cho Ban" which translates to "May the
Spirits Bestow Favours". While the reverse of these plastic amulets reads "Sa Cốc Miếu Ân" which translates to "The Temple Sounds Thanks", which
441:
1 or $ 2. They bore inscriptions of authentic
Vietnamese cash coins like Quang Trung Thông Bảo (光中通寶), Gia Long Thông Bảo (嘉隆通寶), and Minh Mạng Thông Bảo (明命通寶), but many also contained fantasy inscriptions like Quang Trung Trọng Bảo (光中重寶), Hàm Nghi Trọng Bảo (咸宜重寶), and Khải Định Trọng Bảo (啓定重寶),
2553:
Although there are charms made of wood, paper, cloth, etc., this paper will deal with coin-shaped charms , ya sheng qian 厭勝錢 coins for submission of and triumph over demons. Traditionally, Chinese researchers present them in the final chapters of numismatic books or in their supplements. They are
528:
A design of
Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese marriage amulets display a pair of fish on one side and the inscription Ngư Song (魚双, "Pair of Fish") on the other side. In various Oriental cultures fish are associated with plenty and abundance. Fish are furthermore noted for their prolific ability to
196:
and has been adapted by other
Buddhists in East Asia. In Buddhist schools of meditation the single syllable "Om" (ॐ) in this prayer is used as a focal point to help quiet the mind. These six syllables are said to purify the six realms. Many of these amulets have their inscriptions written in
308:
In the case of these coins, "charm" in this context is a catchall term for coin-shaped items which were not official (or counterfeit) money. However, these numismatic objects were not all necessarily considered "magical" or "lucky", as some of these
Chinese numismatic charms can be used as
205:
studied
Sanskrit to better understand these texts. Furthermore, Buddhist monks in Vietnam study Chinese languages to help understand these same texts. Thus there is a fusion of knowledge of both the Sanskrit and the Chinese language which influenced these amulets to both contain a form of
554:. "Song of Unending Sorrow" charms display four heterosexual couples having sex in various positions (or they are supposed to represent one couple having in four different positions) in the area surrounding the square centre hole of the coin. Surrounding the couples having sex are the
618:
to be the day that causes the most illnesses because it's the hottest day. Because of this superstition the number five was also associated with illness. During "Double Five Day" these amulets displaying the five poisons were worn to ward off illnesses and evil. Because the
487:(鳳) motifs, this is because the Vietnamese dragon is often used as a symbol for males, while the Phượng Hoàng (or "phoenix") is used to represent females. When the phoenix is shown together with the dragon this is often meant as a metaphor for the
163:
inscriptions, however some of these
Buddhist amulets from Vietnam contain only Sanskrit syllables associated with certain sounds but without meaning, these meaningless inscriptions were presumably borrowed from Chinese monks who used them as
4175:
316:
These amulets may further have inscriptions like Trường Sinh Bảo Mạng (長生保命) which translates to "immortality" and "protect life". Such inscriptions would indicate that they were used as "protective" charms.
461:) Duy Tân Thông Bảo (維新通寶) cash coins with the reverse inscription Trung Quốc Ái Dân (忠國愛民). The latter of these fakes are based on Minh Mạng Thông Bảo Thông Bảo (明命通寶), Thiệu Trị Thông Bảo (紹治通寶), and
2287:
have the same inscriptions and designs as
Vietnamese numismatic charms, as the latter are often based on the former. And to differentiate between exclusive Vietnamese amulets from Chinese coin amulets.
247:, but like in contemporary Chinese and Vietnamese life, indigenous mythology mixed with Buddhism as can be demonstrated in several Buddhist charms which incorporate designs from other religions.
1081:
Schroeder #606, Gao & Yu #1-138 and #1-139, Grundmann #608 and #609, Mandel (MCAC) #15.8.6 & 15.8.7, Petit #48, Remmelts #9, Thierry (ACVN) #200, Yu Page 134, Zheng (ed.) #907 and #908
240:
located on the top, as the umbrella in
Buddhist symbolism is a sign of protection as it "shades all medicinal herbs", while the shade of the canopy is said to "protects all living beings".
4005:
2574:
465:(嗣德通寶) cash coins of 1 mạch which had this and similar reverse inscriptions, while in reality no similar large cash coins were ever produced before or after these three series.
3711:
2646:
3669:
2312:
each time these exams were administered. The final (and highest) examination was taken at the
Imperial Vietnamese Palace and about 15 candidates became Doctoral Laureates, or
3303:
405:
to ask for advice, and in Taoism secretive amulets are often used in ceremonies, while most of these amulets are made from paper. Vietnamese Lei Ting curse charms can have
335:
appear on several Daoist amulets which were used for divination and fortune telling. Next to the image of each animal, the Chinese character for the animal is displayed.
3927:
2720:
2554:
essentially a subject of numismatic study. It means researchers give weight, size, metal features and a brief description, without analysis of images or symbols.
271:
with the 60th birthdays of Chinese emperors. The reason these charms are cast on this particular event is because 60 years symbolises a complete cycle of the 10
3998:
2297:
634:
Some Five Poisons amulets contain the imperative command inscription Khu Tà Tîch Ác (驅邪辟惡) which could be translated as "Expel Demons and Wicked Sovereigns".
373:: 明命) can also be translated as "bright life" or "intelligent decree" the inscription Minh Mạng Thông Bảo is commonly used on Vietnamese numismatic charms.
3049:
1752:
A fantasy cash coin, based on the Hàm Nghi Thông Bảo (咸宜通寶), to be sold to tourists and American soldiers stationed in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War.
920:"Nguyên Hanh Lợi Trinh" is the first sentence of the Yijing, it explains the Càn hexagram, one of the most auspicious since it is composed of 6 dương lines.
357:
large (often 48 millimeters in diameter) presentation coins with the inscription Minh Mạng Thông Bảo (明命通寶) were made that featured inscriptions from the
421:
era Vietnamese numismatic charms with cash coin inscriptions were produced in large numbers as souvenirs for foreigners interested in antiques. In large
2325:
The Chinese characters Trinh (貞) Phù (符) are located on the top and bottom of the amulet and a pair of flowers on the right and left side of the amulet.
2839:
1452:
3991:
3188:
2777:
570:
poem which translates into English as "Gone were the breezy spring days when the peach and plum trees were in bloom" in reference to the death of
4056:
2518:
BLANCHARD Raphaël et BUI Van Quy, "Sur une collection d'amulettes chinoises", Revue d'Anthropologie, juillet-août 1918, pp. 131–172. (in French)
1778:
443:
4093:
91:
and the amulet coins of China. These "coins" were used at temples, as tokens within the imperial palace, and as everyday charms with supposed
3920:
4061:
2540:
4083:
791:
Schroeder #597, Gao & Yu #1-162, Grundmann #271-273, Mandel (MCAC) #15.8.37, Novak #136, Pi page #153 and Yu page #94, Zheng (ed.) #982
525:
the word for "lotus" has a homonymous sound with the word which means "to bind" as in a marriage contract, "to love", and "to be modest".
4046:
2566:
462:
2410:
647:
2782:
1463:
127:
3707:
2638:
2347:" (ཨོཾ་མ་ཎི་པདྨེ་ཧཱུྃ), it does convey the concept well enough to be considered a representation of the phrase "Om Ma Ni Pad Me Hum".
