455:. The role of banker rotates around the players, except for casino games where the banker's role is held permanently by a member of the casino staff. The banker deals two cards, face down, to each punter. Bets are placed either before receiving the cards or after receiving and viewing the first card. The punters, in turn, having picked up and examined both cards announce whether they will stay with the cards they have or receive another card from the banker free. Some games also allow a punter to raise his stake and 'buy' another card. The aim is to score exactly twenty-one points or, failing that, to come as close to twenty-one as possible, based on the card values dealt. If a player exceeds twenty-one, they lose their stake. Once every punter has either announced they will stay with their cards or exceeded twenty-one, the dealer takes his turn. Anyone who achieves twenty-one in his first two cards has a 'natural vingt-un', 'pontoon' or 'blackjack', depending on the game variant, which wins double.
493:, receives double stakes from all who stand, except those who also have 21, with whom it is a drawn game. When any opponent has 21, but the dealer does not, the dealer pays double stakes. If no-one has 21, the dealer pays a single stake to those whose score is higher than his and receives a single stake from those whose score is lower. Any player with the same score as the dealer neither pays nor receives a stake. If the dealer exceeds 21, he pays all who have not 'thrown up' their cards.
1445:
1435:
1465:
822:"Del origen y principio de la lengua castellana, o Romance que oy se vsa en España / Compuesto por el Doctor Bernardo Aldrete ... [Parte primera del Tesoro de la lengua castellana, o española ; Parte Segunda .../ Compuesto por el Licenciado Don Sebastian de Covarruvias Orozco... ; añadido por el Padre Benito Remigio Noydens... De los PP. Clerigos Regulares Menores...]"
1485:
1475:
1455:
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43:
486:(to his left), whether he wants to 'stand' or choose another card. In the latter case, the dealer gives him the top card from the pack. The player may continue to ask for more cards until he reaches or exceeds a score of 21 or decides to stand. If he exceeds 21, he immediately throws his cards up and pays his stake to the dealer.
792:("thirty-one"), the latter first being recorded as early as 1464. He argues that it was probably introduced because players could reach 21 faster than 31 - even in two cards - and thus the rate of play and consequent payouts were speeded up. However, this theory has since been debunked by Depaulis.
765:
Although the modern game of blackjack has no fixed rules, it has clearly developed in sophistication from twenty-one. In addition to different terminology and payment systems, there are other nuances, such as splitting pairs, insurance and doubling down which add to the skill of the game.
750:
and is probably a corruption of 'vontoon', which in turn derived from vingt-un, but the game is clearly much older. For example the rules by "Trumps" (1870) for vingt-un in a
British card game manual already reflect the more elaborate rules of what later became known as Pontoon.
414:
was introduced into the United States in the early 1800s – other sources say during the First World War and still others the 1930s – gambling houses offered bonus payouts to stimulate players' interest. One such bonus was a ten-to-one payout if the player's hand consisted of the
439:, which was often associated with gold or silver deposits, he suggests that the name was transferred by prospectors to the top bonus in the game. He was unable to find any historical evidence for a special bonus for having the combination of an ace with a black jack.
478:
The first dealer is chosen by any agreed method, e.g. the first player to turn up an ace becomes the dealer. It is likely that deal and play were clockwise and that players staked a fixed amount before the deal, but the rules are vague on these points.
500:
takes over as the next dealer and earns a double stake from all players except those who also have one, who need not pay anything. The new dealer reshuffles the pack and deals afresh. Otherwise, the cards must be dealt out in succession, the
821:
303:
as fashionable, but "very old", referring to
Cervantes' novella. Other early accounts indicate that the game was new to France suggesting that it took root there from the mid-18th century. It was also played at the court of
574:
pays any punter with a higher score the amount of his stake and receives the stakes of those punters who have a lower score. If the scores are level; the punter just 'pays' in his cards (i.e. hands his cards in).
423:(either the jack of clubs or the jack of spades). This hand was called a "blackjack", and it is claimed that the name stuck to the game even though the ten-to-one bonus was soon withdrawn. French card historian
402:
there by the second half of the 18th century, and had become a universally common game of chance by 1854. It has continued to be popular as a children's and family game through to modern times.
1076:, Journal of the International Playing-Card Society, Vol. 38, No. 4, ed. by Peter Endebrock, April–June 2010, 317 pages. Published by The International Playing-Card Society, ISSN 0305-2133.
