643:
631:
431:
45:
31:
1123:
1115:
383:
1259:
242:
1335:
1075:
851:
340:
94:
1343:
1367:, which resulted in the same outcome. These species are permanent residents, allowing them first choice of nesting sites, while the violet-green swallows are summer residents with late breeding habits. Thus, a scarcity of viable nesting sites may lead to this interspecific competitive behaviour in violet-green swallows. A similar observation of competitive behaviour for potential nesting sites has been observed between
69:
1178:
is 5 eggs, with females laying approximately 1 per day. During the weeks post-hatching, the parents feed their young as they slowly begin to grow their feathers. After approximately 3 weeks the young are ready to leave the nest. It is more common for pairs to reproduce once per breeding season, but a
454:
are not as easily identifiable compared to adults due to their dull colouration. Similar to other juvenile swallows, especially the tree swallow, the juvenile violet-green swallow is white below and grayish-brown above. However, the more gradual change in colour and visible (but slightly reduced)
1411:
the morning after a cold and windy night. Upon closer observation, the violet-green swallows made minor movements, such as opening their eyes, but did not struggle while being handled. The physical appearance of the swallows, including the position of their head in relation to the slope and the
1362:
and violet-green swallows. The physical altercation began when a pair of swallows attempted to overtake a nesting site occupied by a pair of chickadees and their fledglings. After multiple aerial battles, the chickadees regained control of their nest and successfully defended against future
2286:
883:
and in close proximity to large cliffs. Breeding and non-breeding habitats do not differ much except that breeding habitat is usually at lower elevations. Violet-green swallows have also been observed nesting around buildings in more settled areas.
1134:, catching and eating their prey while in flight. However, they have been known to feed higher in the sky than most other swallows. The examination of the stomach contents of multiple individuals has presented a wide range of diet items, including
642:
1326:, fledgling survival was greater when violet-green swallows provided active care. It is believed that the swallows benefit from the cooperative relationship by inheriting the nest box after the bluebird parents and fledglings have left.
414:
is white below, but differs in that the white continues onto rump side-patches that almost meet at the base of the tail. These white rump side-patches sometimes look like one continuous stripe when in flight. White also extends onto the
1554:
Brown, C. R., A. M. Knott and E. J. Damrose. 2011. Violet-green
Swallow (Tachycineta thalassina), The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Retrieved from the Birds of North America Online:
630:
1243:, while the female bluebird did not seem concerned with the intruder. It appeared the bluebirds tolerated the act of egg-dumping by the violet-green swallow, but the observer returned the following day to find the newly laid
953:
behaviour of violet-green swallows. These gaps include vocalizations made during early development, alarm calls and the daily pattern of calls. The little information available suggests two main classes of vocalizations, the
1729:
Dor, Roi; Carling, Matthew; Lovette, Irby; Sheldon, Frederick; Winkler, David (2012). "Species trees for the tree swallows (Genus
Tachycineta): An alternative phylogenetic hypothesis to the mitochondrial gene tree".
1582:
Whittingham, Linda; Slikas, Beth; Winkler, David; Sheldon, Frederick (2002). "Phylogeny of the Tree
Swallow Genus, Tachycineta (Aves: Hirundinidae), by Bayesian Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA Sequences".
606:
are further classified into three groupings: the mud nesters, basal relicts and core martins, with the violet-green swallow falling into the last group. Violet-green swallows are one of 9 species of
1679:
Sheldon, Frederick; Whittingham, Linda; Moyle, Robert; Slikas, Beth; Winkler, David (2005). "Phylogeny of swallows (Aves: Hirundinidae) estimated from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences".
1290:, males spend more time guarding their mate than their nest, contrary to tree swallows. This paternity-defence behaviour emphasizes that non-territorial violet-green swallows exhibit greater
1453:. Indications of this activity include the orientation of their wings and tail, their trance-like state and the occasional loss of balance. Research has shown that increasing
3573:
1633:
Cerasale, David; Dor, Roi; Winkler, David; Lovette, Irby (2012). "Phylogeny of the
Tachycineta genus of New World swallows: Insights from complete mitochondrial genomes".
1785:
Whittington, Bruce (2000). "An
Apparent hybrid Violet-green Swallow (Tachyczneta thalasszna) X Cliff Swallow (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) in Saanichton, British Columbia".
1174:. Location dependent, copulation takes place mid-May with the eggs being laid by the start of June, followed by a couple weeks of incubation before hatching. The average
3421:
3473:
3588:
3553:
1215:, violet-green swallows have also been observed occupying artificial nest boxes. Pairs typically breed in independent nests, except on cliffs where large
423:. The notch in the tail of the violet-green swallow is slightly shallower than that of the tree swallow, but deeper than the relatively flat tail of the
1158:. On rare occurrences these birds have been observed foraging along the ground, but such events represent exceptions to their typical feeding habits.
1122:
430:
44:
3385:
30:
3568:
3434:
674:
placement within the genus depends on the type of analysis used. The violet-green swallow is a member of the North
American grouping, along with
1114:
311:
side-patches that appear to separate their green back and purple tail. Violet-green swallows are secondary cavity nesters, found in a number of
382:
391:
1258:
582:
been thoroughly researched. Swallows are passerine birds grouped within the family
Hirundinidae. The family Hirundinidae is split into two
1838:
Knight, Richard (1995). "First
Tennessee record of violet-green swallow with a summary of extralimital records in eastern North America".
