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789:
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699:
804:. In 1955, children playing there found bones that turned out to be human bones. The following year, systematic archaeological excavations began and it soon became clear that the remains of a Viking woman had been found here. She was about 1.55 m tall and, as was common at the time, was buried with her head facing east-northeast. A clasp of Celtic-Scottish origin was found on her body. The historian
192:, where the Scandinavians had already established their rule, or he may have been a baptized Norwegian given the nickname by Irish missionaries. In any case, the first people to settle the Faroe Islands around this time were people from the surrounding Scandinavian dominions to the south and east - mostly Scandinavians themselves, but certainly with Celtic slaves and women in their luggage.
966:, the attempt to kill Sigmundur and Tóri, and the enslavement of the two boys - and ordered him to pay man-money to Sigmundur and Tóri. In addition, the king allowed Tróndur í Gøtu to remain on the Faroe Islands as long as he submitted to Norwegian rule, which in turn was to be represented by Sigmundur, who was thus - theoretically - promised the entire Faroe Islands as a fiefdom.
22:
570:
153:
988:
887:
was 9 years old when he witnessed the death of his father
Brestir, in which Tróndur í Gøtu was not actively involved, but was in the background. After the bloody deed, Tróndur suggested killing Sigmundur and his cousin Tóri Beinirsson (Beinir's then 11-year-old son), but Svínoyar-Bjarni refused.
403:. This has not changed until today. The population of the Faroe Islands after the second wave of land grabbing was perhaps 3000 people. This number remained almost stable until the end of the 18th century and did not exceed 4000. Agriculture in this very limited area did not allow for more.
156:
Schematic representation of the settlement using an old map. The arrow pointing from the Faroe
Islands towards the British Isles is somewhat misleading. The settlement took place in exactly the opposite direction. Also, the Faroese were not conquerors of other countries. Faroese stamp from
954:. Sigmundur is said to have gone there with 50 of Bjarni's men and killed Øssur in a duel, probably after he requested mercy and a settlement. After this battle, there was a truce between Sigmundur's and Tróndur's parties. However, while Tróndur wanted the matter to be settled before the
498:
143:
When the
Vikings first visited the Faroe Islands in 795, they found monks from Ireland living as hermits. They, in turn, had found no native population to convert, so they bred sheep and planted oats, among other things, which now allows them to date their arrival to around 625.
860:. There were simmering conflicts between these two parties, which came to light with the dispute between Einar and Eldjarn (one of Brestir and Beinir's followers, the other of Havgrímur). Havgrímur refused Brestir's attempt at mediation, and so there was a trial before the
169:. In any case, they are considered to be the first settlers there. At this time, the Faroe Islands may have been uninhabited for 30 years, as Scandinavians had not yet settled on the Faroe Islands. According to this hypothesis, which is based on the account in the book
910:, the then 10-year-old son of Havgrím (i.e. the possible heir to Sigmundur and Tóri). This made him the sole ruler of the Faroe Islands: Sigmundur and Tóri were in Norway, and Øssur was his foster child. The Faroese saga tells us that Tróndur gave him the estates of
1035:
until he attacked Tróndur at his home in 999 and forced him to convert to
Christianity by force. However, this baptism was more formal and powerful politically, and Tróndur subsequently prepared the murder of Sigmundur Brestisson, which took place in 1005.
785:. According to Pløyen, it was 24 feet long and 4 feet wide. Iron objects and human bones were found there. It is said that a grinding stone was also found. This excavation was considered unprofessional and unofficial. It was abandoned and never resumed.
250:(r. 870–933). The Faroese saga tells us that many people fled from his rule. One of the reasons is the tax burden. As in the first land conquest, the immigrants came from Norway and probably also from the parts of the British Isles controlled by Norway.
