559:
689:
55:
305:
656:
708:. Firstly, this removed Lehzen's influence, and Lehzen had long despised the Duchess and Conroy, suspecting them of an illicit affair. Secondly, it left the Queen wholly open to Albert's influence, and he likely prevailed upon her to reconcile with her mother. Thirdly, Conroy by now lived in exile on the Continent and so his divisive influence was removed. The Duchess's finances, which had been left in shambles by Conroy, were restored thanks to Victoria and her advisors. By all accounts, the Duchess became a doting grandmother and was closer to her daughter than she ever had been.
2706:
2692:
757:, meaning that her mother would have been a carrier, if haemophilia was not otherwise previously expressed in the Duchess's parents. Actual evidence to support this theory has not arisen. Haemophilia occurs spontaneously through mutation in at least 30% of cases, and especially in children of older fathers such as Victoria. Haemophilia in the descendants of Victoria was known at the time and among European royalty, including Romanoffs, was known as the 'Coburg disease'.
794:
534:. The latter had a huge income of fifty thousand pounds per annum for life, representing an annuity allotted to him by the British Parliament on his marriage to Princess Charlotte, which had made him seem likely to become in due course the consort of the monarch. Even after Charlotte's death, Leopold's annuity was not revoked by Parliament.
494:
680:
succeeded, but this plan, too, backfired. Victoria resented her mother's support for Conroy's schemes and being pressured by her to sign a paper declaring Conroy her personal secretary. The result was that when
Victoria became queen, she relegated the Duchess to separate accommodations, away from her own.
675:, would be headed by the princess's mother (who had already served in that capacity in Germany following the death of her first husband). As the personal secretary of the Duchess, Conroy would be the veritable "power behind the throne". He had not counted on William IV surviving long enough for Victoria to
608:
The
Duchess of Kent was extremely protective, and raised Victoria largely isolated from other children under the so-called "Kensington System". The system prevented the princess from meeting people whom her mother and Conroy deemed undesirable (including most of her father's family), and was designed
647:
I trust to God that my life may be spared for nine months longer ... I should then have the satisfaction of leaving the exercise of the Royal authority to the personal authority of that young lady, heiress presumptive to the Crown, and not in the hands of a person now near me, who is surrounded
801:
The
Duchess died at 09:30 on 16 March 1861, aged 74 years, with her daughter Victoria at her side. The Queen was much affected by her mother's death. Through reading her mother's papers, Victoria discovered that her mother had loved her deeply; she was heart-broken, and blamed Conroy and Lehzen for
642:
were fond of their niece, but their attempts to forge a close relationship with the girl were frustrated by the conflict with the
Duchess of Kent. The King, angered at what he took to be disrespect from the Duchess to his wife, took the opportunity at what proved to be his final birthday banquet in
630:
to Conroy. In 1831, the year of
William's coronation, Conroy and the Duchess embarked on a series of royal tours with Victoria to expose her to the people and solidify their status as potential regents. Their efforts were ultimately successful and, in November 1831, it was declared that the Duchess
514:
were both estranged from their wives, who were in any case past childbearing age. The third brother, the Duke of
Clarence, had yet to produce any surviving children with his wife. The Duchess of Kent decided that she would do better by gambling on her daughter's accession than by living quietly in
625:
Perhaps because of Conroy's influence, the relationship between the
Duchess's household and William IV soon soured, with the Duchess regarding the King as an oversexed oaf. As far as she dared, the Duchess denied the King access to his niece. She prevented her daughter from attending William's
509:
in
January 1820, six days before his father, King George III. His widow the Duchess had little cause to remain in the United Kingdom, since she did not speak the language and had a palace at home in Coburg where she could live cheaply on the revenues of her first husband. However, the British
679:
and be able to succeed to the throne as an adult and consequently, while cultivating her mother, had shown little consideration for
Victoria. When the latter succeeded, Conroy risked having no influence over her. He tried to force Victoria to agree to make him her personal secretary once she
473:. Shortly after their marriage, the Kents moved to Germany, where the cost of living would be cheaper. Soon after, Victoria became pregnant, and the Duke and Duchess, determined to have their child born in England, raced back. Arriving at Dover on 23 April 1819, they moved into
643:
August 1836 to settle the score. Speaking to those assembled at the banquet, who included the
Duchess and Princess Victoria, William expressed his hope that he would survive until Princess Victoria was 18 so that the Duchess of Kent would never be regent. He said,
537:
In 1831, with George IV dead and the new king William IV (formerly the Duke of Clarence) being over 60 without any surviving legitimate issue, and whose nearly 40-year-old wife was considered to be at the end of childbearing age, the young princess's status as
558:
583:
and private secretary for the next nineteen years, as well as holding the unofficial roles of public relations officer, counsellor, confidant and political agent. While it is not clear which of the two was more responsible for devising the
613:
by insisting that her daughter avoid any appearance of sexual impropriety. Victoria shared a bedroom with her mother every night, studied with private tutors to a regular timetable, and spent her play-hours with her dolls and her
631:
would be sole regent in the event of Victoria's young queenship. The Duchess further offended the King by taking rooms in Kensington Palace that the King had reserved for himself, and she snubbed his illegitimate children, the
784:
was diagnosed with porphyria shortly before he died in a flying accident. There is moreover no genetic evidence that the royal family ever had the disease: its diagnosis in George III's case (and others) has been questioned.