3665:
2457:
892:
The principle (元) to success (亨), and to prosper (利) by divination (貞), being the first four words of the Book of Changes (I-Ching).
4073:
3895:
3703:
3661:
3295:
3041:
2402:
2388:
454:
4099:
3299:
4241:
3913:
2308:
with a total of 185 exams being given. It is estimated that about 70,000 to 80,000 candidates took the regional exams around the
4041:
4051:
674:
could be a reference to when a monk receives a donation at a temple, they will often ring a bell in recognition of this fact.
2956:
529:
reproduce and that when they swim that this was in joy and are therefore associated with a happy and harmonious marriage. In
1624:
517:), this is because in Daoist Âm symbolises the feminine and Dương symbolises the masculine. Further symbols may include the
3016:
2869:
1716:
2712:
2604:
361:
on their reverse, it is believed that this work was chosen because it states that a monarch or ruler should embrace both
623:
occurs during this period, it is not uncommon for one of the five poisons to be replaced with a tiger representing the
4105:
3957:
2986:
2926:
694:
488:
267:(萬夀通寶) amulet was cast, these charms were often used to commemorate the birthday of an emperor as had happened in the
4127:
654:
1916:
449:
Some Vietnam war era replicas may include Hàm Nghi Thông Bảo (咸宜通寶) cash coins, which were produced under Emperor
3962:
3045:
64:
541:
3945:
2284:
1822:
752:
139:
72:
18:
1865:
Schroeder #611, Lacroix #393, Thierry (ACVN) #53, #54 and #55, Thierry (CMV) #553, Zheng (ed.) #1932 and #1985
658:
3967:
2831:
2101:
Schroeder #601-602, Lacroix Rubbings #394, #395 and #396, Thierry (CMV) #1904 and #1905, Thierry (ACVN) #152
68:
305:: 乾, (☰, Càn) 坎, (☵, Khảm), 艮 (☶, Cấn), 震 (☳, Chấn), 巽 (☴, Tốn), 離 (☲, Ly), 坤 (☷, Khôn), and 兑 (☱, Đoài).
260:
3891:
1536:
606:. Sometimes the five poisons may also include a spider. These numismatic amulets are a reflection of the
99:. Some of these charms contained the inscriptions of real circulating cash coins but with added imagery.
4171:
4161:
4145:
1771:
624:
389:
244:
224:
with a two opposing dragons design within a circular frame. These open-work charms contain a number of
165:
88:
3180:
1781:(啓定通寶), to be sold to tourists and American soldiers stationed in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War.
1611:
256:
232:(or Wheel of the Law), which encompasses all of the tenets of Buddhism. Another Buddhist symbol is an
2309:
1686:
1637:
1232:
1072:
723:
620:
438:
382:
344:
264:
96:
92:
4078:
3708:"Amulette bouddhique vietnamienne (Vietnamese bouddhist charm). - Amulette vietnamienne en sanscrit"
458:
4122:
2639:"Amulette bouddhique vietnamienne (Vietnamese bouddhist charm) § Amulette vietnamienne en sanscrit"
2533:
2057:
1568:
1545:
734:
546:
533:, a pair of fish are associated with conjugal bliss and the joys of being in a matrimonial union.
474:
150:
119:
34:
350:
63:, refer to a family of cash coin-like and other numismatic inspired types of charms that like the
4222:
4023:
2529:
2300:(chữ Hán: 越南科舉制度, Chữ Quốc Ngữ: Chế-độ khoa-cử Việt-nam) was a system of examinations The era of
2038:
302:
84:
1893:
Schroeder #612, Thierry (ACVN) #53, #54 and #55, Thierry (CMV) #553, Zheng (ed.) #1932 and #1985
2453:
2344:
1849:
480:
326:
288:
181:
160:
3046:"Faux de la période américaine (ca 1960–1975). – Fakes of the American period (ca 1960–1975)"
4114:
2771:
2530:"The Vietnamese Charms in the Department of Coins and Medals of the French National Library"
2305:
2177:
Thierry (ACVN) #235, Gao & Yu Page #387, Mandel (TLKCA) #74.2a (32mm) and #74.2b (30 mm)
611:
522:
225:
1715:
A fantasy cash coin, based on the Quang Trung Thông Bảo (光中通寶), to be sold to tourists and
197:
Devanagari is because many of the oldest Buddhist texts were written in Sanskrit later and
4194:
4031:
2442:
2392:
1856:
1679:
1670:
1662:
1456:
615:
406:
229:
221:
215:
177:
123:
23:
494:
Some marriage amulets have the obverse inscription Trường Mạng Phú Quý (長命富貴) written in
743:
370:
293:
Vietnamese Book of Changes and Bagua charms usually contain inscriptions displaying the
115:
103:
42:
38:
2428:
971:
840:
503:
332:
294:
276:
237:
1602:
354:
4235:
4165:
4137:
2301:
1720:
1479:
1204:
422:
402:
272:
202:
198:
1575:
540:, are a common type of marriage coin charm, that might be Chinese, Japanese, Korean
289:
Taoist coin charm § The Book of Changes and Bagua charms (Eight Trigram charms)
3899:
2235:
1808:
670:
583:
518:
362:
268:
193:
2948:
650:, as the Mandarin Chinese word for "bat" (蝠, fú) sounds like "happiness" (福, fú).
4036:
3870:
3008:
2364:
1746:
1724:
1709:
1357:
1119:
571:
495:
450:
418:
398:
2978:
2918:
2861:
3950:
2596:
2313:
1472:
1145:
610:
of the number 5. Traditionally the fifth day of the fifth month (which in the
189:
111:
3185:
Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)
2836:
Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)
1512:
A mint mark that also appeared on some Cảnh Hưng Thông Bảo (景興通寶) cash coins.
1510:
An inscription used on a cash coins produced from melted down Buddha statues.
397:) are numismatic charms that contain inscriptions to protect its wearer from
3175:
3173:
3171:
2536:
836:
595:
530:
499:
484:
358:
4068:
3905:
2465:= Zheng, Dr. Yiwei (editor) Classic Chinese Charms (花钱图典), Copyright 2004.
1241:
Thierry (ACVN) #108, Yu Pages #17 & #32, Pi Page #16, Zheng (ed.) #895
566:(李), which is a reference to the first four characters of a line from the
2601:
Vladimir Belyaev and Sergey Shevtcov (Charm.ru – Chinese Coinage Website)
1797:
1793:
599:
551:
310:
233:
156:
55:
434:
4186:
4014:
786:
628:
510:
430:
3983:
3300:"Amulette yin yang 陰陽 des Quatre saisons (Four seasons Yinyang charm)"
2304:
in monarchist Vietnam lasted from the year 1076 until 1919 during the
2486:
2357:
2343:
While the amulet does not completely represent the Tibetan chant of "
2334:
See also pages 224 – 227 (Grundmann) with a series of similar pieces.
