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apple butter, the two main things that stand out to consumers on the nutritional facts table are the amount of carbohydrates and the amount of sugar that the apple butter contains. For 1 tablespoon the amount of carbohydrates is about 4–15 grams and the sugar content is about 4–10 grams. Apple butter is not a good source for iron, calcium, vitamin A, vitamin B, though it contains a small amount of vitamin C. Although all the recipes vary, the main ingredients in all apple butters are apples and apple juice. In commercial brands of apple butter, the type of apples used is not specified, but in certain homemade recipes they specify what types of apples to use. Commercial brands tend to use corn syrup in their apple butter. In homemade apple butter, sugar or brown sugar are more frequently used. Apple butter may be a healthier choice of spread than other breakfast spreads, but would not be considered to be healthy, as it does not provide very many nutrients.
142:
654:. There is a widespread view that the iron content arises from the interaction of the acid in the apples with the metal of vessels in which the appelstroop is prepared and packaged. However, commercially sold appelstroop is often sold in paper- or plastic-based containers (or, in Germany, glass jars). Well into the fifties, the traditional cooking pots used for the preparation of appelstroop were generally of copper. Regardless of how appelstroop originally gained its reputation as a source of dietary iron, the iron content (10–20 mg per 100 g) in typical factory-produced product is boosted by the
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growth of spoilage-causing and illness-causing microorganisms in the product. As a result of thermal processing and the softening of the apples, the presence of air bubbles can be minimized during canning. Refrigeration is a way of preserving apple butter after thermal processing. Though it is not a method which eliminates microorganisms, it is a method to decrease the rate at which microorganisms grow. Opened jars of apple butter may last a year if kept under low-temperature conditions. With refrigeration, the quality of apple butter may still decrease over time.
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preservation technique used to preserve apple butter is called canning. Canning is a process where pre-packaged food is exposed to moist heat of at least 121 °C for a certain amount of time in order to kill microorganisms that cause spoilage and disease. Although apple butter is at low risk for food-borne disease if canned improperly, especially when being made at home, the product may grow dangerous microorganisms. If the apple butter is improperly canned,
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happens with time even if the product is refrigerated, and does not pose a threat to the consumer. Some indicators for change in quality include the change of color and smell. However, apple butter should be discarded if there are clear signs of spoilage, such as when mold is found on the product surface. Even prior to apple butter preparation, the quality of apples should be taken into consideration since it has been reported to correspond to the level of
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unable to participate in chemical reactions or be utilized by microorganisms to contribute to their growth. Free water refers to water molecules free to perform the above functions, and should be decreased to achieve a longer preservation period. The addition of sugar to apple butter allows more binding with the free water molecules and thereby decreases the amount of free water to support microbial growth.
36:
658:, which is included with apples in the approximate ratio of 30:70. The cooking process thickens the texture of the sugar beet syrup, providing the extra sweetness which modern tastes expect (no refined sugar is added in these recipes) and increases the proportion of various mineral elements including the iron which is already present before cooking in both apples and sugar beet.
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to a large steam vat. Small amounts of sodium bicarbonate are added to the mixture in order to reduce acidity and help bring out sweetness from the natural fructose available in the apples. The mixture will then be boiled during the evaporation process, allowing the volume to reduce to one seventh. The end product will be a concentrated mixture used as apple butter.
