337:. According to his account, the king (despite his treasurer's objections) ordered that 500,000 gold coins be distributed to the poor and gave a man 100,000 gold coins to putt him back on track during a wild boar hunt. Around the same time, a Buddhist monk named Manoratha paid a barber 100,000 gold coins for shaving his head. Vikramaditya, who prided himself on his generosity, was embarrassed and arranged a debate between Manoratha and 100 non-Buddhist scholars. After Manoratha defeated 99 of the scholars, the king and other non-Buddhists shouted him down and humiliated him at the beginning of the last debate. Before his death, Manoratha wrote to his disciple Vasubandhu about the futility of debating biased, ignorant people. Shortly after Vikramaditya's death, Vasubandhu asked his successor, Baladitya, to organise another debate to avenge his mentor's humiliation. In this debate, Vasubandhu defeated 100 non-Buddhist scholars.
1088:
737:(a type of female spirit of the clouds and waters in Hinduism and Buddhist culture) who were turned into stone by a curse. When Bhoja tries to ascend the throne, one apsara comes to life and tells him to ascend the throne only if he is as magnanimous as Vikramaditya (as revealed by her tale). This leads to 32 attempts by Bhoja to ascend the throne, with 32 tales of Vikramaditya's virtue; after each, Bhoja acknowledges his inferiority. Pleased with his humility, the statues finally let him ascend the throne.
185:
480:. Shiva then ordered his attendant, Malyavat, to be born in Ujjain as the prince of the Avanti kingdom and kill the mlechchhas. The deity appeared to the Avanti king Mahendraditya in a dream, telling him that a son would be born to his queen Saumyadarshana. He asked the king to name the child Vikramaditya, and told him that the prince would be known as "Vishamashila" because of his hostility to enemies. Malyavat was born as Vikramaditya; when the prince grew up, Mahendraditya
1631:
1562:. The early Jain works do not mention Vikramaditya and the navaratnas have no historical basis as the nine scholars do not appear to have been contemporary figures. Legends surrounding Vikramaditya are contradictory, border on the fantastic and are inconsistent with historical facts; no epigraphic, numismatic or literary evidence suggests the existence of a king with the name (or title) of Vikramaditya around the first century BCE. Although the
1748:. However, according to D. C. Sircar, the epithet means "one whose gait is as beautiful as that of a choice elephant" and is unrelated to Vikramaditya. Most other Vikramaditya legends note the king's capital as Ujjain (or, less commonly, Pataliputra), but the Satavahanas never had their capital at these cities. Vikramaditya was also described as an adversary of the Pratishthana-based king Satavahana (or Shalivahana) in a number of legends.
388:
2058:, who established the 78 CE era. Both legends are historically inaccurate. There is a difference of 135 years between the beginning of the two eras, and Vikramaditya and Shalivahana could not have lived simultaneously. The association of the era beginning in 57 BCE with Vikramaditya is not found in any source before the ninth century. Earlier sources call this era by several names, including "Kṛṭa", "the era of the
47:
2794:
1440:), but his lifetime is uncertain. Amarasimha cannot be dated with certainty either, but his lexicon uses works by Dhanavantari and Kalidasa; therefore, he cannot be dated to the first century BCE (Vikramaditya is said to have established an era in 57 BCE). Little is known about Shanku, Vetalabhatta, Kshapanaka and Ghatakarpara. Some Jain writers identify
2192:
dates 493 and 529 it has been established that the era which commenced in 57 B.C. was founded by the
Malavas and dates from the time of the foundation of the Malava republic. The identification of the legendary king Vikramaditya of Ujjaini has been discussed at length by various scholars for a long time.
383:
at the courtesan's house. If a limb of one of these miraculous statues was broken off and gifted to someone, the golden limb would grow back. Mourning the loss of her lover, the courtesan turned to charity; known for her gifts of gold, she soon surpassed
Narasimha in fame. Vikramaditya later returned
2191:
The assumption of the title
Vikramaditya37 by Chandragupta II, has been responsible for confusing his name with the legendary founder of the Vikrama samvat of B.C. 58 in spite of the fact that ever since the discovery, in 1884, of the Mandasor stone inscription of the Guild of silk-weavers bearing
1198:
to find the child; the vetala traced
Satavahana in Pratishthana, and Vikramaditya led an army there. With Nāga magic, Satavahana converted his clay figures of horses, elephants and soldiers into a real army. He defeated Vikramaditya (who fled to Ujjain), began his own era, and became a Jain. There
2050:
Since there was a difference of over 130 years between the
Vikramaditya era and the Shaka era, Al-Biruni concluded that their founders were two kings with the same name. The Vikramaditya era named after the first, and the Shaka era was associated with the defeat of the Shaka ruler by the second
1682:
inscription alludes to
Vikramaditya ruling from Ujjain, and several Gutta kings were named Vikramaditya. According to Vasundhara Filliozat, the Guttas confused Vikramaditya with Chandragupta II; however, D. C. Sircar sees this as further proof that Vikramaditya was based on Chandragupta II.
1435:
There is no historical evidence indicating that the nine scholars were contemporary figures or proteges of the same king. Vararuchi is believed to have lived around the third or fourth century CE. Although
Kalidasa's lifetime is debated, most historians place him around the fifth century;
378:
and besieged
Pratishthana; he was defeated and forced to retreat. He then entered Pratishthana in disguise and won over a courtesan. Vikramaditya was her lover for some time before secretly returning to Pataliputra. Before his return, he left five golden statues which he had received from
373:
The first legend mentions
Vikramaditya's rivalry with the king of Pratishthana. In this version, that king is named Narasimha (not Shalivahana) and Vikramaditya's capital is Pataliputra (not Ujjain). According to the legend, Vikramaditya was an adversary of Narasimha who invaded
1199:
are several variations of this legend: Vikramaditya is killed by
Satavahana's arrow in battle; he marries Satavahana's daughter and they have a son (known as Vikramasena or Vikrama-charitra), or Satavahana is the son of Manorama, wife of a bodyguard of the king of Pratishthana.
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contain genealogies of significant Indian kings, they do not mention a Vikramaditya ruling from Ujjain or Pataliputra before the Gupta era. There is little possibility of an historically-unattested, powerful emperor ruling from Ujjain around the first century BCE among the
590:
mentions that Harsha Vikramaditya of Ujjayini defeated the Shakas. According to the chronicle Vikramaditya appointed his friend, the poet Matrigupta, ruler of Kashmir. After Vikramaditya's death, Matrigupta abdicated the throne in favour of Pravarasena. According to
1678:, a viceroy there. Ujjain may have become a second Gupta capital, and legends about him (as Vikramaditya) may have developed. The Guttas of Guttavalal, a minor dynasty based in present-day Karnataka, claimed descent from the Gupta Empire. Their
1478:
The same Jyothirvidabharana also mentions that Kalidasa, along with the other Navarathnas mentioned above, claimed to have worked in the court of Vikramaditya, the one who defeated the Roman Emperor and dragged him in the streets of Ujjayini.
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In most of the legends Vikramaditya had his capital at Ujjain, although some mention him as king of Pataliputra (the Gupta capital). According to D. C. Sircar, Chandragupta II may have defeated the Shaka invaders of Ujjain and made his son,
262:), mentions a king named Vikramaditya who gave away his wealth out of charity. However, many stanzas in this work are not common to its revisions and are apparent Gupta-period expansions. The verse about Vikramaditya is similar to a phrase—
689:
Vikramadhitya was often associated with the Poet Barthrhari, as the latter being the elder brother of the former; relinquishing the throne to his younger brother after finding his wife had an affair with a military officer of his court.
