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shelter, where the inscriptions are found, is not fully protected and kept open to atmosphere, giving scope for vandals and visitors to deface the inscriptions. As it is located inside
Reserve Forest of Belpahar range, the remote access to the place has also contributed to neglect by Government Agencies.
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Some historians have felt that, due to negligence and apathy by
Government agencies, the inscriptions are fading out and damaged by vandals. Activities of coal mines in surrounding hills, industries like sponge iron are putting environmental pressure on this prehistoric archaeological site. The rock
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According to
Jayaswal, the prehistoric scribblings at Vikramkhol represent a picto-syllabic writing system which represents a mixture of Harappan and Brahmi hence forming a connection between the two. The inscribed portion covers an area of 35 feet by 7 feet, The evidences which support it as a
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have completely dismissed the
Vikramkhol cave inscriptions as pseudo inscriptions According C.L Fabri, the topsy turvy incised signs may have some resemblance with Brahmi script but may not represent writing but possibility of a primitive rural writing cannot be denied either.
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The inscriptions at
Vikramkhol cave are written on an uneven rock surface in a natural rock shelter using red Ochre paint which is later incised into the rock. The inscriptions were discovered around the 1930s and first studied by
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the symbols have set forms which disclose ‘writing habits in the phraseology of handwriting experts. The hand which first painted the letters was used to writing with a pen as evidenced from a certain portion of the
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The system knows the bindu, and also, probably, the visarga. Some letters have dots placed below them, while in some cases dots seem to give a discriminative value to the letters, as in
Semitic writing.
73:. who tentatively dates it 1500 BC. There are two theories regarding the inscription – one declares it a writing, while others doubt it as a rock art and nonliterate rock carvings.
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Other scholars such as Naresh Prasad
Rastogi state that Its date of the Vikramkhol inscription is still debatable and its letters deserve a more searching scrutiny.
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It is known that by this time the serial writing method of the script had already been evolved as no images of any animals were found in the place of writing.
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It is evident that some of the letters disclose accentuation. Repetition of the same letter twice probably suggests consonantal duplication or conjuncts.
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The right-hand corner top line on Plate 8, where the same symbol is repeated more than once, may point to the employment of numerals.
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It is known that the quantitative mark was applied as there were some symbolic markings at the bottom and top of the script.
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Since some of the scripts have been added, it is believed that the technique of writing in conjunction has been created.
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The characters are carefully painted and then inscribed which has parallels with Brahmi rock inscriptions
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It clearly identifies a total of 24 scripts, which are in similarity with the Indus and Brahmi scripts.
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Prusty, Subrat Kumar (23–26 February 2020). "Bikramkhol
Inscription ek lipitatwika adhyana".
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Another set of proto Brahmi or pre historic inscriptions have been found at Garjan Dongar in
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Prusty, Subrat Kumar (3 February 2018). "Indian Script and
Vikramkhol Inscription".
323:"Ancient rock art starts to fade out - Engravings in Vikramkhol cave under threat"
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The writings are in regular lines (not always regular due to rough rock surface)
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and lies in
Reserved Forest of Belpahar range, at a distance of 12 km from
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cave is a prehistoric archaeological site known for prehistoric inscriptions.
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It is clear that the writing started not from the right, but from the left.
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The writing seems to have reached the syllabary (alphabetic) stage.
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The Vikramkhol Cave script has 42 scripts written on three lines.
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National Conference of Lipi Literature at Ravenshaw University
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Latest Attempts to Read the Indus Script". In: Indian Culture
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The gesture is seen to have been applied at the site of need.
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can be taken as a gradual development of the Indian script.
377:"Inscriptions on the Vikramkhol rock shelter in Jharsuguda"
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Origin of Brāhmī script: The Beginning of Alphabet in India
355:"Rock Art Shelter of Vikramkhol - Vikramkhol - Jharsuguda"
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It can be read soon as its script has been identified.
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Some of the scripts have been written more than once.
221:Indian Antiquary a Journal of Oriental Research
357:. Indira Gandhi National Center for Archeology
129:'s study of the pre Brahmi script shows that
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125:Eminent researcher and calligrapher Dr.
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261:. Oxford University Press. p. 20.
304:6th National Language Conference-2020
16:Cave and archaeological site in India
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485:Caves containing pictograms in India
321:Mohanty, Subrat (28 December 2011).
383:. 29 December 2011. Archived from
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44:Vikramkhol cave is located near
82:writing system are as follows;
470:Archaeological sites in Odisha
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217:"The Vikramkhol inscription"
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331:. Kolkotta. Archived from
257:Salomon, Richard (1998).
77:Theory of literate script
169:, Vikramkhol script and
446:21.826724°N 83.764282°E
272:Fabri, C.L (1934–35).
215:Jayaswal, K.P (1933).
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25:Vikramkhol inscription
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451:21.826724; 83.764282
411:Government of Odisha
495:Jharsuguda district
442: /
194:, and Ushakothi in
192:Sundergarh district
167:Indus Vally Scripts
127:Subrat Kumar Prusty
387:on 4 November 2014
196:Sambalpur district
186:Other Inscriptions
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480:Rock art in India
276:. pp. 51–56.
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407:"Ushakothi"
198:in Orissa.
464:Categories
437:83°45′51″E
434:21°49′36″N
416:3 February
391:4 November
361:4 November
339:4 November
202:References
46:Jharsuguda
34:Bikramkhol
30:Vikramkhol
163:yogimatha
515:Rock art
165:script,
58:Belpahar
40:Location
177:Neglect
505:Odisha
50:Odisha
54:India
418:2015
393:2014
363:2014
341:2014
231:-60.
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