515:
Coburg and, having inherited her second husband's debts, sought support from the British government. After the death of Edward and his father, the young Princess Victoria was still only third in line for the throne, and
592:
upon Victoria's (assumed youthful) succession and for Conroy to be created Victoria's private secretary and given a peerage. The Duchess and Conroy continued to be unpopular with the royal family and, in 1829, the
688:
609:
to render her weak and dependent upon them. The Duchess avoided the court because she was scandalised by the presence of King William's illegitimate children, and perhaps prompted the emergence of
2733:
3270:
546:
led to major increases in British state income for the Kents. Parliament agreed an annuity for the Duchess and her daughter in August 1831. A contributing factor was Leopold's designation as
1513:
2895:
1069:
1043:
2771:
304:
2799:
3428:
3020:
2777:
1311:
445:, the wife of Victoria's brother Leopold, in 1817, prompted a succession crisis. With Parliament offering them a financial incentive, three of Charlotte's uncles, sons of
2794:
700:, was born, the Duchess of Kent unexpectedly found herself welcomed back into Victoria's inner circle. It is likely that this came about as a result of the dismissal of
3103:
2726:
1343:
563:
1101:
433:
After the death of her first spouse, she served as regent of the Principality of Leiningen during the minority of their son, Carl, until her second marriage in 1818.
54:
3263:
981:
949:
753: – an extremely unlikely survival, given the poor state of medicine at the time, or the Duchess herself to be a carrier of haemophilia, since haemophilia is
2888:
923:
605:
wrote to the Duchess of Kent to advise that she was increasingly isolating herself from the royal family and that she must not grant Conroy too much power.
442:
385:
3617:
3498:
2820:
2719:
1285:
2208:
3622:
3256:
3058:
2846:
450:
341:
182:
1650:
Hibbert, p. 27; Longford, pp. 35–38, 118–119; St Aubyn, pp. 21–22; Woodham-Smith, pp. 70–72. The rumours were false in the opinion of these biographers.
418:
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King William ordered that Victoria follow his brothers down the aisle during the coronation. The Duchess interpreted this as a deliberate slight.
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from the descendants of Victoria. According to Wilson, the disease was prevalent in the royal family before Victoria but not afterwards.
373:
293:
530:, since Parliament had vivid memories of the late Duke's extravagance. In practice, a main source of support for her was her brother,
3587:
3582:
777:
652:
The breach between the Duchess and the King and Queen was never fully healed, but Victoria always viewed both of them with kindness.
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2107:
Peters, Timothy J.; Wilkinson, D. (2010). "King George III and Porphyria: A Clinical Re-Examination of the Historical Evidence".
853:
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598:
594:
667:
Conroy had high hopes for his patroness and himself: he envisaged Victoria succeeding the throne at a young age, thus needing a
3279:
3153:
735:
410:
329:
157:
510:
succession at this time was far from assured – of the three brothers older than Edward, the new king, George IV, and the
2953:
269:
803:
135:
3592:
2325:
The Mirror of Parliament for the Preliminary Portion of First Session of the Ninth Parliament of Great Britain and Ireland
773:
422:
219:
3518:
3214:
3198:
781:
717:
3642:
3602:
3423:
3491:
2640:
Becoming Queen Victoria: The Tragic Death of Princess Charlotte and the Unexpected Rise of Britain's Greatest Monarch
2288:
1448:
Tom Levine: Die Windsors. Glanz und Tragik einer fast normalen Familie. Campus-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main u. a. 2005,
526:, along with several other impoverished members of the royal family, and received little financial support from the
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3000:
818:
639:
602:
470:
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by evil advisers and is herself incompetent to act with propriety in the situation in which she would be placed.
333:
3637:
3180:
3163:
761:
697:
660:
3349:
3037:
1965:
877:
1417:
A German, the Duchess of Kent was unpopular in England, and did not mix well with the British royal family.
3433:
3192:
705:
588:, it was created to govern young Victoria's upbringing. The intention was for the Duchess to be appointed
3239:
Princesses whose titles were removed due to loss of husband's eligibility or divorce are shown in italics
3308:
2990:
2263:
838:
522:
The provision made for the Duchess of Kent was mean: she resided in a suite of rooms in the dilapidated
41:
1586:
477:, where Victoria gave birth to a daughter on 24 May 1819, Princess Alexandrina Victoria of Kent, later
2697:
3567:
3562:
3053:
2742:
615:
531:
381:
263:
93:
2937:
2656:
2394:
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1467:
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1947:
868:
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822:
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17:
2664:
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2607:
2588:
2573:
2555:
2533:
2446:
2425:
2402:
2380:
2358:
2339:
2188:
2182:
2120:
2091:
2023:
1998:
1973:
1892:
1739:
1709:
1449:
585:
523:
498:
474:
454:
206:
2681:
3464:
3232:
2904:
2499:
2463:
2213:
2112:
872:
672:
539:
3507:
3289:
848:
701:
568:
485:, ensured the Kents' speedy return to England in time for the birth of their first child.
414:
45:
465:, a joint ceremony at which Edward's brother, the Duke of Clarence and St Andrews, later
2456:
Longford, Elizabeth (2004a). "Edward, Prince, Duke of Kent and Strathearn (1767–1820)".