1143:). At Kalaka's insistence, the Shakas invaded Ujjain and made Gardabhilla their prisoner. Vikramaditya later arrived from Pratishthana, defeated the Shakas, and began the Vikrama Samvat era to commemorate his victory. According to
224:
language. Its existence (and its mention of Vikramaditya) is confirmed only by adaptations in surviving works dating to the sixth century and later and testimonials by contemporary poets. Since there is no surviving copy of
799:, an ancient Hindu text which has been edited till as late as 19th century, connects Vikramaditya to the Paramaras. According to the text (3.1.6.45-7.4), the first Paramara king was Pramara (born from a fire pit at
1428:, who dates the work to the 12th century, it could not have been composed by Kalidasa because it contains grammatical errors. There is no mention of such Navaratnas in earlier literature, and D. C. Sircar calls
1030:), Jain writers started to compare Kumarapala to Vikramaditya. By the end of the 13th century, legends featuring Vikramaditya as a Jain emperor began surfacing. A major theme in Jain tradition is that the Jain
1120:; in others, he is an ancestor of Shalivahana. A few legends call the king of Pratishthana "Vikramaditya". Political rivalry between the kings is sometimes extended to language, with Vikramaditya supporting
1194:(a means of transport) because he sculpted elephants, horses and other means of transport with clay and gave them to other children. Vikramaditya perceived omens that his killer had been born. He sent his
425:, a number of Indian vernacular versions and several English translations from Sanskrit and Hindi; it is the most popular of the Vikramaditya legends. There are minor variations among the recensions; see
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who renamed the era Vikrama Samvat. The earliest mention of the Shaka era as the Shalivahana era occurs in the 13th century, and may have been an attempt to remove the era's foreign association.
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from the Almanṣūra city; according to another, he was a non-Hindu who came from the west. In 78 CE, the Hindu king Vikramaditya defeated him and killed him in the Karur region, located between
1535:(not Ujjain). According to Raj Pruthi, legends surrounding this first-century king gradually became intertwined with those of later kings called "Vikramaditya" (including Chandragupta II).
1315:
told him that he should free a cow and calf; Ayodhya would be where milk began to flow from the cow's udder. Following this advice, Vikramaditya found the site of ancient Ayodhya.
524:, gave his daughter Madanalekha to Vikramaditya in marriage. The emperor also married three other women (Gunavati, Chandravati and Madanasundari) and Kalingasena, the princess of
1766:, the name of the Malava era was changed to Vikramaditya by Yashodharman. Hoernlé also believed that Yashodharman conquered Kashmir and is the Harsha Vikramaditya mentioned in
644:. Shalivahana's associate, Shudraka, later allied with Vikramaditya's successors and defeated Shalivahana's descendants. This legend contains a number of mythological stories.
307:, illustrating deficiencies in Samkhya philosophy. Vikramaditya, pleased with Vasubandhu's arguments, gave him 300,000 gold coins as well. Vasubandhu later taught Buddhism to
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3751:
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According to several later legends—particularly Jain legends—Vikramaditya established the 57 BCE era after he defeated the Shakas and was defeated in turn by
856:) in the south. The emperor united the four Agnivanshi clans by marrying princesses from the three non-Paramara clans: Vira from the Chauhan clan, Nija from the
740:
The author and date of the original work are unknown. Since the story mentions Bhoja (who died in 1055), it must have been composed after the 11th century. Five
706:(including Ujjain) from the ninth to the fourteenth century, associated themselves with Vikramaditya and other legendary kings to justify their imperial claims.
678:) contains "stories of magic and witchcraft, full of wonderful adventures, in which Vikramāditya plays the rôle of a powerful magician". Ganapati's 16th-century
1515:
later adopted the title of Vikramaditya after defeating the Shakas. Proponents of this theory say that Vikramaditya is mentioned in works dating to before the
1037:
converted Vikramaditya to Jainism. He is said to have told Vikramaditya that 1,199 years after him, there would be another great king like him (Kumarapala).
3891:
1330:, who compared himself to Rama and was also known as Vikramaditya, moved his capital to Saketa and renamed it Ayodhya after the legendary city in the
1307:, the city was re-discovered by Vikramaditya after it was lost for centuries. Vikramaditya began searching for Ayodhya and met Prayaga, the king of
3441:
Screen World Publication's 75 Glorious Years of Indian Cinema: Complete Filmography of All Films (silent & Hindi) Produced Between 1913-1988
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and others, the exploits of these kings contributed to the Vikramaditya legends. Distinctions among them were lost over time, and the legendary
1670:, Chandragupta's victory against the Shakas was transposed to a fictional character who is credited with establishing the Vikrama Samvat era.
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Other Jain texts contain variations of a legend about Vikramaditya's defeat at the hands of the king of Pratishthana, known as Satavahana or
917:, Vikramaditya's grandson, subjugated them and other invaders. Five hundred years after Shalivahana's death, Bhoja defeated later invaders.
299:("A-yu-ja") as the capital of King Vikramaditya ("Pi-ka-la-ma-a-chi-ta"). According to this legend, the king gave 300,000 gold coins to the
119:, and those who believe that he is based on a historical figure place him around the first century BCE. However, this era is identified as "
3744:
1994:
was named in honour of Vikramaditya. On 22 December 2016, a commemorative postage stamp honouring Samrat Vikramadittya was released by
1040:
Jain tradition originally had four Simhasana-related stories and four vetala-related puzzle stories. Later Jain authors adopted the 32
3886:
3605:
2795:"Sarma, KV (1977). "Review of The Manava Dharmasastra I-III and the Bhavisya Purana by Ludwik Sternbach". Cambridge University press"
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to the courtesan's house, where Narasimha met and befriended him. Vikramaditya married the courtesan and brought her to Pataliputra.
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to Vikramaditya. They ultimately defeat Shalivahana in the year 1443 (of an uncertain calendar era, possibly from the beginning of
311:
and converted the queen to Buddhism after the king's death. According to Subandhu, Vikramaditya was a glorious memory of his time.
370:, contain a number of legends about Vikramaditya. Each legend has several fantasy stories within a story, illustrating his power.
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535:
contains similar legends, with some variations; Vikramaditya's general Vikramashakti defeated a number of mlechchhas, including
303:
scholar Vindhyavasa for defeating Vasubandhu's Buddhist teacher (Buddhamitra) in a philosophical debate. Vasubandhu then wrote
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1967:
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pillar inscription, it is believed that Chandragupta II adopted the title Vikramaditya. The Khambat and Sangli plates of the
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2133:
2108:
2034:. The Vikramaditya era was used in southern and western India. Al-Biruni learned the following legend about the Shaka era:
31:
1507:
to Malwa around the first century BCE, and were defeated by Vikramaditya. The Krita era, which later came to be known as
2026:(973–1048) visited India, he learned that the Indians used five eras: Sri Harsha, Vikramaditya (57 BCE), Shaka (78 CE),
1959:
1452:
525:
793:-era legends associate the Paramara rulers with legendary kings, in order to enhance the Paramara imperial claims. The
3881:
1914:
1543:
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but is unconnected with the individual tales except for hearing them from the vetala. Although the frame story of the
666:
is a series of verse tales in which the emperor appears as a wise parrot; a similar series is found in the Jain text,
204:
75:) was a legendary king as mentioned in ancient Indian literature, featuring in traditional stories including those in
1740:
were the only notable ancient dynasty who ruled from Pratishthana. According to a Satavahana inscription, their king
1287:. The kings have a number of adventures, including finding treasures and inscriptions of Hindu kings from the age of
832:
faiths, Shiva sent Vikramaditya to earth and established a throne decorated with 32 designs for him (a reference to
733:
discovers the ancient throne of Vikramaditya after several centuries. The throne has 32 statues, who are actually
441:. At the end of the story, the reader learns that he was formerly Vikramaditya. Later texts, such as the Sanskrit
836:). Shiva's wife, Parvati, created a vetala to protect Vikramaditya and instruct him with riddles (a reference to
829:
1352:, Ayodhya was within their domain. However, scholars such as Ashvini Agrawal reject this account as inaccurate.