114:
Although the dates and events mentioned in this article are generally regarded as indisputable in the Faroe
Islands and form part of the national founding myth, they should always be viewed with a certain degree of caution, as the Faroese
581:
People lived in typical longhouses made of stone. They had only one room with a fireplace in the middle and benches along the walls. Foundations of such houses were excavated in many places on the Faroe
Islands from 1941, first in
749:
The Viking graves on the Faroe
Islands deserve special attention, as they allow conclusions to be drawn about burial rites and the cult of the dead. The Vikings buried their dead above ground and aligned the bodies facing
729:
It is not known whether there were sacrificial sites in places like Tórshavn and Hósvík. The
Faroese saga does not reveal any details about the Norse beliefs practiced at that time. It is assumed that the sacrificial cult
325:. It is said that people from the Faroe Islands and Bergen can still communicate in their respective local dialects without much difficulty. The relationship between this Norwegian trading metropolis and later
261:
The fact that the majority of these
Vikings on the Faroe Islands came from Norway can be determined by a linguistic peculiarity (in addition to other similarities with the dialects of western Norway): In
946:, who was surprised at home. Bjarni was able to explain that it was he who had fought for the lives of the young men in 970, and so he came to an agreement with Sigmundur by revealing the whereabouts of
918:
when he was growing up, as well as the part of the Faroe
Islands that his father had ruled. This could have been from 980. However, Tróndur was probably the real and only lord of the archipelago.
478:
served as an important food supplement and were practiced near the coast in the fjords. The typical Faroese boat still stands as a reminder of these times. It is still built in the style of the
903:
at that time are testimony to this episode. In any case, Ravnur brought the two to Norway and thus to safety (not only from Trónd's point of view, who had to fear revenge for the murder).
104:
Unfortunately for historians, many sources from this period have been lost in the various devastations of libraries and archives. The most important source we have today is therefore the
958:, Sigmundur demanded a verdict from Håkon Jarl in Norway. Around 984 Sigmundur and Tóri traveled back to Norway, where the king found Tróndur guilty of all four charges - the murder of
131:
investigations on the Faroe Islands in recent decades so our picture of that time is becoming increasingly clear. Most of the archaeological finds from this period can be found in the
1027:
not only that Olav had appointed him sole ruler of the Faroe Islands, but also that all inhabitants should now convert to Christianity. This was met with violent protests led by
634:. The latter, however, dates from the 16th century, proving that runes were used in addition to the Latin script well into the Catholic era. The Faroese Sigurd songs and other
1023:
in 995, he invited Sigmundur Brestisson to join him in 997. The two became friends, Sigmundur was baptized and sailed back to the Faroe Islands in 998 to announce at the
489:
also provided an abundance of food. Seabird hunting was much more important here than in other countries - and still is. Of the dozens of species, three were preferred.
447:, and Faroese wool was already an important export at that time. There were also cows and, unlike today, many pigs. The name of the island, Svínoy, testifies to this.
942:
of Norway. They wanted their stolen property back and were now old enough to avenge the death of their fathers. According to the Faroese saga, they first encountered
835:, who each represented the opposing camps in a feud that lasted 65 years on the Faroe Islands. This story begins around 970 and forms the main plot line of the saga.
839:
Despite reservations about the objectivity and accuracy of the Faroese saga, the following picture emerges, which is generally accepted as the chronicle of the time.
62:
Everyday life in the Viking Age. On the Faroe Islands, the Norse settlers were poor farmers who created a new, free homeland for themselves. Stamp block from 2005
848:
Around 969 the situation on the Faroe Islands was as follows: There were two Norwegian fiefdoms, one belonging to Havgrímur of Hov, the other to the brothers
984:) from Norway to the Faroe Islands, where they would remain for the rest of their lives. The two are considered the first great women in Faroese history.
1229:
969:
At the Althing in 985, Tróndur reluctantly accepted these terms and demanded payment in installments over three years. In the same year, Tróndur took
242:
The great immigration to the Faroe Islands took place around 880–900. This wave of land occupation is precisely dated to 885–890. It was the time of
770:) commemorate great personalities. Those who fell in battle received an upright stone, and those who grew old peacefully received a recumbent one.
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that summer. However, he knew the background and demanded money to take them to Norway. Incidentally, the trade routes from the Faroe Islands to
1239:
383:, as the king in Norway, 500 kilometers away, had no power on the archipelago during the Viking Age, and the thing was an assembly of the local
376:. It is one of the oldest parliaments in the world (see there). In addition to the central Thing, there were local Thing sites called Várting.
123:. Very clear myths that appear completely unrealistic are labeled as such (usually in the further articles on individual episodes of the saga).
1215:
1261:
1212: (archived April 17, 2012) (very extensive, most of it in English, much also in German, for example, a summary of the Faroese saga, etc.)