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seal between the lid and the rim. The heat used for this method of canning can be sufficient to kill bacterial cells found in the food. Only high-acid food with a pH of 4.6 or less can be processed using the boiling water bath method. This is because high-acid foods prevent the growth of spores of the bacterium
306:, the production of apple butter is a family event, due to the large amount of labor necessary to produce apple butter in large quantities. Traditionally, apple butter was prepared in large copper kettles outside. Large paddles were used to stir the apples, and family members would take turns stirring. In
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The nutritional value of apple butter varies quite a bit based on the recipe used to prepare that particular product. The ingredient list can be as simple as just two ingredients to a much more complicated mixture of foods. Although the ingredients may vary, which changes the nutritional value of the
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is a preservative that has a high level of acidity and is often used by manufacturers in the preservation of food products, including apple butter. Sodium benzoate, an additive allowed under the
Canadian food regulation, is capable of inhibiting the growth of fungi and has been used as a preservative
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Apples are first selected based on ripeness, texture, natural sweetness and tartness/acidity. Some of these apples are pressed into fresh apple cider, while the rest are peeled and cored, then wholly steamed and cooked into apple puree. The freshly pressed apple cider and cooked apple puree are added
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Different types of apples can be used for the production of apple butter. Apples are chosen based on their physical and chemical properties – such as hardness, sweetness, acidity/tartness, etc. Soft apples are often chosen for the production of apple butter because they can be broken down more easily
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During the preparation, apples are cored for apple sauces but not for apple butter, allowing it to have a much stronger apple taste. The two also differ in cooking time; apple sauce just needs to be cooked until the apples are soft enough to be pureed, while apple butter needs to be cooked until the
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Low-acid foods can be processed in a pressure canner to get rid of the risk of botulism; however, this treatment is not necessary for high-acid foods such as apple butter. Apple butter does not require sterilization at extremely high temperatures to reach optimum storage and maintain quality, so the
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can survive and multiply in the jar. This germ produces a toxin that can seriously harm an individual or in some cases even cause death. Makers of apple butter need to verify that the jars are properly sealed and that the heat treatment is used on the jars of apple butter for a sufficient amount of
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Similar to the boiling process, vacuum sealing jars or cans of apple butter can remove remaining oxygen in the jar, forming a tight seal. The vacuuming process can be done in both a large-scale factory manner or at home with a mechanical vacuum sealer. Special devices, such as a vacuum pack sealer,
262:(with large orchards) appeared. The production of the butter was a perfect way to conserve part of the fruit production of the monasteries in that region, at a time when almost every village had its own apple-butter producers. The production of apple butter was also a popular way of using apples in
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Apple butter and apple sauce also have different uses. Popular ways of using apple butter include, condiment or spreads for pastries and pie fillings. It can also be used as a healthier alternative for oil, shortening, or butter. Some people also enjoy using it to marinate meat, or pairing it with
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Aside from controlling the temperature, regulation of the water activity in apple butter may also preserve the quality of apple butter. Water present in foods may exist in two types: bound water and free water. Bound water refers to water molecules that are attached to other molecules, making them
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concepts, including controlling the temperature, water activity, and level of acidity in the product. Thermal processing not only helps produce texture and flavor characteristic to apple butter but is also a common way of sterilizing food products. It is a critical step in minimizing the potential
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Applying high temperatures over a specified period of time can not only aid in the sterilization of the jars or cans used in packaging, but it can help maximize the storage time of the apple butter or other products. Boiling the jars will remove the oxygen remaining in the jar, which forms a tight
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Lowering the pH level of apple butter may also help decrease the rate of spoilage. Acidity in foods creates a less favorable environment for the survival of microorganisms, thus inhibiting the growth of bacteria and molds. Foods that have a pH of less than 4.6 are considered high-acid foods, and
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Apple butter is a product created as a means of preserving apples. Due to its high acidity, high sugar content and low amounts of free water, an opened package can be kept for months at room temperature without spoiling. Nevertheless, there are numerous methods that can be used for the storage of
734:, the production of apple butter is associated with a community event, most often occurring in the fall at the end of the apple-harvest season. At many of these events, apple butter is cooked on-site in the traditional method, using huge copper kettles over open fires that are stirred for hours.
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It is possible to observe spoilage in apple butter if the end product is not properly sterilized during the canning process, allowing microorganisms to survive and grow in the container. Lack of refrigeration may also speed up the rate of spoilage of apple butter. Slight deterioration in quality
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Apple butter is at low risk for spreading food-borne disease. The way that apple butter is packaged is very similar to that of jams. Apple butter is stored in glass jars, which allow light to enter the container therefore their shelf-life is less than that of food canned in steel cans. The
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Apples are a high acid food, with a pH below 4.6. Therefore, the apple butter can be placed in hot jars without chances of compromising quality of the product. The main sources of spoilage, molds, yeasts and enzymes, are killed at the temperatures reached in the hot water bath during the
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apples brown, break down and thicken. As a result of its long cooking time, apple butter is a much darker, caramel brown color, while apple sauce is usually a lighter golden color. Apple sauce has a more liquid consistency while apple butter is thicker and is more spreadable.
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Freezing jars of apple butter can help to maintain quality and inhibit bacterial growth. This storage method does not destroy pre-existing microorganisms that may be present in the product, so it is important to be wary when consuming previously frozen product.
