Battle of Vimy Ridge - Knowledge (XXG)

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introduction of the No. 106 instantaneous fuse. Only half of the artillery fired at once and the intensity of the barrage was varied to confuse the Germans about Canadian intentions. Phase two lasted the week beginning 2 April 1917 and employed all of the guns supporting the Canadian Corps, massing the equivalent of a heavy gun for every 18 m (20 yd) and a field gun for every 9.1 m (10 yd). The German soldiers came to refer to the week before the attack as "the week of suffering". In the German account, their trenches and defensive works were almost completely demolished. The health and morale of the German troops suffered from the stress of remaining at the ready for eleven straight days under extremely heavy artillery bombardment. Compounding German difficulties was the inability of ration parties to bring food supplies to the front lines. On 3 April, General von Falkenhausen ordered his reserve divisions to prepare to relieve front line divisions over the course of a long drawn-out defensive battle in a manner similar to the Battle of the Somme and the divisions were kept 24 km (15 mi) from the battlefield to avoid being shelled.

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all parts of the country, fought together. The image of national unity and achievement is what, according to one of many recent patriotic narratives, initially gave the battle importance for Canada. According to Pierce, "The historical reality of the battle has been reworked and reinterpreted in a conscious attempt to give purpose and meaning to an event that came to symbolize Canada's coming of age as a nation". That Canadian national identity and nationhood were born out of the battle is an opinion that in the late twentieth century became widely held in military and general histories of Canada. McKay and Swift contend that the theory that Vimy Ridge is a source of Canada's rise as a nation is highly contested and developed in the latter part of the twentieth century after most of those who experienced the Great War had died but in 1919 Hopkins had attributed to F.A. MacKenzie the recognition "...that Dominions sharing the common burden shall share the common direction of the Empire's war policy" and related Lloyd George's commitment that the Dominions would not again be engaged in wars without consultation.

2200: 1428: 1603: 1242: 1584:, resulted in 150 casualties. An even more ambitious trench raid, using chlorine gas, on 1 March 1917, once again by the 4th Canadian Division, failed and resulted in 637 casualties including two battalion commanders and a number of company commanders killed. This experience did not lessen the extent to which the Canadian Corps employed trench raiding with raids being conducted nightly between 20 March and the opening of the offensive on 9 April, resulting in approximately 1,400 additional Canadian casualties. The Germans operated an active patrolling policy and although not as large and ambitious as those of the Canadian Corps, they also engaged in trench raiding. As an example, a German trench raid launched by 79 men against the 3rd Canadian Division on 15 March 1917 was successful in capturing prisoners and causing damage. 2039: 1993: 1479: 1761: 1844: 2239: 1797: 1503:, a German infantry attack, forced the British back 700 yd (640 m), to stop British mining by capturing the shaft entrances. In the second half of 1916, the British constructed strong defensive underground positions and from August 1916, the Royal Engineers developed a mining scheme for a big infantry attack on the Vimy Ridge proposed for autumn 1916, although this was postponed. After September 1916, when the Royal Engineers had completed their network of defensive galleries along most of the front line, offensive mining largely ceased although activities continued until 1917. The British gallery network beneath Vimy Ridge eventually grew to a length of 7.5 mi (12 km). 56: 1869: 1580:. In the Canadian Corps trench raiding developed into a training and leadership-building mechanism. The size of a raid would normally be anything from a few men to an entire company, or more, depending on the size of the mission. The four months before the April attack saw the Canadian Corps execute no fewer than 55 separate trench raids. Competition between units even developed with units competing for the honour of the greatest number of prisoners captured or most destruction wrought. The policy of aggressive trench raiding was not without its cost. A large-scale trench raid on 13 February 1917, involving 900 men from the 1908: 1510:, up to 1.2 km (0.75 mi) long were excavated at a depth of 10 m (33 ft) and used to connect reserve lines to front lines, permitting soldiers to advance to the front quickly, securely and unseen. Often incorporated into subways were light rail lines, hospitals, command posts, water reservoirs, ammunition stores, mortar and machine gun posts and communication centres. The Germans dug a number of similar tunnels on the Vimy front, to provide covered routes to the front line and protection for headquarters, resting personnel, equipment, and ammunition. The Germans also conducted 1752:, which later included a brigade from the 5th Division, was directly south of the 3rd Canadian Division and entrusted with the capture of the village of Thélus. The 1st Canadian Division was responsible for the broad southern sector of the corps advance and expected to cover the longest distance. Byng planned for a healthy reserve for contingencies that included the relief of forward troops, help in consolidating positions and aiding the 4th Canadian Division with the capture of the Pimple. As a result, the 9th Canadian Brigade and the British 15th and 95th Brigades were kept in corps reserve. 1033: 227: 195: 164: 1677: 2216:

France granted Canada perpetual use of a section of land at Vimy Ridge in 1922 for a battlefield park and memorial. A 100 ha (250-acre) portion of the former battlefield is preserved as part of the memorial park that surrounds the monument. The grounds of the site are still honeycombed with wartime tunnels, trenches, craters and unexploded munitions and are largely closed for public safety. A section of preserved trenches and a portion of a tunnel have been made accessible to visitors.

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beyond the Red Line to the Blue Line. Once the troops secured the Blue Line, advancing units would once again leapfrog them and capture the Brown Line. Conducted properly, the plan would leave the German forces little time to exit their deep dugouts and defend their positions against the infantry. If the corps maintained its schedule, the troops would advance as much as 4,000 yd (2.3 mi; 3.7 km) and have the majority of the ridge under control by 1:00

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undamaged. Machine gun nests in the undamaged sections of the German line pinned down, wounded, or killed much of the 4th Canadian Division's right flank. The progress on the left flank was eventually impeded by harassing fire from the Pimple that was made worse when the creeping barrage got too far ahead of the advancing troops. In view of the German defence, the 4th Canadian Division did not attempt a further frontal assault throughout the afternoon.

1326: 178: 1209: 2030:(OHL, Supreme Army Command) to conduct a court of enquiry into the defensive collapse of the Arras sector. The court concluded that the 6th Army headquarters had disregarded reports from commanders in the front line noting a possible imminent attack and reserve units were too distant to counter-attack before the Canadians could consolidate. The court concluded that 6th Army commander General Ludwig von Falkenhausen failed to apply an 2005:. The German Historical Service estimated that the 6th Army suffered 79,418 casualties during April and May 1917, 22,792 were classified as missing. Crown Prince Rupprecht estimated 85,000 casualties for the 6th Army, with 3,404 men taken prisoner at Vimy Ridge. Losses of the 79th Reserve Division from 1 to 11 April were 3,473 and in the 1st Bavarian Reserve Division 3,133. Casualties from the bombardment amongst reinforcements and 1317:

each rifle company contained approximately 150 men. Each German regiment held a zone approximately 3,300 ft (1,000 m) wide, as far back as the rear area. When the Canadian Corps attacked, each German company faced two or more battalions of approximately 1,000 men each. Reserve divisions were kept about 15 mi (24 km) back instead of assembling close behind the second line according to the defence-in-depth theory.

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held by the Germans, providing them with a great deal of useful information. By March 1917, the 6th Army knew that an offensive was imminent and would include operations aimed at capturing Vimy Ridge. General of Infantry Ernst August Marx von Bachmeister, commanding the German 79th Reserve Division, reported in late March that he believed the Canadian Corps was moving into an

1126:, an attack on the British lines along a 2,000 yd (1,800 m) front, to eject them from positions along the ridge. The Germans captured several British-controlled tunnels and mine craters before halting their advance and digging in. Small counter-attacks by battalions of the 140th and 141st Brigades took place on 22 May but were failed. The Canadian Corps relieved 1817:

everyone, the northwesterly storm provided some advantage to the assaulting troops by blowing snow in the faces of the defending troops. Light Canadian and British artillery bombardments continued throughout the night but stopped in the few minutes before the attack, as the artillery recalibrated their guns in preparation for the synchronized barrage. At 5:30

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garrison would have room to manoeuvre, rather than rigidly holding successive lines of trenches. Along Vimy Ridge, the German forces had spent two years constructing fortifications designed for rigid defence. An extensive network of tunnels and trenches south of Neuville St Vaast was known as "The Labyrinth". Little reconstruction based upon the new

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outflanked and there was no prospect of reinforcement, the German troops pulled back. The German forces were evacuated off the ridge with German artillery batteries moved west of the Vimy–Bailleul railway embankment or to the Oppy–Méricourt line. By nightfall of 10 April, the only Canadian objective not yet achieved was the capture of the Pimple.

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companies along the Vimy Ridge and during the first two months of their tenure of the area, 70 mines were fired, mostly by the Germans. Between October 1915 and April 1917 an estimated 150 French, British and German charges were fired in this 4.3 mi (7 km) sector of the Western Front. In May 1916,

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was to maintain a front line defence of sufficient strength to withstand an initial assault and move operational reserves forward, before the enemy could consolidate their gains or overrun the remaining German positions. The German defence at Vimy Ridge relied largely on the firepower of machine guns.

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am, this time supported by a significant amount of artillery and the 24th Division of I Corps to the north. The German defensive artillery fire was late and too light to cause the assaulting troops great difficulty, allowing the Canadian Corps to exploit wide gaps and break into the German positions.

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am, the 1st Canadian Division captured the left half of its second objective, the Red Line and moved the 1st Canadian Brigade forward to mount an attack on the remainder. The 2nd Canadian Division reported reaching the Red Line and capturing the village of Les Tilleuls at approximately the same time.

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am, every artillery piece at the disposal of the Canadian Corps began firing. Thirty seconds later, engineers detonated the mine charges laid under no man's land and the German trench line, destroying a number of German strong points and creating secure communication trenches directly across no man's

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The eight field artillery brigades of the Canadian Corps divisional artillery and two heavy artillery groups were reinforced with British artillery units. Four heavy artillery groups, nine field artillery brigades, three divisional artillery groups and the artillery complement of the 5th Division was

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had been one of a number of Allied successes of 1916. Following extensive rehearsal, eight French divisions had assaulted German positions in two waves along a 6 mi (10 km) front. Supported by extremely powerful artillery, the French had recovered lost ground and inflicted severe casualties

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on the western edge of the Douai Plain. The ridge rises gradually on its western side and drops more quickly on the eastern side. At approximately 7 km (4.3 mi) in length and culminating at an elevation of 145 m (476 ft) or 60 m (200 ft) above the Douai Plains, the ridge

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Historians attribute the success of the Canadian Corps to technical and tactical innovation, meticulous planning, powerful artillery support and extensive training, as well as the inability of the 6th Army to properly apply the new German defensive doctrine. The battle was the first occasion when the

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A mine explosion that killed many German troops of Reserve Infantry Regiment 262 manning the front line, preceded the advance of the 3rd Canadian Division. The remaining German troops could do no more than man temporary lines of resistance until later manning a full defence at the German third line.