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Tróndur was 25 years old at the time. He tried to get rid of the two young boys quickly by offering them as slaves to the Norwegian merchant
31:
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Sigmundur Brestisson and his cousin Tóri Beinirsson returned to the Faroes for the first time in 983. They were traveling on behalf of King
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in 1349 and 1350, with the loss of a third of the population, that dramatic changes occurred, creating space and demand for new immigrants.
467:
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Even if it is not entirely clear what the political order of the Faroe Islands was like at this time, it is no exaggeration to speak of a
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973:(Øssur Havgrímsson's son) for himself - probably also to take revenge on Sigmundur by repeatedly demanding man-money from Sigmundur.
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The descendants of the two waves of settlements effectively formed the population for the next 450 years. It was not until the
58:
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517:. Faroese clay does not have particularly good properties, and the lack of trees meant that fuel was always in short supply.
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also arrived in the Faroe Islands during this period. According to tradition, he discovered Iceland around 850 and named it
1180:(„From the Vikings to the Reformation“). Rosenkilde og Bakker, Kopenhagen 1982 (Danish translation, basis of this article)
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in 970 did not end with the death of the two brothers. They also managed to kill Havgrímur and five of his men in battle.
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Instead, Sigmundur and Tóri came under the guardianship of Tróndur, who had no children of his own and was unmarried.
299:. From a Faroese perspective, such a neologism would make no sense, as there is land to the northwest in the form of
892:
734:) was practiced in the open air. However, there was also a kind of temple in the form of the hof, as is assumed in
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The Vikings were excellent sailors. Their navigational skills are honored on this 2002 Faroe Islands stamp block.
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Food and drink were primarily sacrificed to the gods, but animals and people were also offered less frequently.
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vessels, probably imported from Norway, predominated. However, soapstone is also found on the neighboring
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and statements in other external sources that can support the stories there and allow us to date them.
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dating to 860–970, indicating that Christianity existed in the Faroes before official Christianization
788:
432:
295:("out south"). These terms can only be coined by people who live on a continental west coast, such as
195:
1106:, 28(2), 101-120. University of Wisconsin Press. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/40316279
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in 2006 prove that the third or fourth generation of Vikings were already living there around 900.
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was produced for animal feed. Over time, the Faroese horses developed into a separate breed, the
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in 1955. It is 24.7 cm long and carved from a piece of driftwood. Today it is on display at the
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1232:(German descriptive text for the stamp issue of Postverk Føroya from April 10, 1989 - Artist:
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533:. Juniper has almost disappeared from the Faroe Islands today, partly due to climate change.
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The biggest historical break in this period was the Christianization of the Faroe Islands by
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shows. Jewelry was made not only from the metals mentioned but also from bone, pearls, and
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and the Faroe Islands has always played a special role throughout the centuries. See also:
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372:(as is still the case in Iceland today). Since around 1400, it has borne its current name
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entered a land around 825 where there were only the sheep and seabirds left by the monks.
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1242:(German descriptive text for the stamp issue of Postverk Føroya from February 11, 2002)
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Sedimentary DNA and molecular evidence for early human occupation of the Faroe Islands.
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751:
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thus became the capital of the islands early on. The thing at that time was called the
1248:(German descriptive text for the stamp issue of Postverk Føroya from February 7, 2005)
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1139:. Serie: Nordic Studies in Religion and Culture, 2017. Volume number: 4. LIT Verlag.
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was used as currency, but later foreign coins were also used, as the coin found in
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dialect. His symbol is the hammer, which still adorns the capital's coat of arms.
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574:
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A carved wooden boat used as a children's toy was found during the excavations at
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321:(unknown land) at the time. And: from a Faroese point of view, every direction is
1164:
From the Vikings to the Reformation. A Chronicle of the Faroe Islands up to 1538
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and his uncle Svínoyar-Bjarni, who plotted with Havgrímur to kill the brothers.
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and at the same time the end of the Faroe Islands as a free settler republic.
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Viking and Medieval Settlement in the Faroes: People, Place and Environment.
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by the Vikings around 795 took place, or whether only some of them went to
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was 21 m long and 5.75 m wide. The walls were 1.5 m thick. Stamp from 1982
387:, i.e. the large farmers. This was also where jurisdiction was exercised.