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time in order to kill all microorganisms and prevent the product from contamination through the air of the outside environment. Once the jar is unsealed, the product must be refrigerated to slow down or inhibit the growth of microorganisms that cause spoilage.
281:, and other spices, apple butter is usually spread on bread, used as a side dish, an ingredient in baked goods, or as a condiment. Apple butter may also be used on sandwiches to add an interesting flavor, but is not as commonly used as in historical times.
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sterilization process for cans and jars. The spoilage microorganisms in acid foods can be destroyed in a small amount of time at temperatures below that of boiling water, so there is little risk of microorganisms appearing in the food product itself.
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Typically, the jars are sterilized before packaging to ensure no harmful microorganisms or bacteria will infect the product, causing it to spoil. Ideally, jars are sterilized using a combination of high temperature heating and ensuring a tight seal.
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as an ingredient. In
Northern Ireland it is now produced under the name "Irish Black Butter" in Co. Armagh. The possibly apocryphal story is that it was Scots-Irish immigrants who introduced the recipe to the Appalachians.
1330:
Al Zaemey, A. B.; Magan, N.; Thompson, A. K. (1993). "Studies on the effect of fruit-coating polymers and organic acids on growth of colletotrichum musae in vitro and on post-harvest control of anthracnose of bananas".
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and faster when cooked. These types of apples include: McIntosh (soft, creamy), Cortland (soft, sweet-and-tart, all-purpose), Granny Smith (tartness sweetens upon cooking, ideal complement to savory and salty foods).
392:) is prepared by the reduction of fruit puree with some sugar and sometimes spices. The final product should contain no more than 34% of moisture and about 60% of sugar. The most popular one is made from apples, but
749:, each have an annual apple butter festival, as well. Grand Rapids, Ohio, also celebrates with an Apple Butter Fest on October 12. There is also an Apple Butter Stir Off held on the first weekend in October in
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apple butter. No method is 100% dependable, as there is always a chance of the presence of bacteria or other microorganisms within the food itself, on the storage equipment or in the storage facility.
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and is considerably lighter in color, typically a shade of yellow. It is used as a spread on toast or as a filling in baked buns, and may have a mashed texture with small apple chunks, similar to the
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Apple butter is typically packaged in the same way whether it is prepared in a factory setting or made at home. It can be packaged mechanically in jars or cans through the use of machinery.
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United States
Department of Agriculture and National Institute of Food and Agriculture. (n.d.). Selecting, Preparing and Canning Fruit and Fruit Products. Retrieved February 24, 2016, from
630:, a type of toxin produced by molds, present in apples. Studies have also shown that a longer period of heat treatment can reduce the levels of patulin present in the product.
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apples in general have a pH of 3.7. Some recipes may include the addition of vinegar as a way to further bring down the pH and preserve the quality of the end product.
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Parker,K.; Salas,M.; Nwosu, V.C. (2010). High fructose corn syrup: Production, uses and public health concerns. Biotechnology and
Molecular Biology Review, 5(5),71-78.
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cooked meat and cheeses such as cheddar, brie or chevre. Apple sauce, in contrast, is usually served on its own or as a side dish for a variety of dishes.
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is also made from apricots, cherries, prunes, pears, and cranberries. Polish powidła is made from fresh purple plums with the addition of sugar.
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In the
Netherlands, appelstroop is widely recognised as a good source of iron, a dietary element in which modern diets are frequently
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768:, has an Apple Butter Festival in November on Thanksgiving Weekend as part of the close of their official Apple Harvest Season.
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refers only to the butter-like thick, soft consistency, and apple butter's use as a spread for breads. Sometimes seasoned with
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Health Canada. (2016). List of
Permitted Preservatives (Lists of Permitted Food Additives). Retrieved February 21, 2016, from
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Kadakal, Ç.; Nas, S. (2003). "Effect of heat treatment and evaporation on patulin and some other properties of apple juice".
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juice is sometimes mixed in while cooking to provide a small amount of tartness to the usually sweet apple butter. The
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A. Rosanoff; B. M. Kennedy (25 August 2006). "Bioavailability of Iron
Produced by the Corrosion of Steel in Apples".
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Fenner Nature Center in
Lansing, Michigan, also has an annual Apple Butter Festival on the third weekend of October.
234:, turning the apple butter a deep brown. The concentration of sugar gives apple butter a much longer shelf life as a
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A comparison of apple sauce to apple butter. Apple sauce is much lighter in color and has a more liquid consistency.