1424:
for about 45 minutes after the sun began to rise. Eventually the 3 swallows awkwardly flew off, signifying the end of their torpor bout.
363:
of 5¼ in. (13 cm), the violet-green swallow is slightly shorter and appears more compact in flight compared to other members of the
1310:
with other species have been recorded. From 1981 to 1982, three independent swallow pairs were observed co-occupying the nest boxes of
2314:
3583:
3563:
3372:
892:
Violet-green swallows are a predominantly western species, with the rare sighting of individuals in eastern North
America. The
726:
analyses and a consensus of both methods have reorganized this North
American clade, alternating the closest sister taxon of
3439:
2227:
Blem, Charles; Blem, Leann (2000). "Effects of some meteorological variables on basking behavior in Violet-green Swallows".
2861:
2856:
3260:
1400:
1195:, meaning they typically nest in natural holes or previously occupied nests. Some breeding pairs will even go as far as
1106:
territorial disputes. Mixing of the two calls occurs occasionally, but little ecological research can explain its use.
3310:
3160:
2941:
93:
1363:
violet-green swallow attacks. The same field observer noted a similar altercation between violet-green swallows and
3478:
3251:
3145:
2599:
1868:
Brown, Charles (1983). "Vocalizations and behavior of Violet-green Swallows in the Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona".
1396:
827:, with a few cases involving violet-green swallows being reported. Breeding between violet-green swallows and both
3170:
3150:
2271:
1355:
1283:
1103:
896:
of the species can be divided on the basis of the recognized subspecies, but the entire range spans from central
3578:
3486:
2966:
1323:
847:. Nonetheless, these observations are rare, which accounts for the minimal research into swallow hybridization.
1816:
241:
1047:
This call is most commonly heard when one violet-green swallow interacts with another swallow, either during
3125:
3060:
2406:
1906:
Hobson, Keith; Sealy, Spencer (1987). "Foraging, scavenging, and other behavior of swallows on the ground".
1803:
Rossi, Liza; Knight, Richard (2006). "Cliff attributes and bird communities in Jefferson County, Colorado".
450:. Additionally, the white cheeks are not as prominent and the head is more bronze than green on the female.
3491:
3297:
3213:
3140:
3070:
3065:
2956:
2926:
2836:
2831:
2481:
2307:
2135:
Beasley, Barbara (1996). "Males on guard: paternity defences in violet-green swallows and tree swallows".
844:
424:
2192:
Lariewski, Robert; Thompson, Henry (1966). "Field observation of torpidity in the Violet-green Swallow".
2170:
Franzreb, Kathleen (1976). "Nest site competition between Mountain Chickadees and Violet-green Swallow".
1227:
Violet-green swallows have been observed cooperating and competing with various avian species, including
812:
as a third subspecies, and little information is available to help distinguish it from other subspecies.
3155:
3040:
2811:
2771:
2491:
683:
205:
188:
3315:
1510:
3558:
3359:
3289:
3271:
3188:
3090:
2988:
2951:
2879:
2806:
2801:
2751:
2731:
2691:
2686:
2537:
2401:
2116:
Eltzroth, Elsie; Robinson, Scott (1984). "Violet-Green Swallows help Western Bluebirds at the nest".
1739:
1688:
1642:
1592:
1392:
1167:
893:
1102:. Twitter calls have only been heard in flight, either by a male escorting a female or during brief
3025:
2946:
2936:
2906:
2776:
2736:
2519:
1064:
451:
58:
3465:
1334:
1074:
410:. Below the green back, the remainder of the wing is a grayish-bronze. Similar to other swallows,
3080:
3035:
3030:
2244:
2209:
2152:
2095:
2060:
2016:
1945:
1820:
1359:
1099:
1071:
when waiting to be fed by an adult, implying that it plays a role in parent-juvenile recognition.
1060:
739:
88:
3400:
2577:
1322:
with no resistance from the adult western bluebirds. Despite too small of a sample size to hold
3426:
3276:
339:
3512:
3452:
3333:
3085:
2998:
2931:
2604:
2486:
2300:
1755:
1704:
1658:
1608:
1342:
1255:
to laying her egg, a female violet-green swallow may participate in interspecific egg-dumping.
1208:
1095:
1068:
950:
703:
439:
2078:
Gullion, Gordon (1947). "Use of artificial nesting sites by violet-green and tree swallows".
3517:
3100:
3095:
3003:
2721:
2681:
2557:
2327:
2265:
2236:
2201:
2144:
2087:
2052:
2008:
1976:
1937:
1812:
1747:
1696:
1650:
1600:
1559:
1505:
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1388:
1368:
1364:
1311:
1252:
1228:
1216:
909:
850:
840:
820:
785:
547:
533:
518:
504:
490:
476:
364:
360:
359:
while in flight. The body of the violet-green swallow is no exception. With an average body
3302:
3499:
2921:
2916:
2746:
2741:
2696:
1772:
Smith, Elizabeth Zimmerman. 2015. Sialis.org, Woodstock CT. Retrieved from Sialis online:
933:
659:
399:
1487:
3530:
2277:
2041:"Interspecific egg-dumping by a Violet-green Swallow in an active Western Bluebird nest"
1743:
1692:
1646:
1596:
3120:
3075:
2911:
2847:
2781:
2726:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2501:
2496:
1232:
1207:. Due to their dependence on large trees, violet-green swallows are highly impacted by
699:
936:
spans almost the entire distribution, while the winter range is restricted to Mexico.