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The first professional excavation of a burial site took place in 1956 in
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in Hov. The one from Havgrímur stands upright because it fell in battle.
561:. Clothing was probably similar to that of Norway or the British Isles.
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The Vikings on the Faroe Islands were an agricultural people. They grew
792:
The grave of Havgrímur in Hov. In the foreground the grave of his horse
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It is not entirely clear whether the often-claimed expulsion of the
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It was probably around 986 that Sigmundur brought his family (wife
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Entstehung einer Gesellschaft. Fehde und Bündnis bei den Wikingern
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are most likely based on old oral traditions from the Viking Age.
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Färöische Religionsgeschichte: Von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart
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against the arrival of Christianity. Allegorical depiction on a
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15:
222:. According to a more recent theory, his (presumed) daughter
781:
in Hov was opened on the initiative of the Danish governor
74:'s conquest of the country around 825 until the death of
1240:
Färöische Briefmarken – Wikinger als Atlantikseefahrer
1115:Curtin, L., D’Andrea, W.J., Balascio, N.L. et al.
1051:Arge, S.V., Sveinbjarnardóttir, G., Edwards, K.J.
1230:Färöische Briefmarken – Wikinger-Kinderspielzeug
1206:Tjatsi.fo – Färöische Sagen, Mythen und Legenden
758:, with the head pointing in that direction. The
455:, of which only a few individuals remain today.
117:is not a chronicle in the true sense of the word
1246:Färöische Briefmarken – Der Alltag der Wikinger
525:, so perhaps they came from there. The local
427:A horse as a children's toy. It was found in
315:are located to the northeast and southwest -
188:origin. Grímur Kamban may have come from the
8:
1195:(PhD dissertation, University of Kiel 1993).
1178:Færøerne. Fra vikingetiden til reformationen
1019:converted to Christianity in 994 and became
203:Grímur's settlement is said to have been in
658:(Thor's Harbor) named after him, but so is
505:. In the background the inscription on the
622:have been found in the Faroe Islands: The
86:Islands in 1035, and the rise to power of
906:Tróndur took another boy into his care:
57:
1044:
678:(Thor is the god of thunder) is called
1166:. Shearwater Press, Isle of Man 1979,
872:, but he would not play along, unlike
773:In 1834, the tomb of the high priest (
654:, and not only is the Faroese capital
650:. The most powerful of their gods was
606:The language of the first Faroese was
307:to the southeast, while the shores of
97:in 999, which heralded the end of the
1011:Christianization of the Faroe Islands
808:dated the grave to the 10th century.
395:At that time, all the islands of the
391:Settlement and population development
32:Norse settlement in the Faroe Islands
7:
879:The murder of Brestir and Beinir on
468:National Museum of the Faroe Islands
331:Monopoly trade via the Faroe Islands
133:National Museum of the Faroe Islands
1119:Commun Earth Environ 2, 2021, 253.
399:were already inhabited, except for
55:Period of Faroe history, c 825-1035
1031:, forcing Sigmundur to retreat to
513:There was relatively little local
360:on the peninsula named after him,
184:The name Kamban itself suggests a
14:
1216:Färöische Briefmarken – Landnahme
721:The two menhirs of Havgrímur and
470:. Stamp by Bárður Jákupsson 1989.
646:The Vikings were members of the
20:
811:The British-led excavations in
234:, who will be discussed below.
68:Viking Age in the Faroe Islands
1:
1262:History of the Faroe Islands
844:Murder of Brestir and Beinir
823:The two protagonists of the
171:Liber de Mensura Orbis Terræ
614:evolved. It was written in
29:It has been suggested that
1283:
1125:10.1038/s43247-021-00318-0
541:Metal had to be imported.
1100:The Landnám in the Faroes
1068:10.1007/s10745-005-4745-1
994:defends himself with the
682:on the Faroe Islands, or
674:means bay). Accordingly,
127:There have been numerous
46:Proposed since June 2024.
1082:Reference Series, 2012,
610:, from which the modern
173:by the Irish chronicler
1187:. Reimer, Berlin 1994,
214:The Norwegian emigrant
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509:stone. Stamp from 1981
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238:Second settlement wave
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1267:Viking Age in Denmark
1226:dated March 14, 1982)
1080:Färöische Geschichte.