1028:
Schroeder #603, Grundmann #633 and #634, Yu page 63, Zheng (ed.) #833
975:
669:
During the 20th and 21st centuries Vietnamese numismatic charms with
426:
366:
48:
984:
Schroeder#594-596, Thierry (ACVN)#87-92, Zheng (ed.)#1775-1779, 1781
653:
The design of the bat shaped khánh also appears on a 1943 series 20
544:, or Vietnamese in origin, that depict part of the 9th century poem
159:
charms there are Vietnamese numismatic Buddhist charms that contain
614:
falls in June), or "Double Five Day", is considered in traditional
3013:
Tony Luc and Vladimir Belyaev (Charm.ru – Chinese Coinage Website)
2983:
Tony Luc and Vladimir Belyaev (Charm.ru – Chinese Coinage Website)
2953:
Tony Luc and Vladimir Belyaev (Charm.ru – Chinese Coinage Website)
2414:
2171:
607:
559:
555:
17:
2778:
Department of History – University of California at Santa Barbara
2741:
Albert Schroeder, Annam, Études numismatiques, n°589. (in French)
228:
and religious iconography such as the circular frame symbolising
2360:
643:
603:
563:
107:
3987:
3909:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3260:
102:
Inscriptions on Vietnamese numismatic charms can be written in
3112:
3110:
2889:
2887:
2766:
2764:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
1478:
An inscription used on a cash coins produced from melted down
1257:
To receive celestial blessings for good luck and good fortune.
835:
A part of a Chinese congratulatory phrase "May your age be as
681:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3206:
2814:
2812:
1632:
Vietnamese numismatic charms with commemorative inscriptions
3036:
3034:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3158:
3156:
3154:
967:"Heaven, Water, Mountain, Thunder, Wind, Fire, Earth, Lake"
283:
The Book of Changes and Bagua charms (Eight Trigram charms)
3129:
3127:
3125:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
2751:
2749:
2747:
1044:
To be lucky in the endeavour of pursuing wealth and money.
594:, are an ancient Chinese concept that includes a snake, a
122:. Common inscriptions include Trường Mạng Phú Quý (長命富貴),
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
1648:
To commemorate the 60th birthday of the reigning Emperor.
1548:
cash coin inscription with an amulet reverse inscription.
3666:"Démonifuge bouddhique (Bouddhist charm against demons)"
1438:
A protective inscription meant to ward off evil spirits.
1231:
A protective amulet inscription usually worn during the
413:
Vietnamese numismatic charms with cash coin inscriptions
1019:"Long-Life, Wealth and Honours, Gold and Jade, Success"
887:"Commencing, developing, strengthening, and perfecting"
698:
453:
in the year 1885, without the reverse inscription "Lục
140:
Chinese numismatic charm § Types of Chinese charms
1957:
Chinese Characters Representing "Om Ma Ni Pad Me Hum".
2866:
Vladimir Belyaev (Charm.ru – Chinese Coinage Website)
2363:
character used in a magic spell incantation to expel
1935:
A Buddhist prayer and Daoist magic spell incantation.
1066:"First Doctoral Candidate", "Passed the Examination",
509:
Some Vietnamese marriage amulets contain the Daoist
172:
Vietnamese amulets with pseudo-Sanskrit inscriptions
4203:
4185:
4154:
4136:
4113:
4022:
1695:
Thierry (ACVN) #174, Grundmann #1216, Greenbaum #22
1319:
Thierry (CMV) #1929, Pi Page #125, Zheng (ed.) #921
1094:"Happiness, Honours, Strengthening, and Perfecting"
720:
List of Vietnamese numismatic charms by inscription
678:
List of Vietnamese numismatic charms by inscription
2448:John Sylvester, Jr. and André Hüsken, authors of:
943:"Benevolence, Righteousness, Propriety, Knowledge"
2407:Catalogue des Monnaies Vietnamiennes - Supplément
2079:Schroeder #592-593, Novak #93, Thierry (ACVN) #71
1962:A Buddhist prayer and Daoist religious symbolism.
1488:Thierry (CMV) #1897, 1900, 1901, 1902, & 1903
369:and attain sagehood. Because the term Minh Mạng (
1645:"Ten thousand longevities, circulating treasure"
997:"Dragon and Cloud a Felicitous Meeting Together"
2713:"Vạn Thọ thông bảo 萬夀通寶 de Cảnh Hưng 景興 (1774)"
1928:A Daoist "magic" incantation (To Expel Evil)."
401:and ghosts. It was common for people to go to
176:There are Vietnamese amulets that contain the
83:), but have evolved around the customs of the
3999:
3921:
2923:Tony Luc (Charm.ru – Chinese Coinage Website)
2862:"Huge Vietnamese charm – Minh Mang Thong Bao"
2473:A Working Aid for Collecors of Annamese Coins
2298:Confucian court examination system in Vietnam
1607:"Wealth, Long Life, and Many (Male) Children"
1505:"Beginning of the Châu, circulating treasure"
1410:High rank in the imperial examination system.
8:
2597:"Vietnamese large Minh-mang thong bao charm"
2475:, Merced, CA: Anderson 1989 Revised edition.
2070:"In All Four Seasons May There Be Happiness"
1926:"To shout Majestically "Om Ma Ni Pad Me Hum"
1116:"Without Affairs Gives You Leisure at Large"
2032:(Reverse in Traditional Chinese characters)
915:"Initial cause, freedom, good, perfection."
409:symbols and Taoist "magical" incantations.
4006:
3992:
3984:
3928:
3914:
3906:
2142:"Children and Grand-Children in Abundance"
1254:"To Receive Numerous Benefits From Heaven"
479:Vietnamese marriage amulets often display
3852:
3840:
3828:
3816:
3804:
3792:
3780:
3768:
3756:
3744:
3732:
3690:
3648:
3636:
3624:
3612:
3600:
3588:
3576:
3564:
3552:
3540:
3528:
3516:
3504:
3492:
3480:
3468:
3456:
3444:
3432:
3420:
3408:
3396:
3384:
3372:
3360:
3348:
3336:
3324:
3282:
3270:
3251:
3239:
3222:
3162:
3145:
3133:
3116:
3101:
3082:
3070:
2905:
2893:
2818:
2803:
2755:
2717:François Thierry de Crussol (TransAsiart)
2699:
2680:
2643:François Thierry de Crussol (TransAsiart)
2625:
2571:François Thierry de Crussol (TransAsiart)
2506:
2044:A token coin issued by a Buddhist temple.
832:"Longevity, mountain, happiness, and sea"
2439:Amulette Chinas und seiner Nachbarländer
1407:"Important Rank within the Orchid Tower"
716:
243:The design of two dragons are a part of
192:script. This is chanting phrase used by
3892:Amulettes de Chine et du Viet-Nam, 1987
2949:"Charms with Quang Trung's Reign Title"
2499:
2276:
2190:"Wishing Continuous Births of Six Sons"
1388:A good luck and protective inscription.
1335:A good luck and protective inscription.
642:Vietnam has been producing large brass
558:representing the spring (春), wind (風),
442:the latter of which being based on the
87:although most of these charms resemble
2919:"Vietnamese charms in Vietnam War era"
2140:"Husband and Wife, Harmonious Reverse"
1332:"Brilliant Heavenly Original Treasure"
1013:Trường Mạng Phú Quý Kim Ngọc Mãn Đường
768:Good luck and protective inscriptions
638:Vietnamese gong (khánh) shaped amulets
327:Taoist coin charm § Zodiac charms
206:pseudo-Devanagari and Chinese script.
3672:from the original on 16 February 2022
3306:from the original on 22 February 2022
2567:"Monnaies amulettisées (Charm coins)"
2528:Emmanuel Poisson (10 December 2016).
2035:"Temple of the Region's Revered Lady"
1176:An inscription wishing for longevity.