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hours at the request of the French. During the late hours of 8 April and early morning of 9 April the men of the leading and supporting wave of the attack were moved into their forward assembly positions. The weather was cold and later changed to sleet and snow. Although physically discomforting for

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Foreign intelligence gathering by the Germans, big Allied trench raids and troop concentrations seen west of Arras, made it clear to the Germans that a spring offensive in the area was being prepared. In February 1917, a German-born Canadian soldier deserted and helped confirm many of the suspicions

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The ridge was 700 m (2,300 ft) across at its narrowest point, with a steep drop on the eastern side, all but eliminating the possibility of counterattacks if the ridge was captured. The Germans were apprehensive about the inherent weakness of the Vimy Ridge defences. Their defensive scheme

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led the German command to conclude that the policy of rigidly defending a trench position was no longer effective against the firepower that the Entente armies had accumulated. Ludendorff published a new defensive doctrine in December 1916, in which deeper defences were to be built, within which the

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The plan called for units to leapfrog as the advance progressed, to maintain momentum during the attack. The initial wave would capture and consolidate the Black Line and then push forward to the Red Line. The barrage would pause for reserve units to move up, then move forward with the units pushing

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On their return from the lectures, the Canadian Corps staff officers produced a tactical analysis of the Verdun battles and delivered corps and divisional-level lectures to promote the primacy of artillery and stress the importance of harassing fire and company and platoon flexibility. The report of

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The Battle of Vimy Ridge has considerable significance for Canada. Although the battle is not generally considered the greatest achievement of the Canadian Corps in strategic importance or results obtained, it was the first instance in which all four Canadian divisions, made up of troops drawn from

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The 4th Canadian Division faced difficulties at the start of the battle that forced it to delay its assault on the Pimple until 12 April. The Pimple was initially defended by the 16th Bavarian Infantry Division but the Canadian Corps' preliminary artillery bombardment leading up to the assault on 9

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am on 10 April to support the advance of the 1st and 2nd Canadian Division, whereupon they were to leapfrog existing units occupying the Red line and advance to the Blue Line. Fresh units including two sections of tanks and the 13th British Brigade were called up from reserve to support the advance

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against the German strongpoint known as the Pimple, was not completed in time for the attack. The gallery had been pushed silently through the clay, avoiding the sandy and chalky layers of the Vimy Ridge but by 9 April 1917 was still 21 m (70 ft) short of its target. In the end, two mines

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in April 1916, where mines had so altered and damaged the landscape as to render occupation of the mine craters by the infantry all but impossible, led to the decision to remove offensive mining from the central sector allocated to the Canadian Corps at Vimy Ridge. Further British mines in the area

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Three divisions, comprising seven infantry regiments were responsible for the immediate defence of the ridge. The paper strength of each division was approximately 15,000 men but their actual strength was significantly lower. In 1917, a full-strength German rifle company was 264 men; at Vimy Ridge,

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The Canadian National Vimy Memorial is Canada's largest overseas war memorial. Located on the highest point of the Vimy Ridge, the memorial commemorates Canadian Expeditionary Force members killed during the First World War and those killed in France during the First World War with no known grave.

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according to German defensive doctrine. Instead, the defensive system comprised strong points and lines of resistance, which the Allied artillery had isolated and destroyed. Hindenburg removed Falkenhausen from his command and transferred him to Belgium, where he served the remainder of the war as

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By nightfall on 12 April 1917, the Canadian Corps was in firm control of the ridge, having suffered 10,602 casualties; 3,598 men had been killed and 7,004 wounded. The 6th Army casualties were not known at first in the disorganisation after the defeat. Later sources state around 20,000 casualties,

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pm that the force was able to organize and counterattack, clearing the Canadian Corps troops out of the ruined village of Vimy, but not recapturing the third line south of the village. By night time, the German forces holding the top of the ridge believed they had overcome the immediate crisis for

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The only portion of the Canadian assault that did not go as planned was the advance of the 4th Canadian Division, collapsing almost immediately after exiting their trenches. The commanding officer of one of the assaulting battalions requested that the artillery leave a portion of the German trench

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am the division learned of its exposed left flank, as the 4th Canadian Division had not yet captured Hill 145. The 3rd Canadian Division was thus called upon to establish a divisional defensive flank to its north. Although the German commanders were able to maintain open lines of communication and

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charges were laid at the end of the subways to allow troops to move more quickly and safely enter the German trench system by creating an elongated trench-depth crater that spanned the length of no man's land. At the same time, 19 crater groups existed along this section of the Western Front, each

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Field guns laid down a barrage that mostly advanced at a rate of 100 yd (91 m) in three minutes while medium and heavy howitzers established a series of standing barrages further ahead against known defensive systems. During the early fighting, the German divisional artilleries, despite

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Taped lines demarcated German trench lines while officers on horseback carried flags to represent the advancing front of the artillery barrage. Recognizing that leaders were likely to be wounded or killed, soldiers learned the jobs of those beside and above them. At the First Army headquarters, a

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sections in suppressing enemy strong points by exploiting the characteristics of different weapons to fight forward, allowing other units to advance. Coupled with the observations and suggestions made by Currie in the report he submitted in January 1917 following the Verdun lectures, the Canadian

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greatly improved the effectiveness of the artillery since this fuse burst reliably with the slightest of contact, unlike older timed fuses, making it especially effective at wire cutting before the advance. To maintain communications during the battle, particularly with the artillery, field units

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pm, briefly capturing the peak before a German counterattack retook the position. The Germans occupying the small salient on the ridge soon found themselves being attacked along their flanks by continuously reinforced Canadian Corps troops. When it became obvious that the position was completely

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to the ridge to combat the German mining operations and German artillery and trench mortar fire intensified in early May 1916. On 21 May 1916, after shelling the British forward trenches and divisional artillery positions from eighty hidden batteries on the reverse slope of the ridge, the German

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The preliminary phase of the Canadian Corps artillery bombardment began on 20 March 1917, with a systematic two-week bombardment of German batteries, trenches and strong points. The Canadian Corps gunners paid particular attention to eliminating German barbed wire, a task made easier with the

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On their arrival, the British began offensive mining against German miners, first stopping the German underground advance and then developing a defensive strategy that prevented the Germans from gaining a tactical advantage by mining. From spring 1916, the British had deployed five tunnelling

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A plan, adopted in early March 1917, drew on the briefings of staff officers sent to learn from the experiences of the French Army during the Battle of Verdun. For the first time the four Canadian divisions would fight together. The nature and size of the attack needed more resources than the

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The RFC launched a determined effort to gain air superiority over the battlefield in support of the spring offensive. The Canadians considered activities such as artillery observation and photography of opposing trench systems, troop movements and gun emplacements essential to continue their

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attended the unveiling. Edward VIII thanked France, in English and French, for its generosity and assured those assembled that Canada would never forget its war missing and dead. A restoration project began in 2004, which included general cleaning and the recarving of many inscribed names.

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am. The 4th Canadian Division encountered a great deal of trouble during its advance and was unable to complete its first objective until some hours later. After a planned pause when the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Canadian Divisions consolidated their positions, the advance resumed. Shortly after

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Prior to the battle, the British tunnelling companies secretly laid 13 mines under German positions, to destroy surface fortifications before the assault. To protect some advancing troops from German machine gun fire as they crossed no man's land during the attack, eight smaller

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The Germans did not see the capture of Vimy Ridge by the Canadian Corps as a loss. Contemporary German sources viewed the action, at worst, as a draw, given that no breakthrough occurred following the attack. The Germans did not attempt to recapture the ridge, even during the

1256:, to the east of the ridge. The first objective, the Black Line, was the German forward defensive position. The final objective of the northern flank was the Red Line, taking the highest point on the ridge, the fortified knoll known as the Pimple, la Folie Farm, the 1932:

am, the Blue Line, including Hill 135 and the village of Thélus, had been captured. To permit the troops time to consolidate the Blue Line, the advance halted and the barrage remained stationary for 90 minutes while machine guns were brought forward. Shortly before

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were printed and distributed to ensure that even platoon sergeants and section commanders possessed a wider awareness of the battlefield. The new measures gave each platoon a clearer picture of how it fitted into the greater battle plan and in so doing, reduced the

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was located opposite the village of Souchez and responsible for the defence of the northernmost section of the ridge. The division had been created in January 1917 by amalgamating existing Bavarian formations and had so far only opposed the Canadian Corps. The

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145 to withdraw after they ran out of ammunition, mortar rounds, and grenades. Towards midday, the 79th Reserve Division was ordered to recapture the portions of its third line lost during the progression of the Canadian attack. However, it was not until

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Corps instilled the tactical change with vigour. The corps implemented the tactical doctrine for small units by assigning objectives down to the platoon. Assaulting infantry battalions used hills behind the lines as full-scale models of the battlefield.

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Aerial reconnaissance was often a hazardous task because of the necessity of flying at slow speeds and low altitudes. The task was made more dangerous with the arrival of German air reinforcements, including the highly experienced and well-equipped

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underground. Mine warfare had been conducted on the Vimy sector since 1915 and Bavarian engineers had blown twenty mines in the sector by March 1915. By early 1916, German miners had gained an advantage over their French counterparts. British

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German counter-mining explosion; 35 t (34 long tons; 39 short tons) exploded near the Broadmarsh Crater (creating the Longfellow crater group) on 23 March 1917, 45 t (44 long tons; 50 short tons) exploded 26 March 1917 near the

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In January 1917, three Canadian Corps officers accompanied other British and Dominion officers attending lectures by the French Army on their experiences during the Battle of Verdun. The French counter-offensive devised by General

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to support the efforts of the infantry. The Canadian Corps received three times the artillery normally assigned to a corps for regular operations. To manage the supply of the extra guns, the Royal Artillery staff officer, Major

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model of the Vimy sector was constructed and used to show commissioned and senior non-commissioned officers the topographical features of the battlefield and details of the German trench system. Upwards of 40,000 topographical

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and directed at the rear of the 79th Reserve Division, was eventually halted by concentrated German fire short of the village. The Canadian 1st and 2nd Divisions were nonetheless able to secure the Brown Line by approximately

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Trench raiding involved making small-scale surprise attacks on enemy positions, often in the middle of the night for reasons of stealth. All belligerents employed trench raiding as a tactic to harass their enemy and gain

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Reserve units from the 4th Canadian Division came forward and once again attacked the German positions on the top of the ridge. Persistent attacks eventually forced the German troops holding the southwestern portion of

5197: 2055:, and it remained under British control until the end of the war. The loss of Vimy Ridge forced the Germans to reassess their defensive strategy in the area. Instead of mounting a counterattack, they pursued a 444: 1826:

many losses, were able to maintain their defensive firing. As the Canadian assault advanced, it overran many of the German guns because large numbers of their draught horses had been killed in the initial

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shoots before the battle. The First Army Field Survey Company printed barrage maps for all batteries, produced artillery boards and provided counter-battery support with their flash spotting groups and

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first reinforced and then relieved affected 16th Bavarian Infantry Division units. The night before the attack, artillery harassed German positions while a gas section of Royal Engineers, employing

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Humphries, Mark Osborne (2007), ""Old Wine in New Bottles": A Comparison of British and Canadian Preparations for the Battle of Arras", in Hayes, Geoffrey; Iarocci, Andrew; Bechthold, Mike (eds.),

1971:, fired more than 40 drums of gas directly into the village of Givenchy-en-Gohelle to cause confusion. The defending German troops managed to drive back the initial Canadian assaults at around 4:00 1252:

The plan divided the Canadian Corps advance into four coloured objective lines. The attack would be made on a front of 7,000 yd (4 mi; 6 km), with its centre opposite the village of

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fought together and it was made a symbol of Canadian national achievement and sacrifice. A 100 ha (250-acre) portion of the former battleground serves as a memorial park and site of the

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Operations along the Vimy Ridge were accompanied by extensive excavations. The Arras–Vimy sector was conducive to tunnelling, owing to the soft, porous, yet extremely stable nature of the

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were particularly important because they enfiladed German gun positions behind Vimy Ridge. The British provided twenty-four brigade artillery groups consisting of four hundred and eighty

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failed to prevent the British from carrying out its priority, air support of the army during the Battle of Arras with up-to-date aerial photographs and other reconnaissance information.