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and the castle of Loni. The astronomers and other people started using this date as the beginning of a new era.
1611:
1436:
Varahamihira is known to have lived in the sixth century. Dhanavantari was the author of a medical glossary (a
1233:
rite (cutting the body in nine places) to please the gods. He offers to cut his body in eight places (for the
844:(horse sacrifice). The wandering of the sacrificial horse defined the boundary of Vikramaditya's empire: the
1666:
use the epithet "Sahasanka", which has also been applied to Vikramaditya, for Chandragupta II. According to
193:
104:
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legend Vikramaditya has 32 marks on his body, a characteristic of universal emperors. A Brahmin in need of
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1226:. Although Vikramaditya agrees to sacrifice himself, the goddess fulfills his wish without the sacrifice.
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1762:. The Aulikaras used the Malava era (later known as Vikrama Samvat) in their inscriptions. According to
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1042:
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A Shaka ruler invaded north-western India and oppressed the Hindus. According to one source, he was a
1471:(both 11th century), Vikramaditya sent Kalidasa as his ambassador to the Kuntala country (present-day
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PM Narendra Modi dedicates largest warship INS Vikramaditya to the nation, pitches for self-reliance
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Kalidasa is the only figure whose association with Vikramaditya is mentioned in works earlier than
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1034:
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229:, it is unknown if it contained the Vikramaditya legends; its post-Gupta adaptations, such as the
1079:
places his victory at Ujjain in 57 BCE, and hints that his four successors ruled from 3 to 78 CE.
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The earliest uncontested mentions of Vikramaditya appear in sixth-century works: the biography of
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Few references to Vikramaditya exist in Jain literature before the mid-12th century, although
857:
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218:
83:
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Examination and Analysis of the Mackenzie Manuscripts Deposited in the Madras College Library
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1988:
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A number of Gupta Empire kings adopted the title of Vikramaditya or its equivalent, such as
1527:
1421:
1171:
902:
824:
816:
795:
790:
699:
596:
362:
231:
107:, and the Vikramaditya legends may be embellished accounts of different kings (particularly
274:(for example, the Pune and Riddhapur copper-plate inscriptions of Chandragupta's daughter,
3040:
2837:
2751:
2644:
2071:
1864:
1859:
1667:
1651:
1512:
1284:
1255:), a Tamil manuscript of uncertain date, contains a legend about the divine origin of the
1117:
1105:
979:
894:
552:
521:
517:
465:
278:); this phrase may have been a later, Gupta-era insertion in the work attributed to Hāla.
275:
271:
108:
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2602:, vol. 3, translated by Subhadra Jha, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, pp. 376–377,
3611:
3675:
3619:
2015:
1887:
1873:
1797:
1716:, adopted the title Vikramaditya, and this set of legends may be based on Skandagupta.
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describes Vikramaditya as a son of Mahendraditya of Ujjain. According to D.C. Sircar,
1630:
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3717:
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1919:
1788:), not Ujjain. There is no other evidence that he inspired the Vikramaditya legends.
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2011:
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1311:. Guided by Prayaga, Vikramaditya marked the place but then forgot where it was. A
1250:
1238:
1113:
641:
452:) contains another legend told by Naravahanadatta to an assembly of hermits in the
267:
200:
96:
1531:. Vikramaditya cannot be based on Chandragupta II, since the Gupta capital was at
1237:), and offers his head to the goddess. In return, he convinces the goddess to end
3689:
3642:
3623:
3439:
3423:
3406:
3011:
2562:
1784:), the Hunas were not the Shakas; Yashodharman's capital was at Dasapura (modern
780:
is set long after Vikramaditya's death, those tales describe his life and deeds.
658:) similarly describes the rivalry between Vikramaditya and Shalivahana. Ānanda's
445:
and the modern vernacular versions, identify the king as Vikramaditya of Ujjain.
413:. It is a collection of 25 stories in which the king tries to capture and hold a
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1982:
1975:
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1935:
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tells him that it can be obtained if the emperor offers his head to the goddess
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widow who lived in the home of a potter. His name, Satavahana, was derived from
1155:
1136:
1116:(another legendary king). In some he is defeated by Shalivahana, who begins the
1109:
1060:
1056:
914:
885:(India). After a flawless reign, he ascended to heaven. At the beginning of the
873:
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808:
773:
726:
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291:
214:
209:
92:
46:
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believe that the name of the era changed to Vikrama Samvat during the reign of
1998:. Historical-fiction author Shatrujeet Nath retells the emperor's story in his
640:), Shalivahana (or Satavahana) defeated and killed Vikramaditya and ruled from
3098:
Anatomy of a Confrontation: Ayodhya and the Rise of Communal Politics in India
2810:
1995:
1781:
1663:
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913:. A hundred years after Vikramaditya's death, the Shakas invaded India again.
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853:
841:
804:
501:
477:
353:
286:
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248:
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2031:
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2018:) began to be associated with Vikramaditya; some legends also associate the
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1405:
1345:
1292:
1072:
1007:
910:
886:
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800:
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488:. Vikramaditya began a campaign to conquer a number of kingdoms and subdued
422:
334:
149:
17:
1812:
comic-book series. Indian films on king Vikramaditya include G. V. Sane's
1728:
recension of the 25 vetala stories, the king is mentioned as the ruler of
748:, are dated to the 13th and 14th centuries. According to Sujan Rai's 1695
618:
similarly confuses the two kings, and mentions that Harsha, the author of
170:
147:
also means "sun"). Some legends describe him as a liberator of India from
69:
1963:
1785:
1755:
1437:
1389:
1369:
1365:
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In another Tamil legend, Vikramaditya offers to perform a variant of the
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906:
564:
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485:
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legends). After hearing the vetala's stories, Vikramaditya performed an
2317:. Vol. 1. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. pp. 107–108.
2059:
1767:
1754:
believed that the Vikramaditya legends were based on the sixth-century
1563:
1500:
1496:
1304:
1183:
1175:
1140:
1125:
1031:
926:
865:
581:
438:
300:
296:
252:
221:
203:(240–550 CE), portions (including Vikramaditya) may be later Gupta-era
158:
2135:
Mapping the Nation: An Anthology of Indian Poetry in English, 18701920
217:
written between the first century BCE and the third century CE in the
199:
Although Vikramaditya is mentioned in a few works dated to before the
3781:
2756:
Simhāsana Dvātriṃśikā: Thirty-Two Tales of the Throne of Vikramaditya
2043:
2039:
1801:
1655:
1323:
1272:
1195:
1179:
1059:
names Vikramaditya as one of four learned kings; the other three are
1016:
734:
600:
540:
509:
489:
453:
417:
who tells a puzzling tale which ends with a question. In addition to
414:
392:
380:
154:
116:
88:
1971:
1267:
king. He defeats Vikramaditya, and begins persecuting worshipers of
3722:, vol. 2, Calcutta: J. W. Thomas, at the Baptist Mission Press
3708:, vol. 1, Calcutta: J. W. Thomas, at the Baptist Mission Press
3348:. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts / Abhinav. p. 7.
3691:
Vikrama's adventures : or, The thirty-two tales of the throne
2993:
2991:
2408:
2406:
2336:
2334:
1744:
defeated the Shakas. One of Gautamiputra Satakarni's epithets was
1629:
1558:
are "enormously inflated and deformed" recensions of the original
1504:
1344:
is generally identified with a Gupta king, such as Skandagupta or
1268:
1086:
1064:
812:
730:
725:) contains 32 folktales about Vikramaditya. In this collection of
703:
473:
469:
461:
386:
183:
2799:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
2214:
2212:
1495:, Kailash Chand Jain and others believe that Vikramaditya was an
662:
is a story of separated lovers who are reunited by Vikramaditya.