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1720:"Apple Butter Makin' Days - Mt. Vernon, Missouri from the Mt. Vernon Chamber of Commerce - Mt. Vernon, Missouri"
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can be fitted with specific jar attachments to fit over the lid of a jar and create a secure fit.
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Food
Preservation: Canning & Freezing. (2010, September). Retrieved February 24, 2016, from
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Chan, J. (2016, February 19). Course:FNH200/Lesson 02. Retrieved
February 21, 2016, from
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Chan, J. (2016, February 21). Course:FNH200/Lesson 06. Retrieved February 21, 2016, from
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In Europe, an apple butter is traditionally made which is closer to dense syrup, in the
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Spices (nutmeg, cloves, allspice, cardamom, vanilla extract and lemon juice – optional)
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Chan, J. (2016, February 19). Course:FNH200/Lesson 05. Retrieved March 12, 2016, from
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Chan, J. (2016, February 19). Course:FNH200/Lesson 07. Retrieved March 12, 2016, from
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FOOD STORAGE — HOW LONG CAN YOU KEEP... (2016). Retrieved February 21, 2016, from
1096:. U.S. Department of Agriculture: National Institute of Food and Agriculture. 2009
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337:) and frequently eaten on bread with (or without) thinly sliced cheese and with
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1034:"ANR Catalog - ANRCatalog - Apples: Safe Methods to Store, Preserve, and Enjoy"
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http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/securit/addit/list/11-preserv-conserv-eng.php
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310:, apple butter was the only type of fruit preserve normally rendered into
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Walden Farms: Nutrition Facts. (2014). Retrieved February 21, 2016, from
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http://www.thedaringkitchen.com/recipe/food-preservation-canning-freezing
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Apple Butter Makin' Days has been held on the courthouse square in
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with apple juice or water to a point where the sugar in the apples
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http://nchfp.uga.edu/publications/usda/GUIDE02_HomeCan_rev0715.pdf
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The preservation of apple butter involves application of several
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pressure canning process is not typically used for this product.
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357:(in Germany, outside of the Rhineland, it is generally sold in
1695:"What is the Difference between Apple Sauce and Apple Butter?"
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Cider Apple Butter. (n.d.). Retrieved February 21, 2016, from
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in reduced-fat or fat-free cooking, as well as vegan recipes.
29:
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986:"Heat penetration and thermocouple location in home canning"
966:
Reasonover, F. (1977). "Beginner's guide to home canning".
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Prefectures and often uses local apple varieties such as
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often include apple butter as part of their traditional
1767:"apple-butter-baking - Berkeley Springs West Virginia"
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and the Rhineland, apple syrup is a minority taste in
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The product contains no actual dairy butter; the term
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
498:Soft apples are usually used to make apple butter.
895:"University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics |"
361:), and a similar food is produced in francophone
444:It is produced in apple-growing regions such as
1159:http://www.stilltasty.com/fooditems/index/16367
1128:Considine, D. M., Considine, G. D. (1995).
1827:"Wellesley Apple Butter & Cheese Festival"
1813:"Fred King named St. Marys girls' hoops coach"
1375:Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
1919:
566:Boiling jars during the sterilization process
8:
3270:PRI disease resistant apple breeding program
984:Etzel, M.; Willmore, P.; Ingham, B. (2014).
132:
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1455:. The J.M. Smucker Company. Archived from
1359:http://wiki.ubc.ca/Course:FNH200/Lesson_05
1186:http://wiki.ubc.ca/Course:FNH200/Lesson_02
1082:http://wiki.ubc.ca/Course:FNH200/Lesson_06
1061:http://wiki.ubc.ca/Course:FNH200/Lesson_07
855:. Columbia University Press. p. 157.
477:Apples (peeled, cored, and finely chopped)
131:
1009:
146:Apple butter on a slice of buttered bread
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3384:Cuisine of the Midwestern United States
1116:Food packaging: Principles and practice
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1303:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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1130:Foods and food production encyclopedia
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1899:The original easy apple butter recipe
1094:"USDA Complete Guide to Home Canning"
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718:Making black butter on the island of
529:Apple butter packaged at home in jars
429:, apple butter often contains actual
7:
3232:Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae
1486:"PC BLACK LABEL APPLE BUTTER SPREAD"
979:
977:
480:Brown (or white) sugar or unrefined
58:adding citations to reliable sources
852:Food and faith in Christian culture
222:) is a highly concentrated form of
1667:Hyde, Virginia (14 October 2014).