2238:"'The Young Victoria': Royal romance story is beautifully filmed and acted – Gusto"
2705:
2691:
2600:
834:
811:
619:
478:
325:
110:
726:
suggests that Victoria's father could not have been the Duke of Kent for two reasons:
3556:
3186:
2969:
2756:
2711:
2333:
676:
3248:
453:, proposed to Victoria and she accepted. The couple were married on 29 May 1818 at
3091:
2418:
1701:
750:
723:
2518:
2475:
2873:
760:
As for Wilson's second reason, there is evidence to suggest Victoria's daughter,
749:
In practice, Wilson's first reason would have required the Duchess's lover to be
2974:
2752:
2137:
Hibbert, p. 267; Longford, pp. 118, 290; St Aubyn, p. 319; Woodham-Smith, p. 412
731:
580:
576:
482:
60:
2503:
2467:
527:
466:
446:
345:
2116:
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coronation out of a disagreement of precedence, a decision attributed by the
769:
742:
506:
389:
2124:
793:
493:
597:
spread rumours that they were lovers in an attempt to discredit them. The
2682:"Archival material relating to Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld"
807:
754:
579:'s relationship with the Duchess was very close, with him serving as her
255:
668:
589:
543:
458:
406:
357:
89:
3476:
316:(Marie Louise Victoire; 17 August 1786 – 16 March 1861), later
792:
687:
654:
557:
492:
1683:
Hibbert, pp. 27–28; Waller, pp. 341–342; Woodham-Smith, pp. 63–65
2489:"Conroy, Sir John Ponsonby, first baronet (1786–1854), courtier"
2020:
Royal Maladies: Inherited Diseases in the Royal Houses of Europe
1587:"House of Lords Journal Volume 63: 31 August 1831 Pages 954–955"
802:"wickedly" estranging her from her mother. She is buried in the
704:
at the behest of Victoria's husband (and the Duchess's nephew),
3480:
3252:
2877:
2715:
2698:
Portraits of Princess Victoria, Duchess of Kent and Strathearn
2088:
Purple Secret: Genes, "Madness" and the Royal Houses of Europe
462:
3288:
Generations are numbered by husband's descent from the first
2795:
Charlotte Sophie, Hereditary Princess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
417:(1767–1801), had been her aunt. The couple had two children,
1692:
Hibbert, pp. 32–33; Longford, pp. 38–39, 55; Marshall, p. 19
833:
Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld was portrayed by
519:
was not inclined to support yet more impoverished royalty.
2913:
The generations include wives of princes descended from
2146:
Hibbert, p. 267; Marshall, p. 152; Woodham-Smith, p. 412
2022:. Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford. pp. 31–32.
336:
during the minority of her son from her first marriage,
3429:
Countess Isabelle of Thurn and Valsassina-Como-Vercelli
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
738:. The illness did not exist in the royal family before.
2800:
Fredericke Caroline, Margravine of Brandenburg-Ansbach
2289:"Meet the cast of Queen Charlotte: A Bridgerton Story"
1622:
1620:
899:
Ancestors of Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
2778:
Sophie Wilhelmine, Princess of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
2355:
We Two: Victoria and Albert: Rulers, Partners, Rivals
2209:"'Victoria & Albert' brings royal couple to life"
1857:
Hibbert, p. 31; St Aubyn, p. 26; Woodham-Smith, p. 81
2622:
Sovereign Ladies: The Six Reigning Queens of England
1070:
Princess Sophie Antoinette of Brunswick-WolfenbĂĽttel
817:
Queen Victoria and Albert dedicated a window in the
3442:
3416:
3390:
3374:
3358:
3342:
3301:
3207:
3172:
3146:
3120:
3084:
3046:
3030:
2983:
2962:
2946:
2930:
2864:** became princess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in 1826
2839:
2808:
2787:
2764:
1044:
Ferdinand Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-WolfenbĂĽttel
370:
Franz Frederick Anton, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
368:. She was the fourth daughter and seventh child of
299:
289:
279:
254:
237:
205:
146:
117:
100:
74:
34:
2772:Charlotte Wilhelmine, Countess of Hanau-MĂĽnzenberg
2599:
2487:
2417:
881:and by Florence Dobson in the 2023 limited series
2831:Princess Victoria, Duchess of Kent and Strathearn
2184:Royal Landscape: The Gardens and Parks of Windsor
1725:Waller, pp. 338–341; Woodham-Smith, pp. 68–69, 91
1444:
1442:
1128:Princess Victoria, Duchess of Kent and Strathearn
810:, Windsor Home Park, near to the royal residence
764:, suffered from porphyria, and John Röhl's book,
413:, whose first wife, Countess Henrietta Sophie of
392:, and heiress presumptive to the British throne.
384:, future king of the Belgians, married, in 1816,
3104:Princess Victoria Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein
1344:Countess Ferdinande Henriette of Stolberg-Gedern
564:Victoria, Duchess of Kent with Princess Victoria
550:, upon which he surrendered his British income.
