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results were surprising and interesting: the spectrometer gave a negative result; the PR gave a negative result, the GEX gave a negative result, and the LR gave a positive result. Viking scientist
Patricia Straat stated in 2009, "Our experiment was a definite positive response for life, but a lot of people have claimed that it was a false positive for a variety of reasons." Most scientists now believe that the data were due to inorganic chemical reactions of the soil; however, this view may be changing after the recent discovery of near-surface ice near the
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848:(about 2,306 Earth days or 6 years) until November 11, 1982 (sol 2600), when a faulty command sent by ground control resulted in loss of contact. The command was intended to uplink new battery charging software to improve the lander's deteriorating battery capacity, but it inadvertently overwrote data used by the antenna pointing software. Attempts to contact the lander during the next four months, based on the presumed antenna position, were unsuccessful. In 2006, the
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next seven minutes the second picture of the 300° panoramic scene (displayed below) was taken. On the day after the landing the first colour picture of the surface of Mars (displayed below) was taken. The seismometer failed to uncage, and a sampler arm locking pin was stuck and took five days to shake out. Otherwise, all experiments functioned normally.
711:, as well as pressure, temperature, and density sensors. At 6 km (3.7 mi) altitude, traveling at about 250 meters per second (820 feet per second), the 16 m diameter lander parachutes deployed. Seven seconds later the aeroshell was jettisoned, and eight seconds after that the three lander legs were extended. In 45 seconds, the
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separated from the orbiter on July 20 at 08:51 UTC. At the time of separation, the lander was orbiting at about 5 kilometers per second (3.1 miles per second). The aeroshell's retrorockets fired to begin the lander de-orbit maneuver. After a few hours at about 300 kilometers (190 miles) altitude, the
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was reduced to 300 km on March 11, 1977. Minor orbit adjustments were done occasionally over the course of the mission, primarily to change the walk rate — the rate at which the areocentric longitude changed with each orbit, and the periapsis was raised to 357 km on July 20, 1979. On August
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Transmission of the first surface image began 25 seconds after landing and took about four minutes (see below). During these minutes the lander activated itself. It erected a high-gain antenna pointed toward Earth for direct communication and deployed a meteorology boom mounted with sensors. In the
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at a reference altitude of −2.69 kilometers (−1.67 mi) relative to a reference ellipsoid with an equatorial radius of 3,397 kilometers (2,111 mi) and a flatness of 0.0105 (22.480° N, 47.967° W planetographic) at 11:53:06 UTC (16:13 local Mars time). Approximately 22 kilograms (49 lb)
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The landing rockets used an 18-nozzle design to spread the hydrogen and nitrogen exhaust over a large area. NASA calculated that this approach would mean that the surface would not be heated by more than one 1 °C (1.8 °F), and that it would move no more than 1 millimeter (0.04 inches) of
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had slowed the lander to 60 meters per second (200 feet per second). At 1.5 km (0.93 mi) altitude, retrorockets on the lander itself were ignited and, 40 seconds later at about 2.4 m/s (7.9 ft/s), the lander arrived on Mars with a relatively light jolt. The legs had honeycomb
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The lander had two means of returning data to Earth: a relay link up to the orbiter and back, and by using a direct link to Earth. The orbiter could transmit to Earth (S-band) at 2,000 to 16,000 bit/s (depending on distance between Mars and Earth), and the lander could transmit to the orbiter at
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The lander had two facsimile cameras; three analyses for metabolism, growth or photosynthesis; a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer; an x-ray fluorescence spectrometer; pressure, temperature and wind velocity sensors; a three-axis seismometer; a magnet on a sampler observed by the cameras; and
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experiment (PR), the labeled release experiment (LR), and the gas exchange experiment (GEX). In addition, independent of the biology experiments, Viking carried a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer that could measure the composition and abundance of organic compounds in the
Martian soil. The
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do not have detectable organic compounds either, but they have organisms living in the rocks. Mars has almost no ozone layer, unlike the Earth, so UV light sterilizes the surface and produces highly reactive chemicals such as peroxides that would oxidize any organic chemicals. The
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gas and its orbit was raised from 357 × 33,943 km to 320 × 56,000 km to prevent impact with Mars and possible contamination until the year 2019. Operations were terminated on August 17, 1980, after 1,485 orbits. A 2009 analysis concluded that, while the possibility that
1119:. Scientists used the lander to test this hypothesis, by sending radio signals to the lander on Mars, and instructing the lander to send back signals, in cases which sometimes included the signal passing close to the Sun. Scientists found that the observed
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Lander (20 July 1976). The haze on the left is possibly dust that had recently been kicked up by the landing rockets. Because of the "slow scan" facsimile nature of the cameras, the dust settled by mid-image.
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621:, but imaging of the primary landing site showed it was too rough for a safe landing. The landing was delayed until a safer site was found, and took place instead on July 20, the seventh anniversary of the
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Orbiter was inserted into Mars orbit on June 19, 1976, and trimmed to a 1,513 x 33,000 km, 24.66 h site certification orbit on June 21. Landing on Mars was planned for July 4, 1976, the
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cameras for imaging, an infrared spectrometer for water vapor mapping, and infrared radiometers for thermal mapping. The orbiter primary mission ended at the beginning of
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launch vehicle on August 20, 1975, and an 11-month cruise to Mars, the orbiter began returning global images of Mars about five days before orbit insertion. The
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landing zone. Some scientists still believe the results were due to living reactions. No organic chemicals were found in the soil. However, dry areas of
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in the
Martian soil. Perchlorate is a strong oxidant so it may have destroyed any organic matter on the surface. If it is widespread on Mars,
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on
November 5, 1976. The extended mission commenced on December 14, 1976, after solar conjunction. Operations included close approaches to
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surface material. Since most of Viking's experiments focused on the surface material a more straightforward design would not have served.
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Reasenberg, R. D.; Shapiro, I. I.; MacNeil, P. E.; Goldstein, R. B.; Breidenthal, J. C.; Brenkle, J. P.; et al. (December 1979).
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had impacted Mars could not be ruled out, it was most likely still in orbit. More than 57,000 images were sent back to Earth.
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Stuurman, C.M.; Osinski, G.R.; Holt, J.W.; Levy, J.S.; Brothers, T.C.; Kerrigan, M.; Campbell, B.A. (September 28, 2016).