536:"Song of Unending Sorrow" charms, or
521:, known as "荷" (Hà) or "蓮" (Sen). In
220:During the 19th century, a two-sided
22:A Vietnamese amulet that resembles a
7:
3714:from the original on 22 October 2021
3019:from the original on 25 October 2021
2979:"Charms with Ham Nghi's Reign Title"
2959:from the original on 25 October 2021
2872:from the original on 25 October 2021
2832:"The Huainanzi and Vietnamese Coins"
2785:from the original on 4 February 2020
2607:from the original on 25 October 2021
2095:A good luck and marriage inscription
1228:"Expel Demons and Wicked Sovereigns"
917:"In the four seasons, union in joy!"
2543:from the original on 12 August 2023
2216:"Lofty Life, Hundreds of Offspring"
2092:"Riches, Honours, Health and Peace"
1884:"Me hum", "To be healthy and happy"
1620:Thierry (CMV) #1896, Schroeder #168
1354:"Wishing All the World Be at Peace"
648:homophonic puns in Mandarin Chinese
1777:A fantasy cash coin, based on the
1451:Vietnamese numismatic charms with
1050:Schroeder #605, Thierry (ACVN) #72
961:Càn Khảm Cấn Chấn Tốn Ly Khôn Đoài
898:Schroeder#590, Thierry (ACVN) #69
14:
3181:""Song of Unending Sorrow" Charm"
3052:from the original on 3 April 2024
2385:Amulettes de Chine et du Viet-Nam
2193:A wish for having male offspring.
1457:Vietnamese cash coin inscriptions
1433:"Destroy Evil, Rule Over Spirits"
1284:"Receive All The Riches You Wish"
724:Lei Ting curse charm inscriptions
95:power such as having the ability
4104:
4098:
4092:
3191:from the original on 16 May 2020
2989:from the original on 8 June 2021
2929:from the original on 8 June 2021
2842:from the original on 6 July 2018
2723:from the original on 6 July 2018
2719:(in French). 14 September 2015.
2649:from the original on 6 July 2018
2645:(in French). 14 September 2015.
2577:from the original on 6 July 2018
2573:(in French). 14 September 2015.
2411:Bibliothèque nationale de France
2251:"May the Spirits Bestow Favours"
1915:
1623:
861:"Immortality" and "Protect life"
685:
538:"Song of Unending Regret" charms
437:, these charms usually sold for
97:to curse evil spirits and bogies
2450:The Traditional Awards of Annam
2283:Country of production, as many
2073:Bliss and happiness in marriage
1930:"Longevity, riches, and honour"
1383:"Long Life, Riches and Honours"
1022:High rank and achieving honour.
889:"Longevity, riches, and honour"
808:"Longevity, riches, and honour"
779:"Longevity, riches, and honour"
2441:by Horst Grundmann (2003), in
2114:"Peace and Happiness Together"
1578:dynasty cash coin inscription.
1209:The Eight Trigrams from Daoism
1:
3795:, p. 34, 35, 36, and 37.
3639:, p. 58, 59, 60, and 61.
3387:, p. 46, 47, 48, and 49.
3351:, p. 30, 31, 32, and 33.
1071:Attaining a high rank in the
155:Like with Chinese numismatic
1900:Other Buddhist inscriptions
1823:Implied meaning or symbolism
1435:"Go In and Out Without Fear"
1041:"Everlasting Heaven's Money"
753:Implied meaning or symbolism
255:During the 60th birthday of
31:Vietnamese numismatic charms
4211:Vietnamese numismatic charm
3896:François Thierry de Crussol
3706:(蒂埃里) (14 September 2015).
3704:François Thierry de Crussol
3664:(蒂埃里) (14 September 2015).
3662:François Thierry de Crussol
3298:(蒂埃里) (14 September 2015).
3296:François Thierry de Crussol
3042:François Thierry de Crussol
3009:"Khai Dinh Trong Bao charm"
2489:: Menard & Legros 1900.
2389:François Thierry de Crussol
1819:Literal English translation
1541:"All the World Be at Peace"
749:Literal English translation
301:), these are the following
4258:
4128:French Indochinese piastre
3710:(in French). TransAsiart.
3668:(in French). TransAsiart.
3627:, p. 98, 99, and 100.
3302:(in French). TransAsiart.
3048:(in French). TransAsiart.
2256:Religious good luck amulet
2253:"The Temple Sounds Thanks"
1097:High rank and high salary.
839:and your happiness as the
502:and your happiness as the
472:
380:
342:
324:
286:
213:
148:
137:
134:Types of Vietnamese charms
4219:
4090:
3941:
3869:Greenbaum, Craig (2006).
3747:, p. 78, 79, and 80.
3435:, p. 64, 65, and 66.
3363:, p. 38, 39, and 40.
2285:Chinese numismatic charms
2233:
2056:
2025:(Obverse in Latin script)
1899:
1792:
1660:
1631:
1450:
864:A protective inscription.
767:
719:
665:Plastic numismatic charms
73:Chinese numismatic charms
2776:Dr. Luke Roberts at the
1313:A good luck inscription.
1291:A good luck inscription.
1000:A good luck inscription.
948:A good luck inscription.
813:A good luck inscription.
782:A good luck inscription.
4242:Asian numismatic charms
3936:Asian numismatic charms
2221:A marriage inscription.
2167:A marriage inscription.
2145:A marriage inscription.
2117:A marriage inscription.
1475:, circulating treasure"
1288:"Embodiment of Harmony"
1068:"Good Luck and Honours"
657:banknote issued by the
184:" (ॐ मणिपद्मे हूँ), or
3567:, p. 2, 3, and 4.
2306:French colonial period
2218:"The Country at Peace"
1687:Ming dynasty cash coin
1385:"The Country At Peace"
1326:Quang Thiên Nguyên Bảo
1286:"The Country At Peace"
1035:Càn Nguyên Trường Tiền
592:five noxious creatures
578:Five poisons talismans
108:Taoist "magic" writing
45:: 符越南), also known as
27:
4162:South Vietnamese dong
4146:North Vietnamese dong
3339:, p. 12, 13, 14.
3044:(14 September 2015).
2483:Numismatique Annamite
2234:Plastic amulets with
2058:Marriage inscriptions
1959:"The Eight Trigrams".
1913:口奄 口牛 口迷 口八 口尼 口麻 吶 咺
1702:Quang Trung Trọng Bảo
1682:circulating treasure"
1605:circulating treasure"
1571:circulating treasure"
1539:circulating treasure"
1495:Châu Nguyên Thông Bảo
1464:Châu Nguyên Thông Bảo
1073:imperial examinations
905:Nguyên Hanh Lợi Trinh
877:Nguyên Hanh Lợi Trinh
659:Banque de l'Indochine
625:Warring States period
395:Lôi Đình curse charms
390:Lei Ting curse charms
377:Lei Ting curse charms
245:Chinese folk religion
188:(唵嘛呢叭咪吽), written in
166:religious iconography
128:Châu Nguyên Thông Bảo
114:, pseudo-Devanagari,
89:Vietnamese cash coins
75:(also referred to as
21:
3871:"Amulets of Vietnam"
2838:. 29 November 2011.