188:
Depiction of Vikramaditya in his royal court in the calligraphic
2461:
2459:
1650:, believe that Vikramaditya is probably based on the Gupta king
1312:
387:
165:
64:
3733:
1275:. Shiva then creates the three Tamil kings to defeat him: Vira
1174:
work. According to the legend, Satavahana was the child of the
51:
Depiction of King Vikramaditya in Thunot Duvotenay's 1843 atlas
3289:
3287:
2865:
2863:
2620:
2618:
2517:
2515:
3013:
Images, Miracles, and Authority in Asian Religious Traditions
2243:
2241:
2239:
3128:
Seven Works of Vasubandhu, the Buddhist Psychological Doctor
2396:
Essays: Analytical, Critical and Philological by H.H. Wilson
496:
and other demons. His general, Vikramashakti, conquered the
3243:
Malwa Through the Ages, from the Earliest Times to 1305 A.D
1712:(r. 415–455 CE) adopted the title Mahendraditya. His son,
1475:). However, the historicity of these reports is doubtful.
815:
are described as Pramara's descendants and members of the
111:). According to popular tradition, Vikramaditya began the
2727:
Writing the Mughal World: Studies on Culture and Politics
207:. The earliest work to mention Vikramaditya was probably
139:
means "sun"). He is also known as Vikrama, Bikramjit and
3719:
The Katha Sarit Sagara; or Ocean of the Streams of Story
3705:
The Katha Sarit Sagara; or Ocean of the Streams of Story
3677:
Tales of King Vikramaditya and the Thirty Two Wooden Men
3628:. Institute of Indian Studies, University of Groningen.
1946:, a remake of the Doordarshan television show, aired on
395:
hanging from a tree, with Vikramaditya in the background
1444:
as Kshapanaka, but this is not accepted by historians.
929:
authors contain legends about Vikramaditya, including:
595:, Kalhana confused the legendary Vikramaditya with the
295:
by Subandhu. Paramaratha quotes a legend that mentions
3519:. Routledge / Trench, Trübner & Co. pp. 5–6.
2678:(in Hindi). Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts
3425:
Children's Books on India: An Annotated Bibliography
3035:
3033:
2022:(beginning in 78 CE) with him. When Persian scholar
1691:
The Vikramaditya of Ayodhya legend is identified as
772:
tales, Vikramaditya is the central character of the
433:'s recensions, the king is named Trivikramasena; in
3852:
3825:
3790:
3769:
2832:
2830:
2828:
1326:, mentioned in Buddhist sources. The Gupta emperor
879:There were 18 kingdoms in Vikramaditya's empire of
852:) in the north, Kapila in the east and Setubandha (
39:
2963:
2919:
512:; Vikramashakti also made the northern kingdom of
3049:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 436–437.
2846:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 282–287.
2653:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 254–275.
421:, the collection appears in three other Sanskrit
87:. Many describe him as ruler with his capital at
3577:Indian Kāvya Literature: The art of storytelling
2367:Śivadāsa: The Five-and-Twenty Tales of the Genie
1432:"absolutely worthless for historical purposes".
632:According to Ananta's 12th-century heroic poem,
2730:. Columbia University Press. pp. 414–419.
2074:, who had adopted the title of "Vikramaditya" (
2036:
1618:was similarly based on the exploits of several
3120:
3118:
2314:Si-Yu-Ki Buddhist Records of the Western World
2286:
1610:'s "Parakramanka". According to D. C. Sircar,
1147:, the Vikramaditya in this legend refers to a
3745:
2970:. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. pp.
2897:Rao Saheb Vishvanath Narayan Mandlik (1875).
2724:Alam, Muzaffar; Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (2011).
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
1424:written after Kalidasa's death. According to
103:" was also a common title adopted by several
8:
3597:Ancient Malwa And The Vikramaditya Tradition
3392:
3380:
3368:
3329:
3317:
3305:
3293:
3278:
3266:
3214:
2997:
2881:
2869:
2624:
2521:
2465:
2424:
2412:
2352:
2340:
2298:
2247:
2230:
2218:
2203:
909:and other sages recited the Puranas and the
3505:
3503:
3428:. Educational Resources Center. p. 78.
3235:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3046:Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics
2909:(XXIX). Asiatic Society of Bombay: 127–132.
2892:
2890:
2843:Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics
2650:Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2399:. Works. Vol. 2. Trübner. p. 153.
1806:Several Vikramaditya stories appear in the
1158:. This theme is found in Jina-Prabhasuri's
893:and convened an assembly of sages from the
868:celebrated his success (a reference to the
247:), a collection of poems attributed to the
3752:
3738:
3730:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3090:
3088:
3086:
2930:
2928:
2703:. University of Chicago Press. p. 6.
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
1702:) by a number of scholars. Book 18 of the
45:
36:
3680:, International Academy of Indian Culture
3546:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 174–175.
3345:The Temple of Muktēśvara at Cauḍadānapura
3246:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 156–165.
2899:"Salivahana and the Salivahana Saptasati"
2676:"द्वात्रींशत्पुत्तलिका: Sinhasan Battisi"
2172:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 174.
2062:", or "Samvat" ("Era"). Scholars such as
1322:, present-day Ayodhya was originally the
508:in the west, and the country east of the
333:) identifies Vikramaditya as the king of
264:Anekago-shatasahasra-hiranya-kotipradasya
153:invaders; the invaders are identified as
3485:Postage Stamps 2016, Government of India
3194:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 94–111.
3191:History of Classical Sanskrit Literature
2903:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay
2780:Indian Eras by Kota Venkatachelam (1956)
2113:. Concept Publishing Company. p. 15
2078:). Alternative theories also exist, and
1340:'s fourth–fifth century CE biography of
1019:appears frequently. After the Jain king
131:Vikramaditya means "the sun of valour" (
2099:
676:The Story of Umbrellas With Five Sticks
520:of Vikramaditya. Virasena, the king of
3455:Priyanka Bhadani (12 September 2014).
3101:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 24–25.
2132:Reddy, Sheshalatha (15 October 2013).
1348:. Although the Gupta kings ruled from
1139:abducted the sister of Kalaka (a Jain
686:, also contains Vikramaditya stories.
391:Contemporary artist's impression of a
157:in most, and the king is known by the
105:monarchs in ancient and medieval India
3131:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 8–9.
2492:; Narayan Raghunath Navlekar (1969).
1978:is playing the role of Vikramaditya.
1852:(1957), Chandrasekhara Rao Jampana's
1776:. Although Yashodharman defeated the
1108:legends, associate Vikramaditya with
828:, when the world was degraded by non-
7:
3543:Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas
3158:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 247.
3155:Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas
3095:Sarvepalli Gopal (15 October 1993).
2540:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 377.
2263:Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas
2169:Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas
2075:
2014:beginning in 57 BCE (now called the
1820:(1924), Harshadrai Sakerlal Mehta's
744:recensions of the Sanskrit version,
3408:Malavikagnimitram: A Critical Study
2266:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 39.
571:, on which these books are based).
266:—found in Gupta inscriptions about
3892:People whose existence is disputed
3422:Sharada Nāyak; Mala Singh (1973).
3411:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 12.
3079:. Asiatic Society. pp. 49–55.
768:are structurally opposite. In the
115:era in 57 BCE after defeating the
27:Legendary emperor of Ujjain, India
25:
3444:. Screen World Publication. 1988.