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Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned.
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R.E. Diehl, M.J. Adams; Rinderle, E.a. (March 1, 1979). "Phobos
Encounter Trajectory and Maneuver Design".
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707:. During this time, entry science experiments were performed by using a retarding potential analyzer, a
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Friedmann, E. 1982. Endolithic
Microorganisms in the Antarctic Cold Desert. Science: 215. 1045–1052.
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Jefferson, David C; Demcak, Stuart W; Esposito, Pasquale B; Kruizinga, Gerhard L (August 10–13, 2009).
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Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in
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Mutch, T.A.; et al. (August 1976). "The
Surface of Mars: The View from the Viking 1 Lander".
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16,000 bit/s. The data capacity of the relay link was about 10 times higher than the direct link.
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2491:"SHARAD detection and characterization of subsurface water ice deposits in Utopia Planitia, Mars"
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573:. The lander touched down on Mars on July 20, 1976, the first successful Mars lander in history.
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Telecommunications and Data
Acquisition Systems Support for the Viking 1975 Mission to Mars
1984:
The
International Atlas of Mars Exploration: Volume 1, 1953 to 2003: The First Five Decades
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2573:"Viking relativity experiment – Verification of signal retardation by solar gravity"
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at 11:53:06 UTC. It was the first attempt by the United States at landing on Mars.
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carried a biology experiment whose purpose was to look for evidence of life. The
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Photo of the Viking 1 Mars lander taken by the Mars
Reconnaissance Orbiter in 2006
591:, the longest extraterrestrial surface mission until the record was broken by the
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Soffen, G.A.; Snyder, C.W. (August 1976). "The First Viking Mission to Mars".
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lander was reoriented for atmospheric entry. The aeroshell with its ablative
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1291:. Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations of Martian surface.
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weighed 15.5 kg (34 lbs) and consisted of three subsystems: the
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Robotic Exploration of the Solar System: Part I: The Golden Age 1957–1982
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844:, the leader of the Viking imaging team. The lander operated for 2,245
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First "clear" image ever transmitted from the surface of Mars – shows
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Alien Rumors Quelled as NASA Announces Phoenix Perchlorate Discovery.
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6211:. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).
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Lander Camera 2 Sky at sunrise (Low Resolution Colour) Sol 379 07:50
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2226:. AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference. Archived from
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Dunes and large boulder. Pole in the centre is an instrument boom.
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This article is about the mission to Mars. For other uses, see
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NASA Mars Orbiter Photographs Spirit and Vikings on the Ground
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of the signals matched the predictions of general relativity.
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landing with animation and video footage of the control centre
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Moon landing. The lander separated from the orbiter at 08:51
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lander from the surface of Mars, showing lander's footpad
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2196:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 251.
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561:, each consisting of an orbiter and a lander, sent to
6218:
1824:"Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration"
2190:
Ulivi, Paolo; Harland, David M. (December 8, 2007).
1871:"Record for Longest Mars Mission Ever May be Broken"
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whereby time passes more slowly in regions of lower
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from the surface of Mars. Captured on 20 July 1976.
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5121:Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars (SCIM)
4966:Mars Aerial and Ground Global Intelligent Explorer
2220:An Investigation of the Orbital Status of Viking-1
1697:Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes
1098:High-precision test of general relativity by the
2479:Irene Klotz, Discovery News, September 28, 2009.
852:lander was imaged on the Martian surface by the
716:aluminum shock absorbers to soften the landing.
142:Orbiter: 1,846 days (1797 sols)
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1302:Clicking on the labels will open a new article.
144:Lander: 2,306 days (2,245 sols)
224:21:22, August 20, 1975 (UTC)
6207:. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in
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8:
1764:Williams, David R. Dr. (December 18, 2006).
1219:was eroded by large amounts of liquid water.
974:Proof test article of the Viking Mars Lander
30:
2458:Viking Data May Hide New Evidence For Life.
1111:is a phenomenon predicted by the theory of
703:slowed the craft as it plunged through the
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5047:Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey
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3132:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
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2470:Viking 2 Likely Came Close to Finding H2O.
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5082:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C)
4026:Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images
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2010:
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1981:Stooke, Philip J. (September 24, 2012).
907:would be difficult at the soil surface.
6278:August 1975 events in the United States
6225:
4111:NASA International Space Apps Challenge
1727:
1708:
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948:
577:operated on Mars for 2,307 days (over 6
2899:Administrator and Deputy Administrator
2350:"NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details"
1005:lander image of a Martian sunset over
4951:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
3689:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
1949:
1947:
783:of propellants were left at landing.
7:
6298:Spacecraft launched by Titan rockets
4151:
2706:Viking lander biological experiments
1930:. Infobase Publishing. p. 641.
1919:
1917:
1897:"20 August 1975, Launch of Viking 1"
1822:Shea, Garrett (September 20, 2018).
1797:NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)
876:Viking lander biological experiments
191:Orbiter: 883 kg (1,947 lb)
2460:Barry E. DiGregorio, July 16, 2000.
1927:Encyclopedia of Space and Astronomy
1869:Thompson, Andrea (April 30, 2010).
1020:Trenches dug by soil sampler device
193:Lander: 572 kg (1,261 lb)
4225:List of artificial objects on Mars
2805:National Aeronautics and Space Act
2126:"Viking 1 Orbiter Mission Profile"
2020:National Space Science Data Center
1960:. Simon and Schuster. p. 23.
1954:Croswell, Ken (October 21, 2003).
1924:Angelo, Joseph A. (May 14, 2014).
1740:National Space Science Data Center
1715:"fully fueled orbiter-lander pair"
1234:, a mosaic of images taken in 1978
1090:Introduction to general relativity
146:Launch to last contact: 2,642 days
14:
5238:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
3759:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
3313:Commercial Lunar Payload Services
2248:"Viking 1 Lander Mission Profile"
1104:space probe (artist's impression)
6240:
6228:
4926:Mars Sample Recovery Helicopters
4150:
4139:
4138:
4054:Apollo 15 postal covers incident
3812:Space Flight Operations Facility
2998:Operations and Checkout Building
2041:"Chronology of Mars Exploration"
1656:
1636:
1618:
1598:
1580:
1559:
1541:
1523:
1503:
1485:
1467:
1451:
1435:
1419:
1401:
1383:
1363:
1345:
1294:
1283:, overlaid with the position of
1239:
1224:
1209:
1194:
1179:
1164:
1145:
1133:
1068:
1056:
1041:
1032:First colour image taken by the
1025:
1013:
995:
979:
967:
951:
921:
796:
731:Documentary clip recounting the
516:Large Strategic Science Missions
38:
5097:Mars Telecommunications Orbiter
4903:Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)
3273:Lunar Precursor Robotic Program
2622:NASA's Solar System Exploration
2149:Journal of Guidance and Control
1895:Loff, Sarah (August 20, 2015).