1525:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1982.tb10134.x
250:(Belgium and the Netherlands) and
226:produced by long, slow cooking of
25:
1745:"Apple Butter Festival Kimmswick"
1669:"Pairing Apple Butter and Cheese"
1643:"What do I do with apple butter?"
246:The roots of apple butter lie in
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730:In various locations across the
254:(Germany), conceived during the
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27:Concentrated form of apple sauce
1589:"Thermal Preservation of Foods"
1492:. 2015 Loblaw Companies Limited
747:Berkeley Springs, West Virginia
160:
45:needs additional citations for
1641:Sandrina (17 September 2006).
968:Rural Development Publications
942:"Wellesley Brand Apple Butter"
459:Apple butter can be used as a
297:'seven sweets and seven sours'
266:, well into the 19th century.
1:
3293:Countries by apple production
1845:"Fenner Nature Center - Home"
1345:10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80218-9
1788:"About the Applebutter Fest"
1118:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
990:Food Science & Nutrition
487:Apple juice (or apple cider)
1617:"Home Canning and Botulism"
1132:. Boston, MA: Springer US.
741:, each October since 1967.
687:Difference from apple sauce
407:, apple butter is known as
331:) and in Germany (known as
3415:
917:"A Visual Guide to Apples"
3308:
1941:
1537:A.Rosanoff, B.M.Kennedy,
1138:10.1007/978-1-4684-8511-0
597:Preservation and spoilage
194:
139:
1114:Robertson, G.L. (2013).
877:"Cook's Thesaurus: Fats"
619:High fructose corn syrup
2316:Geheimrat Dr. Oldenburg
2186:Cripps Pink (Pink Lady)
1946:List of apple cultivars
1886:, WBGU-PBS documentary
1831:wellesleyabcfestival.ca
1513:Journal of Food Science
1416:"Apple Butter, Organic"
642:Apple butter on a spoon
365:, where it is known as
205:Media: Apple butter
2779:Calville Blanc d'hiver
1884:"Stirring Up The Past"
1422:. 2016 Eden Foods, Inc
739:Mount Vernon, Missouri
722:
711:
696:
643:
567:
530:
499:
18:Vin cuit (Switzerland)
2606:Rhode Island Greening
2526:Sciros (Pacific Rose)
2436:Karmijn de Sonnaville
2206:Devonshire Quarrenden
1769:. Berkeleysprings.com
1449:"Spiced Apple Butter"
717:
706:
694:
670:Clostridium botulinum
641:
573:Clostridium botulinum
565:
528:
521:Packaging and storage
497:
3285:US Apple Association
2226:Duchess of Oldenburg
1970:Malus niedzwetzkyana
1890:Applebutter Festival
1333:Mycological Research
1038:anrcatalog.ucanr.edu
766:Oak Glen, California
652:considered deficient
299:dinner table array.
54:improve this article
3399:Appalachian cuisine
3394:American condiments
3374:New England cuisine
3075:Apple cider vinegar
2441:King of the Pippins
2171:Cox's Orange Pippin
2151:Cornish Gilliflower
1894:Apple butter recipe
1888:Grand Rapids (Ohio)
1490:presidentschoice.ca
1387:2003JSFA...83..987K
849:Ken Albala (2011).
743:Kimmswick, Missouri
710:on a slice of bread
308:Appalachian cuisine
136:
3226:Fruit tree pruning
2854:Reinette du Canada
2726:Worcester Pearmain
2481:Lucombe's Seedling
2466:Liveland Raspberry
2311:Gascoyne's Scarlet
2266:Esopus Spitzenburg
2231:Dumelow's Seedling
2061:Aurora Golden Gala
1849:mynaturecenter.org
1699:Pastry Chef Online
1203:2016-04-07 at the
897:. Uihealthcare.com
757:Wellesley, Ontario
723:
712:
697:
662:Food-borne disease
644:
568:
531:
500:
293:Pennsylvania Dutch
238:than apple sauce.
3346:
3345:
3194:
3193:
3130:Jewish apple cake
2869:White Transparent
2789:Chelmsford Wonder
2136:Claygate Pearmain
1693:Field, Jennifer.