1798:Baital Pachisi § Other media
1746:vara-varana-vikrama-charu-vikrama
407:legends, popularly known as the
2452:. Chas J. Sawyer. pp. 1–30.
1958:during the late 1980s. In 2014,
1802:Vetala § In popular culture
1538:Critics of this theory say that
1416:However, many scholars consider
1376:) were at Vikramaditya's court:
1336:. The Vikramaditya mentioned in
1083:Shalivahana-Vikramaditya rivalry
3573:"XLVI: The Vikramaditya Legend"
2938:Jainism and Indian Civilization
2369:. Penguin Books. p. xvii.
2006:Association with Vikrama Samvat
1697:
1542:shows clear signs of Gupta-era
1503:king. The Shakas advanced from
1025:
995:Pancha-Danda-Chhattra-Prabandha
257:
3815:Vikram Betaal Ki Rahasya Gatha
3496:A new face to Indian mythology
3016:. Westview Press. p. 78.
2567:. Sahitya Akademi. p. 4.
2495:Kalidasa: Date, Life And Works
2448:. Vol. IX. Translated by
1968:Vikram Betaal Ki Rahasya Gatha
876:clans such as the Paramaras).
758:(prime minister) Pandit Braj.
614:); Madhusudana's 17th-century
429:. In Kshemendra, Somadeva and
235:, may contain interpolations.
123:" after the ninth century CE.
1:
3342:Vasundhara Filliozat (1995).
2941:. Discovery. pp. 72–74.
2561:Viśvanātha Devaśarmā (1999).
2138:. Anthem Press. p. 201.
2110:Kālidāsa: His Art and Culture
1944:Kahaniya Vikram aur Betaal Ki
1700: 455 – 467 CE
1584:
860:clan, and Bhogavati from the
684:Madhavanala-Kamakandala-Katha
660:Mādhavānala Kāmakandalā Kathā
624:, had his capital at Ujjain.
604:
341:10th- to 12th-century legends
323:
32:Vikramaditya (disambiguation)
3188:M. Srinivasachariar (1974).
3125:Stefan Anacker, ed. (1984).
2697:White, David Gordon (2010).
2600:History of Indian Literature
2537:History of Indian Literature
1816:(1921), Nanubhai B. Desai's
670:. The 15th-century—or later—
563:, Malyavat is later born as
437:, his capital is located at
360:and Somadeva's 11th-century
3644:Lord Mahāvīra and His Times
3641:Kailash Chand Jain (1991).
3240:Kailash Chand Jain (1972).
2758:. Penguin. p. x-xiii.
2010:After the ninth century, a
1938:in the 1980s, was based on
1372:, nine noted scholars (the
1263:(also known as Bhoja) is a
1124:and Shalivahana supporting
1104:Many legends, particularly
848:in the west, Badaristhana (
672:Pañcadaṇḍachattra Prabandha
460:. According to the legend,
260: 20 – 24 CE
171:
70:
3918:
3694:, Harvard University Press
2498:. Popular. pp. 8–29.
1950:in 2009. An adaptation of
1848:(1950), Dhirubhai Desai's
1795:
864:clan. All the gods except
176:; "enemy of the Shakas").
29:
3887:Memorials to Vikramaditya
3010:Richard H. Davis (1998).
2811:10.1017/S0035869X00133957
2793:Roşu, Arion (July 1977).
2534:Moriz Winternitz (1985).
2442:"Book XVIII: Vishamasila"
2166:Agrawal, Ashvini (1989).
1654:. Based on coins and the
1638:Some scholars, including
1634:Chandragupta II on a coin
1303:According to a legend in
889:, Vikramaditya came from
754:, its author was Bhoja's
650:'s 12th– to 14th-century
443:Vetala-Vikramaditya-Katha
44:
3600:. Munshiram Manoharlal.
3540:Ashvini Agrawal (1989).
3152:Ashvini Agrawal (1989).
2966:A Brief History of India
2260:Ashvini Agrawal (1989).
1870:Chakravarty Vikramaditya
1612:Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri
1469:Auchitya-Vichara-Charcha
1459:(10th century), Bhoja's
1135:, Vikramaditya's father
3877:Legendary Indian people
3579:. Motilal Banarsidass.
3405:M. D. Paradkar (1970).
2962:Alain Daniélou (2003).
2920:Kailash Chand Jain 1991
1511:, marked this victory.
504:in the central region;
194:Beohar Rammanohar Sinha
3791:Television adaptations
3674:Bawden, C. R. (1960),
2490:Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi
2365:Rajan Chandra (1995).
2048:
2000:Vikramaditya Veergatha
1742:Gautamiputra Satakarni
1635:
1598:(180 BCE–10 CE).
1579:(230 BCE–220 CE), the
1133:Kalakacharya-Kathanaka
1101:
948:Kumara-Pala-Pratibodha
396:
366:, both adaptations of
196:
3762:Vetala Panchavimshati
3594:D. C. Sircar (1969).
3571:A. K. Warder (1992).
2082:believed that it was
1966:. Currently a series
1940:Vetala Panchavimshati
1633:
1257:three Tamil dynasties
1090:
1049:Vetala Panchavimshati
1043:Simhasana Dvatrimsika
1010:(lists of head monks)
838:Vetala Panchavimshati
834:Simhasana Dvatrimsika
766:Simhasana Dvatrimsika
762:Vetala Panchavimshati
746:Simhasana-dvatrimsika
717:Simhasana Dvatrimsika
711:Simhasana Dvatrimsika
410:Vetala Panchavimshati
405:vetala panchavimshati
390:
190:Constitution of India
187:
78:Vetala Panchavimshati
3858:List of Vetala Tales
3071:William Cooke Taylor
2311:Samuel Beal (1906).
1974:where popular actor
1934:, which appeared on
1880:(1965), G. Suryam's
1814:Vikram Satvapariksha
971:Vividha-Tirtha-Kalpa
962:Prabandha-Chintamani
751:Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh
729:, the Paramara king
719:(popularly known as
656:Shalivahana-Charitra
427:List of Vetala Tales
99:in a few stories). "
30:For other uses, see
3649:Motilal Banarsidass
3395:, pp. 129–130.
3383:, pp. 128–129.
3332:, pp. 130–131.
3269:, pp. 121–123.
3217:, pp. 120–121.
3000:, pp. 117–118.
2935:Raj Pruthi (2004).
2884:, pp. 115–116.
2427:, pp. 110–111.
2415:, pp. 124–125.
2355:, pp. 109–110.
2287:Hans T. Bakker 1984
2221:, pp. 113–114.
2107:Gopal, Ram (1984).
1920:Rajiv Chilakalapudi
1910:Ravi Raja Pinisetty
1442:Siddhasena Divakara
1245:Chola Purva Patayam
1168:Salivahana-Charitra
1035:Siddhasena Divakara
135:means "valour" and
127:Names and etymology
3882:People from Ujjain
3807:Vicky & Vetaal
3686:Edgerton, Franklin
2446:The ocean of story
2343:, p. 133-134.