1246:Mosaic of eight images showing
747:lander touched down in western
350:56,000 km (35,000 mi)
16:Robotic spacecraft sent to Mars
2542:. Workman Publishing. NY NY.
1987:. Cambridge University Press.
1051:lander site (11 February 1978)
109:
1:
6283:Derelict landers (spacecraft)
5052:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
2577:Astrophysical Journal Letters
840:in January 1981 in honour of
838:Thomas Mutch Memorial Station
821:various engineering sensors.
4091:Space program on U.S. stamps
4016:Gemini and Apollo medallions
3966:Solar System Family Portrait
3742:Joint Polar Satellite System
3611:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
2865:Vision for Space Exploration
2835:Space Exploration Initiative
2561:A.J.S. Rayl, August 6, 2008.
2495:Geophysical Research Letters
2291:10.1126/science.193.4255.791
2096:10.1126/science.193.4255.759
1186:Tear-drop shaped islands at
6308:Spacecraft launched in 1975
4976:Mars Exploration Ice Mapper
4921:NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return
4897:Tera-hertz Explorer (TEREX)
4265:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
4086:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame
4043:We choose to go to the Moon
4006:Apollo 11 goodwill messages
3564:International Space Station
3544:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
3283:Great Observatories program
3127:International Space Station
3105:Roscosmos State Corporation
3022:Science Mission Directorate
2968:Manned Space Flight Network
2475:September 30, 2009, at the
1109:Gravitational time dilation
855:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
666:Orbiter was running low on
290:November 11, 1982
6334:
3903:NASA cameras on spacecraft
3714:James Webb Space Telescope
3626:Solar Dynamics Observatory
2847:U.S. National Space Policy
2557:September 4, 2010, at the
2540:A Traveler's Guide to Mars
1201:Scour patterns located in
1087:
1084:Test of general relativity
619:United States Bicentennial
522:Planetary Science Division
133:Viking Project Information
20:
6201:
5364:
5300:
5033:
4774:
4359:
4283:ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter
4210:
4134:
2978:Vehicle Assembly Building
2727:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2386:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
1281:global topography of Mars
605:Following launch using a
507:
503:
388:
384:
340:320 km (200 mi)
305:
301:
277:
273:
211:
207:
154:
150:
52:
37:
5233:Mars Exploration Program
4215:List of missions to Mars
4049:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
3973:The Day the Earth Smiled
3308:Solar Terrestrial Probes
1766:"Viking Mission to Mars"
1687:List of missions to Mars
932:First panoramic view by
899:discovered the chemical
6156:Ji Shu Shiyan Weixing 2
5850:Ji Shu Shiyan Weixing 1
4323:Mars Science Laboratory
4106:Other primates in space
3818:Deep Space Atomic Clock
3638:Mars Science Laboratory
3426:Spitzer Space Telescope
3015:Lunar Sample Laboratory
2958:Launch Services Program
1171:Streamlined islands in
1117:gravitational potential
641:The instruments of the
597:rover on May 19, 2010.
6293:Nuclear-powered robots
6288:Lunae Palus quadrangle
4692:Mars Exploration Rover
4382:
4374:
4366:
4121:National Astronaut Day
4064:The Astronaut Monument
3886:Space Shuttle missions
3586:Mars Exploration Rover
3569:Hubble Space Telescope
3478:Kepler space telescope
3278:Earth Observing System
3252:Mars Exploration Rover
2963:Mercury Control Center
2640:1 Touches Down on Mars
2413:. 2006. Archived from
2374:D. J. Mudgway (1983).
2331:Viking Mission to Mars
1342:
1217:Lunae Palus quadrangle
1203:Lunae Palus quadrangle
1173:Lunae Palus quadrangle
1105:
962:probe (20 August 1975)
829:
736:
691:
657:in February 1977. The
6303:Soft landings on Mars
4887:(2024, flyby in 2025)
4879:(2024, flyby in 2025)
4458:(2023, flyby in 2026)
4449:Mars Cube One (MarCO)
4381:
4373:
4365:
4220:List of Mars orbiters
4069:Lunar sample displays
4059:Space Mirror Memorial
4001:Voyager Golden Record
3893:United States rockets
3085: (with the
2993:Launch Control Center
2538:Hartmann, W. 2003.
2250:. University of Texas
2128:. University of Texas
1692:List of Mars orbiters
1277:Interactive image map
1264:
1188:Oxia Palus quadrangle
1097:
1036:lander (21 July 1976)
836:lander was named the
827:
730:
686:
551:was the first of two
315:Reference system
228:1975-08-20T21:22Z
159:Spacecraft properties
6097:Fanhui Shi Weixing 2
5348:Orbital launches in
5243:Mars Next Generation
5202:Permanent settlement
5092:Mars Surveyor Lander
4558:Mars Climate Orbiter
4544:Mars Global Surveyor
3087:Soviet space program
3005:Johnson Space Center
2973:Kennedy Space Center
2936:spinoff technologies
2516:10.1002/2016gl070138
2447:on October 20, 2014.
2233:on November 7, 2017.
751:("Golden Plain") at
425:Spacecraft component
401:Spacecraft component
6273:1975 in spaceflight
4200:Spacecraft missions
4096:Apollo 17 Moon mice
3952:Pillars of Creation
3859:Space Shuttle crews
3337:(human and robotic)
3331:Individual featured
2914:Ranks and positions
2722:Exploration of Mars
2676:Viking Mars landers
2589:1979ApJ...234L.219R
2507:2016GeoRL..43.9484S
2354:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
2283:1976Sci...193..791M
2161:1979JGCD....2..123.