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maintains the memorial site. The commemoration at the memorial on 9 April 2017 for the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Vimy Ridge was attended by the Prime Minister of Canada,

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Headquarters (HQ) on 21 November 1916. In March 1917, the army HQ formally presented Byng with orders giving Vimy Ridge as the Canadian Corps objective for the Arras Offensive.

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attached to the Canadian Corps. Ten heavy artillery groups of the flanking I and XVII Corps were assigned tasks in support of the Canadian Corps. The artillery batteries of

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The Germans had grown uneasy about the proximity of the British positions to the top of the ridge, particularly after the increase in British tunnelling and counter-mining.

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with several large craters. To assess the consequences of infantry having to advance across cratered ground after a mining attack, officers from the Canadian Corps visited

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was responsible for the defence of the vast central section, including the highest point of the ridge, Hill 145. The 79th Reserve Division had fought for two years on the

1200:, artillery, engineer and labour units were attached to the corps, bringing the nominal strength of the Canadian Corps to about 170,000 men, of whom 97,184 were Canadian. 5703: 5742: 1107:. The British soon discovered that German tunnelling companies had taken advantage of the relative calm on the surface to build an extensive network of tunnels and deep 674: 5737: 2264:

caused many veterans to despise him and he felt that a war veteran from the Cabinet should attend in his place. On the day, four federal government ministers and four

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On 8 February, the First Army issued a 3,000-word artillery plan devised by Horne and his principal artillery commander, Major General H. F. Mercer. Brigadier-General

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million shell allotment allowed the artillery along the Canadian Corps front to maintain a high rate of fire. Improvements in the quality of the shells ensured fewer

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On importance to Canada, see Inglis. Outside of Canada the battle has much less significance and may simply be noted as being one part of the larger Battle of Arras.

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Rawling, Bill (2007), "The Sappers of Vimy: Specialized Support for the Assault of 9 April 1917", in Hayes, Geoffrey; Iarocci, Andrew; Bechthold, Mike (eds.),

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Bechthold, Mike (2007), "In the Shadow of Vimy Ridge: The Canadian Corps in April and May 1917", in Hayes, Geoffrey; Iarocci, Andrew; Bechthold, Mike (eds.),

1964: 1500: 1492: 322: 214: 183: 1713:, under VIII Reserve Corps General of the Infantry Georg Karl Wichura, was involved in the frontline defence along the northernmost portion of the ridge. 1852:

As a result, the southern section of the 3rd Canadian Division was able to reach the Red Line at the western edge of the Bois de la Folie at around 7:30

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which led to a sharp increase in RFC losses. Although significantly outnumbering the Germans, the RFC lost 131 aircraft during the first week of April (

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were also dropped from the British plans. The mines were left in place after the assault and were only removed in the 1990s. Another mine, prepared by

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to keep the Germans occupied in the Arras sector to minimize French losses. The Canadian Corps participated in several of these actions including the

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The Canadian Corps was posted to the northern part of Vimy Ridge in October 1916 and preparations for an attack were revived in February 1917. Twelve

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was responsible for the Cambrai–Lille sector and commanded 20 divisions, plus reserves. Vimy Ridge itself was principally defended by the ad hoc

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Cook, Tim (2007), "The Gunners of Vimy Ridge: 'We are Hammering Fritz to Pieces'", in Hayes, Geoffrey; Iarocci, Andrew; Bechthold, Mike (eds.),

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Campbell, David (2007), "The 2nd Canadian Division: A 'Most Spectacular Battle'", in Hayes, Geoffrey; Iarocci, Andrew; Bechthold, Mike (eds.),

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provides a natural unobstructed view for tens of kilometres in all directions. The ridge fell under German control in October 1914 during the

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Hucker, Jacqueline (2007). "The Meaning and Significance of the Vimy Monument". In Hayes, Geoffrey; Iarocci, Andrew; Bechthold, Mike (eds.).

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The 10th Canadian Brigade, assisted by snow and a westerly wind, fought hastily entrained German troops to capture the entire Pimple by 6:00

1671: 960:. The battle occurred from 9 to 12 April 1917, marking the commencement of the Battle of Arras and serving as the inaugural assault of the 5602: 5498: 4703:

Brennan, Patrick (2007), "Julian Byng and Leadership in the Canadian Corps", in Hayes, Geoffrey; Iarocci, Andrew; Bechthold, Mike (eds.),

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issue orders, even with swift staff work the tempo of the assault was such that the German decision cycle was unable to react decisively.

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approach. The French suffered approximately 150,000 casualties in their attempts to gain control of Vimy Ridge and surrounding territory.

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Instructions for the Training of Divisions for Offensive Action 1916, Instructions for the Training of Platoons for Offensive Action 1917

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pm, the advance recommenced with both the 1st and 2nd Canadian Divisions reporting their final objective. The tank-supported advance via

1639:, with No. 16 Squadron permanently attached to the Canadian Corps and employed exclusively for reconnaissance and artillery-observation. 5161: 3156: 1532: 1116: 4685:

Boire, Michael (2007), "The Battlefield before the Canadians, 1914–1916", in Hayes, Geoffrey; Iarocci, Andrew; Bechthold, Mike (eds.),

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Moran, Heather (2007), "The Canadian Army Medical Corps at Vimy Ridge", in Hayes, Geoffrey; Iarocci, Andrew; Bechthold, Mike (eds.),

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Hayes, Geoffrey (2007), "The 3rd Canadian Division: Forgotten Victory", in Hayes, Geoffrey; Iarocci, Andrew; Bechthold, Mike (eds.),

4927:(2007a), "The 4th Canadian Division: 'Trenches Should Never be Saved'", in Hayes, Geoffrey; Iarocci, Andrew; Bechthold, Mike (eds.), 4897: 2297: 2289: 2001:

German historians credit the high number of German casualties to Canadian and British artillery. Approximately 4,000 men were taken

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as Baron Byng of Vimy, of Thorpe-le-Soken in the County of Essex, on 7 October 1919. The next month, he retired from the military.

964:. The objective was to draw German reserves away from the French forces, preparing for a crucial offensive along the Aisne and the 1736:

Byng commanded four attacking divisions, one division in reserve and numerous support units. He was supported to the north by the

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had been in the Arras area since October 1914 and held the villages of Thélus, Bailleul and the southern slope of the ridge.

1540: 1467: 1730: 1717: 615: 539: 1830:. The 1st, 2nd and 3rd Canadian Divisions reported reaching and capturing their first objective, the Black Line, by 6:25 1812:, 9 April 1917. The attack was originally planned for the morning of 8 April (Easter Sunday) but it was postponed for 24 1611:

offensive. The Royal Flying Corps deployed 25 squadrons totalling 365 aircraft along the Arras sector, outnumbering the

1235: 1012: 714: 544: 1796: 1602: 1032: 866: 5169:, Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War, Ottawa: Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery, 2071:

and the Third Battle of the Scarpe in late April and early May 1917. After the end of the war, Byng was raised to the

1726: 1548:

as it was probable that the Germans were aiming to restrict an attack to predictable points. The three mines laid by

1189: 1167: 1096: 1090: 976: 953: 914: 886: 699: 454: 47: 1188:. Discussions for a spring offensive near Arras began, following a formal conference of corps commanders held at the 1004: 556: 1514:

against the British tunnellers and destroyed a number of British attempts to plant mines under or near their lines.

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Wilhelm von Goerne, commander of the 261st Prussian Reserve Infantry Regiment, of the German 79th Reserve Division.

1447:

as the basic tactical unit. The pamphlet noted the importance of specialist hand grenade, rifle grenade, rifle and

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at the western base of the ridge. The Vimy sector calmed following the offensive with both sides taking a largely

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as the Franco-British and German forces attempted to outflank each other through northeastern France. The French

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Military Operations: France and Belgium 1917: The German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line and the Battles of Arras

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The Canadian Corps plan of attack outlining the four coloured objective lines – Black, Red, Blue and Brown

957: 876: 814: 790: 694: 620: 5686: 2276:

rededicated the monument on 9 April 2007, during a ceremony commemorating the 90th anniversary of the battle.

1111:

from which they would attack French positions by setting off explosive charges underneath their trenches. The

5107:

Medicine and Duty: The World War I Memoir of Captain Harold W. McGill, Medical Officer, 31st Battalion, C.E.F

5727: 5426: 4331: 2277: 2235:

of France and a crowd of over 50,000 people, including at least 6,200 Canadian veterans and their families.

2131: 2101: 2052: 1689: 1058: 841: 802: 780: 630: 571: 497: 231: 2223:, who described it as a "sermon against the futility of war". The memorial took eleven years and cost $ 1.5 4771: 2220: 2093: 1843: 1764:

6-inch (150 mm) gun of the Royal Garrison Artillery behind Canadian lines, firing over Vimy Ridge at night

1536: 1351: 1339: 1066: 933: 856: 824: 785: 753: 684: 652: 635: 625: 598: 507: 393: 363: 43: 5006: 1748:

was responsible for the narrow central section of the ridge, including the capture of La Folie Farm. The

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would establish a series of standing barrages further ahead of the infantry against defensive positions.