1960:another adaptation
1883:Vikramarka Vijayam
1636:
1571:(187–78 BCE), the
1552:Brihatkathamanjari
1259:. In this legend,
1102:
1098:Kalakacharya Katha
993:Ramachandrasuri's
954:Kalakacharya-Katha
940:Prabhavaka Charita
668:Pārśvanāthacaritra
557:Brihatkathamanjari
533:Brihatkathamanjari
397:
358:Brihatkathamanjari
305:Paramartha Saptati
232:Katha-Sarit-Sagara
197:
192:, illustration by
3864:
3863:
3799:Vikram Aur Betaal
3658:978-81-208-0805-8
3586:978-81-208-0615-3
3553:978-81-208-0592-7
3526:978-1-136-38385-4
3393:D. C. Sircar 1969
3381:D. C. Sircar 1969
3369:D. C. Sircar 1969
3355:978-81-7017-327-4
3330:D. C. Sircar 1969
3318:D. C. Sircar 1969
3306:D. C. Sircar 1969
3294:D. C. Sircar 1969
3279:D. C. Sircar 1969
3267:D. C. Sircar 1969
3253:978-81-208-0824-9
3215:D. C. Sircar 1969
3165:978-81-208-0592-7
3138:978-81-208-0203-2
3108:978-1-85649-050-4
3023:978-0-8133-3463-9
2998:D. C. Sircar 1969
2981:978-1-59477-794-3
2948:978-81-7141-796-4
2882:D. C. Sircar 1969
2870:D. C. Sircar 1969
2782:. pp. 63–70.
2765:978-0-140-45517-5
2737:978-0-231-52790-3
2710:978-0-226-89515-4
2625:D. C. Sircar 1969
2609:978-81-208-0056-4
2522:D. C. Sircar 1969
2505:978-81-7154-468-4
2468:, pp. 58–60.
2466:A. K. Warder 1992
2425:D. C. Sircar 1969
2413:A. K. Warder 1992
2376:978-0-14-045519-9
2353:D. C. Sircar 1969
2341:D. C. Sircar 1969
2324:978-1-136-37657-3
2299:D. C. Sircar 1969
2273:978-81-208-0592-7
2248:D. C. Sircar 1969
2231:D. C. Sircar 1969
2219:D. C. Sircar 1969
2204:D. C. Sircar 1969
2179:978-81-208-0592-7
2145:978-1-78308-075-5
1952:Singhasan Battisi
1931:Vikram Aur Betaal
1855:Bhatti Vikramarka
1826:Vikram Shashikala
1809:Amar Chitra Katha
1780:(who were led by
1575:(75–30 BCE), the
1449:Jyotirvidabharana
1430:Jyotirvidabharana
1418:Jyotirvidabharana
1362:Jyotirvidabharana
1162:, Rajashekhara's
968:Jinaprabhasuri's
925:Several works by
822:According to the
807:). Vikramaditya,
722:Singhasan Battisi
702:kings, who ruled
555:and Persians. In
84:Singhasan Battisi
56:
55:
16:(Redirected from
3909:
3826:Film adaptations
3754:
3747:
3740:
3731:
3723:
3709:
3695:
3681:
3662:
3637:
3615:
3614:on 17 June 2016.
3610:. Archived from
3590:
3558:
3557:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3516:Alberuni's India
3511:Edward C. Sachau
3507:
3498:
3493:
3487:
3482:
3476:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3297:
3291:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3237:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3185:
3170:
3169:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3122:
3113:
3112:
3092:
3081:
3080:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3037:
3028:
3027:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2986:
2985:
2969:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2932:
2923:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2894:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2858:
2857:
2834:
2823:
2822:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2752:Haksar, A. N. D.
2748:
2742:
2741:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2641:
2628:
2622:
2613:
2612:
2596:Moriz Winternitz
2592:
2579:
2578:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2510:
2509:
2486:
2469:
2463:
2454:
2453:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2401:
2400:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2329:
2328:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2104:
2068:D. R. Bhandarkar
1986:aircraft carrier
1726:Kathasaritsagara
1705:Kathasaritsagara
1701:
1699:
1640:D. R. Bhandarkar
1593:
1589:
1586:
1556:Kathasaritsagara
1540:Gatha Saptashati
1528:Gatha Saptashati
1461:Sringara Prakasa
1422:literary forgery
1178:(serpent) chief
1055:The Jain author
1029:
1028: 1143–1172
1027:
1002:Vikrama-Charitra
988:Vikrama-Charitra
825:Bhavishya Purana
817:Paramara dynasty
796:Bhavishya Purana
785:Bhavishya Purana
694:Paramara legends
652:Śālivāhana Kātha
613:
609:
606:
584:'s 12th-century
561:Kathasaritsagara
435:Kathasaritsagara
419:Kathasaritsagara
363:Kathasaritsagara
332:
328:
325:
309:Prince Baladitya
261:
259:
174:
73:
49:
37:
21:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3897:Chandragupta II
3867:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3848:
3821:
3786:
3765:
3758:
3727:
3712:
3698:
3684:
3673:
3670:
3665:
3659:
3640:
3618:
3608:
3593:
3587:
3570:
3566:
3561:
3554:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3527:
3509:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3490:
3483:
3479:
3472:
3468:
3457:"Fantasy World"
3454:
3453:
3449:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3391:
3387:
3379:
3375:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3328:
3324:
3316:
3312:
3304:
3300:
3292:
3285:
3277:
3273:
3265:
3261:
3254:
3239:
3238:
3221:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3187:
3186:
3173:
3166:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3139:
3124:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3094:
3093:
3084:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3057:
3041:Alf Hiltebeitel
3039:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2949:
2934:
2933:
2926:
2918:
2914:
2896:
2895:
2888:
2880:
2876:
2868:
2861:
2854:
2838:Alf Hiltebeitel
2836:
2835:
2826:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2681:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2645:Alf Hiltebeitel
2643:
2642:
2631:
2623:
2616:
2610:
2594:
2593:
2582:
2575:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2488:
2487:
2472:
2464:
2457:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2423:
2419:
2411:
2404:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2297:
2293:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2246:
2237:
2229:
2225:
2217:
2210:
2202:
2198:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2116:
2114:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2072:Chandragupta II
2008:
1915:Raja Vikramarka
1878:Maharaja Vikram
1865:Vikramaadhithan
1860:T. R. Raghunath
1822:Vikram Charitra
1818:Vikram Charitra
1804:
1794:
1736:notes that the
1722:
1696:
1689:
1668:Alf Hiltebeitel
1652:Chandragupta II
1628:
1626:Chandragupta II
1604:
1591:
1587:
1546:. According to
1513:Chandragupta II
1490:
1485:
1451:. According to
1358:
1301:
1283:, and Vajranga
1239:human sacrifice
1235:eight Bhairavas
1205:
1164:Prabandha-Kosha
1118:Shalivahana era
1085:
1024:
1013:
980:Prabandha-Kosha
977:Rajashekhara's
923:
905:, Lomaharsana,
895:Naimisha Forest
788:
714:
696:
630:
611:
607:
579:
567:(the author of
518:tributary state
476:were reborn as
472:that the slain
403:) contains the
351:
343:
330:
326:
276:Prabhavatigupta
272:Chandragupta II
256:
245:Gatha-Saptasati
182:
129:
109:Chandragupta II
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3915:
3913:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3869:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3838:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3811:
3803:
3794:
3792:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3766:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3734:
3725:
3724:
3710:
3696:
3682:
3669:
3668:External links
3666:
3664:
3663:
3657:
3638:
3620:Hans T. Bakker
3616:
3607:978-8121503488
3606:
3591:
3585:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3552:
3532:
3525:
3499:
3488:
3477:
3466:
3461:Indian Express
3447:
3431:
3414:
3397:
3385:
3373:
3371:, p. 136.
3361:
3354:
3334:
3322:
3320:, p. 130.
3310:
3308:, p. 161.
3298:
3296:, p. 112.
3283:
3281:, p. 123.
3271:
3259:
3252:
3219:
3207:
3200:
3171:
3164:
3144:
3137:
3114:
3107:
3082:
3062:
3055:
3029:
3022:
3002:
2987:
2980:
2954:
2947:
2924:
2912:
2886:
2874:
2872:, p. 116.
2859:
2852:
2824:
2805:(2): 217–220.
2785:
2771:
2764:
2743:
2736:
2716:
2709:
2700:Sinister Yogis
2689:
2666:
2659:
2629:
2627:, p. 109.