867:
occupied by violet-green swallows varies depending on their geographical location and
3547:
3447:
3111:
2716:
2634:
1496:
1175:
1052:
913:
671:
667:
658:
clade due to their large geographic range and because they are one of 2 species that
579:
395:
308:
270:
78:
73:
2248:
2156:
2064:
1824:
1469:, but typically occurs after an increase in parasite loads near the end of nesting.
327:
within these habitats, they are also widely observed nesting in the cracks of large
3338:
3165:
3130:
2961:
2901:
2822:
2656:
2392:
2341:
1458:
1446:
1395:
have been recorded in violet-green swallows, the first case occurring in 1965 near
1171:
832:
828:
723:
624:
593:
371:
304:
280:
2292:
2040:
1965:"Man's influence on potential nesting sites and populations of swallows in Canada"
843:, Canada, suggested the possible successful hybridization of a violet-green and a
3377:
3325:
1358:
for nesting sites. One example from 1974 noted the competitive behaviour between
1126:
A female violet-green swallow feeding her chick from outside their tree hole nest
602:, comprising all other martins and swallows. The 82 species within the subfamily
3460:
3408:
3245:
3135:
2993:
2977:
2762:
2645:
2614:
2609:
2568:
1751:
1700:
1654:
1450:
1438:
1421:
1417:
1379:
It has been speculated that certain birds, including swallows, enter a state of
1351:
1307:
1291:
1279:
1200:
1131:
925:
615:
324:
284:
165:
3236:
2240:
1556:
3525:
2625:
1466:
1461:. The period of sunbathing in violet-green swallows is short and dependent on
801:
763:
687:
578:
The swallows have been well studied ecologically, but only recently has their
1315:
1295:
1275:
1240:
1239:. Initially, the male bluebird attempted to drive the swallow from the nest
1212:
1192:
1151:
991:
905:
876:
872:
868:
836:
620:
607:
583:
320:
316:
273:
145:
105:
2148:
1759:
1708:
1662:
1612:
1604:
455:
white cheek patches can help identify juvenile individuals of the species.
1199:
nests from other species. A majority of violet-green swallow nests are in
3504:
3230:
3051:
3014:
2792:
2470:
1248:
1244:
1236:
1180:
1048:
978:
125:
2039:
Kleiber, Danika; Turner, Jenne; Budden, Amber; Dickinson, Janis (2007).
1999:
Pinkowski, Ben (1981). "High density of avian cavity-nesters in aspen".
1350:
Similar to the occasional observation of violet-green swallows building
1130:
Similar to other swallows, violet-green swallows are specialized aerial
3390:
3284:
2890:
2588:
2548:
2456:
2378:
2323:
2213:
2099:
2020:
1949:
1454:
1413:
1287:
1196:
921:
917:
864:
824:
691:
398:. The species is best identified by the glossy green on the top of the
367:
348:
312:
296:
155:
792:
has slightly longer wings and has been known to breed as far north as
3413:
2707:
2056:
1981:
1964:
1442:
1384:
1380:
1319:
1155:
1143:
1135:
901:
897:
880:
839:
were not observed. In 2000, the strange plumage of a swallow seen in
805:
793:
447:
356:
292:
288:
115:
3207:
2205:
2091:
2012:
1941:
1773:
3351:
1563:
390:
The violet-green swallow gets its name from the colouration on its
3346:
2444:
2366:
1416:
was similar to that of other birds in torpor. Despite the lack of
1314:. These violet-green swallows protected the nesting site, removed
1257:
1204:
1073:
929:
743:
611:
416:
351:
distinguishes them from other passerine birds. Their long pointed
328:
300:
3364:
1235:
notes a violet-green swallow laying an egg in an active bluebird
374:, but can be distinguished by its shorter wings and colouration.
1408:
1404:
443:
407:
403:
352:
276:
135:
3211:
2427:
2339:
2296:
1445:, violet-green swallows have been observed behaving similar to
746:
level, after which some uncertainty surrounds the placement of
1147:
1139:
420:
1887:
Erskine, Anthony (1984). "Swallows foraging on the ground".
1251:
suggests that when unable to access her original nest after
1817:
10.3375/0885-8608(2006)26[331:caabci]2.0.co;2
1420:, it was apparent these 3 individuals were in a state of
1346:
An 1894 drawing of a male and female violet-green swallow
1203:
excavated by other animals or within the cracks of large
742:
of the violet-green swallow is well understood up to the
1928:
Edson, J (1943). "A study of the Violet-Green Swallow".
1051:, in-flight chases or when approaching a nesting site.
