407:. As of 2019 there are still no known resistant cultivars, with the very best being only of "moderate" susceptibility. Planting rice earlier in the season can also reduce the amount of disease caused by false smut. In some studies, rice planted in April showed much less presence of false smut than rice planted after 15 May. As is the case for most rice diseases, large amounts of fertilizer in the soil lead to increase in disease. Maintaining the nitrogen rate in the soil to a level below 160 pounds per acre has proven to be most efficient against stopping disease. Although there are no specific fungicide recommendations for the eradication of the false smut pathogen of rice, Cartwright reported that propiconazole was the most effective ingredient after studying it for over three years.
300:
44:
386:, invades through a small gap at the apex of a rice spikelet before heading. The primary source of infection is the presence of chlamydospores in the soil. During the vegetative stage of the growth of the rice crop, the fungus colonizes the tissue on the growing points on the tillers. This happens when
461:
Zhang, Yong; Zhang, Kang; Fang, Anfei; Han, Yanqing; Yang, Jun; Xue, Minfeng; Bao, Jiandong; Hu, Dongwei; Zhou, Bo; Sun, Xianyun; Li, Shaojie; Wen, Ming; Yao, Nan; Ma, Li-Jun; Liu, Yongfeng; Zhang, Min; Huang, Fu; Luo, Chaoxi; Zhou, Ligang; Li, Jianqiang; Chen, Zhiyi; Miao, Jiankun; Wang, Shu; Lai,
363:
has a peculiar life cycle. White hyphae are produced by the fungi after initial infection of the floral organs of the rice crop. As the infection matures with time, darker brownish green chlamydospores are produced on the rice spikelets. Additionally, sclerotia can be present towards the end of the
373:
to survive even longer, almost up to a year. These sclerotia, which can be present either on or below the surface of the soil, mature to form an ascocarp (fruiting body). The ascospores from these fruiting bodies act as the primary source of infection to spread disease throughout the paddy field.
402:
The rice false smut pathogen causes mostly qualitative damage to the rice crop. Removal of the brown "smut balls" is important to maintain the visual integrity of the harvested crop. Additionally, certain steps can be taken to manage and/or prevent the onset of disease. Most rice varieties are
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undergoes a sexual (ascospores) stage as well as an asexual (chlamydospores) stage. The chlamydospores are the main survival structure, and they can live in the soil for up to four months. The additional formation of sclerotia allows
232:
which reduces both grain yield and grain quality. The disease occurs in more than 40 countries, especially in the rice producing countries of Asia. but also in the U.S. As the common name suggests, it is not a true
423:
Tanaka, Eiji, Taketo
Ashizawa, Ryoichi Sonoda & Chihiro Tanaka. Villosiclava virens gen. nov., comb. nov., teleomorph of Ustilaginoidea virens, the causal agent of rice false smut. Mycotaxon 106: 491-501.
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Li, Y. Zhu, Z., Zhang Y., Zhao, L., Wang, C. Genetic
Analysis of Rice False Smut Resistance Using Mixed Major Genes and Polygenes Inheritance Model. Acta Agronoimica Sinica. 2008 34(10): 1728-1733
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form erupting through the palea and lemma forming a ball of mycelia, the outermost layers are spore-producing. Infected rice kernels are always destroyed by the disease.
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Brooks, S., Anders, M., Yeater, K. Effect of
Cultural Management Practices on the Severity of False Smut of Rice. Plant Disease. 2009. 93:1202-1208
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Abbas, H. K.; Sciumbato, G.; Keeling, B. (2002). "First Report of False Smut of Corn (Zea mays) in the
Mississippi Delta".
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464:"Specific adaptation of Ustilaginoidea virens in occupying host florets revealed by comparative and functional genomics"
639:"Studies on the false smut of rice X. Invasion of chlamydospores and hyphae of the false smut fungus into rice plants"
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Webster, R. K. and
Gunnell, P. S. 1992. Compendium of rice diseases. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN
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susceptible to the disease; however, some cultivars of rice provide a small amount of resistance against
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Ashizawa, Taketo; Takahashi, Mami; Arai, Michiyoshi; Arie, Tsutomu (2012). "Rice false smut pathogen,
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744:, invades through small gap at the apex of a rice spikelet before heading ā Ashizawa et al., 2012.
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in occupying host florets revealed by comparative and functional genomics ā Zhang et al., 2014.