2111: 2025: 1749: 1745: 1676: 1581: 1577: 1227: 1062: 941: 871: 846: 704: 586: 490: 5664: 4948:(2007b), "The German Army at Vimy Ridge", in Hayes, Geoffrey; Iarocci, Andrew; Bechthold, Mike (eds.), 1427: 1415:(RFC) in the week before the battle, the counter-battery artillery under command of Lieutenant-Colonel 1292: 4645:"The Underground War: Military Mining Operations in support of the attack on Vimy Ridge, 9 April 1917" 995:

against considerable German resistance. The final objective, a fortified knoll outside the village of

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The 4th Canadian Division had made an attempt to capture the northern half of Hill 145 at around 3:15

1716:

Three divisions were responsible for manning the frontline defences opposite the Canadian Corps. The

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The Underground War: Military Mining Operations in Support of the Attack on Vimy Ridge, 9 April 1917

2227:

million ($ 25.9 million in present terms) to build. The unveiling was conducted on 26 July 1936, by

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the time being. Additional German reinforcements began arriving and by late evening portions of the

1760: 1478: 5432: 4871:, History of the Great War Based on Official Documents, vol. I, Nashville: The Battery Press, 4181: 2406: 2305: 2135: 2125: 2115: 2042:

Lt.-Gen. Sir Julian Byng views equipment captured during the battle. The mortar in foreground is a

2019: 1741: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1614: 1597: 1404: 1301: 1269: 1171: 1054: 1000: 996: 768: 724: 719: 534: 512: 380: 2154:'s highest military order, were awarded to German commanders for their actions during the battle: 4186: 4166: 2273: 2151: 1704: 1620: 1593: 1507: 1412: 741: 581: 502: 1606:

Observer of the Royal Flying Corps in a photographic reconnaissance aircraft, showing the camera

1157: 480: 5475: 4754:

Artillery's Astrologers: A History of British Survey and Mapping on the Western Front 1914–1918

2965:

WO 106/399 Canadian Corps Artillery Instruction No. 1 for the Capture of Vimy Ridge (1917)

5640: 5623: 5594: 5571: 5552: 5521: 5490: 5460: 5413: 5395: 5377: 5359: 5338: 5320: 5299: 5280: 5261: 5243: 5212: 5170: 5147: 5128: 5110: 5091: 5073: 5055: 5036: 5012: 4992: 4974: 4953: 4932: 4911: 4893: 4872: 4850: 4832: 4814: 4786: 4757: 4739: 4708: 4690: 4659: 4630: 4612: 4594: 2309: 2147: 2060: 1770: 1440: 1416: 1325: 1108: 961: 807: 748: 551: 346: 5678: 5178: 4161: 3148: 991:

fell during the second day, as did the crest of the ridge, once the Canadian Corps overran a

5586: 5296:

Command or Control? Command Training and Tactics in the British and German Armies, 1888–1918

5258:

British Generalship during the Great War: The Military Career of Sir Henry Horne (1861–1929)

4966: 4202: 2261: 2228: 2068: 2002: 1968: 1545: 1306: 1272:

by field guns, advancing in timed 100 yd (100 m) increments. The medium and heavy

1175: 1104: 984: 965: 709: 485: 411: 2495: 1208: 5707: 5690: 5668: 5020: 4945: 4924: 4885: 2268: 2031: 1395: 1391: 1241: 1163: 1112: 1050: 945: 904: 576: 4557:"Message from Her Majesty The Queen on the 100th Anniversary of the Battle of Vimy Ridge" 2494:, Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, 26 February 2002, archived from 1544:

were vetoed following the blowing by the Germans on 23 March 1917 of nine craters along

1394:

cabling, normally at a depth of 7 ft (2.1 m). The corps conducted coordinated

5476:"Here at Vimy: A Retrospective – The 90th Anniversary of the Battle of Vimy Ridge" 5453: 2281: 2257: 2246: 2158: 2089: 2056: 1570: 1218: 1185: 1086: 949: 647: 517: 247: 2238: 1419:

fired 125,900 shells, harassing an estimated 83 per cent of the German gun positions.

1309:

doctrine had been accomplished by April 1917 because the terrain made it impractical.

1268:(Twelve Trench) and the German second position. The infantry would advance close to a 5721: 5351: 4892:, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery, Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 2328: 2265: 2232: 1809: 1400: 1231: 987:, the Canadian Corps captured most of the ridge during the first day. The village of 937: 529: 226: 200: 102: 1561:

charges were fired to support the attack, including those forming a northern flank.

1184:

On 28 May 1916, Byng took command of the Canadian Corps from Lieutenant-General Sir

975:

on the northern flank of the Arras front. This would protect the First Army and the

2301: 2164:

General of the Infantry Georg Karl Wichura commander of the VIII Reserve Corps and

2064: 1773:

and were preparing for a big attack. The Germans quickly planned Operation Munich (

1648: 1524: 1511: 1386: 254: 64: 4556: 971:

The Canadian Corps were to capture the German-held high ground of Vimy Ridge, an

4864: 2204: 1374:, coordinated communication and transport plans to work with the barrage plans. 1371: 1100: 999:, fell to the Canadians on 12 April. The German 6th Army then retreated to the 219: 1975:

am using small arms fire. The 10th Canadian Brigade attacked once again at 5:00

4586: 1827: 1462: 1457: 1041: 972: 5494: 5216: 5016: 4790: 4663: 4658:(1–2), Laurier Centre for Military Strategic and Disarmament Studies: 15–24, 1729:

before being transferred to the Vimy sector at the end of February 1917. The

1403:

sections. Using flash spotting, sound ranging and aerial reconnaissance from

124: 111: 5598: 5211:(1–2), Laurier Centre for Military Strategic and Disarmament Studies: 4–14, 5174: 5024: 4847:

Mothers of Heroes, Mothers of Martyrs: World War I and the Politics of Grief

1892: 1448: 5637:

The German Army in the Spring Offensives 1917: Arras, Aisne & Champagne

5545: 4908:

The Silent General: A Biography of Haig's Trusted Great War Comrade-in-Arms

2059:

policy and retreated to the Oppy–Méricourt line. The failure of the French

988: 5695: 5627: 4785:(2), Laurier Centre for Military Strategic and Disarmament Studies: 7–24, 4729:(2). Laurier Centre for Military Strategic and Disarmament Studies: 33–54. 314: 17: 5125:

The Vimy Trap: Or, How We Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Great War

1644: 1528: 1435:

In February 1917, the British General Staff released a training pamphlet

1273: 980: 4525: 4333:

WarMuseum.ca – History of the First World War – After the War

2072: 2063:

in the week after the Arras Offensive placed pressure on Field Marshal

1920: 1444: 1070: 5701:

Veterans Affairs Canada – Vimy Ridge 100th anniversary

5035:. Waterloo, ONT: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. pp. 279–290. 1938: 1896: 1872:

Machine gunners operating from craters on the plateau above the ridge

1437:

SS 143 Instructions for the Training of Platoons for Offensive Action

1361:

developed and issued a 35-page multi-phased fire support plan called

169: 4404:

Hucker, Jacqueline (2008). "Vimy: A Monument for the Modern World".

5683: 2237: 2198: 2037: 1991: 1963:

April caused heavy casualties amongst its ranks. On 11 April, the

1906: 1867: 1842: 1795: 1759: 1675: 1601: 1487: 1477: 1426: 1324: 1291: 1240: 1207: 1045: 1031: 2877: 2875: 1899:, with the remainder of the division arriving the following day. 5673: 5242:, Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, pp. 125–138, 5146:, Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, pp. 139–154, 4991:, Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, pp. 193–210, 4952:, Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, pp. 225–238, 4931:, Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, pp. 211–224, 4813:, Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, pp. 105–124, 4738:, Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, pp. 171–192, 4629:, Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, pp. 239–264, 1680:

Position of the defending and attacking forces before the battle

1296:

German dispositions at Vimy Ridge on the first day of the battle

1253: 422: 98: 4707:, Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, pp. 87–104, 1619:(Imperial German Air Service) by 2-to-1. Byng was given use of 426: 318: 5662:

The Battle of Vimy Ridge Battle info, video footage and photos

5070:

Vimy Ridge: 1917–1992, A Canadian Myth over Seventy Five Years

5054:, Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, pp. 65–85, 4689:, Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, pp. 51–61, 1382: 5679:

Canadian War Museum – The Battle of Vimy Ridge

5356:

The Smoke and the Fire: Myths and Anti-Myths of War 1861–1945

5008:

Canada at War, 1914–1918: A Record of Heroism and Achievement

3480: 3478: 2681: 2679: 2591: 2589: 2587: 1057:

attempted to dislodge the Germans from the region during the

5661: 4611:, Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 4230: 4228: 4132: 4130: 4012: 4010: 4008: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3772: 3770: 2219:

The memorial was designed by Toronto architect and sculptor

5520:(Greenwood Press, NY ed.), London: Faber & Faber, 5374:

The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia

4721:

Brown, Eric; Cook, Tim (2011). "The 1936 Vimy Pilgrimage".

3951: 3949: 3721: 3719: 3429: 3427: 3425: 2973: 2971: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2862: 2860: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2618: 2616: 2387:

Hill 145 is the site of the present-day Vimy Memorial.

1061:

in May 1915 by attacking their positions at Vimy Ridge and

5317:

Forgotten Victory: The First World War Myths and Realities

4027: 4025: 3995: 3993: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3900: 3898: 2469: 2467: 2427: 2425: 3118: 3116: 2811: 2809: 1698:

formation based under I Bavarian Reserve Corps commander

1495:

took over from the French between February and May 1916.

5684:

Vimy Ridge Virtual Interactive (Veterans Affairs Canada)

3344: 3342: 3340: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 1557:

were blown before the attack, while three mines and two

1130:

along the western slopes of Vimy Ridge in October 1916.

5410:

Death So Noble: Memory, Meaning and the First World War

4772:"'A Proper Slaughter': The March 1917 Gas Raid at Vimy" 4607:

Barton, Peter; Doyle, Peter; Vandewalle, Johan (2004),

4370:, Department of Veterans Affairs Canada, archived from 3682: 3680: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3412: 3410: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2724: 2722: 1539:. Their reports and the experience of the Canadians at 1390:

laid over 870 mi (1,400 km) of telegraph and

1095:

The French Tenth Army was relieved in February 1916 by

4609:

Beneath Flanders Fields: The Tunnellers' War 1914–1918

4591:

Victory at Vimy: Canada Comes of Age, April 9–12, 1917

3031: 3029: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2574: 2572: 2454: 2452: 1800:

Artillery-fire on a field of barbed wire at Vimy Ridge

3303: 3301: 3299: 3194: 948:. The main combatants were the four divisions of the 4526:"Vimy Ridge: Royals commemorate defining WW1 battle" 1928:

of the 2nd Canadian Division. By approximately 11:00

1847:

2nd Canadian Division soldiers advance behind a tank

5748:

Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom

5713:

Vimy Ridge played by the Band of H.M. Royal Marines

5518:

If Germany Attacks: The Battle in Depth in the West

1145: 1069:in September 1915 but only captured the village of 5544: 5452: 5392:Vimy Ridge 1917: Byng's Canadians Triumph at Arras 5105:McGill, Harold W. (2007), Norris, Marjorie (ed.), 1470:problems that plagued First World War operations. 1439:, espousing the return to the pre-war emphasis on 1329:Map showing rolling artillery barrage for advance 4445:"The event that recast the Battle of Vimy Ridge" 2088:Four members of the Canadian Corps received the 1170:discusses the plan of attack on Vimy Ridge with 4971:Canada's Army: Waging War and Keeping the Peace 4336:, Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation, 1651:). Despite the losses suffered by the RFC, the 36: 4465:Excerpted from Vimy: The Battle and the Legend 4190:(Supplement). 11 November 1919. p. 13768. 4849:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 438: 330: 8: 5489:(2), Department of National Defence: 83–85, 4360: 4358: 4356: 4354: 3218: 2363: 2357: 2165: 2023: 2006: 1774: 1708: 1699: 1693: 1652: 1612: 1263: 1257: 1121: 2697: 2685: 1996:German soldiers captured during the battle. 1493:tunnelling companies of the Royal Engineers 5733:Battles of the Western Front (World War I) 5455:Byng of Vimy, General and Governor General 5279:. Vol. I. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. 4367:The Battle of Vimy Ridge – Fast Facts 4306: 1482:British-dug fighting tunnel in Vimy sector 445: 431: 423: 337: 323: 315: 33: 4500: 4488: 4476: 4430: 4294: 4234: 4148: 4136: 4121: 4109: 4043: 4016: 3940: 3865: 3824: 3812: 3800: 3788: 3737: 3725: 3647: 3611: 3575: 3520: 3457: 3433: 3071: 3059: 3020: 2989: 2941: 2910: 2893: 2866: 2827: 2764: 2752: 2740: 2713: 2701: 2670: 2658: 2622: 2473: 2431: 1196:Canadian Corps possessed and the British 5743:Battles of World War I involving Germany 5277:The Underground War: Vimy Ridge to Arras 5198:"Constructing Memory: The Vimy Memorial" 5109:, Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 4973:, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 4512: 3955: 3928: 3916: 3749: 3445: 3095: 3047: 2881: 1363:Canadian Corps Artillery Instruction No. 956:, against three divisions of the German 5738:Battles of World War I involving Canada 5335:The German Army on Vimy Ridge 1914–1917 5275:Robinson, Phillip; Cave, Nigel (2011). 4318: 4031: 3999: 3984: 3972: 3904: 3889: 3877: 3848: 3836: 3761: 3710: 3698: 3671: 3599: 3587: 3544: 3532: 3508: 3496: 3484: 3469: 3384: 3348: 3230: 3206: 3122: 3107: 2977: 2953: 2815: 2800: 2641: 2595: 2484: 2482: 2421: 2340: 2014:Following the defeat, the chief of the 5639:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. 5337:, Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military, 5163:Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914–1919 5090:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. 4391: 4282: 4270: 4058:"All of Vimy Ridge Cleared of Germans" 3635: 3623: 3563: 3416: 3401: 3372: 3331: 3319: 3083: 3008: 2851: 2839: 2788: 2728: 2551: 2539: 2443: 1142: 5622:. Toronto: Peter Martins Associates. 4536:from the original on 11 November 2020 4418: 4258: 4246: 4097: 4085: 3776: 3686: 3290: 3278: 3266: 3254: 3242: 3182: 2776: 2578: 2563: 2527: 2515: 2458: 2096:for their actions during the battle: 1044:8 km (5.0 mi) northeast of 7: 5072:, Burnaby: Simon Fraser University, 4593:, Toronto: Thomas Allen Publishers, 3659: 3360: 3307: 3159:from the original on 26 October 2016 3035: 2929: 2607: 1672:Battle of Vimy Ridge order of battle 1036:Location of the Battle of Vimy Ridge 5551:. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. 5240:Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment 5144:Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment 5052:Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment 5033:Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment 5011:, Toronto: Canadian Annual Review, 4989:Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment 4950:Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment 4929:Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment 4831:, Buckinghamshire: Military Press, 4811:Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment 4736:Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment 4705:Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment 4687:Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment 4627:Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment 3195:Barton, Doyle & Vandewalle 2004 1238:approved the plan on 5 March 1917. 5605:from the original on 23 April 2018 4845:Evans, Suzanne (9 February 2007). 4563:from the original on 10 April 2017 4213:from the original on 23 April 2018 2106:16th (Canadian Scottish) Battalion 1431:Large model of German trench lines 25: 5504:from the original on 5 March 2009 5439:from the original on 3 April 2012 5408:Vance, Jonathan Franklin (1997), 5358:, London: Pen & Sword Books, 5123:McKay, Ian; Swift, Jamie (2016). 4797:from the original on 4 March 2016 4170:. 21 October 1919. p. 12890. 2298:Prince William, Duke of Cambridge 1103:) and transferred to join in the 5773:World War I in the Pas-de-Calais 5459:, London: Secker & Warburg, 4455:from the original on 27 May 2021 4340:from the original on 6 July 2011 4068:from the original on 2 June 2021 2322: 2116:18th (Western Ontario) Battalion 2092:, highest military award of the 1151: 225: 213: 193: 176: 162: 54: 5570:. Toronto, ON: Penguin Canada. 5568:Vimy: The Battle and the Legend 5561:– via Archive Foundation. 5516:Wynne, Graeme Chamley (1976) , 4056:Gibbs, Philip (11 April 1917), 2195:Canadian National Vimy Memorial 1804:The attack was to begin at 5:30 1367:1 for the Capture of Vimy Ridge 1342:, one hundred and thirty-eight 1017:Canadian National Vimy Memorial 27:World War I battle (April 1917) 5469:– via Archive Foundation 5127:. Toronto: Between the Lines. 4559:. Queen's Printer for Canada. 1919:The British moved three fresh 1541:The Actions of St Eloi Craters 1123:Unternehmen Schleswig Holstein 1: 5768:Tunnel warfare in World War I 5618:Macintyre, D. Eberts (1967). 5593:. Toronto: Historica Canada. 5372:Tucker, Spencer, ed. (1996), 5088:Underground Warfare 1914–1918 4555:Elizabeth II (9 April 2017). 4201:Foot, Richard (4 June 2017). 1891:occupied the third line near 1731:1st Bavarian Reserve Division 5160:Nicholson, G. W. L. (1962), 5005:Hopkins, J. Castell (1919), 4886:Farndale, General Sir Martin 2044:24 cm LadungsWerfer Ehrhardt 1965:4th Guards Infantry Division 1501:Operation Schleswig-Holstein 1013:Canadian Expeditionary Force 1443:tactics and the use of the 1168:Major-General Arthur Currie 1091:German attack on Vimy Ridge 915:Western Front tactics, 1917 5789: 5474:Winegard, Timothy (2007), 5451:Williams, Jeffery (1983), 5390:Turner, Alexander (2005), 5319:, London: Headline Books, 4967:Granatstein, Jack Lawrence 4443:Cook, Tim (2 April 2017). 4203:"The Battle of Vimy Ridge" 2286:Governor General of Canada 2211:on the Vimy Ridge Memorial 2192: 2011:divisions are additional. 1923:up to the Red Line by 9:30 1669: 1591: 1568: 1348:2 inch trench mortars 1340:18 pounder field guns 1222:on five German divisions. 1084: 979:farther south from German 968:ridge several days later. 5591:The Canadian Encyclopedia 5483:Canadian Military Journal 5205:Canadian Military History 4779:Canadian Military History 4752:Chasseaud, Peter (1999), 4723:Canadian Military History 4652:Canadian Military History 4207:The Canadian Encyclopedia 2491:Canada Treaty Information 2409:cites a crowd of 100,000. 2231:accompanied by President 1707:. However, a division of 1150: 462: 381:The Hills (3rd Champagne) 356: 282: 237: 206: 152: 78:9–12 April 1917 70: 53: 41: 5667:26 November 2011 at the 5412:, Vancouver: UBC Press, 5298:, Portland: Frank Cass, 5294:Samuels, Martin (1996), 4890:Western Front, 1914–1918 4827:Corkerry, Shaun (2001), 4088:, pp. 341, 556–557. 3547:, pp. 248–249, 263. 3219:Robinson & Cave 2011 2294:Charles, Prince of Wales 2254:Prime Minister of Canada 2126:50th (Calgary) Battalion 1554:176th Tunnelling Company 1550:172nd Tunnelling Company 1385:. The new instantaneous 1099:(Lieutenant-General Sir 61:The Battle of Vimy Ridge 5753:Canada–France relations 5543:Berton, Pierre (1986). 5256:Robbins, Simon (2010). 4643:Boire, Michael (1992), 2278:Veterans Affairs Canada 2136:38th (Ottawa) Battalion 2132:Thain Wendell MacDowell 2102:William Johnstone Milne 1889:111th Infantry Division 1690:Ludwig von Falkenhausen 1344:4.5 inch howitzers 1059:Second Battle of Artois 803:German spring offensive 348:Nivelle Offensive, 1917 232:Ludwig von Falkenhausen 5587:"Battle of Vimy Ridge" 5585:Foot, Richard (2017). 5333:Sheldon, Jack (2008), 4307:McKay & Swift 2016 2364: 2358: 2249: 2221:Walter Seymour Allward 2212: 2166: 2094:British honours system 2047: 2024: 2007: 1997: 1916: 1873: 1848: 1801: 1775: 1765: 1718:16th Bavarian Division 1709: 1701:General der Infanterie 1700: 1694: 1681: 1653: 1625:No. 8 (Naval) Squadron 1613: 1607: 1537:First day of the Somme 1535:had been blown on the 1483: 1474:Underground operations 1432: 1352:9.45 inch mortars 1330: 1300:The experience of the 1297: 1264: 1258: 1249: 1213: 1122: 1067:Third Battle of Artois 1037: 1011:four divisions of the 207:Commanders and leaders 144:British Empire victory 5706:10 April 2017 at the 5689:25 April 2012 at the 5376:, New York: Garland, 5196:Pierce, John (1992), 5086:Jones, Simon (2010). 5068:Inglis, Dave (1995), 4501:Brown & Cook 2011 4489:Brown & Cook 2011 4477:Brown & Cook 2011 4431:Brown & Cook 2011 2884:, p. 238 Map 38. 2241: 2207:unveiling the figure 2202: 2112:Ellis Wellwood Sifton 2041: 2026:Oberste Heeresleitung 1995: 1910: 1871: 1846: 1799: 1763: 1750:2nd Canadian Division 1746:3rd Canadian Division 1723:79th Reserve Division 1679: 1605: 1582:4th Canadian Division 1569:Further information: 1481: 1430: 1328: 1295: 1284:pm on the first day. 1244: 1228:1st Canadian Division 1211: 1063:Notre Dame de Lorette 1035: 983:fire. Supported by a 283:Casualties and losses 5635:Sheldon, J. (2015). 4910:, Solihull: Helion, 4321:, pp. 341, 343. 2944:, pp. 191, 194. 2498:on 21 September 2013 2359:Prinz Arnulf, Volker 2243:Ghosts of Vimy Ridge 2146:At least two Orders 2122:John George Pattison 2016:German General Staff 1117:tunnelling companies 1028:Vimy Ridge 1914–1916 930:Battle of Vimy Ridge 910:French Army mutinies 905:1914 Christmas truce 675:Hohenzollern Redoubt 275:Total: 30–45,000 men 125:50.37944°N 2.77389°E 37:Battle of Vimy Ridge 5674:The Vimy Foundation 5433:Canadian War Museum 5431:, Ottawa, Ontario: 4756:, Lewes: Mapbooks, 4406:Architecture Canada 4151:, pp. 239–264. 