2481:= Lacroix, Désiré -
2310:provinces of Vietnam
1796:amulets with pseudo-
1561:Cảnh Thịnh Thông Bảo
1233:Dragon Boat Festival
1200:"The Eight Trigrams"
855:Trường Sinh Bảo Mạng
699:adding missing items
621:Dragon Boat Festival
457:" (六文), or large (1
383:Lei Ting curse charm
345:Confucian coin charm
186:Án ma ni bát mê hồng
4138:Democratic Republic
4123:Cochinchina piastre
4057:Khải Định Thông Bảo
3855:, p. 174, 175.
3831:, p. 104, 105.
3771:, p. 148, 149.
3615:, p. 140, 141.
3603:, p. 108, 109.
3591:, p. 134, 135.
3579:, p. 142, 143.
3555:, p. 154, 155.
3543:, p. 150, 151.
3531:, p. 138, 139.
3519:, p. 130, 131.
3507:, p. 128, 129.
3483:, p. 102, 103.
2781:. 24 October 2003.
2423:= Craig Greenbaum,
1985:"Om mani padme hum"
1947:Om Ma Ni Pad Me Hum
1908:Trường Mạng Phú Quý
1905:Om Ma Ni Pad Me Hum
1830:Catalogue number(s)
1779:Khải Định Thông Bảo
1764:Khải Định Trọng Bảo
1671:Chính Đức Thông Bảo
1591:Minh Mạng Thông Bảo
1373:Trường Mạng Phú Quý
1297:Thierry (ACVN) #222
1263:Thierry (ACVN) #143
1215:Thierry (ACVN) # 57
1198:"The Five Precepts"
1161:Bổn-Mạng (Bản-Mệnh)
1144:An amulet used for
1141:"Divination Amulet"
1057:Trạng Nguyên Cập Đệ
798:Trường Mạng Phú Quý
773:Trường Mạng Phú Quý
760:Catalogue number(s)
511:Âm and Dương symbol
489:Emperor and Empress
475:Marriage coin charm
444:Khải Định Thông Bảo
151:Buddhist coin charm
124:Chính Đức Thông Bảo
4223:Economy of Vietnam
4187:Socialist Republic
4042:Thái Bình Hưng Bảo
3843:, p. 124–127.
3495:, p. 114–116.
3273:, p. 156–157.
2702:, p. 106–107.
2452:, Copyright 2001,
2425:Amulets of Vietnam
2243:Thần Chúng Cho Ban
2208:Thiên Hạ Thái Bình
2206:Tung Bách Mệnh Gia
2108:Thái Bình Đồng Lạc
2086:Phú Quý Khang Ninh
2009:A Buddhist prayer.
1988:A Buddhist prayer.
1968:Thierry (CMV) #553
1949:The Eight Trigrams
1932:The Eight Trigrams
1910:The Eight Trigrams
1887:A Buddhist prayer.
1739:Hàm Nghi Trọng Bảo
1614:used as an amulet.
1527:Thiên Hạ Thái Bình
1525:Hồng Ðức Thông Bảo
1471:"Beginning of the
1401:Phẩm Chung Lan Đài
1375:Thiên Hạ Thái-Bình
1348:Thiên Hạ Thái Bình
1272:Thiên Hạ Thái-Bình
1190:The Eight Trigrams
991:Long Vân Khánh Hội
879:Thọ Trường Phú Quý
697:; you can help by
602:, a lizard, and a
556:Chinese characters
303:Chinese characters
263:in 1774 a special
257:Revival Lê dynasty
85:Vietnamese culture
28:
4229:
4228:
4062:Bảo Đại Thông Bảo
3981:
3980:
3819:, p. 54, 55.
3807:, p. 42, 43.
3783:, p. 10, 11.
3759:, p. 82, 83.
3735:, p. 76, 77.
3651:, p. 62, 63.
3459:, p. 88, 89.
3447:, p. 84, 85.
3423:, p. 56, 57.
3411:, p. 52, 53.
3399:, p. 50, 51.
3375:, p. 44, 45.
3119:, p. 28, 29.
3015:. 29 April 1998.
2985:. 30 April 1998.
2925:. 29 April 1998.
2896:, p. 15, 16.
2471:= Novak, John A.
2375:Catalogue numbers
2345:Om mani padme hum
2268:
2267:
2224:China and Vietnam
2196:China and Vietnam
2132:Tử Tôn Phồn Thịnh
2021:Chúa Xứ Thánh Mẫu
1965:China and Vietnam
1938:China and Vietnam
1850:Om mani padme hum
1816:(Original script)
1717:American soldiers
1692:China and Vietnam
1651:China and Vietnam
1638:Vạn Thọ Thông Bảo
1612:presentation coin
1485:China and Vietnam
1316:China and Vietnam
1294:China and Vietnam
1274:Nhãt Đoàn Hòa Khí
1260:China and Vietnam
1238:China and Vietnam
1212:China and Vietnam
1088:Phúc Lộc Lị Trinh
1078:China and Vietnam
1025:China and Vietnam
981:China and Vietnam
933:Nhân Nghĩa Lễ Trí
923:China and Vietnam
895:China and Vietnam
867:China and Vietnam
846:China and Vietnam
715:
714:
265:Vạn Thọ Thông Bảo
251:Vạn Thọ Thông Bảo
201:and many Chinese
182:Om mani padme hum
71:are derived from
61:Vietnamese charms
4249:
4115:Colonial Vietnam
4108:
4102:
4096:
4047:Tự Đức Thông Bảo
4024:Imperial Vietnam
4008:
4001:
3994:
3985:
3930:
3923:
3916:
3907:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3856:
3850:
3844:
3838:
3832:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3802:
3796:
3790:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3766:
3760:
3754:
3748:
3742:
3736:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3700:
3694:
3693:, p. 72–75.
3688:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3658:
3652:
3646:
3640:
3634:
3628:
3622:
3616:
3610:
3604:
3598:
3592:
3586:
3580:
3574:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3472:
3471:, p. 90–93.
3466:
3460:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3436:
3430:
3424:
3418:
3412:
3406:
3400:
3394:
3388:
3382:
3376:
3370:
3364:
3358:
3352:
3346:
3340:
3334:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3268:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3226:
3225:, p. 88–89.
3220:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3177:
3166:
3160:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3131:
3120:
3114:
3105:
3099:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3038:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2828:
2822:
2821:, p. 68–69.
2816:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2768:
2759:
2753:
2742:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2684:
2678:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2550:
2548:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2403:François Thierry
2368:
2361:"secret writing"
2354:
2348:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2317:
2294:
2288:
2281:
2184:Liên Sinh Lục Tử
2164:"A pair of fish"
2064:Tứ Thìn Đồng Lạc
1952:奄 口麻 口尼 口八 口爾 口牛
1919:
1874:Me Hum Khang-Cát
1627:
1546:Later Lê dynasty
907:Tứ Thìn Đồng Lạc
826:Thọ Sơn Phúc Hải
810:"To be wealthy."