2088:1976Sci...193..759S
1682:Exploration of Mars
1478:Mars Polar Lander ↓
1337:Mars Memorials list
986:First image by the
766: /
694:The lander and its
475: /
336:Periareion altitude
201:Orbiter: 620 W
34:
5228:Mars Scout Program
5067:Mars 4NM & 5NM
4991:Mars Micro Orbiter
4981:Mars Geyser Hopper
4383:
4375:
4367:
3898:NASA cancellations
3793:Deep Space Network
3783:Near Earth Network
3268:Living With a Star
3242:Project Prometheus
3222:Planetary Observer
2016:"Viking 1 Orbiter"
1803:. October 19, 2016
1343:
1113:general relativity
1106:
911:First panorama by
830:
737:
692:
589:Martian solar days
346:Apoareion altitude
310:Orbital parameters
6216:
6215:
5307:
5306:
5296:
5295:
5267:The Case for Mars
5177:Atmospheric entry
5141:
5140:
5072:Mars 5M (Mars-79)
5029:
5028:
5006:Next Mars Orbiter
4914:Rosalind Franklin
4850:
4849:
4770:
4769:
4625:Mars Polar Lander
4357:
4356:
4251:2001 Mars Odyssey
4166:
4165:
4079:stolen or missing
3876:uncrewed missions
3854:Apollo astronauts
3849:Gemini astronauts
3767:
3766:
3551:2001 Mars Odyssey
3326:
3325:
3202:Mars Surveyor '98
3160:
3159:
3103: (with
3036:Human spaceflight
3030:
3029:
2988:Launch Complex 48
2983:Launch Complex 39
2735:
2734:
2501:(18): 9484–9491.
2417:on August 5, 2011
2277:(4255): 791–801.
2082:(4255): 759–766.
1736:"Viking 1 Lander"
1668:
1650:
1630:
1612:
1592:
1574:
1553:
1551:Rosalind Franklin
1535:
1517:
1497:
1479:
1461:
1445:
1429:
1413:
1395:
1377:
1357:
1300:Clickable image:
905:carbon-based life
880:pyrolytic release
770:22.697°N 312.05°E
728:
709:mass spectrometer
651:solar conjunction
645:consisted of two
544:
543:
524:
412:Orbital insertion
203:Lander: 70 W
6325:
6263:Missions to Mars
6245:
6244:
6243:
6233:
6232:
6231:
6224:
5990:Intelsat IVA F-1
5540:Soyuz 7K-T No.39
5353:
5352:
5351:
5334:
5327:
5320:
5311:
5273:Inspiration Mars
5260:The Mars Project
5152:
5035:
4859:
4776:
4393:
4238:
4193:
4186:
4179:
4170:
4154:
4153:
4142:
4141:
3980:Fallen Astronaut
3621:Van Allen Probes
3341:
3247:Mars Exploration
3172:
3043:
2811:Space Task Group
2783:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2739:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2646:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2568:
2562:
2549:
2543:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2486:
2480:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2443:. Archived from
2433:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2380:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2225:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2071:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2045:history.nasa.gov
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2012:
1999:
1998:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1957:Magnificent Mars
1951:
1942:
1941:
1921:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1761:
1744:
1743:
1732:
1716:
1713:
1671:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1651:
1646:
1640:
1633:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1595:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1556:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1518:
1513:
1507:
1500:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1387:
1380:
1378:
1373:
1367:
1360:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1340:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1298:
1263:
1243:
1228:
1213:
1198:
1183:
1168:
1149:
1137:
1072:
1060:
1045:
1029:
1017:
999:
983:
971:
955:
925:
800:
781:
780:
778:
777:
776:
771:
767:
764:
763:
762:
759:
729:
668:attitude control
586:
585:
581:
520:
512:
499:
498:
496:
495:
494:
492:
487:
486:
481:
480:22.27°N 312.05°E
476:
473:
472:
471:
468:
297:
295:
231:
229:
216:Start of mission
139:Mission duration
111:
99:
91:
42:
35:
6333:
6332:
6328:
6327:
6326:
6324:
6323:
6322:
6313:1975 in Florida
6253:
6252:
6251:
6241:
6239:
6229:
6227:
6219:
6217:
6212:
6197:
6193:Molniya-3 No.15
6067:Molniya-3 No.13
5733:Molniya-1 No.24
5654:Intelsat IV F-1
5574:Molniya-3 No.12
5513:Nauka-5KSA No.4
5437:Intelsat IV F-6
5360:
5359:
5349:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5338:
5308:
5303:
5292:
5247:
5216:
5137:
5039:
5025:
4971:Mars Base Alpha
4961:Icebreaker Life
4939:
4846:
4828:Mars 3MS No.170
4780:
4766:
4733:
4668:
4619:Mars Pathfinder
4570:
4461:
4420:Mariner 6 and 7
4384:
4376:
4368:
4353:
4302:
4229:
4206:
4197:
4167:
4162:
4130:
4030:
4021:Mission patches
3996:Pioneer plaques
3959:Mystic Mountain
3936:Family Portrait
3929:The Blue Marble
3913:
3907:
3881:Apollo missions
3822:
3774:
3763:
3730:
3535:
3529:
3366:Mercury-Atlas 6
3336:
3332:
3322:
3256:
3192:Mariner Mark II
3156:
3137:Commercial Crew
3115:
3038:
3026:
3010:Mission Control
2909:Astronaut Corps
2904:Chief Scientist
2882:
2787:
2771:
2766:
2736:
2731:
2710:
2678:
2673:
2631:Approaches Mars
2618:Mission Profile
2611:
2606:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2559:Wayback Machine
2550:
2546:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2477:Wayback Machine
2468:
2464:
2456:
2452:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2420:
2418:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2390:
2388:
2378:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2358:
2356:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2335:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2253:
2251:
2246:
2245:
2238:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2169:10.2514/3.55847
2146:
2145:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2073:
2072:
2059:
2049:
2047:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2024:
2022:
2014:
2013:
2002:
1995:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1953:
1952:
1945:
1938:
1923:
1922:
1915:
1905:
1903:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1853:
1851:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1806:
1804:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1763:
1762:
1747:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1678:
1673:
1672:
1663:
1661:
1654:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1634:
1625:
1623:
1616:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1596:
1587:
1585:
1578:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1557:
1548:
1546:
1539:
1530:
1528:
1521:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1501:
1492:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1424:
1417:
1408:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1381:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1361:
1352:
1350:
1341:
1330:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1292:
1275:
1261:
1258:
1256:Lander location
1251:
1244:
1235:
1229:
1220:
1214:
1205:
1199:
1190:
1184:
1175:
1169:
1160:
1159:(taken in 1976)
1150:
1141:
1138:
1129:
1092:
1086:
1079:
1073:
1064:
1061:
1052:
1046:
1037:
1030:
1021:
1018:
1009:
1007:Chryse Planitia
1000:
991:
984:
975:
972:
963:
956:
947:
939:
938:
937:
931:
926:
917:
869:
867:Search for life
864:
862:Mission results
842:Thomas A. Mutch
818:
817:
816:
806:
801:
774:
772:
768:
765:
760:
757:
755:
753:
752:
749:Chryse Planitia
719:
681:
639:
631:Chryse Planitia
603:
587:years) or 2245
583:
579:
578:
540:
533:
532:
525:
519:
491:Viking 1 lander
490:
488:
484:
482:
478:
477:
474:
469:
466:
464:
462:
461:
440:
293:
291:
268:Martin Marietta
227:
225:
202:
192:
174:Martin Marietta
171:
145:
143:
124:
102:
95:
87:
48:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6331:
6329:
6321:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6268:Viking program
6265:
6255:
6254:
6250:
6249:
6237:
6214:
6213:
6202:
6199:
6198:
6196:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6136:Interkosmos 14
6133:
6126:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5970:Meteor-M No.28
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5649:Nauka-9KS No.2
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5535:
5530:
5528:Meteor-M No.31
5525:
5523:Interkosmos 13
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5355:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5329:
5322:
5314:
5305:
5304:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5278:Mars Institute
5275:
5270:
5263:
5255:
5253:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5224:
5222:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5158:
5156:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5135:
5130:
5123:
5118:
5111:
5108:Northern Light
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5043:
5041:
5031:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4937:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4918:
4906:
4900:
4894:
4888:
4880:
4877:Europa Clipper
4874:
4865:
4863:
4856:
4852:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4813:Mars 2M No.521
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4784:
4782:
4772:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4757:
4743:
4741:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4720:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4689:
4682:
4676:
4674:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4658:
4651:
4643:
4636:
4631:
4622:
4615:
4608:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4580:
4578:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4561:
4554:
4547:
4540:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4519:Phobos program
4516:
4515:
4514:
4507:
4498:Viking program
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4469:
4467:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4451:
4446:
4439:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4401:
4399:
4390:
4386:
4385:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4332:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4312:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4292:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4261:
4254:
4246:
4244:
4235:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4188:
4181:
4173:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4148:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4116:Astronauts Day
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3932:
3925:
3917:
3915:
3909:
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3906:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3868:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3790:
3785:
3779:
3777:
3775:and navigation
3773:Communications
3769:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3753:Europa Clipper
3749:
3744:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3711:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3635:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3554:
3547:
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3537:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3512:
3505:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3480:
3475:
3468:
3461:
3456:
3449:
3444:
3436:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3347:
3345:
3338:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3207:New Millennium
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3178:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3095:
3090:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3049:
3047:
3040:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2928:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2795:
2793:
2780:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2757:
2750:
2742:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2696:
2688:
2686:
2684:Viking program
2680:
2679:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2636:45 years ago:
2633:
2624:
2610:
2609:External links
2607:
2605:
2604:
2598:10.1086/183144
2563:
2544:
2531:
2522:
2481:
2462:
2450:
2437:"Life on Mars"
2428:
2398:
2366:
2341:
2320:
2273:. New Series.
2261:
2236:
2209:
2202:
2182:
2155:(2): 123–129.
2139:
2117:
2078:. New Series.
2057:
2032:
2000:
1993:
1973:
1966:
1943:
1936:
1913:
1887:
1861:
1833:
1814:
1784:
1745:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1677:
1674:
1655:
1642:
1635:
1617:
1604:
1597:
1579:
1565:
1558:
1540:
1522:
1509:
1502:
1484:
1473:
1466:
1450:
1434:
1418:
1400:
1389:
1382:
1369:
1362:
1344:
1329:
1325: Planned)
1318: Inactive
1304:
1293:
1285:Martian rovers
1265:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1236:
1230:
1223:
1221:
1215:
1208:
1206:
1200:
1193:
1191:
1185:
1178:
1176:
1170:
1163:
1161:
1153:Morning Clouds
1151:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1121:Shapiro delays
1088:Main article:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1074:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1055:
1053:
1047:
1040:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1012:
1010:
1001:
994:
992:
985:
978:
976:
973:
966:
964:
958:Launch of the
957:
950:
946:
940:
928:
927:
920:
919:
918:
916:
909:
868:
865:
863:
860:
803:
802:
795:
794:
793:
775:22.697; 312.05
680:
677:
638:
635:
629:and landed at
602:
599:
571:Viking program
542:
541:
537:Viking program
534:
527:
526:
513:
505:
504:
501:
500:
459:
455:
454:
439:July 20, 1976
437:
433:
432:
426:
422:
421:
417:
416:
413:
409:
408:
402:
398:
397:
390:
389:
386:
385:
382:
381:
380:August 7, 1980
378:
372:
371:
368:
362:
361:
358:
352:
351:
348:
342:
341:
338:
332:
331:
328:
322:
321:
316:
312:
311:
307:
306:
303:
302:
299:
298:
288:
284:
283:
282:End of mission
279:
278:
275:
274:
271:
270:
265:
261:
260:
258:Cape Canaveral
251:
247:
246:
237:
233:
232:
222:
218:
217:
213:
212:
209:
208:
205:
204:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
181:
177:
176:
165:
161:
160:
156:
155:
152:
151:
148:
147:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
123:
122:
119:
115:
113:
104:
103:
101:
100:
92:
83:
81:
75:
74:
69:
65:
64:
63:Orbiter/Lander
58:
54:
53:
50:
49:
43:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6330:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
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6264:
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6260:
6258:
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6210:
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6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6131:
6127:
6125:
6124:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6037:
6036:E-8-5M No.412
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
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5978:
5976:
5973:
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5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5825:
5821:
5819:
5818:Meteor-2 No.1
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5723:
5722:DS-U3-IK No.5
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5666:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5569:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5542:
5541:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5367:
5366:
5363:
5358:
5354:
5343:
5335:
5330:
5328:
5323:
5321:
5316:
5315:
5312:
5299:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5250:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5197:Human mission
5195:
5193:
5192:Sample return
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5144:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5036:
5032:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4936:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4910:
4907:
4904:
4901:
4898:
4895:
4892:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4878:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4860:
4857:
4853:
4843:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4777:
4773:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4725:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4694:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4671:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4600:
4597:
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4011:NASA insignia
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3991:Lunar plaques
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3871:NASA missions
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3866:NASA aircraft
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3788:Space Network
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3421:Space Shuttle
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3303:New Frontiers
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3152:Lunar Gateway
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3109:
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3091:
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2931:NASA research
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2583:: L219–L221.