835:
has been recorded on separate occasions, but resulting
370:. The violet-green swallow most closely resembles the
1403:. Field observers noted 3 “dead” individuals on the
3220:
3179:
3109:
3049:
3012:
2975:
2888:
2870:
2845:
2820:
2790:
2760:
2705:
2643:
2623:
2586:
2566:
2546:
2528:
2510:
2468:
2442:
2390:
2364:
1306:Multiple accounts of violet-green swallows forming
1166:Violet-green swallows will usually arrive at their
654:Violet-green swallows are important members of the
307:, these individuals can be identified by the white
1511:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22712077A118842397.en
871:. Across their range, these birds can be found in
662:within North America. It is generally agreed that
1387:conditions. Few observations of this decrease in
1118:Violet-green swallow with a beak full of insects
1094:calls typically associate the vocalization with
718:, with all 3 species forming a sister clade to
646:Specimen of a violet-green swallow subspecies (
634:Specimen of a violet-green swallow subspecies (
2283:- USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
949:There are many knowledge gaps surrounding the
908:, the range borders the west coast of Alaska,
2308:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1090:Observations of violet-green swallows making
762:Violet-green swallows are divided into three
750:within the North American clade of the genus
710:as a sister taxon of the Caribbean swallows,
8:
1994:
1992:
1557:http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/014
1282:, making males susceptible to nest and mate
355:and slim, streamlined body evolved to catch
2111:
2109:
446:simply showing brighter colours than adult
402:and back as well as hints of purple on the
3208:
2450:
2439:
2424:
2372:
2361:
2336:
2315:
2301:
2293:
2034:
2032:
2030:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
438:Violet-green swallows exhibit very little
287:are distributed along the west coast from
240:
67:
43:
29:
20:
3574:Native birds of the Western United States
2187:
2185:
1980:
1674:
1672:
1509:
916:, and extends eastward into southwestern
303:. With an appearance very similar to the
1923:
1921:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1457:temperatures during basking can control
1341:
1338:A comparison of five species of swallows
1333:
1121:
1113:
964:
849:
808:. Not all of the literature agrees upon
641:
629:
462:
429:
381:
338:
1798:
1796:
1478:
1352:interspecific cooperative relationships
1550:
1548:
1055:of swallows have been recorded making
1732:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1681:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1635:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1585:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
879:and mixed forests, as well as within
7:
2272:Violet-green swallow species account
1318:from the boxes and fed the bluebird
1264:The Crossley ID Guide: Eastern Birds
1211:. In addition to nesting in natural
1067:have also been observed making this
52:Female in California, United States
3589:Taxa named by William John Swainson
3554:IUCN Red List least concern species
1497:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1437:In addition to reaching borderline
678:(the North American tree swallow),
2287:Violet-green swallow photo gallery
1354:, they have also been involved in
823:has been known to occur among the
323:forest. In addition to nesting in
38:Male in California, United States
14:
2045:The Wilson Journal of Ornithology
1774:http://www.sialis.org/vgswbio.htm
1170:area weeks prior to the start of
784:differing in breeding ranges and
648:Tachycineta thalassina thalassina
2429:All other swallows and martins (
854:A violet-green swallow in flight
627:of all other New World swallows.
592:, which contains two species of
92:
2268:on the Internet Bird Collection
1486:BirdLife International (2017).
1270:Intraspecific paternity-defence
1219:can be found nesting together.
1183:has been observed on occasion.
3569:Native birds of Western Canada
1397:Death Valley National Monument
1:
2862:Southern rough-winged swallow
2857:Northern rough-winged swallow
2346:subfamily: Pseudochelidoninae
1969:The Canadian Field-Naturalist
1247:smashed below the nest. This
1098:and the establishment of new
1059:calls, suggesting its use in
636:Tachycineta thalassina lepida
253:Blue : nonbreeding area
2274:- Cornell Lab of Ornithology
2229:Journal of Field Ornithology
2118:Journal of Field Ornithology
1401:Saratoga Springs, California
1078:Violet-green swallow calling
666:is split into a North and a
623:group and is considered the
419:, partially surrounding the
3161:South African cliff swallow
2942:White-throated blue swallow
2266:Violet-green swallow videos
2001:The Southwestern Naturalist
1752:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.06.020
1701:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.11.008
1655:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.12.014
1371:and violet-green swallows.
1209:forest management practices
796:, while the shorter winged
650:) collected in Mexico, 1900
372:North American tree swallow
295:, extending as far east as
251:Yellow : breeding area
3605:
3146:Red-throated cliff swallow
2600:Brown-throated sand martin
2241:10.1648/0273-8570-71.2.339
1274:Violet-green swallows are
1262:Violet-green swallow from
1253:physiologically committing
1191:Violet-green swallows are
638:) collected in Mexico,1887
434:Female in California, U.S.
347:The distinct body form of
249:Green : resident area
3171:Chestnut-collared swallow
2453:
2438:
2423:
2375:
2360:
2335:
1504:: e.T22712077A118842397.
1356:interspecific competition
1330:Interspecific competition
1308:cooperative relationships
1302:Interspecific cooperation
1223:Interspecific egg-dumping
610:tree swallows within the
248:
239:
218:
213:
194:
187:
89:Scientific classification
87:
65:
56:
51:
42:
37:
28:
23:
2967:Black-and-rufous swallow
1439:hypothermic temperatures
1324:statistical significance
1296:nesting site competition
1276:secondary cavity nesters
1193:secondary cavity nesters
1022:No recognizable pattern
800:breeds further south in
386:Male in California, U.S.