717:
710:
707:
689:
688:
682:
612:Chinese calendar
523:Mandarin Chinese
463:Tự Đức Thông Bảo
423:South Vietnamsee
339:Confucian charms
277:earthly branches
226:Buddhist symbols
222:open-work amulet
210:Open-work charms
37:: Bùa Việt Nam;
4257:
4256:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4225:
4215:
4199:
4181:
4172:Liberation dong
4150:
4132:
4109:
4103:
4097:
4088:
4018:
4012:
3982:
3977:
3937:
3934:
3888:
3886:Further reading
3875:
3873:
3868:
3865:
3860:
3859:
3851:
3847:
3839:
3835:
3827:
3823:
3815:
3811:
3803:
3799:
3791:
3787:
3779:
3775:
3767:
3763:
3755:
3751:
3743:
3739:
3731:
3727:
3717:
3715:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3689:
3685:
3675:
3673:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3647:
3643:
3635:
3631:
3623:
3619:
3611:
3607:
3599:
3595:
3587:
3583:
3575:
3571:
3563:
3559:
3551:
3547:
3539:
3535:
3527:
3523:
3515:
3511:
3503:
3499:
3491:
3487:
3479:
3475:
3467:
3463:
3455:
3451:
3443:
3439:
3431:
3427:
3419:
3415:
3407:
3403:
3395:
3391:
3383:
3379:
3371:
3367:
3359:
3355:
3347:
3343:
3335:
3331:
3327:, p. 8, 9.
3323:
3319:
3309:
3307:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3285:, p. 6, 7.
3281:
3277:
3269:
3258:
3250:
3246:
3238:
3229:
3221:
3204:
3194:
3192:
3179:
3178:
3169:
3161:
3152:
3144:
3140:
3132:
3123:
3115:
3108:
3100:
3089:
3081:
3077:
3069:
3065:
3055:
3053:
3040:
3039:
3032:
3022:
3020:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2992:
2990:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2962:
2960:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2932:
2930:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2904:
2900:
2892:
2885:
2875:
2873:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2845:
2843:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2817:
2810:
2802:
2798:
2788:
2786:
2770:
2769:
2762:
2754:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2726:
2724:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2698:
2687:
2679:
2662:
2652:
2650:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2603:. 12 May 1998.
2595:
2594:
2590:
2580:
2578:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2546:
2544:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2377:
2372:
2371:
2355:
2351:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2295:
2291:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2252:
2244:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2130:Phu Phụ Hòa Hài
2036:
2031:
2029:
2024:
2022:
1981:
1976:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1883:
1882:"Om mani padme"
1878:
1873:
1857:Buddhist prayer
1844:
1839:
1815:
1806:
1774:heavy treasure"
1749:heavy treasure"
1712:heavy treasure"
1606:
1597:
1592:
1540:
1531:
1526:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1423:Trảm Tà Trị Quỷ
1384:
1379:
1374:
1287:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1270:Chiêu Tài Như Ý
1248:Thụ-Di Bách Lộc
1208:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1110:Vô Sự Tùng Dung
1067:
1063:
1058:
978:set of symbols.
964:乾 坎 艮 震 巽 離 坤 兑
944:
939:
934:
916:
911:
906:
888:
883:
878:
809:
804:
799:
741:
732:
721:
711:
705:
702:
686:
680:
667:
640:
616:Chinese culture
580:
506:" (壽比南山福如東海).
477:
471:
469:Marriage charms
415:
407:fortune telling
385:
379:
347:
341:
333:Chinese zodiacs
329:
323:
291:
285:
253:
230:Wheel of Dharma
218:
216:Open-work charm
212:
178:Buddhist prayer
174:
153:
147:
145:Buddhist charms
142:
136:
69:Korean variants
12:
11:
5:
4255:
4253:
4245:
4244:
4234:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4191:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4169:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4142:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4119:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4052:Tự Đức Bảo Sao
4049:
4044:
4039:
4028:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3988:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3853:Greenbaum 2006
3845:
3841:Greenbaum 2006
3833:
3829:Greenbaum 2006
3821:
3817:Greenbaum 2006
3809:
3805:Greenbaum 2006
3797:
3793:Greenbaum 2006
3785:
3781:Greenbaum 2006
3773:
3769:Greenbaum 2006
3761:
3757:Greenbaum 2006
3749:
3745:Greenbaum 2006
3737:
3733:Greenbaum 2006
3725:
3695:
3691:Greenbaum 2006
3683:
3653:
3649:Greenbaum 2006
3641:
3637:Greenbaum 2006
3629:
3625:Greenbaum 2006
3617:
3613:Greenbaum 2006
3605:
3601:Greenbaum 2006
3593:
3589:Greenbaum 2006
3581:
3577:Greenbaum 2006
3569:
3565:Greenbaum 2006
3557:
3553:Greenbaum 2006
3545:
3541:Greenbaum 2006
3533:
3529:Greenbaum 2006
3521:
3517:Greenbaum 2006
3509:
3505:Greenbaum 2006
3497:
3493:Greenbaum 2006
3485:
3481:Greenbaum 2006
3473:
3469:Greenbaum 2006
3461:
3457:Greenbaum 2006
3449:
3445:Greenbaum 2006
3437:
3433:Greenbaum 2006
3425:
3421:Greenbaum 2006
3413:
3409:Greenbaum 2006
3401:
3397:Greenbaum 2006
3389:
3385:Greenbaum 2006
3377:
3373:Greenbaum 2006
3365:
3361:Greenbaum 2006
3353:
3349:Greenbaum 2006
3341:
3337:Greenbaum 2006
3329:
3325:Greenbaum 2006
3317:
3287:
3283:Greenbaum 2006
3275:
3271:Greenbaum 2006
3256:
3254:, p. 166.
3252:Greenbaum 2006
3244:
3242:, p. 165.
3240:Greenbaum 2006
3227:
3223:Greenbaum 2006
3202:
3187:. 6 May 2011.
3167:
3165:, p. 105.
3163:Greenbaum 2006
3150:
3148:, p. 104.
3146:Greenbaum 2006
3138:
3134:Greenbaum 2006
3121:
3117:Greenbaum 2006
3106:
3102:Greenbaum 2006
3087:
3083:Greenbaum 2006
3075:
3071:Greenbaum 2006
3063:
3030:
3000:
2970:
2955:. 2 May 1998.
2940:
2910:
2906:Greenbaum 2006
2898:
2894:Greenbaum 2006
2883:
2853:
2823:
2819:Greenbaum 2006
2808:
2804:Greenbaum 2006
2796:
2760:
2756:Greenbaum 2006
2743:
2734:
2704:
2700:Greenbaum 2006
2685:
2681:Greenbaum 2006
2660:
2630:
2626:Greenbaum 2006
2618:
2588:
2558:
2520:
2511:
2507:Greenbaum 2006
2498:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2476:
2466:
2460:
2446:
2432:
2418:
2396:
2381:Thierry (ACVN)
2376:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2349:
2336:
2327:
2318:
2302:Imperial exams
2289:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2249:
2246:
2245:Sa Cốc Miếu Ân
2240:
2239:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:Grundmann #729
2225:
2222:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:Schroeder #609
2149:
2146:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:Schroeder #604
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2033:
2026:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1924:
1911:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1817:
1812:
1802:
1801:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1713:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1608:
1599:
1594:
1593:Phú Thọ Ða Nam
1588:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1542:
1533:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1518:Schroeder #505
1516:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:Buddha statues
1476:
1469:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1425:Vận Nhập Vô Kị
1420:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1222:Khu Tà Tîch Ác
1219:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1154:Schroeder #610
1152:
1149:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1128:Schroeder #608
1126:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1103:Schroeder #607
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1006:Schroeder #600
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
988:
987:
985:
982:
979:
972:Eight Trigrams
968:
965:
962:
958:
957:
955:
952:
949:
946:
941:
936:
930:
929:
927:
924:
921:
918:
913:
908:
902:
901:
899:
896:
893:
890:
885:
880:
874:
873:
871:
870:Schroeder #596
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
852:
851:
849:
847:
844:
833:
830:
827:
823:
822:
820:
817:
814:
811:
806:
801:
795:
794:
792:
789:
783:
780:
777:
774:
770:
769:
765:
764:
761:
758:
755:
750:
747:
738:
728:
727:
713:
712:
692:
690:
679:
676:
666:
663:
639:
636:
579:
576:
473:Main article:
470:
467:
414:
411:
403:Taoist masters
381:Main article:
378:
375:
351:Nguyễn dynasty
343:Main article:
340:
337:
322:
319:
295:Eight Trigrams
284:
281:
273:heavenly stems
252:
249:
214:Main article:
211:
208:
203:Buddhist monks
173:
170:
149:Main article:
146:
143:
135:
132:
77:Yansheng coins
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4254:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4224:
4218:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4177:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4155:South Vietnam
4153:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4135:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4107:
4101:
4095:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4016:
4009:
4004:
4002:
3997:
3995:
3990:
3989:
3986:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3931:
3926:
3924:
3919:
3917:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3872:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3854:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3825:
3822:
3818:
3813:
3810:
3806:
3801:
3798:
3794:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3741:
3738:
3734:
3729:
3726:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3687:
3684:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3657:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3642:
3638:
3633:
3630:
3626:
3621:
3618:
3614:
3609:
3606:
3602:
3597:
3594:
3590:
3585:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3537:
3534:
3530:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3513:
3510:
3506:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3318:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3139:
3136:, p. 36.