1395:10.1002/jsfa.1339
1339:(12): 1463–1468.
1285:on March 13, 2016
946:wellappleproducts
622:in apple butter.
359:health food shops
258:, when the first
213:
212:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3406:
3336:
3335:
3326:
3325:
3316:
3315:
3238:Johnny Appleseed
3045:
3012:Ornamental apple
2326:Golden Delicious
2241:Ellison's Orange
2166:Court Pendu Plat
2146:Cornish Aromatic
2091:Belle de Boskoop
2056:Ashmead's Kernel
2026:Allington Pippin
2006:Airlie Red Flesh
1928:
1921:
1914:
1905:
1871:
1870:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1790:. Archived from
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1751:. Archived from
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1722:. Archived from
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1613:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1584:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1560:health.gov.on.ca
1552:
1546:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1482:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1459:on 23 April 2016
1445:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1412:
1399:
1398:
1370:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1302:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1281:. Archived from
1274:
1268:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1232:. Archived from
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1161:
1155:
1140:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1063:
1057:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1013:
1002:10.1002/fsn3.185
981:
972:
971:
963:
957:
956:
954:
952:
938:
932:
931:
929:
927:
912:
906:
905:
903:
902:
891:
885:
884:
873:
867:
866:
846:
840:
839:
837:
836:
830:
824:. Archived from
823:
815:
788:
783:
782:
437:filling used in
349:. Other than in
302:In areas of the
264:colonial America
203:
180:Main ingredients
144:
137:
135:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3389:Preserved fruit
3364:Belgian cuisine
3349:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3304:
3190:
3139:
3125:Himmel und Erde
3034:
3030:Wijcik McIntosh
3006:
3002:Yarlington Mill
2982:Slack-ma-Girdle
2878:
2804:Crimson Bramley
2769:Blenheim Orange
2745:
2456:Laxton's Superb
2236:Egremont Russet
2191:Delbard Jubilée
1982:
1977:Malus sieversii
1963:Malus domestica
1950:
1937:
1932:
1880:
1875:
1874:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1797:
1795:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1772:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1729:
1727:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1675:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1649:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1623:
1615:
1614:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1586:
1585:
1574:
1564:
1562:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1536:
1532:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1495:
1493:
1484:
1483:
1472:
1462:
1460:
1447:
1446:
1435:
1425:
1423:
1414:
1413:
1402:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1295:
1288:
1286:
1279:"Archived copy"
1277:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1245:
1239:
1237:
1230:"Archived copy"
1228:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1205:Wayback Machine
1195:
1191:
1183:
1164:
1156:
1143:
1127:
1123:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1099:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1066:
1058:
1051:
1042:
1040:
1032:
1031:
1027:
983:
982:
975:
965:
964:
960:
950:
948:
940:
939:
935:
925:
923:
914:
913:
909:
900:
898:
893:
892:
888:
875:
874:
870:
863:
848:
847:
843:
834:
832:
828:
821:
817:
816:
812:
807:
794:List of spreads
784:
777:
774:
728:
689:
680:
664:
636:
599:
590:
581:
560:
551:
523:
514:
505:
474:
469:
405:Channel Islands
244:
209:
162:Place of origin
147:
133:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3412:
3410:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3379:Spreads (food)
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3351:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3330:
3320:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3298:Apple diseases
3295:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3245:
3243:Malling series
3240:
3235:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3100:Apple seed oil
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3042:
3040:Apple products
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3016:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2957:Kingston Black
2954:
2952:Harrison Cider
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2897:Cap of Liberty
2894:
2888:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2844:Norfolk Biffin
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2809:Flower of Kent
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2751:Cooking apples
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2656:Sturmer Pippin
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2616:Roxbury Russet
2613:
2611:Ribston Pippin
2608:
2603:
2601:Redlove apples
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2511:Newtown Pippin
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2476:Lord Lambourne
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2216:Dorsett Golden
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2196:Delbarestivale
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2131:Civni (Rubens)
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2106:Birgit Bonnier
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2086:Beauty of Bath
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2051:Arkansas Black
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1996:Adams Pearmain
1992:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1879:
1878:External links
1876:
1873:
1872:
1854:
1836:
1818:
1804:
1779:
1758:
1755:on 2013-08-30.
1736:
1711:
1685:
1659:
1633:
1605:
1572:
1547:
1530:
1519:(2): 609–613.