409:, a young Victoria married (as his second wife)
2751:The generations are numbered from the union of
1514:"Papers of Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn"
1312:Countess Karoline Ernestine of Erbach-Schönberg
2816:Princess Sophie, Countess of Mensdorff-Pouilly
982:Princess Anna Sophie of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
950:Ernest Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
3492:
3264:
2889:
2727:
1224:Countess Sophie Theodora of Castell-Remlingen
1102:Princess Antoinette of Brunswick-WolfenbĂĽttel
601:referred to Conroy as "King John", while the
388:, the only legitimate daughter of the future
8:
2821:Antoinette, Duchess Alexander of WĂĽrttemberg
2661:Queen Victoria: Her Life and Times 1819–1861
2498:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2462:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
924:Francis Josias, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
3408:Princess Alexandra of Ysenburg and BĂĽdingen
2111:. Vol. 21, no. 1. pp. 3–19.
797:The Duchess of Kent's Mausoleum at Frogmore
3499:
3485:
3477:
3309:Duchess Caroline of Brunswick-WolfenbĂĽttel
3271:
3257:
3249:
3059:Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia
2896:
2882:
2874:
2734:
2720:
2712:
2704:
2690:
1915:. New York: St. Martin's Press, pp. 43–44
1907:
1905:
1706:Great Tales from English History, Volume 3
1468:"Victoire (genannt) - Deutsche Biographie"
904:
895:
451:Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn
324:, was a German princess and the mother of
183:Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn
53:
31:
3329:Duchess Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
3324:Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
3011:Duchess Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
3006:Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
2068:
1791:
1561:
1501:
692:The Duchess of Kent by Winterhalter, 1857
332:, from 1814, she served as regent of the
314:Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
220:Feodora, Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
78:Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
2954:Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg
2938:Princess Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach
2925:for members of the British royal family.
2552:Queen Victoria: A Biographical Companion
2187:. Yale University Press. pp. 347–.
2157:"Royal Burials in the Chapel since 1805"
1803:
1767:
1755:
1659:
1286:George August, Count of Erbach-Schönberg
3314:Princess Frederica Charlotte of Prussia
3097:Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife
2996:Princess Frederica Charlotte of Prussia
2917:, who formalised the use of the titles
2826:Grand Duchess Anna Feodorovna of Russia
2495:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2459:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2079:
2077:
2044:"An Interview with Dr. Helen Rappaport"
1827:
1779:
1671:
1611:
1530:
1438:
1410:
542:and the Duchess's prospective place as
449:, were prepared to marry. One of them,
328:of the United Kingdom. As the widow of
197: 1818; died 1820)
172: 1803; died 1814)
2860:* princess of Saxe-Saalfeld until 1699
2048:National Bleeding Disorders Foundation
1997:. London: HarperCollins. p. 270.
1928:. National Hemophilia Foundation. 2006
1815:
1708:, London: Little, Brown, and Company,
1497:
1495:
1493:
1265:
1145:
1141:
1131:
1023:
913:
909:
362:Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation
340:, until her second wedding in 1818 to
234:
3403:Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark
3164:Baroness Marie-Christine von Reibnitz
3138:Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark
3069:Princess Helen of Waldeck and Pyrmont
2847:Princess Victoria, Duchess of Nemours
2572:. London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson,
2532:, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson,
2445:, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson,
2161:College of St George - Windsor Castle
2086:; Warren, Martin; Hunt, David (1998)
1972:. London: HarperCollins. p. 69.
1626:
1341:
1331:
1327:
1315:
1309:
1299:
1283:
1273:
1269:
1253:
1247:
1237:
1221:
1211:
1207:
1195:
1189:
1179:
1163:
1153:
1149:
1125:
1115:
1099:
1089:
1085:
1073:
1067:
1057:
1041:
1031:
1027:
1011:
1008:Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
1005:
995:
979:
969:
965:
953:
947:
937:
921:
917:
659:The Duchess of Kent in a portrait by
284:Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
225:Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom
7:
2554:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc.
2530:The Life and Times of Queen Victoria
2236:Mary Kunz Goldman (21 August 2010).
1995:In the Blood: God, Genes and Destiny
1866:
1638:
1573:
1542:
1484:
1192:Heinrich XXIV, Count Reuss-Ebersdorf
1166:Heinrich XXIX, Count Reuss-Ebersdorf
3382:Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia
3319:Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen
3111:Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia
3064:Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia
3001:Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen
575:Together in a hostile environment,
378:Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
374:Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf
294:Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf
3618:Princesses of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
2743:Princesses of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
2399:Queen Victoria: A Personal History
2377:Queen Victoria: A Personal History
1738:, p.152. Penguin Books, New York.
1399:Duchess of Kent's Annuity Act 1838
696:When the Queen's first child, the
505:The Duke of Kent died suddenly of
129:St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
25:
3623:Hanoverian princesses by marriage
3280:Hanoverian princesses by marriage
2702:National Portrait Gallery, London
2338:. London: Old Street Publishing.
671:government, which, following the
421:, born on 12 September 1804, and
3398:Countess Monika zu Solms-Laubach
3350:Princess Marie of Saxe-Altenburg
3334:Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel
3133:Lady Alice Montagu Douglas Scott
3038:Princess Marie of Saxe-Altenburg
3016:Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel
2570:The Life and Times of William IV
2424:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
2217:. Knight Ridder. 21 October 2001
1950:(1965). "The Royal Hemophilia".
1250:Countess Augusta Reuss-Ebersdorf
772:in Empress Frederick's daughter
303:
35:Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
18:Viktoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
2546:. New York: St. Martin's Press
2262:Doran, Sarah (28 August 2016).
635:, before and during his reign.