4124:, pp. 233–234. 4112:, pp. 229–234. 3931:, pp. 179–181. 3892:, pp. 308–309. 3815:, pp. 259–260. 3791:, pp. 217–218. 3779:, pp. 202–203. 3752:, pp. 178–179. 3674:, pp. 131–133. 3602:, pp. 270–272. 3499:, pp. 157–158. 3487:, pp. 229–237. 3460:, pp. 228–229. 3269:, pp. 134–135. 3233:, pp. 218–222. 3110:, pp. 177–179. 2803:, pp. ix, 252. 2779:, pp. 170–171. 2598:, pp. 200–202. 2407:Canadian War Museum 2356:These included the 2306:President of France 2180:Influence on Canada 2020:Paul von Hindenburg 1776:Unternehmen München 1742:Givenchy-en-Gohelle 1302:Battle of the Somme 1172:General Julian Byng 997:Givenchy-en-Gohelle 899:Associated articles 616:Hartmannswillerkopf 476:Invasion of Belgium 401:Associated articles 121: / 5566:Cook, Tim (2017). 5394:, London: Osprey, 4906:Farr, Don (2007), 4770:Cook, Tim (1999), 4187:The London Gazette 4167:The London Gazette 4062:The New York Times 2274:Queen Elizabeth II 2250: 2213: 2152:Kingdom of Prussia 2048: 2035:governor-general. 1998: 1917: 1911:Front page of the 1874: 1849: 1802: 1766: 1756:Preliminary attack 1705:Karl von Fasbender 1688:commander General 1682: 1608: 1594:Royal Flying Corps 1484: 1433: 1413:Royal Flying Corps 1411:Balloon Companies 1331: 1298: 1250: 1214: 1038: 303:Unknown casualties 260:Total: 170,000 men 5763:April 1917 events 5758:Conflicts in 1917 5646:978-1-78346-345-9 5577:978-0-7352-3317-1 5558:978-0-7710-1339-3 5527:978-0-8371-5029-1 5466:978-0-436-57110-7 5419:978-0-7748-0600-8 5401:978-1-84176-871-7 5383:978-0-8153-0399-2 5365:978-0-85052-330-0 5344:978-1-84415-680-1 5326:978-0-7472-6460-6 5305:978-0-7146-4570-4 5286:978-1-84415-976-5 5267:978-0-7546-6127-6 5249:978-0-88920-508-6 5184:on 26 August 2011 5153:978-0-88920-508-6 5134:978-1-77113-275-6 5116:978-1-55238-193-9 5097:978-1-84415-962-8 5079:978-0-612-06688-5 5061:978-0-88920-508-6 5042:978-0-88920-508-6 4998:978-0-88920-508-6 4980:978-0-8020-8696-9 4959:978-0-88920-508-6 4938:978-0-88920-508-6 4917:978-1-874622-99-4 4878:978-0-89839-180-0 4856:978-0-7735-3188-8 4838:978-0-85420-250-8 4820:978-0-88920-508-6 4763:978-0-9512080-2-1 4745:978-0-88920-508-6 4714:978-0-88920-508-6 4696:978-0-88920-508-6 4636:978-0-88920-508-6 4618:978-0-7735-2949-6 4600:978-0-88762-253-3 4515:, pp. 83–85. 4503:, pp. 47–48. 4433:, pp. 37–38. 4309:, pp. 8, 11. 3375:, pp. 41–42. 3245:, pp. 22–23. 3062:, pp. 73–76. 2980:, pp. 98–99. 2842:, pp. 20–22. 2518:, pp. 52–53. 2446:, pp. 21–22. 2329:Canada portal 2310:Francois Hollande 2061:Nivelle Offensive 1969:Livens Projectors 1771:echelon formation 1441:fire and movement 1417:Andrew McNaughton 1259:Zwischen-Stellung 1248:during the battle 1182: 1181: 1075:live and let live 1040:Vimy Ridge is an 962:Nivelle Offensive 923: 922: 749:Nivelle offensive 523:Trouée de Charmes 420: 419: 388:Other engagements 313: 312: 148: 147: 130:50.37944; 2.77389 16:(Redirected from 5780: 5650: 5631: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5581: 5562: 5550: 5530: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5503: 5480: 5470: 5458: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5422: 5404: 5386: 5368: 5347: 5329: 5308: 5290: 5271: 5252: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5225: 5219:, archived from 5202: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5183: 5177:, archived from 5168: 5156: 5138: 5119: 5101: 5082: 5064: 5046: 5027: 5001: 4983: 4962: 4946:Godefroy, Andrew 4941: 4925:Godefroy, Andrew 4920: 4902: 4881: 4860: 4841: 4823: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4776: 4766: 4748: 4730: 4717: 4699: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4672: 4666:, archived from 4649: 4639: 4621: 4603: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4532:. 9 April 2017. 4522: 4516: 4510: 4504: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4480: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4462: 4460: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4422: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4383: 4382: 4381: 4379: 4362: 4349: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4328: 4322: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4280: 4274: 4268: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4134: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4035: 4029: 4020: 4014: 4003: 3997: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3970: 3959: 3953: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3893: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3420: 3414: 3405: 3399: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3363:, pp. 7–24. 3358: 3352: 3346: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3169: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3153:The Durand Group 3145: 3126: 3120: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3006: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2966: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2914: 2908: 2897: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2870: 2864: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2698:Granatstein 2004 2695: 2689: 2686:Granatstein 2004 2683: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2645: 2639: 2626: 2620: 2611: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2582: 2576: 2567: 2561: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2537: 2531: 2525: 2519: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2505: 2503: 2486: 2477: 2471: 2462: 2456: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2410: 2403: 2397: 2394: 2388: 2385: 2379: 2375: 2369: 2367: 2361: 2354: 2348: 2345: 2327: 2326: 2325: 2269:General officers 2262:King-Byng Affair 2229:King Edward VIII 2226: 2169: 2069:Battle of Arleux 2053:Spring Offensive 2029: 2018:, Field Marshal 2010: 1983: 1978: 1974: 1952: 1945: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1915:on 10 April 1917 1885: 1880: 1859: 1855: 1838: 1833: 1820: 1815: 1807: 1778: 1712: 1703: 1697: 1656: 1654:Luftstreitkräfte 1618: 1615:Luftstreitkräfte 1598:Luftstreitkräfte 1410: 1380: 1366: 1307:defence-in-depth 1283: 1270:creeping barrage 1267: 1261: 1176:Historica Canada 1155: 1154: 1143: 1125: 1115:sent specialist 1105:Battle of Verdun 985:creeping barrage 966:Chemin des Dames 932:was part of the 862:St Quentin Canal 457: 447: 440: 433: 424: 351: 349: 339: 332: 325: 316: 230: 229: 218: 217: 199: 197: 196: 186: 182: 180: 179: 168: 166: 165: 136: 135: 133: 132: 131: 126: 122: 119: 118: 117: 114: 89: 87: 83: 72: 71: 58: 34: 21: 5788: 5787: 5783: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5778: 5777: 5718: 5717: 5708:Wayback Machine 5691:Wayback Machine 5669:Wayback Machine 5658: 5653: 5647: 5634: 5617: 5608: 5606: 5584: 5578: 5565: 5559: 5542: 5538: 5536:Further reading 5533: 5528: 5515: 5507: 5505: 5501: 5478: 5473: 5467: 5450: 5442: 5440: 5425: 5420: 5407: 5402: 5389: 5384: 5371: 5366: 5350: 5345: 5332: 5327: 5313:Sheffield, Gary 5311: 5306: 5293: 5287: 5274: 5268: 5255: 5250: 5237: 5229: 5227: 5226:on 5 March 2009 5223: 5200: 5195: 5187: 5185: 5181: 5166: 5159: 5154: 5141: 5135: 5122: 5117: 5104: 5098: 5085: 5080: 5067: 5062: 5049: 5043: 5030: 5004: 4999: 4986: 4981: 4965: 4960: 4944: 4939: 4923: 4918: 4905: 4900: 4884: 4879: 4863: 4857: 4844: 4839: 4826: 4821: 4808: 4800: 4798: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4751: 4746: 4733: 4720: 4715: 4702: 4697: 4684: 4676: 4674: 4673:on 5 March 2009 4670: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4624: 4619: 4606: 4601: 4585: 4581: 4576: 4566: 4564: 4554: 4553: 4549: 4539: 4537: 4524: 4523: 4519: 4511: 4507: 4499: 4495: 4487: 4483: 4475: 4471: 4458: 4456: 4442: 4441: 4437: 4429: 4425: 4417: 4413: 4403: 4402: 4398: 4390: 4386: 4377: 4375: 4374:on 21 June 2008 4364: 4363: 4352: 4343: 4341: 4330: 4329: 4325: 4317: 4313: 4305: 4301: 4293: 4289: 4281: 4277: 4269: 4265: 4257: 4253: 4245: 4241: 4233: 4226: 4216: 4214: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4147: 4143: 4135: 4128: 4120: 4116: 4108: 4104: 4096: 4092: 4084: 4080: 4071: 4069: 4055: 4054: 4050: 4042: 4038: 4030: 4023: 4015: 4006: 3998: 3991: 3983: 3979: 3971: 3962: 3954: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3927: 3923: 3915: 3911: 3903: 3896: 3888: 3884: 3876: 3872: 3864: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3835: 3831: 3823: 3819: 3811: 3807: 3799: 3795: 3787: 3783: 3775: 3768: 3760: 3756: 3748: 3744: 3736: 3732: 3724: 3717: 3709: 3705: 3697: 3693: 3685: 3678: 3670: 3666: 3658: 3654: 3646: 3642: 3634: 3630: 3622: 3618: 3610: 3606: 3598: 3594: 3586: 3582: 3574: 3570: 3562: 3551: 3543: 3539: 3531: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3507: 3503: 3495: 3491: 3483: 3476: 3468: 3464: 3456: 3452: 3444: 3440: 3432: 3423: 3415: 3408: 3400: 3391: 3383: 3379: 3371: 3367: 3359: 3355: 3347: 3338: 3330: 3326: 3318: 3314: 3306: 3297: 3289: 3285: 3277: 3273: 3265: 3261: 3253: 3249: 3241: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3217: 3213: 3205: 3201: 3193: 3189: 3181: 3172: 3162: 3160: 3147: 3146: 3129: 3121: 3114: 3106: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3070: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3046: 3042: 3034: 3027: 3019: 3015: 3007: 2996: 2988: 2984: 2976: 2969: 2964: 2960: 2952: 2948: 2940: 2936: 2928: 2917: 2909: 2900: 2892: 2888: 2880: 2873: 2865: 2858: 2850: 2846: 2838: 2834: 2826: 2822: 2814: 2807: 2799: 2795: 2787: 2783: 2775: 2771: 2763: 2759: 2751: 2747: 2739: 2735: 2727: 2720: 2712: 2708: 2700:, p. 113; 2696: 2692: 2684: 2677: 2669: 2665: 2657: 2648: 2640: 2629: 2621: 2614: 2606: 2602: 2594: 2585: 2577: 2570: 2562: 2558: 2550: 2546: 2538: 2534: 2526: 2522: 2514: 2510: 2501: 2499: 2488: 2487: 2480: 2472: 2465: 2457: 2450: 2442: 2438: 2430: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2413: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2382: 2376: 2372: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2224: 2197: 2191: 2182: 2177: 2144: 2110:Lance-Sergeant 2086: 2081: 2032:elastic defence 1990: 1981: 1976: 1972: 1960: 1950: 1943: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1905: 1883: 1878: 1857: 1853: 1836: 1831: 1818: 1813: 1805: 1794: 1789: 1758: 1674: 1668: 1663: 1637:No. 43 Squadron 1633:No. 40 Squadron 1629:No. 25 Squadron 1600: 1590: 1573: 1567: 1476: 1425: 1408: 1396:counter-battery 1392:field telephone 1378: 1364: 1359:Edward Morrison 1323: 1290: 