1503:
1470:
1433:
1400:
1381:(9): 987–990.
1362:
1350:
1322:
1310:
1269:
1260:
1220:
1208:
1189:
1162:
1141:
1121:
1106:
1085:
1064:
1049:
1025:
973:
958:
933:
915:Sung, Esther.
907:
886:
868:
861:
841:
809:
808:
806:
803:
802:
801:
796:
790:
789:
773:
770:
727:
724:
708:Sirop de Liège
688:
685:
679:
676:
663:
660:
635:
632:
598:
595:
589:
588:Pressurization
586:
580:
579:Vacuum sealing
577:
559:
556:
550:
547:
522:
519:
513:
510:
504:
501:
492:
491:
488:
485:
478:
473:
470:
468:
465:
461:fat substitute
435:red bean paste
414:lé nièr beurre
355:Western Europe
346:sirop de Liège
304:American South
243:
240:
211:
210:
208:
207:
195:
192:
191:
181:
177:
176:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
145:
128:
127:
69:"Apple butter"
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3411:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3369:Dutch cuisine
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3339:
3331:
3329:
3321:
3319:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3221:Arctic Apples
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3206:Apple picking
3204:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3120:Caramel apple
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3105:Apple strudel
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2937:Golden Russet
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2902:Chisel Jersey
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2839:Newton Wonder
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2736:York Imperial
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2701:Tompkins King
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2646:Star of Devon
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2596:Red Pineapple
2594:
2592:
2591:Red Delicious
2589:
2587:
2586:Red Astrachan
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2531:Pam's Delight
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2446:Knobby Russet
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2351:Grimes Golden
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2331:Golden Orange
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
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65:Find sources:
59:
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43:This article
41:
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3359:Apple dishes
3247:
3230:
3065:Apple cheese
3055:Apple butter
3054:
2942:Golden Spire
2927:Ellis Bitter
2912:Crimson King
2884:Cider apples
2849:Northern Spy
2834:Manks Codlin
2819:Granny Smith
2814:Golden Noble
2731:Wyken Pippin
2396:Jersey Black
2386:James Grieve
2381:Ingrid Marie
2341:Granny Smith
2176:Crimson Gold
2161:Cosmic Crisp
2071:Autumn Glory
2066:Autumn Bough
1988:Table apples
1975:
1968:
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1848:
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1796:. Retrieved
1792:the original
1782:
1771:. Retrieved
1761:
1753:the original
1748:
1739:
1728:. Retrieved
1724:the original
1714:
1702:. Retrieved
1698:
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1620:
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1592:
1587:Chan, Judy.
1563:. Retrieved
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1545:) 38(3): 454
1542:
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1494:. Retrieved
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1457:the original
1453:smuckers.com
1452:
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996:(1): 25–31.
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920:
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899:. Retrieved
889:
881:foodsubs.com
880:
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844:
833:. Retrieved
826:the original
819:"(in Dutch)"
813:
799:Fruit butter
764:
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751:Belpre, Ohio
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3260:Pollination
3199:Agriculture
3161:Apple juice
3156:Apple cider
3115:Candy apple
3110:Baked apple
3095:Apple sauce
3085:Apple flour
3080:Apple crisp
2892:Brown Snout
2571:Ralls Janet
2346:Gravenstein
2321:Ginger Gold
1867:oakglen.net
1749:GoKimmswick
1593:wiki.ubc.ca
951:24 February
926:24 February
786:Food portal
512:Manufacture
472:Ingredients
363:Switzerland
340:Sauerbraten
329:apple syrup
324:appelstroop
319:Netherlands
260:monasteries
256:Middle Ages
232:caramelizes
224:apple sauce
220:appelstroop
170:Netherlands
3353:Categories
3338:Production
3211:Apple scab
3070:Apple chip
3060:Apple cake
2874:Wolf River
2864:Upton Pyne
2829:King Byerd
2691:Tartu Rose
2686:Taliaferro
2661:Summerfree
2631:Sekai Ichi
2546:Pink Pearl
2451:Lady Alice
2366:Honeycrisp
2256:Enterprise
2181:Cripps Red
2096:Bellflower
1863:"Oak Glen"
1798:2014-03-13
1773:2018-04-16
1730:2008-10-10
1539:Fed. Proc.