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http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/training/fact-sheets/pest-management/diseases/item/false-smut
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get deposited on the spikelets of the rice crop, which later lead to the growth of
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Of particular concern are the production of alkaloids in the grain as with the
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241:. False smut does not replace all or part of the kernel with a mass of black
585:, invades through small gap at the apex of a rice spikelet before heading".
254:
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511:
462:
Jinsheng; Xu, Jin-Rong; Hsiang, Tom; Peng, You-Liang; Sun, Wenxian (2014).
394:. The mycelia from these hyphae invade the floral organs in the spikelets.
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Research
Bulletins of the Faculty of Agriculture of Gifu University
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from soil in Japan using real-time PCR ā Ashizawa et al., 2010.
228:, is a plant pathogen which causes the disease "false smut" of
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703:
University of
Arkansas System Division of Agriculture
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774:
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275:, and lacks enzymes necessary in ergot synthesis.
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747:Quantification of the rice false smut pathogen
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8:
328:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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42:
31:
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348:Learn how and when to remove this message
754:Elucidation of the infection process of
695:"2019 AR Rice Cultivar Testing Results"
597:Springer Science and Business Media LLC
416:
271:/ergot fungus, is not known to produce
758:in rice spikelets ā Tang et al., 2012.
7:
893:5139b3be-0e9f-4fd0-8858-960ace7fa3e5
364:fall season. During its life cycle,
326:adding citations to reliable sources
1009:Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
693:Hardke, Jarrod (5 December 2019).
667:Cartwright, Rick (2 August 2002).
588:Journal of General Plant Pathology
544:American Phytopathological Society
25:
669:"Controlling false smut in rice"
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382:The rice false smut pathogen,
1:
552:10.1094/pdis.2002.86.10.1179b
727:"False Smut" ā OƱa et al. ā
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740:Rice false smut pathogen,
54:smut balls on a rice head
1024:Enigmatic Ascomycota taxa
605:10.1007/s10327-012-0389-3
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60:Scientific classification
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1029:Fungi described in 1878
733:Specific adaptation of
222:, perfect sexual stage
170:(Cooke) Takah., (1896)
776:Ustilaginoidea virens
756:Ustilaginoidea virens
749:Ustilaginoidea virens
742:Ustilaginoidea virens
735:Ustilaginoidea virens
583:Ustilaginoidea virens
469:Nature Communications
384:Ustilaginoidea virens
219:Ustilaginoidea virens
199:Ustilaginoidea oryzae
164:Ustilaginoidea virens
36:Ustilaginoidea virens
322:improve this section
202:(Pat.) Bref., (1895)
185:Sphacelotheca virens
637:Ikegami, H (1963).
486:2014NatCo...5.3849Z
225:Villosiclava virens
18:Villosiclava virens
699:Arkansas Row Crops
495:10.1038/ncomms4849
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901:Open Tree of Life
768:Taxon identifiers
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16:(Redirected from
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338:November 2020
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839:iNaturalist
709:24 November
678:24 November
599:: 255ā259.
107:Hypocreales
1003:Categories
411:References
284:maize/corn
239:ascomycete
83:Ascomycota
78:Division:
933:Q59591723
705:Extension
613:1345-2630
560:0191-2917
504:2041-1723
405:U. virens
378:Infection
371:U. virens
366:U. virens
361:U. virens
309:does not
280:U. virens
278:Although
269:Claviceps
267:is not a
265:U. virens
255:Claviceps
245:, rather
237:, but an
140:Species:
66:Kingdom:
52:U. virens
981:MycoBank
973:10965589
942:Fungorum
927:Wikidata
865:MycoBank
857:10907854
813:Fungorum
791:Q3278240
785:Wikidata
649:: 54ā60.
621:14692540
568:30818527
546:: 1179.
512:24846013
480:: 3849.
273:ergotism
263:however
259:causing
177:Synonyms
114:Family:
960:2562480
883:1159556
831:2562479
482:Bibcode
388:conidia
330:removed
315:sources
126:Genus:
102:Order:
90:Class:
986:196381
947:196381
906:489247
890:NZOR:
870:123571
844:578113
818:123571
619:
611:
566:
558:
542:(10).
510:
502:
392:hyphae
243:spores
968:IRMNG
852:IRMNG
805:7F2TL
617:S2CID
595:(4).
476:(1).
424:2008.
261:ergot
71:Fungi
955:GBIF
878:NCBI
826:GBIF
711:2020
680:2020
609:ISSN
564:PMID
556:ISSN
508:PMID
500:ISSN
313:any
311:cite
257:spp.
247:sori
230:rice
800:CoL
601:doi
548:doi
490:doi
324:by
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