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2017:
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1994:9781139560252
1990:
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1967:9780743226011
1963:
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1841:Nelson, Jon.
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1127:Orbiter shots
1126:
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945:image gallery
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612:
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590:
576:
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568:
564:
560:
559:
555:, along with
554:
550:
549:
539:
538:
531: →
530:
523:
518:
517:
511:
506:
502:
497:
485:22.27; 312.05
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
438:
434:
430:
427:
423:
418:
415:June 19, 1976
414:
410:
406:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
377:
373:
369:
367:
363:
359:
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175:
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157:
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137:
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118:Orbiter: 8108
117:
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114:
112:
105:
98:
93:
90:
85:
84:
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80:
76:
73:
70:
66:
62:
59:
55:
51:
46:
41:
36:
33:
28:
24:
19:
6318:1976 on Mars
6235:Solar System
6208:
6204:
6188:Meteor No.38
6183:Gran' No.11L
6170:
6166:Molniya-2-15
6128:
6121:
6034:
5905:Molniya-2-14
5895:Molniya-1-31
5874:
5824:Apollo–Soyuz
5822:
5813:Molniya-2-13
5720:
5663:
5609:Molniya-1-29
5566:
5538:
5537:
5435:
5411:Molniya-2-12
5368:
5283:Mars Society
5265:
5258:
5212:Terraforming
5207:Colonization
5133:Voyager Mars
5125:
5113:
5106:
4932:
4912:
4883:
4870:Mangalyaan-2
4869:
4788:Mars 1M No.1
4747:
4727:
4711:
4697:
4685:
4661:
4654:
4648:Schiaparelli
4647:
4639:
4629:Deep Space 2
4618:
4611:
4604:
4603:
4564:
4556:
4549:
4542:
4535:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4454:
4441:
4434:
4336:Perseverance
4335:
4316:
4295:
4288:
4263:
4258:Mars Express
4256:
4249:
4156:
4144:
3978:
3971:
3965:
3957:
3950:
3941:
3934:
3927:
3920:
3751:
3700:Perseverance
3699:
3661:
3654:
3631:
3591:
3574:
3558:New Horizons
3556:
3549:
3542:
3515:
3507:
3483:
3471:
3464:
3451:
3439:
3431:
3392:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3099:
3083:Apollo–Soyuz
2698:
2692:
2691:
2637:
2628:
2615:
2580:
2576:
2566:
2547:
2539:
2534:
2525:
2498:
2494:
2484:
2465:
2453:
2445:the original
2441:www.msss.com
2440:
2431:
2419:. Retrieved
2415:the original
2401:
2389:. Retrieved
2369:
2357:. Retrieved
2353:
2344:
2330:
2323:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2254:November 10,
2252:. Retrieved
2228:the original
2219:
2212:
2192:
2185:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2132:November 10,
2130:. Retrieved
2120:
2079:
2075:
2048:. Retrieved
2044:
2035:
2023:. Retrieved
1983:
1976:
1956:
1926:
1904:. Retrieved
1900:
1890:
1878:. Retrieved
1874:
1864:
1852:. Retrieved
1846:
1836:
1827:
1817:
1807:November 27,
1805:. Retrieved
1796:
1787:
1775:. Retrieved
1769:
1730:
1711:
1665:
1647:
1644:
1627:
1609:
1589:
1571:Schiaparelli
1570:
1550:
1532:
1515:Perseverance
1514:
1494:
1410:
1394:Deep Space 2
1374:
1354:
1311: Active
1299:
1140:Olympus Mons
1107:
1099:
1075:
1048:
1033:
1002:
987:
959:
942:
933:
912:
894:
884:
871:
870:
853:
849:
837:
833:
831:
819:
812:
789:
785:
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742:
738:
732:
693:
687:
672:
663:
640:
614:
604:
593:
574:
556:
547:
546:
545:
535:
521:
514:
458:Landing site
449:36455 18:40
436:Landing date
428:
404:
326:Eccentricity
287:Last contact
164:Manufacturer
121:Lander: 9024
57:Mission type
44:
31:
27:
18:
6247:Spaceflight
6077:Explorer 55
6015:Explorer 54
5885:Symphonie 2
5614:Explorer 53
5147:Exploration
4996:MELOS rover
4899:(mid 2020s)
4838:Fobos-Grunt
4712:Opportunity
3986:Deep fields
3914:and artwork
3912:NASA images
3484:Opportunity
2953:NASA Social
2779:and history
1854:February 2,
1777:February 2,
1495:Opportunity
1331:(See also:
901:perchlorate
773: /
761:312°03′00″E
701:heat shield
594:Opportunity
565:as part of
483: /
420:Mars lander
370:47.26 hours
356:Inclination