660:
are used (32 in each) ranking from ace or deuce down to seven. Card values are: ace/deuce - 11, ten - 10, king - 2, queen and jack - 1, nine - 9, eight - 8 and seven - 7. The banker (
342:. The rules, which are rather simple, are reprinted almost verbatim for the next half a century, but in 1850, more elaborate rules are described which are beginning to look like
463:
The following sections give an outline of the regional variants of twenty-one beginning with the early rules in France which are probably close to the original game.
1478:
1081:
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563:) depending on the strength of his cards. Once a player sticks (i.e. keeps his cards) or goes bust, it is the turn of the next player in anti-clockwise order.
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shuffles the cards, offers them to his left for cutting and then deals two to each player, one at a time. In turn each player may say "I'll keep them" (
312:, but no French rules appear until 1817, nearly two decades after their publication in England. The game continues to appear in French compendia as
594:
scores twenty-one straight away, each punter pays him double his stake unless he, too, has twenty-one in which case he simply 'pays' in his cards.
1223:
1146:
1091:
846:
1519:
1171:
1112:
Oekonomisch-technologische
Encyklopädie, oder allgemeines System der Staats- Stadt- Haus- und Landwirthschaft und der Kunstgeschichte
1129:
1488:
1529:
509:) collecting the cards that have been played and shuffling them until the pack is exhausted, whereupon the same dealer re-deals.
1524:
601:
distributes those he has and then shuffles those already used up and deals the additional cards necessary to finish the round.
536:
of 52 cards. Cards are worth their nominal value except for the ace which scores 1 or 11 points at the player's discretion and
1458:
707:
who scores twenty-one in his first two cards is paid double his stake. Two aces count as twenty-one for this purpose.
435:(1896–99), the bonus being the usual ace and any 10-point card. Since the term "blackjack" also refers to the mineral
727:
scores twenty-one in his first two cards, he receives a double stake from everyone else regardless of their scores.
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482:
The dealer deals two cards to each player, one at a time. He then asks each player, in rotation and beginning with
1365:
1216:
570:
goes bust, he pays each surviving player the amount of their stake. If he sticks, the cards are laid down. The
1374:
1107:
645:, although many sources describe it under its French names. The first rules appeared in 1821 under the name
578:
If a punter scores twenty-one straight away (i.e. with an ace and a ten or an ace and a court card) it is a
399:
1509:
1313:
1209:
617:(see above). English vingt-un later developed into an American variant in its own right which, during the
248:
625:(see below). Blackjack has since become an international casino game but remains popular as a home game.
1251:
273:
170:
family, the progenitor of which is recorded in Spain in the early 17th century. The family includes the
613:. The first rules were published in 1825 and were effectively a reprint of those from the 1800 English
1464:
947:
Jungbauer, Dr. Gustav (1928). Sudetendeutsche
Zeitschrift fĂĽr Volkskunde, Prague: J. G. Calve. p. 279.
597:
Once the cards are all dealt, the round is over. If there are not enough cards left to go round, the
1293:
1277:
452:
448:
115:
111:
447:
Whilst there are numerous variants of twenty-one, the following general rules apply. The game has a
219:
The game is first mentioned by name in a 1611 Spanish dictionary where, under the entry for "card" (
1438:
1283:
741:
657:
420:
267:(sic), and state that the object of the game is to reach 21 points without going over and that the
234:
179:
147:
1514:
1360:
1323:
684:) or takes another card, again deciding whether to stick or buy. If he goes 'bust' he is 'dead' (
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533:
502:
432:
282:
253:
1061:
700:
looks at his card, buys another one and goes through the same process until he sticks or busts.
1153:
Académie des jeux: cotenant la manière de jouer les principaux jeux de cartes et de combinaison
330:
In
Britain, the game is also recorded in the 1770s and 1780s, for example in a comedy entitled
1448:
1167:
1142:
1125:
1087:
1069:
842:
1333:
424:
229:("twenty-one"). Just two years later, the first brief description of the game is given in a
1468:
747:
688:) and immediately pays his stake to the bank and throws his cards in, face down. The next
668:) places a fixed or variable stake, shuffles the cards well and has one of the punters or
609:
Twenty-one appeared in the United States in the early 1800s, still known in those days as
195:
723:
unless the latter also has twenty-one in which case he only pays a single stake. If the
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1134:
1117:
206:
in the late 19th century, where the legalisation of gambling increased its popularity.