3584:Birds described in 1827
3126:Streak-throated swallow
3061:Greater striped swallow
2431:subfamily: Hirundininae
2407:White-eyed river martin
2278:Violet-green swallow -
3564:Native birds of Alaska
3531:Tachycineta-thalassina
3277:Tachycineta_thalassina
3252:Tachycineta thalassina
3222:Tachycineta thalassina
3151:Preuss's cliff swallow
3141:American cliff swallow
3071:Rufous-chested swallow
3066:Lesser striped swallow
2957:Pearl-breasted swallow
2927:White-throated swallow
2837:Black-collared swallow
2832:Blue-and-white swallow
2482:Square-tailed saw-wing
2280:Tachycineta thalassina
2149:10.1006/anbe.1996.0269
1787:British Columbia Birds
1605:10.1006/mpev.2001.1073
1490:Tachycineta thalassina
1347:
1339:
1266:
1127:
1119:
1079:
855:
651:
639:
435:
387:
344:
266:Tachycineta thalassina
198:Tachycineta thalassina
3156:Red Sea cliff swallow
3041:Siberian house martin
2812:White-thighed swallow
2772:Brown-bellied swallow
2492:White-headed saw-wing
1805:Natural Areas Journal
1345:
1337:
1261:
1125:
1117:
1077:
853:
645:
633:
459:Standard measurements
433:
385:
343:Back and rump details
342:
283:family. These aerial
24:Violet-green swallow
3401:violet-green-swallow
3189:White-backed swallow
3091:West African swallow
2989:Eurasian crag martin
2952:White-tailed swallow
2880:Tawny-headed swallow
2807:Black-capped swallow
2802:White-banded swallow
2752:Brown-chested martin
2732:Grey-breasted martin
2692:White-rumped swallow
2687:White-winged swallow
2662:Violet-green swallow
2538:White-backed swallow
2402:African river martin
1428:Ectoparasite control
983:Mono- or bi-syllabic
706:analysis has placed
704:mitochondrial genome
261:violet-green swallow
3026:Common house martin
2947:Pied-winged swallow
2937:Wire-tailed swallow
2907:Red-chested swallow
2777:Pale-footed swallow
2520:Grey-rumped swallow
1963:Erskine, A (1979).
1908:The Wilson Bulletin
1889:The Wilson Bulletin
1870:The Wilson Bulletin
1744:2012MolPE..65..317D
1693:2005MolPE..35..254S
1647:2012MolPE..63...64C
1597:2002MolPE..22..430W
1463:ambient temperature
1407:-facing slope of a
1360:mountain chickadees
738:. Nonetheless, the
59:Conservation status
3081:Red-rumped swallow
3036:Nepal house martin
3031:Asian house martin
1449:individuals while
1412:fluffing of their
1348:
1340:
1267:
1128:
1120:
1096:courtship displays
1080:
856:
652:
640:
619:. This genus is a
589:Pseudochelidoninae
436:
388:
345:
180:T. thalassina
3541:
3540:
3513:Open Tree of Life
3214:Taxon identifiers
3205:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3086:Sri Lanka swallow
2999:Dusky crag martin
2932:Ethiopian swallow
2605:Congo sand martin
2487:Mountain saw-wing
2464:
2463:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2386:
2385:
1369:acorn woodpeckers
1365:hairy woodpeckers
1312:western bluebirds
1286:. To avoid being
1233:field observation
1229:western bluebirds
1150:as well as other
1037:
1036:
798:T. t. brachyptera
775:T. t. brachyptera
571:
570:
440:sexual dimorphism
406:, rump and upper
257:
256:
227:T. t. brachyptera
82:
3596:
3534:
3533:
3521:
3520:
3508:
3507:
3495:
3494:
3482:
3481:
3469:
3468:
3456:
3455:
3443:
3442:
3430:
3429:
3417:
3416:
3404:
3403:
3394:
3393:
3381:
3380:
3368:
3367:
3355:
3354:
3342:
3341:
3329:
3328:
3319:
3318:
3306:
3305:
3293:
3292:
3290:75DC49ADA7DBE82B
3280:
3279:
3267:
3266:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3209:
3101:Striated swallow
3096:Striated swallow
3004:Pale crag martin
2737:Galápagos martin
2722:Caribbean martin
2682:Mangrove swallow
2558:Mascarene martin
2451:
2440:
2425:
2373:
2362:
2337:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2294:
2253:
2252:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2189:
2180:
2179:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2143:(6): 1211–1224.
2137:Animal Behaviour
2132:
2126:
2125:
2113:
2104:
2103:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2057:10.1676/05-156.1
2036:
2025:
2024:
1996:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:10.5962/p.346992
1960:
1954:
1953:
1925:
1916:
1915:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1865:
1848:
1847:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1800:
1791:
1790:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1726:
1713:
1712:
1676:
1667:
1666:
1630:
1617:
1616:
1579:
1566:
1552:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1513:
1483:
1441:during bouts of
1389:body temperature
1292:mate competition
965:
910:British Columbia
841:British Columbia
790:T. t. thalassina
769:T. t. thalassina
732:T. cyaneoviridis
716:T. cyaneoviridis
696:T. cyaneoviridis
567:10.6 in (27 cm)
564:10.6 in (27 cm)
463:
244:
222:T. t. thalassina
200:
97:
96:
76:
71:
70:
47:
33:
21:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3579:Birds of Mexico
3544:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3529:
3524:
3516:
3511:
3503:
3500:Observation.org
3498:
3490:
3485:
3477:
3472:
3464:
3459:
3451:
3446:
3438:
3433:
3425:
3420:
3412:
3407:
3399:
3397:
3389:
3384:
3376:
3371:
3363:
3358:
3350:
3345:
3337:
3332:
3324:
3322:
3314:
3309:
3301:
3296:
3288:
3283:
3275:
3270:
3264:
3259:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3216:
3206:
3193:
3175:
3105:
3045:
3019:(house martins)
3018:
3008:
2981:
2971:
2922:Welcome swallow
2917:Pacific swallow
2895:(barn swallows)
2894:
2884:
2866:
2841:
2816:
2786:
2756:
2747:Southern martin
2742:Peruvian martin
2701:
2697:Chilean swallow
2650:(tree swallows)
2649:
2639:
2619:
2592:
2582:
2578:Brazza's martin
2562:
2542:
2524:
2506:
2474:
2460:
2434:
2411:
2382:
2356:
2331:
2330:: Hirundinidae)
2321:
2262:
2257:
2256:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2206:10.2307/1365178
2191:
2190:
2183:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2115:
2114:
2107:
2092:10.2307/4080385
2077:
2076:
2072:
2038:
2037:
2028:
2013:10.2307/3670862
1998:
1997:
1990:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1942:10.2307/4079262
1927:
1926:
1919:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1867:
1866:
1851:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1802:
1801:
1794:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1771:
1767:
1728:
1727:
1716:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1632:
1631:
1620:
1581:
1580:
1569:
1553:
1526:
1516:
1514:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1435:
1430:
1377:
1332:
1304:
1272:
1225:
1189:
1164:
1112:
1088:
1061:social cohesion
1045:
1019:Pairs of series
970:Chee-chee calls
947:
942:
932:. The breeding
890:
861:
818:
760:
670:clade, but the
576:
461:
380:
337:
252:
250:
209:
202:
196:
183:
91:
83:
72:
68:
61:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
3602:
3600:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3546:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3522:
3509:
3496:
3483:
3470:
3457:
3444:
3431:
3418:
3405:
3395:
3382:
3369:
3356:
3343:
3330:
3320:
3307:
3294:
3281:
3268:
3257:
3242:
3226:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3185:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3121:Forest swallow
3117:
3115:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3076:Mosque swallow
3073:
3068:
3063:
3057:
3055:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3022:
3020:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2985:
2983:
2982:(crag martins)
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2912:Angola swallow
2909:
2904:
2898:
2896:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2876:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2848:Stelgidopteryx
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2798:
2796:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2782:Andean swallow
2779:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2727:Sinaloa martin
2724:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2677:Tumbes swallow
2674:
2672:Bahama swallow
2669:
2667:Golden swallow
2664:
2659:
2653:
2651:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2631:
2629:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2594:
2593:(sand martins)
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2534:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2502:Fanti saw-wing
2499:
2497:Black saw-wing
2494:
2489:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2454:
2448:
2436:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2396:
2393:Pseudochelidon
2388:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2376:
2370:
2358:
2357:
2352:Pseudochelidon
2340:
2333:
2332:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2284:
2275:
2269:
2261:
2260:External links
2258:
2255:
2254:
2235:(2): 339–344.
2219:
2200:(1): 102–103.
2181:
2162:
2127:
2105:
2086:(3): 411–415.
2070:
2051:(1): 126–128.
2026:
2007:(4): 560–562.
1988:
1975:(4): 371–377.
1955:
1936:(3): 396–403.
1917:
1898:
1879:
1849:
1830:
1811:(4): 331–338.
1792:
1777:
1765:
1738:(1): 317–322.
1714:
1687:(1): 254–270.
1668:
1618:
1591:(3): 430–441.
1567:
1564:10.2173/bna.14
1524:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1393:metabolic rate
1376:
1373:
1331:
1328:
1303:
1300:
1271:
1268:
1224:
1221:
1188:
1185:
1163:
1160:
1111:
1108:
1087:
1081:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1027:Intervals (ms)
1024:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1002:
1001:
998:
995:
988:
987:
984:
981:
975:
974:
973:Twitter calls
971:
968:
946:
943:
941:
938:
906:Longitudinally
889:
886:
860:
857:
817:
814:
759:
756:
724:Nuclear genome
700:Bahama swallow
684:golden swallow
668:South American
575:
572:
569:
568:
565:
562:
558:
557:
554:
551:
544:
543:
540:
537:
529:
528:
525:
522:
515:
514:
511:
508:
501:
500:
497:
494:
487:
486:
483:
480:
473:
472:
469:
466:
460:
457:
379:
376:
336:
333:
271:North American
255:
254:
246:
245:
237:
236:
235:
234:
229:
224:
216:
215:
211:
210:
203:
192:
191:
185:
184:
177:
175:
171:
170:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
85:
84:
66:
63:
62:
57:
54:
53:
49:
48:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3601:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3112:Petrochelidon
3108:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2872:Alopochelidon
2869:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2717:Purple martin
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2635:Banded martin
2633:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2471:Psalidoprocne
2467:
2459:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2422:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2381:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2353:
2347:
2343:
2342:River martins
2338:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2223:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2178:(4): 836–837.
2177:
2173:
2166:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2128:
2124:(2): 259–261.
2123:
2119:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1914:(1): 111–116.
1913:
1909:
1902:
1899:
1895:(1): 136–137.
1894:
1890:
1883:
1880:
1876:(1): 142–145.