319:Areocentric
250:Launch site
221:Launch date
180:Launch mass
6257:Categories
6161:Kosmos 786
6141:Kosmos 785
6107:Kosmos 784
6102:Kosmos 783
6092:Kosmos 782
6087:Kosmos 781
6082:Kosmos 780
6062:Kosmos 779
6057:Kosmos 778
6052:Kosmos 777
6047:Kosmos 776
6020:Kosmos 775
6010:Kosmos 774
6005:Kosmos 773
6000:Kosmos 772
5985:Kosmos 771
5980:Kosmos 770
5975:Kosmos 769
5965:Kosmos 768
5960:Kosmos 767
5955:Kosmos 766
5950:Kosmos 765
5945:Kosmos 764
5940:Kosmos 763
5935:Kosmos 762
5930:Kosmos 761
5925:Kosmos 760
5920:Kosmos 759
5900:Kosmos 758
5890:Kosmos 757
5880:Kosmos 756
5870:Kosmos 755
5865:Kosmos 754
5855:Kosmos 753
5845:Kosmos 752
5840:Kosmos 751
5835:Kosmos 750
5808:Kosmos 749
5803:Kosmos 748
5798:Kosmos 747
5793:Kosmos 746
5788:Kosmos 745
5778:Kosmos 744
5763:Kosmos 743
5728:Kosmos 742
5716:Kosmos 741
5711:Kosmos 740
5706:Kosmos 739
5701:Kosmos 738
5696:Kosmos 737
5691:Kosmos 736
5686:Kosmos 735
5681:Kosmos 734
5676:Kosmos 733
5671:Kosmos 732
5644:Kosmos 731
5604:Kosmos 730
5599:Kosmos 729
5584:Kosmos 728
5579:Kosmos 727
5562:Kosmos 726
5552:Kosmos 725
5547:Kosmos 724
5533:Kosmos 723
5518:Kosmos 722
5508:Kosmos 721
5503:Kosmos 720
5498:Kosmos 719
5488:Kosmos 718
5483:Kosmos 717
5478:Kosmos 716
5473:Kosmos 715
5468:Kosmos 714
5463:Kosmos 713
5458:Kosmos 712
5453:Kosmos 711
5448:Kosmos 710
5431:Kosmos 709
5426:Kosmos 708
5406:Kosmos 707
5401:Kosmos 706
5396:Kosmos 705
5391:Kosmos 704
5381:Kosmos 703
5376:Kosmos 702
5221:Strategies
5115:Red Dragon
5077:Mars-Aster
5021:Sky-Sailor
5016:Phootprint
4986:Mars-Grunt
4803:2MV-3 No.1
4798:2MV-4 No.1
4750:helicopter
4565:Mangalyaan
4074:Moon rocks
3834:Astronauts
3827:NASA lists
3684:OSIRIS-REx
3518:helicopter
3386:Pioneer 11
3379:Pioneer 10
3182:Hitchhiker
3057:suborbital
2894:Space Race
2409:(Report).
2381:(Report).
2050:August 16,
1843:"Viking 1"
1793:"Viking 1"
1723:References
889:Antarctica
758:22°41′49″N
705:atmosphere
553:spacecraft
489: (
294:1982-11-11
264:Contractor
240:Titan IIIE
23:Viking One
6205:underline
6178:Prognoz 4
5768:Venera 10
5594:Aryabhata
5416:Starlette
5386:Landsat 2
5288:Mars race
5102:NetLander
5062:Marsokhod
5040:proposals
5038:Cancelled
4842:Yinghuo-1
4823:Mariner 8
4818:2M No.522
4808:Mariner 3
4760:Mars 2020
4748:Ingenuity
4686:Sojourner
4662:Tianwen-1
4483:Mariner 9
4410:Mariner 4
4342:Mars 2020
4317:Curiosity
4296:Tianwen-1
4101:Moon tree
3922:Earthrise
3797:Goldstone
3694:Mars 2020
3663:Voyager 2
3656:Voyager 1
3592:Curiosity
3536:operating
3534:Currently
3516:Ingenuity
3453:MESSENGER
3432:Sojourner
3361:Mercury 3
3351:Apollo 11
3298:Discovery
3288:Explorers
2877:Augustine
2841:Augustine
2177:0162-3192
1875:Space.com
1590:Sojourner
1375:Curiosity
811:near the
713:parachute
696:aeroshell
690:aeroshell
662:7, 1980,
659:periapsis
623:Apollo 11
441:11:53:06
167:Orbiter:
97:1975-075C
89:1975-075A
86:Orbiter:
79:COSPAR ID
6151:OPS 3165
6146:Satcom 1
6117:OPS 5547
6112:OPS 4428
6072:Soyuz 20
6025:OPS 5499
5915:Viking 2
5875:Viking 1
5773:OPS 4966
5758:Nimbus 6
5748:OPS 6381
5743:Venera 9
5665:Soyuz 18
5659:OPS 6226
5639:OPS 9436
5634:OPS 9435
5589:OPS 4883
5493:OPS 2439
5370:Soyuz 17
5252:Advocacy
5187:Aircraft
5155:Concepts
5087:Mars One
5057:Beagle 3
4944:Proposed
4934:Kazachok
4917:) (2028)
4891:EscaPADE
4781:launches
4739:Aircraft
4718:timeline
4704:timeline
4646:ExoMars
4634:Beagle 2
4612:Viking 2
4605:Viking 1
4529:Phobos 2
4524:Phobos 1
4511:Viking 2
4504:Viking 1
4466:Orbiters
4347:timeline
4328:timeline
4271:timeline
4242:Orbiters
4145:Category
3807:Canberra
3719:timeline
3707:timeline
3643:timeline
3599:timeline
3496:observed
3491:timeline
3459:Aquarius
3399:timeline
3372:Magellan
3334:missions
3232:Surveyor
3168:programs
3098:Shuttle–
3039:programs
2871:Aldridge
2790:creation
2700:Viking 2
2693:Viking 1
2629:Viking 1
2627:Image –
2616:Viking 1
2555:Archived
2473:Archived
2421:July 20,
2391:June 22,
2359:March 5,
2315:42661323
2307:17747782
2112:17747776
2025:July 18,
1906:July 18,
1880:June 14,
1676:See also
1666:Viking 2
1648:Viking 1
1355:Beagle 2
1333:Mars map
1076:Viking 1
1049:Viking 1
1034:Viking 1
1003:Viking 1
988:Viking 1
960:Viking 1
943:Viking 1
934:Viking 1
913:Viking 1
872:Viking 1
850:Viking 1
834:Viking 1
813:Viking 1
745:Viking 1
733:Viking 1
673:Viking 1
664:Viking 1
615:Viking 1