187:
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1303:
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A punter who busts gives the banker his stake and puts his cards to one side. If the
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416:
203:
1400:
1261:
1232:
582:("immediate twenty-one"). He reveals his cards and is paid double his stake by the
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746:
Pontoon is the
British variant of twenty-one. The name dates back to the
309:
305:
167:
162:
in
Britain, France and America, is the name given to a family of popular
277:
deck. This short story was written between 1601 and 1602, implying that
182:
as well as their domestic equivalents. Twenty-one rose to prominence in
17:
1354:
1104:
New, considerably enlarged, revised and corrected edn. London: Ritchie.
395:
258:
244:
230:
194:
in all those countries, it developed into pontoon in
Britain after the
42:
1385:
1370:
1318:
653:
199:
183:
61:
1083:
Historia del Juego en España. De la
Hispania romana a nuestros dĂas
838:
Historia del Juego en España. De la
Hispania romana a nuestros dĂas
1420:
1348:
57:
1166:(Fully rev., expanded , updated ed.). Simon & Schuster.
590:
also has twenty-one in which case no money changes hands. If the
1201:
676:, face down, and takes one himself. The one on the right of the
1205:
268:
1189:
Der Kinderfreund: Ein Wochenblatt. Drey und zwanzigster Theil
293:
The first record of the game in France occurs in 1768 in the
475:, published in London in 1800. The following is a summary:
786:
first emerged in the mid-18th century as a descendant of
489:
The dealer may also draw additional cards and, on taking
322:
until the late 19th century, but appears obsolete today.
186:
in the 18th century and spread from there to Germany and
1072:(2010). "Dawson’s Game: Blackjack and the Klondike," in
427:
has recently debunked this story, showing that the name
308:
and is reputed to have been the favourite card game of
71:
Vingt-un, vingt-et-un, Siebzehn und Vier, Einundzwanzig
431:
was first given to the game by prospectors during the
190:
from whence it crossed to America. Known initially as
540:
which are worth ten points each. The first banker or
841:. Barcelona: Flor del Viento Ediciones. p. 89.
586:
without waiting for the end of the round unless the
496:
The first player in rotational order who declares a
334:, but the first rules appear in the 1800 edition of
285:
since the beginning of the 17th century or earlier.
271:
scores 1 or 11. The game is played with the Spanish
1393:
1239:
1114:, Vol. 224: Viehzucht - Vinificator. Pauli, Berlin.
1056:. 16th improved edn. LĂĽneburg: Herold and Wahlstab.
548:) place their stakes; usually a maximum is agreed.
137:
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91:
83:
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719:scores twenty-one he wins double stakes from each
649:. The following rules are based on Ulmann (1890).
384:or, frequently, by its original French names of
1187:von Schönfeld, Johann Ferdinand Edlen. (1782).
672:cut them. He then deals just one card to each
471:The earliest rules printed anywhere appear in
1217:
633:The German variant of twenty-one is known as
8:
1264:(Banker and Broker, Dutch Bank, Honest John)
30:
1033:at bicyclecards.com. Retrieved 24 Mar 2019.
692:now takes his turn and so on until all the
1224:
1210:
1202:
864:
862:
860:
858:
680:now 'buys' a card and either 'stays put' (
41:
934:
932:
876:
874:
1184:. A. Hartleben, Vienna, Munich and Pest.
1086:. Barcelona: Flor del Viento Ediciones.
529:(1817), supplemented by Raisson (1835).
1196:Cassino, Vingt-Un, Brag, and All-Fours.
1164:Scarne's new complete guide to gambling
904:
902:
900:
898:
804:
775:
525:. The following rules are based on the
247:, and the main characters of his tale "
888:
886:
354:Known in the German-speaking world as
29:
261:. They are proficient at cheating at
36:The ancestor of blackjack and pontoon
7:
1454:
715:pay their stake to the bank. If the
711:who score the same or less than the
257:, are a couple of cheats working in
1484:
1479:WikiProject Board & Table Games
1474:
696:have either stuck or bust. Now the
521:in France, later becoming known as
410:There is a popular myth that, when
1155:, Edme et Alexandre Picard, Paris.
25:
1151:Raisson, Horace Napoléon (1835).
1049:. Marchands de Nouveautés, Paris.
47:An ace and ten scoring twenty-one
1483:
1473:
1463:
1453:
1444:
1443:
1434:
1433:
1384:
517:The game was originally called
1139:The Penguin Book of Card Games
1:
868:Depaulis (2010), pp. 238-244.
811:de Covarrubia (1611), p. 206.
1054:Das neue königliche L'Hombre
1019:Parlett (2008), pp. 594-597.
983:Raisson (1835), pp. 143-146.
956:von Schönfeld (1782), p. 52.
1520:17th-century gambling games
1198:Milner and Sowerby, London.