1288:German defences 1281: 1206: 1164:Heritage Minute 1161: 1152: 1146:External videos 1141: 1136: 1120:infantry began 1113:Royal Engineers 1093: 1083: 1051:Race to the Sea 1030: 1025: 946:First World War 934:Battle of Arras 926: 925: 924: 919: 896: 700:Vimy Ridge 1916 577:Race to the Sea 545:1st St. Quentin 467: 458: 453: 451: 421: 416: 398: 385: 352: 347: 345: 343: 309: 297: 278: 263: 224: 212: 194: 192: 189: 177: 175: 174: 163: 161: 129: 127: 123: 120: 115: 112: 110: 108: 107: 106: 85: 81: 79: 59: 44:Battle of Arras 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5786: 5784: 5776: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5728:1917 in France 5720: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5710: 5698: 5693: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5657: 5656:External links 5654: 5652: 5651: 5645: 5632: 5620:Canada at Vimy 5615: 5582: 5576: 5563: 5557: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5531: 5526: 5513: 5471: 5465: 5448: 5423: 5418: 5405: 5400: 5387: 5382: 5369: 5364: 5352:Terraine, John 5348: 5343: 5330: 5325: 5309: 5304: 5291: 5285: 5272: 5266: 5253: 5248: 5235: 5193: 5157: 5152: 5139: 5133: 5120: 5115: 5102: 5096: 5083: 5078: 5065: 5060: 5047: 5041: 5028: 5002: 4997: 4984: 4979: 4963: 4958: 4942: 4937: 4921: 4916: 4903: 4898: 4882: 4877: 4861: 4855: 4842: 4837: 4824: 4819: 4806: 4767: 4762: 4749: 4744: 4731: 4718: 4713: 4700: 4695: 4682: 4640: 4635: 4622: 4617: 4604: 4599: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4574: 4547: 4517: 4505: 4493: 4481: 4469: 4435: 4423: 4421:, p. 126. 4411: 4396: 4394:, p. 286. 4384: 4350: 4323: 4311: 4299: 4295:Humphries 2007 4287: 4275: 4263: 4261:, p. 233. 4251: 4239: 4237:, p. 233. 4235:Godefroy 2007b 4224: 4193: 4173: 4153: 4149:Bechthold 2007 4141: 4139:, p. 240. 4137:Bechthold 2007 4126: 4122:Godefroy 2007b 4114: 4110:Godefroy 2007b 4102: 4100:, p. 341. 4090: 4078: 4048: 4046:, p. 263. 4044:Nicholson 1962 4036: 4034:, p. 317. 4021: 4019:, p. 262. 4017:Nicholson 1962 4004: 4002:, p. 315. 3989: 3987:, p. 313. 3977: 3975:, p. 312. 3960: 3958:, p. 182. 3945: 3943:, p. 257. 3941:Nicholson 1962 3933: 3921: 3919:, p. 179. 3909: 3907:, p. 311. 3894: 3882: 3880:, p. 308. 3870: 3868:, p. 220. 3866:Godefroy 2007a 3853: 3851:, p. 309. 3841: 3839:, p. 297. 3829: 3827:, p. 222. 3825:Godefroy 2007a 3817: 3813:Nicholson 1962 3805: 3803:, p. 259. 3801:Nicholson 1962 3793: 3789:Godefroy 2007a 3781: 3766: 3764:, p. 291. 3754: 3742: 3740:, p. 255. 3738:Nicholson 1962 3730: 3728:, p. 254. 3726:Nicholson 1962 3715: 3713:, p. 299. 3703: 3701:, p. 298. 3691: 3689:, p. 200. 3676: 3664: 3662:, p. 116. 3652: 3650:, p. 253. 3648:Nicholson 1962 3640: 3628: 3626:, p. 261. 3616: 3614:, p. 231. 3612:Godefroy 2007a 3604: 3592: 3590:, p. 273. 3580: 3578:, p. 251. 3576:Nicholson 1962 3568: 3549: 3537: 3535:, p. 259. 3525: 3523:, p. 230. 3521:Godefroy 2007b 3513: 3511:, p. 251. 3501: 3489: 3474: 3472:, p. 157. 3462: 3458:Godefroy 2007b 3450: 3448:, p. 149. 3438: 3436:, p. 246. 3434:Nicholson 1962 3421: 3406: 3389: 3387:, p. 254. 3377: 3365: 3353: 3336: 3324: 3322:, p. 694. 3312: 3295: 3293:, p. 135. 3283: 3281:, p. 136. 3271: 3259: 3247: 3235: 3223: 3211: 3209:, p. 200. 3199: 3197:, p. 200. 3187: 3185:, p. 133. 3170: 3127: 3125:, p. 225. 3112: 3100: 3098:, p. 180. 3088: 3076: 3072:Humphries 2007 3064: 3060:Humphries 2007 3052: 3040: 3038:, p. 117. 3025: 3023:, p. 268. 3021:Chasseaud 1999 3013: 2994: 2992:, p. 191. 2990:Sheffield 2002 2982: 2967: 2958: 2956:, p. 164. 2946: 2942:Sheffield 2002 2934: 2932:, p. 113. 2915: 2913:, p. 225. 2911:Nicholson 1962 2898: 2896:, p. 266. 2894:Chasseaud 1999 2886: 2871: 2869:, p. 267. 2867:Nicholson 1962 2856: 2844: 2832: 2830:, p. 229. 2828:Godefroy 2007b 2820: 2818:, p. 252. 2805: 2793: 2781: 2769: 2767:, p. 240. 2765:Nicholson 1962 2757: 2755:, p. 239. 2753:Nicholson 1962 2745: 2743:, p. 248. 2741:Nicholson 1962 2733: 2718: 2716:, p. 249. 2714:Nicholson 1962 2706: 2704:, p. 254. 2702:Nicholson 1962 2690: 2688:, p. 113. 2675: 2671:Humphries 2007 2663: 2661:, p. 227. 2659:Nicholson 1962 2646: 2627: 2625:, p. 245. 2623:Nicholson 1962 2612: 2610:, p. 147. 2600: 2583: 2568: 2556: 2544: 2532: 2520: 2508: 2478: 2476:, p. 265. 2474:Nicholson 1962 2463: 2461:, p. 139. 2448: 2436: 2434:, p. 229. 2432:Nicholson 1962 2420: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2411: 2398: 2389: 2380: 2370: 2349: 2339: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2317: 2314: 2282:Justin Trudeau 2258:Mackenzie King 2247:Will Longstaff 2245:, painting by 2193:Main article: 2190: 2187: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2171: 2167:Gruppe Souchez 2162: 2159:Oberstleutnant 2148:Pour le Mérite 2143: 2142:Pour le Mérite 2140: 2139: 2138: 2128: 2118: 2108: 2090:Victoria Cross 2085: 2084:Victoria Cross 2082: 2080: 2077: 2057:scorched earth 1989: 1986: 1959: 1956: 1904: 1901: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1757: 1754: 1710:Gruppe Souchez 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1621:No. 2 Squadron 1589: 1588:Air operations 1586: 1571:Trench raiding 1566: 1565:Trench raiding 1563: 1512:counter-mining 1475: 1472: 1424: 1421: 1350:, twenty-four 1322: 1319: 1289: 1286: 1265:Zwölfer-Graben 1219:Robert Nivelle 1205: 1202: 1186:Edwin Alderson 1180: 1179: 1148: 1147: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1087:Tunnel warfare 1082: 1079: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 950:Canadian Corps 940:department of 921: 920: 918: 917: 912: 907: 895: 894: 892:Lys and Escaut 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 833: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 794: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 772: 771: 766: 761: 756: 746: 739: 728: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 661: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 639: 638: 628: 623: 621:Neuve Chapelle 618: 613: 602: 601: 596: 594:Winter actions 591: 590: 589: 584: 574: 569: 564: 559: 557:Grand Couronné 554: 549: 548: 547: 542: 537: 527: 526: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 495: 494: 493: 488: 483: 473: 463: 460: 459: 452: 450: 449: 442: 435: 427: 418: 417: 415: 414: 409: 397: 396: 384: 383: 378: 373: 372: 371: 357: 354: 353: 344: 342: 341: 334: 327: 319: 311: 310: 308: 307: 306:4,000 captured 304: 300: 298: 296: 295: 292: 288: 285: 284: 280: 279: 277: 276: 273: 270: 266: 264: 262: 261: 258: 251: 243: 240: 239: 235: 234: 222: 209: 208: 204: 203: 190: 188: 187: 184:United Kingdom 172: 158: 155: 154: 150: 149: 146: 145: 142: 138: 137: 97: 95: 91: 90: 76: 68: 67: 51: 50: 39: 38: 32: 31: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5785: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5705: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5688: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5666: 5663: 5660: 5659: 5655: 5648: 5642: 5638: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5616: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5583: 5579: 5573: 5569: 5564: 5560: 5554: 5549: 5548: 5541: 5540: 5535: 5529: 5523: 5519: 5514: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5477: 5472: 5468: 5462: 5457: 5456: 5449: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5429: 5428:Vimy Memorial 5424: 5421: 5415: 5411: 5406: 5403: 5397: 5393: 5388: 5385: 5379: 5375: 5370: 5367: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5346: 5340: 5336: 5331: 5328: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5307: 5301: 5297: 5292: 5288: 5282: 5278: 5273: 5269: 5263: 5259: 5254: 5251: 5245: 5241: 5236: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5199: 5194: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5165: 5164: 5158: 5155: 5149: 5145: 5140: 5136: 5130: 5126: 5121: 5118: 5112: 5108: 5103: 5099: 5093: 5089: 5084: 5081: 5075: 5071: 5066: 5063: 5057: 5053: 5048: 5044: 5038: 5034: 5029: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5009: 5003: 5000: 4994: 4990: 4985: 4982: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4961: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4940: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4919: 4913: 4909: 4904: 4901: 4899:1-870114-00-0 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4880: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4852: 4848: 4843: 4840: 4834: 4830: 4825: 4822: 4816: 4812: 4807: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4773: 4768: 4765: 4759: 4755: 4750: 4747: 4741: 4737: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4719: 4716: 4710: 4706: 4701: 4698: 4692: 4688: 4683: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4646: 4641: 4638: 4632: 4628: 4623: 4620: 4614: 4610: 4605: 4602: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4583: 4578: 4562: 4558: 4551: 4548: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4518: 4514: 4513:Winegard 2007 4509: 4506: 4502: 4497: 4494: 4491:, p. 50. 4490: 4485: 4482: 4479:, p. 42. 4478: 4473: 4470: 4466: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4439: 4436: 4432: 4427: 4424: 4420: 4415: 4412: 4407: 4400: 4397: 4393: 4388: 4385: 4373: 4369: 4368: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4351: 4339: 4335: 4334: 4327: 4324: 4320: 4315: 4312: 4308: 4303: 4300: 4297:, p. 66. 4296: 4291: 4288: 4284: 4279: 4276: 4272: 4267: 4264: 4260: 4255: 4252: 4249:, p. 66. 4248: 4243: 4240: 4236: 4231: 4229: 4225: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4197: 4194: 4189: 4188: 4183: 4177: 4174: 4169: 4168: 4163: 4157: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4142: 4138: 4133: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4118: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4103: 4099: 4094: 4091: 4087: 4082: 4079: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4052: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4037: 4033: 4028: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3996: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3981: 3978: 3974: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3956:Campbell 2007 3952: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3934: 3930: 3929:Campbell 2007 3925: 3922: 3918: 3917:Campbell 2007 3913: 3910: 3906: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3883: 3879: 3874: 3871: 3867: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3845: 3842: 3838: 3833: 3830: 3826: 3821: 3818: 3814: 3809: 3806: 3802: 3797: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3755: 3751: 3750:Campbell 2007 3746: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3731: 3727: 3722: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3665: 3661: 3656: 3653: 3649: 3644: 3641: 3638:, p. 52. 