1875:
1871:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
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1799:
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1788:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1769:
1766:
1761:
1757:
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1749:
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1737:
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1725:
1723:
1721:
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1715:
1710:
1706:
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1669:
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1636:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1610:
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1602:
1598:
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1590:
1586:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1551:
1549:
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1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1482:
1479:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1467:wind velocity
1464:
1460:
1459:ectoparasites
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1383:during harsh
1382:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1344:
1336:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1187:Nesting sites
1186:
1184:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1124:
1116:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1104:intraspecific
1101:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1082:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1039:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1005:Duration (ms)
1004:
1003:
999:
996:
993:
990:
989:
986:Monosyllabic
985:
982:
980:
977:
976:
972:
969:
967:
966:
963:
961:
957:
952:
945:Vocalizations
944:
939:
937:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
914:United States
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
887:
885:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
858:
852:
848:
846:
845:cliff swallow
842:
838:
834:
833:barn swallows
830:
826:
822:
821:Hybridization
816:Hybridization
815:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
782:
777:
776:
771:
770:
765:
757:
755:
753:
749:
748:T. thalassina
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
728:T. thalassina
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
708:T. thalassina
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
649:
644:
637:
632:
628:
626:
622:
618:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
600:
595:
594:river martins
591:
590:
585:
581:
573:
566:
563:
560:
559:
555:
552:
549:
546:
545:
541:
538:
535:
531:
530:
526:
523:
520:
517:
516:
512:
509:
506:
503:
502:
498:
495:
492:
489:
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484:
481:
478:
475:
474:
470:
467:
465:
464:
458:
456:
453:
449:
445:
442:, with adult
441:
432:
428:
426:
425:cliff swallow
422:
418:
413:
412:T. thalassina
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
384:
377:
375:
373:
369:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
341:
334:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
275:
272:
269:) is a small
268:
267:
262:
247:
243:
238:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
219:
217:
212:
207:
201:
199:
193:
190:
189:Binomial name
186:
182:
181:
176:
173:
172:
169:
168:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
146:Passeriformes
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
95:
90:
86:
80:
75:
74:Least Concern
64:
60:
55:
50:
46:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3221:
3180:
3166:Cave swallow
3131:Fairy martin
3110:
3050:
3013:
2978:Ptyonoprogne
2976:
2962:Blue swallow
2902:Barn swallow
2889:
2871:
2846:
2823:Pygochelidon
2821:
2791:
2761:
2706:
2661:
2657:Tree swallow
2644:
2624:
2587:
2567:
2547:
2529:
2512:Pseudhirundo
2511:
2469:
2455:
2443:
2430:
2391:
2377:
2365:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2279:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2197:
2193:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2121:
2117:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2048:
2044:
2004:
2000:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1933:
1929:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1873:
1869:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1808:
1804:
1786:
1780:
1768:
1735:
1731:
1684:
1680:
1641:(1): 64–71.
1638:
1634:
1588:
1584:
1515:. Retrieved
1501:
1495:
1489:
1481:
1447:hyperthermic
1436:
1418:thermometers
1378:
1349:
1305:
1280:insectivores
1273:
1263:
1231:. A similar
1226:
1190:
1172:reproduction
1165:
1162:Reproduction
1132:insectivores
1129:
1091:
1089:
1083:
1069:vocalization
1056:
1046:
1040:
959:
955:
951:vocalization
948:
894:distribution
891:
888:Distribution
863:The type of
862:
819:
810:T. t. lepida
809:
797:
789:
781:T. t. lepida
780:
779:
774:
773:
768:
767:
761:
751:
747:
736:T. euchrysea
735:
731:
727:
719:
715:
712:T. euchrysea
711:
707:
695:
680:T. euchrysea
679:
675:
672:phylogenetic
663:
655:
653:
647:
635:
621:monophyletic
614:
604:Hirundininae
603:
599:Hirundininae
598:
597:
588:
587:
577:
437:
411:
389:
368:Hirundinidae
346:
305:tree swallow
285:insectivores
265:
264:
260:
258:
232:T. t. lepida
231:
226:
221:
197:
195:
179:
178:
166:
156:Hirundinidae
18:
3559:Tachycineta
3487:Neotropical
3461:NatureServe
3409:iNaturalist
3246:Wikispecies
3136:Tree martin
2994:Rock martin
2763:Orochelidon
2646:Tachycineta
2615:Pale martin
2610:Sand martin
2569:Phedinopsis
2475:(saw-wings)
1846:(3): 46–48.
1840:The Migrant
1517:13 November
1422:hypothermia
1284:competition
1278:and aerial
1176:clutch size
1100:territories
926:the Dakotas
752:Tachycineta
664:Tachycineta
656:Tachycineta
625:sister taxa
616:Tachycineta
584:subfamilies
521:length (mm)
507:length (mm)
493:length (mm)
479:length (mm)
378:Colouration
335:Description
214:Subspecies
167:Tachycineta
3548:Categories
3526:Xeno-canto
3181:Cheramoeca
2626:Neophedina
2530:Cheramoeca
1473:References
1451:sunbathing
1433:Sunbathing
1320:fledglings
1316:fecal sacs
1201:tree holes
1152:arthropods
1016:Repetition
1000:2.0 – 6.5
997:2.5 - ≥7.0
958:calls and
877:coniferous
802:California
764:subspecies
758:Subspecies
720:T. bicolor
688:Hispaniola
676:T. bicolor
325:tree holes
321:coniferous
315:including
1381:torpidity
1288:cuckolded
1249:behaviour
1065:Juveniles
1057:chee-chee
1041:Chee-chee
992:Frequency
979:Syllables
956:chee-chee
940:Behaviour
873:deciduous
869:elevation
837:offspring
608:New World
580:phylogeny
561:Wingspan
452:Juveniles
317:deciduous
274:passerine
174:Species:
112:Kingdom:
106:Eukaryota
3466:2.100465
3453:22712077
3427:10883805
3365:45511455
3303:22712077
3298:BirdLife
3237:Q1059968
3231:Wikidata
3052:Cecropis
3015:Delichon
2793:Atticora
2324:Swallows
2249:85741652
2157:53194042
2065:84658134
1825:85603594
1789:: 16–17.