411:Emich Carl, Prince of Leiningen
194:
169:
158:Emich Karl, Prince of Leiningen
3092:Princess Victoria Mary of Teck
2905:British princesses by marriage
2587:, London: Sinclair-Stevenson,
851:in the 2001 television serial
741:The supposed disappearance of
481:. An efficient organiser, Sir
322:Duchess of Kent and Strathearn
46:Duchess of Kent and Strathearn
27:Duchess of Kent and Strathearn
1:
3054:Princess Alexandra of Denmark
2991:Duchess Caroline of Brunswick
2357:. New York: Ballatine Books.
423:Princess Feodora of Leiningen
113:, Windsor, Berkshire, England
64:
3465:British princess by marriage
3154:Birgitte van Deurs Henriksen
2519:UK public library membership
2476:UK public library membership
1954:. Vol. 213. p. 91.
1736:A Treasure of Royal Scandals
782:Prince William of Gloucester
718:Legitimacy of Queen Victoria
330:Charles, Prince of Leiningen
3648:Mothers of British monarchs
3424:Princess Caroline of Monaco
2663:, London: Hamish Hamilton,
2323:Barrow, John Henry (1831).
2264:"Meet the cast of Victoria"
804:Duchess of Kent's Mausoleum
736:the descendants of Victoria
443:Princess Charlotte of Wales
425:, born on 7 December 1807.
386:Princess Charlotte of Wales
136:Duchess of Kent's Mausoleum
3669:
3598:19th-century women regents
3578:19th-century German people
3573:18th-century German people
2585:Queen Victoria: A Portrait
2542:Packard, Gerrold (1973).
1926:"Hemophilia B (Factor IX)"
1911:Packard, Jerrold (1973).
1734:Farquhar, Michael (2001).
1472:www.deutsche-biographie.de
1259:
1143:
1017:
911:
819:Royal Chapel of All Saints
715:
471:Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen
376:. One of her brothers was
3588:19th-century German women
3583:18th-century German women
3514:
3458:
3366:Princess Thyra of Denmark
3286:
3228:
3128:Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
3075:Princess Thyra of Denmark
2911:
2856:
2749:
2606:. Yale University Press.
2550:Rappaport, Helen (2003).
2528:Marshall, Dorothy (1972)
2379:. London: HarperCollins.
2327:. London: William Clowes.
1970:The Language of the Genes
1329:
1321:
1293:
1271:
1267:
1231:
1209:
1201:
1173:
1151:
1147:
1109:
1087:
1079:
1051:
1029:
1025:
989:
967:
959:
931:
915:
776:, and her granddaughter,
730:The sudden appearance of
360:on 17 August 1786 in the
242:
233:
215:Carl, Prince of Leiningen
52:
39:
3653:Remarried royal consorts
3608:Wives of British princes
2332:Chambers, James (2007).
2117:10.1177/0957154X09102616
2090:, London: Bantam Press,
2018:Ruston, Alan R. (2008).
780:. Röhl also claims that
768:, documents evidence of
661:Franz Xaver Winterhalter
3628:Princesses of Leiningen
2624:, London: John Murray,
2620:Waller, Maureen (2006)
2598:Vallone, Lynne (2001).
2583:St Aubyn, Giles (1991)
2568:Somerset, Anne (1980).
2524:(subscription required)
2416:Hough, Richard (1996).
2319:. London: Cresset Press
2315:Allen, W. Gore (1960).
497:The Duchess of Kent by
461:and on 11 July 1818 at
405:On 21 December 1803 at
380:, and another brother,
3434:Thyra von Westernhagen
2504:10.1093/ref:odnb/37309
2353:Gill, Gillian (2009).
1591:British History Online
1466:Biographie, Deutsche.
798:
693:
664:
650:
572:
502:
244:
2468:10.1093/ref:odnb/8526
2335:Charlotte and Leopold
2181:Jane Roberts (1997).
2109:History of Psychiatry
1993:Jones, Steve (1996).
796:
691:
658:
645:
561:
496:
366:Marie Louise Victoire
356:Victoria was born in
318:Princess of Leiningen
270:Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
245:Marie Louise Victoire
138:, Frogmore, Berkshire
42:Princess of Leiningen
3593:19th-century regents
2686:UK National Archives
2657:Woodham-Smith, Cecil
2544:Victoria's Daughters
2395:Hibbert, Christopher
2373:Hibbert, Christopher
1913:Victoria's Daughters
1891:(Hutchinson, 2002).
616:King Charles Spaniel
548:King of the Belgians
264:Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
94:Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
3215:Catherine Middleton
2642:. Ballatine Books.
2484:Longford, Elizabeth
2439:Longford, Elizabeth
2420:Victoria and Albert
1952:Scientific American
1948:McKusick, Victor A.
1487:, pp. 164–167.
854:Victoria and Albert
603:Duchess of Clarence
96:, Holy Roman Empire
3643:Daughters of dukes
3603:People from Coburg
3450:Alessandra de Osma
3181:Lady Diana Spencer
1806:, pp. 218–20.
1662:, pp. 211–12.