3637: 3632: 3629: 3625: 3620: 3617: 3613: 3608: 3605: 3601: 3596: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3581: 3577: 3572: 3569: 3566:, p. 58. 3565: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3541: 3538: 3534: 3529: 3526: 3522: 3517: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3451: 3447: 3446:Williams 1983 3442: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3422: 3419:, p. 43. 3418: 3413: 3411: 3407: 3404:, p. 49. 3403: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3381: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3366: 3362: 3357: 3354: 3351:, p. xi. 3350: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3334:, p. 41. 3333: 3328: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3313: 3310:, p. 10. 3309: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3260: 3257:, p. 20. 3256: 3251: 3248: 3244: 3239: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3224: 3221:, p. 60. 3220: 3215: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3188: 3184: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3171: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3101: 3097: 3096:Terraine 1992 3092: 3089: 3086:, p. 41. 3085: 3080: 3077: 3074:, p. 77. 3073: 3068: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3053: 3049: 3048:Corkerry 2001 3044: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3014: 3011:, p. 39. 3010: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2983: 2979: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2962: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2935: 2931: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2887: 2883: 2882:Farndale 1986 2878: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2861: 2857: 2854:, p. 22. 2853: 2848: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2833: 2829: 2824: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2794: 2791:, p. 29. 2790: 2785: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2734: 2731:, p. 38. 2730: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2710: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2673:, p. 67. 2672: 2667: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2644:, p. 94. 2643: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2584: 2581:, p. 59. 2580: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2566:, p. 15. 2565: 2560: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2545: 2542:, p. 68. 2541: 2536: 2533: 2530:, p. 56. 2529: 2524: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2509: 2497: 2493: 2492: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2416: 2408: 2402: 2399: 2393: 2390: 2384: 2381: 2374: 2371: 2366: 2360: 2353: 2350: 2344: 2341: 2334: 2330: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2267: 2266:Canadian Army 2263: 2259: 2255: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2222: 2217: 2210: 2209:Canada Bereft 2206: 2201: 2196: 2189:Vimy Memorial 2188: 2186: 2179: 2175:Commemoration 2174: 2168: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2156: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2098: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2083: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2045: 2040: 2036: 2033: 2028: 2027: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2009: 2004: 1994: 1987: 1985: 1970: 1966: 1957: 1955: 1947: 1940: 1922: 1914: 1909: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1845: 1841: 1829: 1823: 1811: 1810:Easter Monday 1798: 1791: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1777: 1772: 1762: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1738:24th Division 1734: 1732: 1728: 1727:Eastern Front 1724: 1719: 1714: 1711: 1706: 1702: 1696: 1691: 1687: 1678: 1673: 1665: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1650: 1646: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1616: 1604: 1599: 1595: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1572: 1564: 1562: 1560: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1546:no man's land 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1502: 1496: 1494: 1489: 1480: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1453: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1429: 1422: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1406: 1402: 1401:sound ranging 1397: 1393: 1388: 1384: 1375: 1373: 1368: 1360: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1346:, ninety-six 1345: 1341: 1337: 1327: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1308: 1303: 1294: 1287: 1285: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1260: 1255: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1232:Arthur Currie 1229: 1223: 1220: 1210: 1203: 1201: 1199: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1166:that follows 1165: 1160: 1159: 1149: 1144: 1138: 1133: 1131: 1129: 1124: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1092: 1088: 1080: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1043: 1034: 1027: 1022: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1008: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 969: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 944:, during the 943: 939: 938:Pas-de-Calais 935: 931: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 902: 901: 900: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 867:Meuse-Argonne 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 810: 806: 805: 804: 801: 800: 799: 798: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 781:Passchendaele 779: 777: 774: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 751: 750: 747: 745: 744: 740: 738: 735: 734: 733: 732: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 667: 666: 665: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 643:2nd Champagne 641: 637: 634: 633: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 611:1st Champagne 609: 608: 607: 606: 600: 597: 595: 592: 588: 585: 583: 580: 579: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 532: 531: 530:Great Retreat 528: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 500: 499: 496: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 478: 477: 474: 472: 469: 468: 466: 461: 456: 455:Western Front 448: 443: 441: 436: 434: 429: 428: 425: 413: 410: 408: 405: 404: 403: 402: 395: 392: 391: 390: 389: 382: 379: 377: 374: 370: 367: 366: 365: 362: 361: 360: 355: 350: 340: 335: 333: 328: 326: 321: 320: 317: 305: 302: 301: 299: 294:7,004 wounded 293: 290: 289: 287: 286: 281: 274: 271: 268: 267: 265: 259: 256: 252: 249: 245: 244: 242: 241: 236: 233: 228: 223: 221: 216: 211: 210: 205: 202: 201:German Empire 191: 185: 173: 171: 160: 159: 157: 156: 151: 143: 140: 139: 134: 104: 103:Pas-de-Calais 100: 96: 93: 92: 77: 74: 73: 69: 66: 62: 57: 52: 49: 48:Western Front 45: 40: 35: 30: 19: 5636: 5619: 5607:. Retrieved 5590: 5567: 5546: 5517: 5506:, retrieved 5486: 5482: 5454: 5441:, retrieved 5427: 5409: 5391: 5373: 5355: 5334: 5316: 5295: 5276: 5257: 5239: 5228:, retrieved 5221:the original 5208: 5204: 5186:, retrieved 5179:the original 5162: 5143: 5124: 5106: 5087: 5069: 5051: 5032: 5007: 4988: 4970: 4949: 4928: 4907: 4889: 4868: 4865:Falls, Cyril 4846: 4828: 4810: 4799:, retrieved 4782: 4778: 4753: 4735: 4726: 4722: 4704: 4686: 4675:, retrieved 4668:the original 4655: 4651: 4626: 4608: 4590: 4579:Bibliography 4565:. Retrieved 4550: 4538:. Retrieved 4529: 4520: 4508: 4496: 4484: 4472: 4464: 4457:. Retrieved 4449:Toronto Star 4448: 4438: 4426: 4414: 4408:. 33, 1: 43. 4405: 4399: 4387: 4376:, retrieved 4372:the original 4366: 4342:, retrieved 4332: 4326: 4319:Hopkins 1919 4314: 4302: 4290: 4285:, p. 2. 4278: 4273:, p. 5. 4266: 4254: 4242: 4215:. Retrieved 4206: 4196: 4185: 4176: 4165: 4156: 4144: 4117: 4105: 4093: 4081: 4070:, retrieved 4064:, New York, 4061: 4051: 4039: 4032:Sheldon 2008 4000:Sheldon 2008 3985:Sheldon 2008 3980: 3973:Sheldon 2008 3936: 3924: 3912: 3905:Sheldon 2008 3890:Sheldon 2008 3885: 3878:Sheldon 2008 3873: 3849:Sheldon 2008 3844: 3837:Sheldon 2008 3832: 3820: 3808: 3796: 3784: 3762:Sheldon 2008 3757: 3745: 3733: 3711:Sheldon 2008 3706: 3699:Sheldon 2008 3694: 3672:Rawling 2007 3667: 3655: 3643: 3631: 3619: 3607: 3600:Sheldon 2008 3595: 3588:Sheldon 2008 3583: 3571: 3545:Sheldon 2008 3540: 3533:Sheldon 2008 3528: 3516: 3509:Sheldon 2008 3504: 3497:Hopkins 1919 3492: 3485:Sheldon 2008 3470:Hopkins 1919 3465: 3453: 3441: 3385:Sheldon 2008 3380: 3368: 3356: 3349:Sheldon 2008 3327: 3315: 3286: 3274: 3262: 3250: 3238: 3231:Sheldon 2008 3226: 3214: 3207:Sheldon 2008 3202: 3190: 3161:. Retrieved 3152: 3149:"Vimy Ridge" 3123:Sheldon 2008 3108:Sheldon 2008 3103: 3091: 3079: 3067: 3055: 3043: 3016: 2985: 2978:Brennan 2007 2961: 2954:Robbins 2010 2949: 2937: 2889: 2847: 2835: 2823: 2816:Sheldon 2008 2801:Sheldon 2008 2796: 2784: 2772: 2760: 2748: 2736: 2709: 2693: 2666: 2642:Brennan 2007 2603: 2596:Samuels 1996 2559: 2554:, p. 8. 2547: 2535: 2523: 2511: 2500:, retrieved 2496:the original 2490: 2439: 2401: 2392: 2383: 2373: 2352: 2343: 2302:Prince Harry 2251: 2242: 2218: 2214: 2208: 2183: 2145: 2087: 2065:Douglas Haig 2049: 2013: 1999: 1961: 1948: 1918: 1912: 1875: 1863: 1850: 1824: 1803: 1787:Main assault 1781: 1767: 1735: 1715: 1683: 1666:Belligerents 1649:Bloody April 1641: 1609: 1578:intelligence 1574: 1558: 1525:La Boisselle 1519: 1516: 1505: 1497: 1485: 1454: 1436: 1434: 1387:No. 106 fuze 1376: 1362: 1356: 1332: 1315: 1311: 1299: 1278: 1251: 1224: 1215: 1198:5th Division 1194: 1183: 1156: 1094: 1039: 1009: 970: 929: 927: 898: 897: 857:Saint-Mihiel 825:Belleau Wood 808: 796: 795: 786:La Malmaison 758: 742: 730: 729: 695:Kink Salient 663: 662: 658:Gas: Wieltje 604: 603: 464: 400: 399: 394:La Malmaison 387: 386: 368: 358: 153:Belligerents 65:Richard Jack 60: 42:Part of the 29: 5260:. Ashgate. 4587:Barris, Ted 4451:. Toronto. 4392:Hucker 2007 4283:Inglis 1995 4271:Pierce 1992 4182:"No. 31640" 4162:"No. 31610" 3636:Turner 2005 3624:McGill 2007 3564:Barris 2007 3417:Turner 2005 3402:Barris 2007 3373:Turner 2005 3332:Turner 2005 3320:Tucker 1996 3084:Barris 2007 3009:Turner 2005 2852:Turner 2005 2840:Turner 2005 2789:Turner 2005 2729:Turner 2005 2552:Turner 2005 2540:Tucker 1996 2444:Turner 2005 2205:Edward VIII 1856:am. 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