2614:
2608:
2580:
2573:
2553:
2546:
2526:
2524:, p. 111.
2511:
2504:
2470:
2455:
2440:, ed. (1924).
2429:
2417:
2402:
2393:, ed. (1864).
2382:
2375:
2357:
2345:
2330:
2323:
2303:
2301:, p. 133.
2291:
2279:
2272:
2252:
2250:, p. 114.
2235:
2233:, p. 113.
2223:
2208:
2206:, p. 115.
2196:
2178:
2158:
2144:
2124:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2080:Rudolf Hoernlé
2051:Vikramaditya.
2016:Vikrama Samvat
2007:
2004:
1970:is running on
1888:Shantilal Soni
1874:S. N. Tripathi
1793:
1790:
1764:Rudolf Hoernlé
1721:
1718:
1688:
1685:
1680:Chaudadanapura
1627:
1624:
1603:
1600:
1588: 200 BCE
1509:Vikrama Samvat
1493:Rajbali Pandey
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1473:Uttara Kannada
1414:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1368:attributed to
1357:
1354:
1320:Hans T. Bakker
1300:
1299:Ayodhya legend
1297:
1207:In a medieval
1204:
1201:
1145:Alain Daniélou
1084:
1081:
1012:
1011:
1005:
998:
991:
984:
975:
966:
957:
951:
944:
931:
922:
919:
870:Chandravanshis
787:
782:
713:
708:
695:
692:
629:
626:
601:Harshavardhana
578:
573:
500:in the south;
350:
344:
342:
339:
289:(499–569) and
205:interpolations
181:
178:
128:
125:
121:Vikrama Samvat
113:Vikrama Samvat
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3914:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3844:
3843:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3763:
3755:
3750:
3748:
3743:
3741:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3714:Tawney, C. H.
3711:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3700:Tawney, C. H.
3697:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3660:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3645:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3592:
3588:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3555:
3549:
3545:
3544:
3536:
3533:
3528:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3470:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3451:
3448:
3443:
3442:
3435:
3432:
3427:
3426:
3418:
3415:
3410:
3409:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3362:
3357:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3260:
3255:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3208:
3203:
3201:9788120802841
3197:
3193:
3192:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3148:
3145:
3140:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3063:
3058:
3056:9780226340555
3052:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2983:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2967:
2958:
2955:
2950:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2922:, p. 85.
2921:
2916:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2855:
2853:9780226340555
2849:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2789:
2786:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2767:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2739:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2720:
2717:
2712:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2693:
2690:
2677:
2670:
2667:
2662:
2660:9780226340555
2656:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2576:
2574:9788126006977
2570:
2566:
2565:
2557:
2554:
2549:
2547:9788120800564
2543:
2539:
2538:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2391:Reinhold Rost
2386:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2181:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2162:
2159:
2147:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2128:
2125:
2112:
2111:
2103:
2100:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1962:was aired on
1961:
1957:
1954:was aired on
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1803:
1799:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1773:Rajatarangini
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1710:Kumaragupta I
1707:
1706:
1694:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1644:V. V. Mirashi
1641:
1632:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1592: 400 CE
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1544:interpolation
1541:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1483:Early legends
1482:
1480:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1426:V. V. Mirashi
1423:
1419:
1412:
1411:Vetala Bhatta
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:Ghatakarapara
1385:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1318:According to
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1252:
1246:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1203:Tamil legends
1202:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1160:Kalpa-Pradipa
1157:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1022:
1018:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:Subhashila's
999:
996:
992:
989:
985:
982:
981:
976:
973:
972:
967:
964:
963:
958:
956:(before 1279)
955:
952:
949:
946:Somaprabha's
945:
942:
941:
936:
935:Prabhachandra
933:
932:
930:
928:
920:
918:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
883:
882:Bharatavarsha
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
826:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
797:
792:
786:
783:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
757:
753:
752:
747:
743:
738:
736:
732:
728:
727:frame stories
724:
723:
718:
712:
709:
707:
705:
701:
693:
691:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
643:
639:
635:
634:Vira-Charitra
628:Other legends
627:
625:
623:
622:
617:
602:
598:
594:
589:
588:
587:Rajatarangini
583:
577:
576:Rajatarangini
574:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
498:Dakshinapatha
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
411:
406:
402:
401:Shashankavati
394:
389:
385:
382:
377:
376:Dakshinapatha
371:
369:
365:
364:
359:
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348:
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321:
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240:Gaha Sattasai
236:
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212:
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206:
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195:
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186:
180:Early legends
179:
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66:
62:
58:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
3902:Panchatantra
3842:Vikram Vedha
3840:
3834:Vikram Vedha
3832:
3813:
3805:
3797:
3777:Vikramaditya
3776:
3760:
3726:
3718:
3704:
3690:
3676:
3643:
3624:
3612:the original
3596:
3576:
3564:Bibliography
3542:
3535:
3515:
3491:
3480:
3469:
3460:
3450:
3440:
3434:
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3417:
3407:
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3325:
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3190:
3154:
3147:
3127:
3097:
3075:
3065:
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3012:
3005:
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2957:
2937:
2915:
2906:
2902:
2877:
2842:
2802:
2798:
2788:
2779:
2774:
2755:
2746:
2726:
2719:
2699:
2692:
2680:. Retrieved
2669:
2649:
2599:
2563:
2556:
2536:
2529:
2494:
2450:C. H. Tawney
2445:
2438:N. M. Penzer
2432:
2420:
2395:
2385:
2366:
2360:
2348:
2313:
2306:
2294:
2289:, p. 8.
2282:
2262:
2255:
2226:
2199:
2190:
2183:. Retrieved
2168:
2161:
2149:. Retrieved
2134:
2127:
2115:. Retrieved
2109:
2102:
2084:Yashodharman
2064:D. C. Sircar
2060:Malava tribe
2053:
2049:
2037:
2012:calendar era
2009:
1999:
1991:Vikramaditya
1990:
1980:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1928:
1924:Vikram Betal
1923:
1913:
1893:Vikram Vetal
1891:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1863:
1853:
1849:
1845:Raja Vikrama
1843:
1840:Kemparaj Urs
1835:Vikramaditya
1833:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1771:
1760:Yashodharman
1750:
1745:
1734:A. K. Warder
1730:Pratishthana
1725:
1723:
1720:Other rulers
1703:
1690:
1676:Govindagupta
1672:
1648:D. C. Sircar
1637:
1608:Samudragupta
1605:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1548:A. K. Warder
1539:
1537:
1526:
1522:Brihathkatha
1520:
1519:, including
1491:
1477:
1468:
1460:
1457:Kāvyamimāṃsa
1456:
1448:
1446:
1434:
1429:
1417:
1415:
1401:Varahamihira
1383:Dhanavantari
1361:
1359:
1331:
1317:
1302:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1230:
1228:
1206:
1191:
1187:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1132:
1130:
1114:Pratishthana
1103:
1097:
1091:
1076:
1054:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1014:
1001:
994:
987:
986:Devamurti's
978:
969:
960:
959:Merutunga's
953:
947:
938:
924:
921:Jain legends
880:
878:
872:, rivals of
837:
833:
823:
821:
794:
789:
784:
778:Throne Tales
777:
769:
765:
761:
760:
755:
749:
745:
739:
720:
716:
715:
710:
697:
688:
683:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
646:
642:Pratishthana
637:
633:
631:
619:
616:Bhavabodhini
615:
612: 47 CE
593:D. C. Sircar
585:
580:
575:
568:
560:
556:
532:
530:
450:Vishamashila
449:
447:
442:
439:Pratishthana
434:
418:
408:
404:
400:
398:
372:
367:
361:
357:
352:
346:
315:
313:
304:
290:
280:
268:Samudragupta
263:
244:
238:
237:
230:
226:
213:, an Indian
208:
201:Gupta period
198:
169:
161:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
130:
120:
101:Vikramaditya
100:
97:Pratishthana
82:
76:
71:Vikramāditya
68:
61:Vikramaditya
60:
59:
57:
40:Vikramaditya
18:Vikramāditya
3818:(2018–2019)
2674:Sunil Jha.