1240:2016-03-23
1100:2016-03-10
1043:2016-03-10
921:epicurious
901:2018-04-16
835:2012-11-24
805:References
656:sugar beet
482:sugar beet
467:Production
334:Apfelkraut
327:, meaning
321:(known as
242:Background
80:newspapers
3328:Cultivars
3280:Russeting
3216:Applecrab
3181:Ice cider
3166:Applejack
3151:Apfelwein
3090:Apple pie
2977:Redstreak
2824:Grenadier
2784:Campanino
2759:Antonovka
2696:Tentation
2681:SweeTango
2666:Sundowner
2641:Splendour
2541:Paula Red
2536:Papirovka
2371:Honeygold
2276:EverCrisp
2221:Dougherty
2211:Discovery
2201:Delrouval
2101:Ben Davis
1704:March 10,
1678:March 10,
1652:March 10,
1647:ChowHound
1289:March 23,
634:Nutrition
419:liquorice
403:, in the
252:Rhineland
110:July 2018
3275:Reinette
3255:Pearmain
3171:Calvados
3025:Goldspur
3020:Flamenco
2997:Woodcock
2992:Tom Putt
2972:Poveshon
2967:Michelin
2947:Hangdown
2932:Foxwhelp
2917:Dabinett
2907:Coccagee
2764:Bismarck
2561:Pristine
2491:McIntosh
2411:Jonathan
2406:Jonagold
2356:Haralson
2336:Goldspur
2291:Flamenco
2156:Cortland
2126:Champion
2111:Braeburn
2031:Ambrosia
1626:13 March
1598:13 March
1565:13 March
1496:13 March
1463:13 March
1426:13 March
1299:cite web
1249:cite web
1201:Archived
1020:25649758
772:See also
549:Freezing
376:Пови́дло
374:Russian
368:vin cuit
275:cinnamon
236:preserve
218:(Dutch:
190:or water
3186:Pommeau
2922:Dufflin
2799:Creston
2794:Costard
2774:Bramley
2721:Winston
2716:Winesap
2711:Wealthy
2651:Stayman
2636:Spartan
2501:Melrose
2461:Liberty
2426:Jupiter
2421:Julieta
2416:Jubilee
2401:Jonadel
2296:Florina
2286:Filippa
2076:Baldwin
2041:Annurca
2021:Alkmene
2001:Aia Ilu
1955:Species
1673:Culture
1621:cdc.gov
1383:Bibcode
1011:4304559
628:patulin
558:Boiling
394:povidlo
390:powidło
386:powidła
381:povidla
351:Benelux
285:Vinegar
248:Limburg
174:Germany
166:Belgium
94:scholar
3318:Apples
3289:Lists
3135:Pectin
2741:Zestar
2676:Suntan
2671:Sunset
2621:Sandow
2551:Pinova
2516:Nicola
2486:Macoun
2376:Idared
2361:Hokuto
2281:Fiesta
2251:Empire
2246:Elstar
2141:Clivia
2081:Beacon
2046:Ariane
1935:Apples
1018:
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859:
745:, and
726:Events
720:Jersey
503:Apples
450:Aomori
446:Nagano
431:butter
401:Jersey
271:butter
228:apples
198:
184:Apples
172:, and
156:Spread
96:
89:
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75:
67:
3249:Malus
3176:Cider
3144:Drink
2987:Styre
2962:Major
2706:Topaz
2626:Sansa
2576:Rambo
2566:Rajka
2556:Prima
2506:Mutsu
2496:Melba
2431:Kanzi
2121:Cameo
2116:Brina
2016:Åkerö
2011:Akane
829:(PDF)
822:(PDF)
484:juice
440:anpan
427:Japan
289:lemon
279:clove
188:cider
101:JSTOR
87:books
3265:Pome
3048:Food
2859:Rome
2581:Rave
2521:Opal
2471:Lodi
2391:Jazz
2306:Gala
2301:Fuji
2261:Envy
2036:Anna
1706:2016
1680:2016
1654:2016
1628:2016
1600:2016
1567:2016
1543:1979
1498:2016
1465:2016
1428:2016
1305:link
1291:2016
1255:link
1016:PMID
953:2016
928:2016
857:ISBN
678:Uses
454:Fuji
448:and
152:Type
73:news
2271:Eva
1521:doi
1391:doi
1341:doi
1134:doi
1006:PMC
998:doi
425:In
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