869:Catherine Flemming
864:The Young Victoria
859:Miranda Richardson
844:Edward the Seventh
823:Windsor Great Park
799:
712:Rumours of affairs
694:
665:
638:Both the King and
628:Duke of Wellington
611:Victorian morality
595:Duke of Cumberland
573:
503:
3613:Duchesses of Kent
3550:
3549:
3508:Duchesses of Kent
3474:
3473:
3246:
3245:
3199:Sophie Rhys-Jones
3159:Katharine Worsley
3021:The Princess Mary
2871:
2870:
2866:
2649:978-0-345-46195-7
2613:978-0-300-08950-9
2602:Becoming Victoria
2578:978-0-297-83225-6
2561:978-1-85109-355-7
2517:(Subscription or
2474:(Subscription or
2431:978-0-312-30385-3
2408:978-0-306-81085-5
2401:. Da Capo Press.
2364:978-0-345-52001-2
2345:978-1-905847-23-5
2194:978-0-300-07079-8
2029:978-1-4251-6810-0
1869:, pp. 75–76.
1839:Somerset, p. 209.
1674:, pp. 27–28.
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
861:in the 2009 film
762:Empress Frederick
586:Kensington System
524:Kensington Palace
499:Sir George Hayter
475:Kensington Palace
455:Schloss Ehrenburg
320:and subsequently
311:
310:
250:
249:
16:(Redirected from
3660:
3633:House of Hanover
3501:
3494:
3487:
3478:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3250:
3235:in her own right
3233:British princess
2898:
2891:
2884:
2875:
2858:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2713:
2708:
2694:
2689:
2653:
2617:
2605:
2565:
2525:
2522:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2491:
2479:
2471:
2435:
2423:
2412:
2390:
2368:
2349:
2328:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2242:The Buffalo News
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2214:Telegraph Herald
2205:
2199:
2198:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2104:
2098:
2084:Röhl, John C. G.
2081:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2015:
2009:
2008:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1922:
1916:
1909:
1900:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1840:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
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1747:
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1603:
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1600:
1598:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1533:, pp. 9–10.
1528:
1522:
1521:
1510:
1504:
1499:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1463:
1457:
1446:
1427:
1424:
1418:
1415:
905:
896:
673:Regency Act 1830
599:Duke of Clarence
540:heir presumptive
344:, fourth son of
307:
235:
198:
196:
173:
171:
107:
86:
84:
69:
66:
57:
32:
21:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3638:Royal reburials
3553:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3510:
3505:
3475:
3470:
3454:
3438:
3412:
3386:
3370:
3354:
3338:
3297:
3290:king of Hanover
3282:
3277:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3224:
3208:11th generation
3203:
3173:10th generation
3168:
3142:
3116:
3080:
3042:
3026:
2979:
2958:
2942:
2926:
2907:
2902:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2852:
2835:
2804:
2783:
2760:
2745:
2740:
2680:
2677:
2650:
2634:
2614:
2597:
2562:
2549:
2523:
2516:
2508:
2506:
2482:
2473:
2455:
2432:
2415:
2409:
2393:
2387:
2371:
2365:
2352:
2346:
2331:
2322:
2317:King William IV
2312:
2307:
2297:
2295:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2270:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2246:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2220:
2218:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2165:
2163:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2082:
2075:
2067:
2063:
2053:
2051:
2050:. 29 March 2022
2042:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2005:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1910:
1903:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1865:
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1733:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1700:
1696:
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1687:
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1670:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1637:
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1625:
1618:
1610:
1606:
1596:
1594:
1585:
1584:
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1572:
1568:
1560:
1549:
1541:
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1529:
1525:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1500:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1465:
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1460:
1447:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1395:
1390:
893:
884:Queen Charlotte
849:Penelope Wilton
831:
825:to her memory.
791:
720:
714:
702:Baroness Lehzen
686:
569:William Beechey
556:
491:
467:King William IV
447:King George III
439:
437:Second marriage
431:
415:Reuss-Ebersdorf
403:
398:
354:
275:
229:
201:
200:
192:
188:
185:
175:
167:
163:
160:
142:
141:
134:
122:
109:
105:
88:
82:
80:
79:
70:
67:
44:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3666:
3664:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3555:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3534:
3528:
3522:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3481:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3446:
3444:
3443:7th generation
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3420:
3418:
3417:6th generation
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3394:
3392:
3391:5th generation
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3375:4th generation
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3362:
3360:
3359:3rd generation
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3346:
3344:
3343:2nd generation
3340:
3339:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3305:
3303:
3302:1st generation
3299:
3298:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3253:
3244:
3243:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3193:Sarah Ferguson
3189:
3184:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3147:9th generation
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3121:8th generation
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3094:
3088:
3086:
3085:7th generation
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3050:
3048:
3047:6th generation
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3034:
3032:
3031:5th generation
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2987:
2985:
2984:4th generation
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2966:
2964:
2963:3rd generation
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2950:
2948:
2947:2nd generation
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2934:
2932:
2931:1st generation
2928:
2927:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2893:
2886:
2878:
2869:
2868:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2843:
2841:
2840:5th generation
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2809:4th generation
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2788:2nd generation
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2775:
2768:
2766:
2765:1st generation
2762:
2761:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2731:
2724:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2695:
2676:
2675:External links
2673:
2672:
2671:
2654:
2648:
2636:Williams, Kate
2632:
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2173:
2148:
2139:
2130:
2099:
2073:
2071:, p. 394.
2069:Rappaport 2003
2061:
2035:
2028:
2010:
2003:
1985:
1978:
1957:
1939:
1917:
1901:
1889:The Victorians
1887:A. N. Wilson,
1880:
1878:Packard, p. 85
1871:
1859:
1850:
1841:
1832:
1820:
1818:, p. 242.