2056:Shalivahana
1983:Indian Navy
1976:Aham Sharma
1956:Doordarshan
1936:Doordarshan
1850:Raja Vikram
1830:Vijay Bhatt
1738:Satavahanas
1714:Skandagupta
1693:Skandagupta
1687:Skandagupta
1660:Rashtrakuta
1616:Shalivahana
1602:Gupta kings
1596:Indo-Greeks
1577:Satavahanas
1560:Brihatkatha
1533:Pataliputra
1488:Malava king
1453:Rajasekhara
1364:(22.10), a
1350:Pataliputra
1328:Skandagupta
1261:Shalivahana
1231:navakhandam
1224:Kanchipuram
1216:quicksilver
1190:(give) and
1156:Shalivahana
1137:Gardabhilla
1110:Shalivahana
1077:Vicarasreni
1061:Shalivahana
1057:Hemachandra
915:Shalivahana
874:Suryavanshi
846:Indus River
809:Shalivahana
774:frame story
664:Vikramodaya
638:Viracharita
569:Brihatkatha
456:of a sage,
368:Brihatkatha
349:adaptations
347:Brihatkatha
292:Vasavadatta
227:Brihatkatha
210:Brihatkatha
93:Pataliputra
3871:Categories
3770:Characters
2090:References
1996:India Post
1902:Simhasanam
1796:See also:
1782:Mihirakula
1752:Max Müller
1664:Govinda IV
1620:Satavahana
1594:) and the
1590: – c.
1465:Kshemendra
1394:Kshapanaka
1380:Vidyasimha
1374:Navaratnas
1356:Navaratnas
1342:Vasubandhu
1338:Paramartha
1149:Satavahana
1100:manuscript
1093:Kalpasutra
1021:Kumarapala
1008:Pattavalis
911:Upapuranas
903:Bhartrhari
899:Gorakhnath
854:Rameswaram
842:ashvamedha
805:Agnivansha
803:, thus an
610: – c.
608: 606
502:Madhyadesa
478:mlechchhas
464:and other
423:recensions
354:Kshemendra
331: 664
329: – c.
327: 602
287:Paramartha
283:Vasubandhu
249:Satavahana
219:unattested
141:Vikramarka
3634:769116023
2819:163650785
2682:23 August
2598:(1985) ,
2095:Citations
2076:see below
2024:Al-Biruni
2020:Shaka era
1948:Colors TV
1906:Singhasan
1517:Gupta era
1406:Vararuchi
1346:Purugupta
1293:Kali Yuga
1073:Merutunga
1052:stories.
943:(1127 CE)
887:Kali Yuga
850:Badrinath
801:Mount Abu
621:Ratnavali
506:Surashtra
494:rakshasas
448:Book 18 (
399:Book 12 (
335:Shravasti
150:mlechchha
3716:(1884),
3702:(1880),
3688:(1926),
3622:(1984).
3513:(1910).
3073:(1838).
3043:(2009).
2840:(2009).
2754:(1998).
2647:(2009).
2564:Shudraka
2028:Vallabha
2002:series.
1964:Sony Pal
1926:(2004).
1918:(1990),
1908:(1986),
1896:(1986),
1886:(1971),
1872:(1964),
1868:(1962),
1858:(1960),
1838:(1945),
1828:(1949),
1824:(1933),
1786:Mandsaur
1756:Aulikara
1438:nighantu
1390:Kalidasa
1370:Kalidasa
1366:treatise
1333:Ramayana
1289:Shantanu
1285:Pandiyan
1265:shramana
1249:Ancient
1220:Kamakshi
1213:Alchemic
1122:Sanskrit
862:Parihara
858:Chalukya
791:Paramara
700:Paramara
680:Gujarati
648:Śivadāsa
599:Emperor
597:Vardhana
565:Gunadhya
553:Tusharas
549:Barbaras
537:Kambojas
514:Kashmira
486:Varanasi
458:Kashyapa
431:Śivadāsa
320:Xuanzang
316:Si-yu-ki
3853:Related
3625:Ayodhya
1972:&TV
1898:Krishna
1768:Kalhana
1724:In the
1622:kings.
1569:Shungas
1564:Puranas
1497:Ujjaini
1309:tirthas
1305:Ayodhya
1184:Brahmin
1172:Marathi
1141:acharya
1131:In the
1126:Prakrit
1046:and 25
1032:acharya
907:Saunaka
891:Kailasa
866:Chandra
742:primary
735:apsaras
582:Kalhana
541:Yavanas
526:Kalinga
522:Sinhala
490:vetalas
482:retired
314:In his
301:Samkhya
297:Ayodhya
222:Paisaci
162:Shakari
159:epithet
133:vikrama
3845:(2022)
3837:(2017)
3810:(2006)
3802:(1985)
3782:Vetala
3655:
3632:
3604:
3583:
3550:
3523:
3352:
3250:
3198:
3162:
3135:
3105:
3053:
3020:
2978:
2974:–136.
2945:
2850:
2817:
2762:
2734:
2707:
2657:
2606:
2571:
2544:
2502:
2373:
2321:
2270:
2185:2 June
2176:
2151:2 June
2142:
2117:2 June
2044:Multan
2040:Shudra
1800:, and
1792:Legacy
1581:Shakas
1573:Kanvas
1501:Malava
1499:based
1397:Shanku
1324:Saketa
1281:Cheran
1279:, Ula
1277:Cholan
1273:Vishnu
1253:Record
1196:vetala
1192:vahana
1188:satani
1182:and a
1180:Shesha
1151:king.
1017:Ujjain
1004:(1442)
997:(1433)
990:(1418)
983:(1348)
974:(1315)
965:(1304)
950:(1184)
770:Vetala
682:work,
510:Ganges
474:asuras
454:ashram
415:vetala
393:vetala
381:Kubera
172:Śakāri
155:Shakas
137:aditya
117:Shakas
89:Ujjain
2815:S2CID
2032:Gupta
1778:Hunas
1758:king
1662:king
1656:Supia
1505:Sindh
1269:Shiva
1251:Chola
1209:Tamil
1069:Munja
1065:Bhoja
830:Vedic
813:Bhoja
756:wazir
731:Bhoja
704:Malwa
545:Hunas
470:Shiva
468:told
466:devas
462:Indra
251:king
3653:ISBN
3630:OCLC
3602:ISBN
3581:ISBN
3548:ISBN
3521:ISBN
3350:ISBN
3248:ISBN
3196:ISBN
3160:ISBN
3133:ISBN
3103:ISBN
3051:ISBN
3018:ISBN
2976:ISBN
2943:ISBN
2848:ISBN
2760:ISBN
2732:ISBN
2705:ISBN
2684:2017
2655:ISBN
2604:ISBN
2569:ISBN
2542:ISBN
2500:ISBN
2371:ISBN
2319:ISBN
2268:ISBN
2187:2022
2174:ISBN
2153:2022
2140:ISBN
2119:2022
2066:and
2030:and
1989:INS
1981:The
1904:and
1646:and
1554:and
1525:and
1463:and
1313:yogi
1271:and
1176:Nāga
1170:, a
1166:and
1106:Jain
1096:and
1067:and
927:Jain
811:and
764:and
698:The
654:(or
636:(or
559:and
531:The
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243:(or
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