575:Viking 1
558:Viking 2
548:Viking 1
529:Viking 2
470:312°03′E
429:Viking 1
405:Viking 1
188:Dry mass
183:3,530 kg
172:Lander:
94:Lander:
68:Operator
32:Viking 1
6221:Portals
6209:italics
6172:Unnamed
6030:Triad 2
5753:P-226-1
5619:Anik A3
5172:Landing
5167:Orbiter
4956:DePhine
4909:ExoMars
4862:Planned
4833:Mars 96
4793:1M No.2
4755:flights
4728:Zhurong
4655:InSight
4640:Phoenix
4576:Landers
4436:Rosetta
4298:orbiter
4157:Commons
4035:Related
3844:by year
3839:by name
3616:GOES 15
3606:GOES 14
3523:flights
3509:InSight
3465:Cassini
3393:Galileo
3318:SIMPLEx
3293:Voyager
3261:Current
3217:Pioneer
3187:Mariner
3166:Robotic
3147:Artemis
3120:Current
3063:Mercury
3055: (
2948:NASA TV
2887:General
2786:History
2715:Related
2585:Bibcode
2503:Bibcode
2299:1742881
2279:Bibcode
2271:Science
2157:Bibcode
2104:1742875
2084:Bibcode
2076:Science
1628:Zhurong
1533:Phoenix
1411:InSight
1289:landers
1279:of the
1272:discuss
1101:Cassini
895:Phoenix
647:vidicon
643:orbiter
637:Orbiter
611:Centaur
601:Mission
582:⁄
467:22°16′N
445: (
407:Orbiter
396:orbiter
330:0.88221
292: (
244:Centaur
226: (
129:Website
108:SATCAT
47:orbiter
6042:GOES 1
5910:Kiku 1
5738:SRET-2
5629:Castor
5624:Polluz
5557:GEOS-3
5357:1976 →
5342:← 1974
5001:MetNet
4905:(2026)
4893:(2024)
4873:(2024)
4855:Future
4779:Failed
4698:Spirit
4680:PrOP-M
4673:Rovers
4664:lander
4599:Mars 7
4594:Mars 6
4589:Mars 3
4584:Mars 2
4551:Nozomi
4493:Mars 5
4488:Mars 4
4478:Mars 3
4473:Mars 2
4455:Psyche
4430:Mars 7
4425:Mars 6
4415:Zond 2
4405:Mars 1
4397:Flybys
4308:Rovers
4234:Active
3802:Madrid
3735:Future
3650:NuSTAR
3581:THEMIS
3503:RHESSI
3440:Spirit
3237:Viking
3227:Ranger
3078:Skylab
3073:Apollo
3068:Gemini
2926:Budget
2879:(2009)
2873:(2004)
2867:(2004)
2861:(2003)
2855:(2002)
2853:CFUSAI
2849:(1996)
2843:(1990)
2837:(1989)
2831:(1987)
2825:(1986)
2823:Rogers
2819:(1986)
2813:(1958)
2807:(1958)
2801:(1915)
2777:Policy
2638:Viking
2313:
2305:
2297:
2200:
2175:
2110:
2102:
1991:
1964:
1934:
1610:Spirit
1460:Mars 6
1444:Mars 3
1428:Mars 2
1323:
1316:
1309:
1250:crater
1248:Cobres
1232:Phobos
915:lander
897:Lander
885:Viking
688:Viking
679:Lander
655:Phobos
431:Lander
366:Period
236:Rocket
45:Viking
6130:DAD-B
6123:DAD-A
5860:Cos-B
5783:OSO-8
5568:RM-20
5443:Taiyo
5421:SMS-2
5182:Rover
5162:Flyby
5127:Vesta
5011:PADME
4278:MAVEN
3747:NISAR
3702:rover
3674:MAVEN
3594:rover
3575:Swift
3486:rover
3447:LADEE
3442:rover
3434:rover
3411:GRAIL
3406:GALEX
3197:MESUR
3142:Orion
2943:NASA+
2919:Chief
2817:Paine
2379:(PDF)
2336:(PDF)
2311:S2CID
2295:JSTOR
2231:(PDF)
2224:(PDF)
2100:JSTOR
1703:Notes
809:rocks
607:Titan
376:Epoch
360:39.3°
254:LC-41
198:Power
5995:Aura
5830:DM-2
5350:1975
4884:Hera
4443:Dawn
4389:Past
4289:Hope
4204:Mars
3726:PACE
3669:WISE
3632:Juno
3472:Dawn
3416:WMAP
3356:COBE
3344:Past
3175:Past
3053:X-15
3046:Past
2859:CAIB
2829:Ride
2799:NACA
2769:NASA
2423:2011
2411:NASA
2393:2009
2383:NASA
2361:2021
2333:JPL"
2303:PMID
2256:2022
2198:ISBN
2173:ISSN
2134:2022
2108:PMID
2052:2019
2027:2019
1989:ISBN
1962:ISBN
1932:ISBN
1908:2019
1901:NASA
1882:2024
1856:2014
1848:NASA
1828:NASA
1809:2018
1801:NASA
1779:2014
1771:NASA
1287:and
1268:view
1157:Mars
846:sols
832:The
743:The
567:NASA
563:Mars
394:Mars
72:NASA
61:Mars
4202:to
3679:MMS
3100:Mir
2620:by
2593:doi
2581:234
2511:doi
2287:doi
2275:193
2165:doi
2092:doi
2080:193
1573:EDM
1155:on
627:UTC
569:'s
451:AMT
447:MSD
443:UTC
169:JPL
110:no.
6259::
4840:/
4627:/
2591:.
2579:.
2575:.
2509:.
2499:43
2497:.
2493:.
2439:.
2352:.
2309:.
2301:.
2293:.
2285:.
2239:^
2171:.
2163:.
2151:.
2106:.
2098:.
2090:.
2060:^
2043:.
2018:.
2003:^
1946:^
1916:^
1899:.
1873:.
1845:.
1826:.
1799:.
1795:.
1768:.
1748:^
1738:.
1339:)
1335:;
1320:•
1313:•
1270:•
858:.
256:,
6223::
5333:e
5326:t
5319:v
4911:(
4192:e
4185:t
4178:v
4045:"
4041:"
3814:)
3795:(
3107:)
3089:)
3059:)
2792:)
2788:(
2761:e
2754:t
2747:v
2668:e
2661:t
2654:v
2601:.
2595::
2587::
2519:.
2513::
2505::
2425:.
2395:.
2363:.
2338:.
2329:"
2317:.
2289::
2281::
2258:.
2206:.
2179:.
2167::
2159::
2153:2
2136:.
2114:.
2094::
2086::
2054:.
2029:.
1997:.
1970:.
1940:.
1910:.
1884:.
1858:.
1830:.
1811:.
1781:.
1742:.
1305:(
1274:)
1266:(
609:/
584:4
580:1
493:)
453:)
296:)
242:/
230:)
25:.
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