3135:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3104:, p. 24.
3103:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3085:, p. 23.
3084:
3079:
3076:
3073:, p. 22.
3072:
3067:
3064:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2908:, p. 16.
2907:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2806:, p. 20.
2805:
2800:
2797:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2758:, p. 18.
2757:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2683:, p. 59.
2682:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2619:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2500:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2458:3-89757-097-1
2455:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2399:Thierry (CMV)
2397:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2270:
2264:
2262:Greenbaum #18
2261:
2258:
2255:
2250:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2238:inscriptions
2237:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2174:, and Vietnam
2173:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2050:Greenbaum #14
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1925:
1918:
1912:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1813:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1800:inscriptions
1799:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1721:South Vietnam
1719:stationed in
1718:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1665:inscriptions
1664:
1659:
1656:
1654:Greenbaum #10
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1554:Greenbaum #11
1553:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1446:
1444:Greenbaum #17
1443:
1440:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1416:Greenbaum #15
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1206:
1205:five precepts
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1173:"Immortality"
1170:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
973:
969:
966:
963:
960:
959:
956:
954:Schroeder#591
953:
950:
947:
942:
937:
932:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
914:
909:
904:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
886:
881:
876:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:" (壽比南山福如東海).
842:
838:
834:
831:
828:
825:
824:
821:
819:Greenbaum #13
818:
815:
812:
807:
802:
797:
796:
793:
790:
788:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
771:
766:
762:
759:
756:
754:
751:
748:
745:
739:
736:
730:
729:
725:
718:
709:
700:
696:
693:This list is
691:
684:
683:
677:
675:
672:
664:
662:
660:
656:
651:
649:
645:
637:
635:
632:
630:
626:
622:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
577:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
548:
543:
539:
534:
532:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
507:
505:
501:
497:
492:
490:
486:
482:
476:
468:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
445:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
412:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
391:
384:
376:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
346:
338:
336:
334:
328:
321:Zodiac charms
320:
318:
314:
312:
306:
304:
300:
296:
290:
282:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
250:
248:
246:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
217:
209:
207:
204:
200:
195:
194:Tibetan monks
191:
187:
183:
179:
171:
169:
167:
162:
158:
152:
144:
141:
133:
131:
129:
125:
121:
120:Latin scripts
117:
113:
109:
105:
100:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
57:
51:
50:
44:
40:
36:
32:
25:
20:
16:
4210:
3972:
3902:, in French)
3900:Academia.edu
3874:. Retrieved
3848:
3836:
3824:
3812:
3800:
3788:
3776:
3764:
3752:
3740:
3728:
3716:. Retrieved
3698:
3686:
3674:. Retrieved
3656:
3644:
3632:
3620:
3608:
3596:
3584:
3572:
3560:
3548:
3536:
3524:
3512:
3500:
3488:
3476:
3464:
3452:
3440:
3428:
3416:
3404:
3392:
3380:
3368:
3356:
3344:
3332:
3320:
3308:. Retrieved
3290:
3278:
3247:
3193:. Retrieved
3184:
3141:
3078:
3066:
3054:. Retrieved
3021:. Retrieved
3012:
3003:
2991:. Retrieved
2982:
2973:
2961:. Retrieved
2952:
2943:
2931:. Retrieved
2922:
2913:
2901:
2874:. Retrieved
2865:
2856:
2844:. Retrieved
2835:
2826:
2799:
2787:. Retrieved
2775:
2737:
2725:. Retrieved
2716:
2707:
2651:. Retrieved
2642:
2633:
2621:
2609:. Retrieved
2600:
2591:
2579:. Retrieved
2570:
2561:
2552:
2545:. Retrieved
2523:
2514:
2509:, p. 1.
2502:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2449:
2438:
2434:
2424:
2420:
2406:
2398:
2384:
2380:
2365:evil spirits
2352:
2339:
2330:
2321:
2314:Trạng Nguyên
2292:
2279:
2199:Greenbaum #3
1975:Om Ma Ni Pad
1872:Om Ma Ni Pad
1838:Om Ma Ni Pad
1827:Distribution
1809:Latin script
1584:Greenbaum #7
1394:Greenbaum #9
1366:Greenbaum #5
1341:Greenbaum #4
1207:of Buddhism.
757:Distribution
735:Chữ Quốc Ngữ
703:
671:Latin script
668:
652:
641:
633:
629:Khuất Nguyên
591:
587:
584:five poisons
581:
568:Chang hen ge
567:
547:Chang hen ge
545:
537:
535:
527:
519:lotus flower
514:
508:
493:
478:
448:
425:cities like
416:
399:evil spirits
394:
388:
386:
363:Confucianism
353:era Emperor
348:
330:
315:
307:
298:
292:
269:Qing dynasty
261:Lê Hiển Tông
254:
242:
219:
185:
175:
154:
126:(正德通寶), and
101:
80:
76:
60:
59:, or simply
53:
46:
30:
29:
15:
4037:Mother coin
3718:22 February
3676:21 February
3310:23 February
2463:Zheng (ed.)
2391:(1987), in
1814:Inscription
1805:Inscription
1725:Vietnam War
1723:during the
1710:Quang Trung
1358:World peace
1310:"Longevity"
1163:Trường-Sinh
1120:Inner peace
945:"Sincerity"
841:Eastern Sea
740:Inscription
731:Inscription
722:(excluding
572:Yang Guifei
550:written by
515:Thái cực đồ
504:Eastern Sea
496:seal script
419:Vietnam War
417:During the
387:Vietnamese
275:and the 12
54:Vietnamese
47:Vietnamese
4221:See also:
4032:Cash coins
4015:Vietnamese
3973:Vietnamese
3958:Indonesian
3951:Horse coin
2494:References
1980:口奄 口麻 口尼 鉢
1877:ཨོཾ མ ཎི པ
1843:ཨོཾ མ ཎི པ
1569:Cảnh Thịnh
1507:"Bình Nam"
1146:divination
926:Thierry#70
785:China and
706:April 2020
695:incomplete
590:), or the
349:Under the
325:See also:
287:See also:
190:Devanagari
138:See also:
112:Devanagari
35:Vietnamese
3876:16 August
2547:13 August
2537:Singapore
2435:Grundmann
2421:Greenbaum
2037:"City of
1772:Khải Định
1680:Chính Đức
1663:cash coin
1603:Minh Mạng
1135:Trinh Phù
837:Mount Tai
596:centipede
562:(桃), and
542:Taiwanese
531:Feng Shui
500:Mount Tai
446:(啓定通寶).