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1183:Klaus R. Schroeter:
1098:Arge, S. V. (1991).
1062:, 2005, p. 597–620.
930:Wooden crosses from
893:Ravnur Hólmgarðsfari
885:Sigmundur Brestisson
829:Sigmundur Brestisson
419:Diet and acquisition
95:Sigmundur Brestisson
39:into this article. (
1104:Arctic Anthropology
1025:Althing on Tinganes
982:Tóra Sigmundsdóttir
978:Turið Torkilsdóttir
956:Althing in Tinganes
862:Althing on Tinganes
333:(period 1529–1856)
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431:in 1957. Stamp by
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199:Grave of Havgrimur
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90:in the same year.
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1176:George V. Young:
1162:George V. Young:
1145:978-3-643-13580-3
1088:978-1-158-99088-7
1017:Olav I Tryggvason
948:Øssur Havgrímsson
908:Øssur Havgrímsson
694:Sacrificial sites
573:The longhouse of
501:The runestone of
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612:Faroese language
523:Shetland Islands
433:Bárður Jákupsson
352:Around 900, the
327:Hanseatic League
281:("land south"),
274:("land north"),
121:historical novel
88:Leivur Øssursson
80:Viking chieftain
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414:Everyday life
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1157:Bibliography
1136:
1135:Kai Merten.
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825:Faroese saga
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800:in northern
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632:Fámjin stone
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588:Fuglafjørður
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555:Sandur Hoard
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70:lasted from
67:
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45:
30:
1078:Books LLC.
901:Kievan Rus'
881:Stóra Dímun
806:Sverri Dahl
620:rune stones
549:were used.
480:Viking ship
408:Black Death
401:Lítla Dímun
337:First Thing
309:Spitsbergen
293:útsynningur
286:útnyrðingur
163:Irish monks
78:, the last
1256:Categories
1040:References
940:Håkon Jarl
762:of Hov on
630:, and the
596:Sandavágur
507:Kirkjubøur
503:Sandavágur
476:grindadráp
464:Kirkjubøur
453:Faroe pony
323:out to sea
270:is called
139:Settlement
99:Viking Age
798:Tjørnuvík
779:Havgrímur
608:Old Norse
519:Soapstone
290:southwest
283:northwest
276:southeast
268:northeast
216:Naddoddur
205:Funningur
1057:Hum Ecol
932:Toftanes
897:Novgorod
866:Snæúlvur
802:Streymoy
684:tósdagur
680:hósdagur
676:Thursday
670:-, and -
656:Tórshavn
618:. Three
602:Language
385:free men
381:Republic
366:Tórshavn
362:Tinganes
346:Tinganes
305:Shetland
220:Snowland
209:Eysturoy
1218:at the
1208:at the
996:Mjölnir
960:Brestir
912:Brestir
850:Brestir
764:Suðuroy
760:menhirs
712:Suðuroy
688:Suðuroy
686:in the
565:Housing
531:juniper
515:ceramic
374:Løgting
370:Althing
354:Faroese
301:Iceland
264:Faroese
228:Brestir
177:(825),
167:Iceland
119:, but a
82:on the
41:Discuss
1191:
1170:
1143:
1086:
1053:et al.
1033:Skúvoy
1015:After
964:Beinir
952:Skúvoy
916:Beinir
870:Sandoy
858:Skúvoy
854:Beinir
813:Sandur
660:Hósvík
626:, the
584:Kvívík
575:Kvívík
551:Silver
547:bronze
441:barley
429:Kvívík
297:Bergen
248:Norway
232:Beinir
186:Celtic
175:Dicuil
37:merged
1006:2000.
616:runes
559:amber
445:sheep
435:1989.
358:Thing
157:1982.
84:Faroe
1189:ISBN
1168:ISBN
1141:ISBN
1084:ISBN
962:and
914:and
852:and
831:and
827:are
732:blót
668:tórs
652:Thor
594:and
592:Gøta
545:and
543:Iron
527:tuff
485:The
311:and
303:and
230:and
115:saga
66:The
1121:doi
1064:doi
1002:by
950:on
899:in
868:of
856:of
736:Hov
710:on
708:Hov
706:in
704:hof
672:vík
664:hós
449:Hay
246:of
207:on
35:be
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