1808:
1796:
1794:, p. 101.
1792:Rappaport 2003
1784:
1772:
1770:, p. 227.
1760:
1758:, p. 226.
1748:
1727:
1718:
1694:
1685:
1676:
1664:
1652:
1643:
1631:
1616:
1604:
1578:
1576:, p. 164.
1566:
1562:Longford 2004b
1547:
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1502:Longford 2004a
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835:Alison Leggatt
830:
827:
812:Windsor Castle
790:
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739:
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698:Princess Royal
685:
684:Reconciliation
682:
640:Queen Adelaide
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479:Queen Victoria
438:
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401:First marriage
399:
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390:King George IV
364:and was named
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108:(aged 74)
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87:17 August 1786
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3262:
3260:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3240:
3236:
3234:
3227:
3221:
3220:Meghan Markle
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3188:
3187:Camilla Shand
3185:
3183:
3182:
3178:
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3175:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3160:
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3019:
3017:
3014:
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3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2975:Anne Luttrell
2973:
2971:
2970:Maria Walpole
2968:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2955:
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2790:
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2779:
2776:
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2770:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2757:Saxe-Saalfeld
2754:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2732:
2730:
2725:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2669:0-241-02200-2
2666:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2631:
2630:0-7195-6628-2
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2596:
2594:
2593:1-85619-086-2
2590:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2539:
2538:0-297-83166-6
2535:
2531:
2527:
2520:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2454:
2452:
2451:0-297-17001-5
2448:
2444:
2443:Victoria R.I.
2440:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2422:
2421:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2386:0-00-638843-4
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2330:
2326:
2321:
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2314:
2313:
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2294:
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2281:
2269:
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2255:
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2239:
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2229:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2177:
2174:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2096:0-593-04148-8
2093:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2062:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2011:
2006:
2004:0-00-255511-5
2000:
1996:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1979:0-00-255020-2
1975:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1927:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1897:0-09-179421-8
1894:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1830:, p. 72.
1829:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1804:Williams 2010
1800:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1785:
1782:, p. 33.
1781:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1768:Williams 2010
1764:
1761:
1757:
1756:Williams 2010
1752:
1749:
1745:
1744:0-7394-2025-9
1741:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1716:, pp. 133–136
1715:
1714:0-316-11459-6
1711:
1707:
1703:
1702:Lacey, Robert
1698:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1660:Williams 2010
1656:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1641:, p. 47.
1640:
1635:
1632:
1629:, p. 20.
1628:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1614:, p. 63.
1613:
1608:
1605:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1545:, p. 34.
1544:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1454:3-593-37763-2
1451:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1423:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
993:
992:
987:
986:
983:
977:
976:
973:
972:
963:
962:
957:
956:
951:
945:
944:
941:
940:
935:
934:
929:
928:
925:
919:
907:
906:
903:
902:
898:
897:
890:
888:
886:
885:
880:
879:
874:
870:
866:
865:
860:
856:
855:
850:
846:
845:
840:
836:
828:
826:
824:
820:
815:
813:
809:
805:
795:
788:
786:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
766:Purple Secret
763:
758:
756:
752:
744:
740:
737:
733:
729:
728:
727:
725:
719:
711:
709:
707:
706:Prince Albert
703:
699:
690:
683:
681:
678:
674:
670:
662:
657:
653:
649:
644:
641:
636:
634:
633:FitzClarences
629:
623:
621:
617:
612:
606:
604:
600:
596:
591:
587:
582:
578:
570:
566:
565:
560:
553:
551:
549:
545:
541:
535:
533:
529:
525:
520:
518:
513:
508:
500:
495:
488:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
441:The death of
436:
434:
428:
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
400:
395:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
351:
349:
347:
343:
342:Prince Edward
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
306:
302:
298:
295:
292:
288:
285:
282:
278:
271:
268:
265:
262:
261:
259:
257:
253:
246:
241:
236:
232:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
212:
210:
208:
204:
184:
177:
176:
159:
152:
151:
149:
145:
137:
133:1 August 1861
132:
130:
127:Royal Vault,
126:
125:
121:25 March 1861
120:
116:
112:
104:16 March 1861
103:
99:
95:
91:
77:
73:
62:
56:
51:
48:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3541:
3536:
3524:
3462:
3323:
3238:
3230:
3191:
3179:
3109:
3102:
3073:
3005:
2922:
2918:
2863:
2859:
2830:
2660:
2639:
2621:
2601:
2584:
2569:
2551:
2543:
2529:
2507:. Retrieved
2493:
2457:
2442:
2419:
2398:
2376:
2354:
2334:
2324:
2316:
2310:Bibliography
2296:. Retrieved
2292:
2283:
2271:. Retrieved
2267:
2257:
2245:. Retrieved
2241:
2231:
2219:. Retrieved
2212:
2203:
2183:
2176:
2164:. Retrieved
2160:
2151:
2142:
2133:
2108:
2102:
2087:
2064:
2052:. Retrieved
2047:
2038:
2019:
2013:
1994:
1988:
1969:
1966:Jones, Steve
1960:
1951:
1942:
1930:. Retrieved
1920:
1912:
1888:
1883:
1874:
1862:
1853:
1848:Allen, p.225
1844:
1835:
1828:Vallone 2001
1823:
1811:
1799:
1787:
1780:Hibbert 2001
1775:
1763:
1751:
1735:
1730:
1721:
1705:
1697:
1688:
1679:
1672:Hibbert 2001
1667:
1655:
1646:
1634:
1612:Vallone 2001
1607:
1595:. Retrieved
1590:
1581:
1569:
1538:
1531:Hibbert 2000
1526:
1517:
1508:
1480:
1471:
1461:
1422:
1413:
1127:
883:
876:
871:in the 2016
862:
852:
842:
832:
816:
800:
765:
759:
751:haemophiliac
748:
724:A. N. Wilson
721:
695:
666:
651:
646:
637:
624:
607:
574:
562:
536:
521:
512:Duke of York
504:
440:
432:
404:
365:
355:
334:Principality
321:
317:
313:
312:
266:(until 1826)
106:(1861-03-16)
59:Portrait by
40:
29:
3568:1861 deaths
3563:1786 births
3533:(1934–1942)
3527:(1818–1820)
3521:(1710–1728)
2753:Saxe-Coburg
2293:Radio Times
2268:Radio Times
1816:Barrow 1831
1597:7 September
677:come of age
581:comptroller
577:John Conroy
483:John Conroy
419:Prince Carl
272:(from 1826)
68: 1818
61:George Dawe
3557:Categories
3294:George III
2521:required.)