359:Huainanzi
355:Minh Mạng
313:coins".
56:talismans
24:cash coin
4236:Category
4204:Exonumia
4166:Republic
4017:currency
3963:Japanese
3712:Archived
3670:Archived
3304:Archived
3189:Archived
3056:24 April
3050:Archived
3017:Archived
2987:Archived
2957:Archived
2927:Archived
2870:Archived
2868:. 1998.
2840:Archived
2789:19 April
2783:Archived
2772:"Charms"
2721:Archived
2647:Archived
2605:Archived
2575:Archived
2541:Archived
2534:Springer
2158:Ngư Song
2039:Châu Đốc
2023:Châu Đốc
2006:"Me hum"
1954:☰☱☲☳☴☵☶☷
1923:☰☱☲☳☴☵☶☷
1845:དྨེ ཧཱུྃ
1798:Sanskrit
1794:Buddhist
1747:Hàm Nghi
1685:Fantasy
1661:Fantasy
1537:Hồng Ðức
1497:Bình Nam
1195:☰☱☲☳☴☵☶☷
1059:Phúc Lộc
1016:長命富貴金玉滿堂
600:scorpion
552:Bai Juyi
483:(龍) and
451:Hàm Nghi
311:mnemonic
299:Bát Quái
259:Emperor
234:umbrella
161:Sanskrit
157:Buddhist
130:(周元通寶).
65:Japanese
41:: 越南符銭;
3946:Chinese
3863:Sources
2479:Lacroix
2431:(2004).
2429:Houston
2417:(2002).
2259:Vietnam
2170:China,
2148:Vietnam
2120:Vietnam
2098:Vietnam
2076:Vietnam
2047:Vietnam
2012:Vietnam
1991:Vietnam
1890:Vietnam
1862:Vietnam
1784:Vietnam
1755:Vietnam
1730:Vietnam
1617:Vietnam
1581:Vietnam
1576:Tây Sơn
1551:Vietnam
1515:Vietnam
1453:Chinese
1441:Vietnam
1413:Vietnam
1391:Vietnam
1363:Vietnam
1338:Vietnam
1188:Ngũ Bất
1179:Vietnam
1151:Vietnam
1125:Vietnam
1100:Vietnam
1047:Vietnam
1003:Vietnam
951:Vietnam
816:Vietnam
800:Phú Hữu
787:Vietnam
744:chữ Hán
655:piastre
627:person
588:Ngũ Độc
560:peaches
485:phoenix
431:Da Nang
371:chữ Hán
116:Chữ Nôm
104:Chữ Hán
93:magical
81:huāqián
49:amulets
43:chữ Nôm
39:chữ Hán
3968:Korean
3195:18 May
3023:6 July
2993:6 July
2963:6 July
2933:6 July
2876:6 July
2846:6 July
2727:6 July
2653:6 July
2611:6 July
2581:6 July
2487:Saigon
2456:
2443:German
2393:French
2358:Daoist
2000:Me hum
1977:Me Hum
1840:Me Hum
1833:Image
1171:"Life"
976:Daoist
763:Image
481:dragon
433:, and
427:Saigon
367:Taoism
238:canopy
118:, and
2469:Novak
2415:Paris
2271:Notes
2236:Latin
2172:Korea
644:gongs
608:taboo
586:(五毒,
564:plums
297:(八卦,
4195:dong
4084:quán
4079:mạch
4069:Tiền
3878:2018
3720:2022
3678:2022
3312:2022
3197:2020
3058:2020
3025:2018
2995:2018
2965:2018
2935:2018
2878:2018
2848:2018
2791:2020
2729:2018
2655:2018
2613:2018
2583:2018
2549:2023
2454:ISBN
2296:The
2213:天下太平
2211:嵩百命家
2187:連生六子
2137:子孫繁盛
2135:夫婦和諧
2111:太平同樂
2089:富貴康寧
2067:四辰同樂
2028:母聖處主
1921:長命富貴
1879:銘洪康吉
1767:啓定重寶
1742:咸宜重寶
1705:光中重寶
1675:正德通寶
1642:萬夀通寶
1598:富壽多男
1596:明命通寶
1564:景盛通寶
1532:天下太平
1530:洪德通寶
1500:周元通寶
1473:Châu
1468:周元通寶
1455:and
1430:运入無忌
1428:斬邪治鬼
1404:品重蘭臺
1380:天下太平
1378:長命富貴
1351:天下太平
1329:光天元寶
1281:一團和氣
1279:天下太平
1277:招財如意
1251:受第百祿
1225:驅邪辟惡
1203:The
1113:無事從容
1091:福祿利貞
1062:狀元及第
1038:乾元長錢
994:龍雲慶會
974:, a
970:The
938:仁義禮智
912:四辰同樂
910:元亨利貞
884:壽長富貴
882:元亨利貞
858:長生保命
829:壽山福海
803:長命富貴
776:長命富貴
604:toad
598:, a
582:The
513:(or
459:mạch
393:(or
365:and
331:The
199:Pali
67:and
4176:PRG
4074:văn
3894:by
2387:by
1982:銘 洪
1304:Thọ
935:Tín
701:.
631:.
491:.
455:Văn
435:Huế
236:or
168:.
79:or
4238::
3259:^
3230:^
3205:^
3183:.
3170:^
3153:^
3124:^
3109:^
3090:^
3033:^
3011:.
2981:.
2951:.
2921:.
2886:^
2864:.
2834:.
2811:^
2774:.
2763:^
2746:^
2715:.
2688:^
2663:^
2641:.
2599:.
2569:.
2551:.
2539:.
2532:.
2485:,
2437:=
2427:.
2413:,
2409:,
2405:,
2401:=
2383:=
2356:A
2248:NA
2161:魚双
2030:朱篤
2003:銘洪
1855:A
1610:A
1574:A
1544:A
1502:平南
1193:五不
1168:長生
1166:本命
1138:貞符
805:富有
726:)
661:.
574:.
439:$
429:,
279:.
110:,
106:,
52:,
4178:)
4174:(
4168:)
4164:(
4007:e
4000:t
3993:v
3929:e
3922:t
3915:v
3898:(
3880:.
3722:.
3680:.
3314:.
3199:.
3060:.
3027:.
2997:.
2967:.
2937:.
2880:.
2850:.
2793:.
2731:.
2657:.
2628:.
2615:.
2585:.
2445:.
2395:.
2041:"
1859:.
1852:"
1848:"
1811:)
1807:(
1770:"
1745:"
1727:.
1708:"
1689:.
1678:"
1601:"
1567:"
1535:"
1482:.
1360:.
1307:壽
1235:.
1148:.
1122:.
1075:.
940:信
746:)
742:(
737:)
733:(
708:)
704:(
309:"
180:"
33:(
26:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