1760:22750631
1709:15737595
1663:22209859
1613:11884168
1414:feathers
1237:nest box
1217:colonies
1213:cavities
1197:usurping
1181:brooding
1168:breeding
1154:such as
1049:foraging
1033:Unknown
1030:85 - 165
912:and the
900:down to
825:swallows
788:length.
740:taxonomy
730:between
574:Taxonomy
532:Longest
349:swallows
313:habitats
206:Swainson
152:Family:
126:Chordata
122:Phylum:
116:Animalia
102:Domain:
79:IUCN 3.1
3391:5230754
3285:Avibase
2891:Hirundo
2589:Riparia
2549:Phedina
2457:Species
2379:Species
2350:genus:
2348:·
2214:1365178
2100:4080385
2080:The Auk
2021:3670862
1950:4079262
1930:The Auk
1740:Bibcode
1689:Bibcode
1643:Bibcode
1593:Bibcode
1455:feather
1179:second
1156:spiders
1144:beetles
1136:insects
1092:twitter
1084:Twitter
962:calls.
960:twitter
922:Montana
918:Alberta
881:canyons
865:habitat
859:Habitat
692:Jamaica
471:Female
448:females
357:insects
297:Montana
281:swallow
279:in the
208:, 1827)
162:Genus:
142:Order:
132:Class:
77: (
3518:621801
3492:vigswa
3479:173226
3440:178427
3398:GNAB:
3373:EURING
3352:vigswa
3326:vigswa
3265:vigrsw
2708:Progne
2328:family
2247:
2212:
2194:Condor
2155:
2098:
2063:
2019:
1948:
1823:
1758:
1707:
1661:
1611:
1443:torpor
1385:winter
1375:Torpor
1241:cavity
1205:cliffs
1053:Flocks
902:Mexico
898:Alaska
806:Mexico
794:Alaska
694:) and
596:, and
519:Tarsal
499:107.9
417:cheeks
365:family
361:length
329:cliffs
293:Mexico
289:Alaska
3505:76669
3422:IRMNG
3414:11931
3347:eBird
3339:54CBJ
3323:BOW:
2445:Genus
2367:Genus
2289:VIREO
2245:S2CID
2210:JSTOR
2153:S2CID
2096:JSTOR
2061:S2CID
2017:JSTOR
1946:JSTOR
1821:S2CID
1294:than
1148:flies
1138:like
1086:calls
1043:calls
994:(kHz)
934:range
930:Texas
744:genus
702:). A
698:(the
682:(the
660:breed
612:genus
556:13.9
542:13.3
527:11.8
513:43.7
496:113.9
444:males
353:wings
301:Texas
3474:NCBI
3448:IUCN
3435:ITIS
3386:GBIF
3378:9850
3316:9683
3311:BOLD
1756:PMID
1705:PMID
1659:PMID
1609:PMID
1519:2021
1502:2017
1465:and
1409:dune
1405:east
1391:and
1146:and
1140:ants
1110:Diet
1011:125
928:and
831:and
829:tree
804:and
786:wing
778:and
734:and
714:and
690:and
553:14.4
548:Mass
539:13.2
536:(mm)
524:11.7
510:46.0
505:Tail
491:Wing
485:5.2
477:Bill
468:Male
408:tail
404:nape
400:head
396:rump
394:and
392:back
319:and
309:rump
299:and
277:bird
259:The
136:Aves
3360:EoL
3334:CoL
3272:ADW
3261:ABA
2237:doi
2202:doi
2172:Auk
2145:doi
2088:doi
2053:doi
2049:119
2009:doi
1977:doi
1938:doi
1813:doi
1748:doi
1697:doi
1651:doi
1601:doi
1560:doi
1506:doi
1399:in
1245:egg
1008:165
686:of
550:(g)
534:toe
482:5.1
421:eye
291:to
3550::
3528::
3515::
3502::
3489::
3476::
3463::
3450::
3437::
3424::
3411::
3388::
3375::
3362::
3349::
3336::
3313::
3300::
3287::
3274::
3263::
3248::
3233::
2243:.
2233:71
2231:.
2208:.
2198:68
2196:.
2184:^
2176:93
2174:.
2151:.
2141:52
2139:.
2122:55
2120:.
2108:^
2094:.
2084:64
2082:.
2059:.
2047:.
2043:.
2029:^
2015:.
2005:25
2003:.
1991:^
1973:93
1971:.
1967:.
1944:.
1934:60
1932:.
1920:^
1912:99
1910:.
1893:96
1891:.
1874:95
1872:.
1852:^
1844:66
1842:.
1819:.
1809:26
1807:.
1795:^
1754:.
1746:.
1736:65
1734:.
1717:^
1703:.
1695:.
1685:35
1683:.
1671:^
1657:.
1649:.
1639:63
1637:.
1621:^
1607:.
1599:.
1589:22
1587:.
1570:^
1527:^
1500:.
1494:.
1298:.
1142:,
1063:.
924:,
920:,
904:.
875:,
772:,
766:,
754:.
722:.
586::
427:.
331:.
2433:)
2355:)
2344:(
2326:(
2316:e
2309:t
2302:v
2251:.
2239::
2216:.
2204::
2159:.
2147::
2102:.
2090::
2067:.
2055::
2023:.
2011::
1985:.
1979::
1952:.
1940::
1827:.
1815::
1762:.
1750::
1742::
1711:.
1699::
1691::
1665:.
1653::
1645::
1615:.
1603::
1595::
1562::
1521:.
1508::
1492:"
1488:"
263:(
204:(
81:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