2478:required.)
2247:13 January
1627:Hough 1996
1518:www.rct.uk
1434:References
732:hæmophilia
722:Historian
716:See also:
554:Royal feud
528:Civil List
517:Parliament
469:, married
352:Early life
346:George III
83:1786-08-17
3538:Katharine
2486:(2004b).
2273:29 August
1899:, page 25
1867:Gill 2009
1639:Gill 2009
1543:Gill 2009
829:Portrayal
774:Charlotte
770:porphyria
743:porphyria
507:pneumonia
489:Widowhood
396:Marriages
300:Signature
3525:Victoria
3231:*also a
2923:princess
2915:George I
2638:(2010).
2509:23 March
2397:(2001).
2375:(2000).
2221:5 August
2125:21877427
2054:25 March
1968:(1993).
1574:Chambers
1485:Chambers
1456:, S. 20.
1393:See also
891:Ancestry
878:Victoria
808:Frogmore
755:X-linked
243:German:
3542:(1961–)
3463:also a
2759:in 1699
2700:at the
2659:(1972)
2441:(1964)
2166:5 March
1932:20 June
1704:(2006)
875:series
837:in the
778:Feodora
669:regency
532:Leopold
501:in 1835
429:Regency
382:Leopold
199:
191:
187:
174:
166:
162:
147:Spouses
3531:Marina
3519:Jemima
2919:prince
2667:
2646:
2628:
2610:
2591:
2576:
2558:
2536:
2515:
2472:
2449:
2428:
2405:
2383:
2361:
2342:
2298:1 June
2191:
2123:
2094:
2026:
2001:
1976:
1895:
1742:
1712:
1593:. HMSO
1452:
841:drama
663:, 1846
590:regent
571:, 1821
544:regent
459:Coburg
407:Coburg
372:, and
358:Coburg
290:Mother
280:Father
118:Burial
90:Coburg
1405:Notes
867:, by
857:, by
847:, by
789:Death
256:House
238:Names
207:Issue
193:(
189:
168:(
164:
2921:and
2755:and
2665:ISBN
2644:ISBN
2626:ISBN
2608:ISBN
2589:ISBN
2574:ISBN
2556:ISBN
2534:ISBN
2511:2012
2447:ISBN
2426:ISBN
2403:ISBN
2381:ISBN
2359:ISBN
2340:ISBN
2300:2023
2275:2016
2249:2012
2223:2012
2189:ISBN
2168:2023
2121:PMID
2092:ISBN
2056:2024
2024:ISBN
1999:ISBN
1974:ISBN
1934:2010
1893:ISBN
1740:ISBN
1710:ISBN
1599:2021
1450:ISBN
1342:15.
1284:14.
1222:13.
1164:12.
1100:11.
1042:10.
620:Dash
338:Karl
101:Died
75:Born
2500:doi
2464:doi
2113:doi
1310:7.
1248:3.
1190:6.
1126:1.
1068:5.
1006:2.
980:9.
948:4.
922:8.
873:ITV
839:ATV
821:in
806:at
734:in
567:by
463:Kew
3559::
3292:,
2849:**
2684:.
2492:.
2291:.
2266:.
2240:.
2211:.
2159:.
2119:.
2076:^
2046:.
1904:^
1619:^
1589:.
1550:^
1516:.
1492:^
1470:.
1441:^
887:.
814:.
622:.
618:,
457:,
348:.
195:m.
170:m.
92:,
65:c.
63:,
3500:e
3493:t
3486:v
3296:.
3272:e
3265:t
3258:v
3241:.
3099:*
3023:*
2897:e
2890:t
2883:v
2780:*
2774:*
2735:e
2728:t
2721:v
2688:.
2652:.
2616:.
2580:.
2564:.
2513:.
2502::
2470:.
2466::
2434:.
2411:.
2389:.
2367:.
2348:.
2302:.
2277:.
2251:.
2225:.
2197:.
2170:.
2127:.
2115::
2058:.
2032:.
2007:.
1982:.
1936:.
1746:.
1601:.
1564:.
1520:.
1474:.
85:)
81:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