1191:, Part 23, 2nd edn. Prague.
1182:Das Buch der Familienspiele
1010:Ulmann (1890), pp. 257/258.
938:"Trumps" (1870), pp. 12-18.
544:is chosen by lot. Punters (
223:), it mentions the game of
125:Clockwise or anti-clockwise
1546:
908:Jones (1800), pp. 229-231.
758:
739:
621:(1896–99) became known as
532:The game is played with a
237:, most famous for writing
1429:
1382:
451:and a variable number of
394:, the game had spread to
142:
40:
35:
1047:Petite académie des jeux
637:("seventeen and four"),
527:Petite Académie des Jeux
360:("seventeen and four"),
1530:17th-century card games
1122:A History of Card Games
1102:Hoyle’s Games Improved.
1100:Jones, Charles (1800).
1080:Fontbona, Marc (2008).
974:Kopp (1987), pp. 78-81.
835:Fontbona, Marc (2008).
400:Austro-Hungarian Empire
1525:British gambling games
1066:George Long, New York.
1030:How to play: Blackjack
1001:_ (1821), pp. 262-264.
992:_ (1825), pp. 106/107.
917:Andrews (1781), p. 19.
880:Parlett (1990), p. 80.
473:Hoyle's Games Improved
249:Rinconete y Cortadillo
1377:, Between the Sheets)
892:_(1817), pp. 161/162.
1489:WikiProject Gambling
782:Parlett states that
652:One or two packs of
443:General mode of play
158:, formerly known as
1180:Ulmann, S. (1890).
1141:, Penguin, London.
742:Pontoon (card game)
658:German-suited cards
281:had been played in
235:Miguel de Cervantes
146: •
32:
1439:Card game category
1394:Banking game links
1361:Trente et Quarante
1240:Banking card games
641:("twenty-one") or
619:Klondike Gold Rush
534:French-suited pack
433:Klondike Gold Rush
338:under the name of
297:, which describes
254:Novelas Ejemplares
243:. Cervantes was a
233:by Spanish author
1497:
1496:
1449:Gambling category
1194:"Trumps" (1870).
1147:978-0-141-03787-5
1093:978-84-96495-30-2
1070:Depaulis, Thierry
848:978-84-96495-30-2
635:Siebzehn und Vier
629:Siebzehn und Vier
605:American vingt-un
580:vingt-un d'emblée
357:Siebzehn und Vier
346:in all but name.
295:Mercure de France
198:and blackjack in
153:
152:
68:Alternative names
60:; popularized in
16:(Redirected from
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1487:
1486:
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1334:Silesian Lottery
1329:Seven and a Half
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1074:The Playing-Card
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425:Thierry Depaulis
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1062:Hoyle’s Games
1058:
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639:Einundzwanzig
636:
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559:) or "card" (
558:
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507:youngest hand
504:
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459:Typical rules
458:
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417:ace of spades
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406:North America
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363:Einundzwanzig
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138:Related games
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1401:Banking game
1262:Blind Hookey
1195:
1188:
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1160:Scarne, John
1152:
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926:Bohn (1850).
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557:je m'y tiens
556:
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497:
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419:and a black
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316:and, later,
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226:veinte y uno
225:
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172:casino games
159:
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154:
1406:Casino game
1375:Acey Deucey
1344:Speculation
1309:Polish Bank
1059:_. (1825).
1052:_. (1821).
1045:_. (1817).
731:Descendants
538:court cards
523:vingt-et-un
484:eldest hand
391:vingt-et-un
332:Dissipation
319:vingt-et-un
240:Don Quixote
95:Probability
87:Usually 3–7
1504:Categories
1469:Wiktionary
1366:Twenty-One
1339:Spanish 21
1299:Monte Bank
1289:Lansquenet
1040:Literature
800:References
666:bankhalter
437:zincblende
164:card games
156:Twenty-one
31:Twenty-one
1515:Blackjack
1257:Blackjack
1064:Improved.
789:trente-un
770:Footnotes
761:Blackjack
755:Blackjack
709:Pointeurs
694:pointeurs
670:pointeurs
656:cards or
623:blackjack
429:blackjack
369:Hop(p)sen
264:veintiuna
176:blackjack
144:Blackjack
79:Comparing
56:Probably
27:Card game
1280:(Farmer)
1268:BlĂĽchern
1247:Baccarat
1162:(1986).
1137:(2008).
1120:(1990).
1110:(1854).
784:vingt-un
725:banquier
721:pointeur
717:banquier
713:banquier
705:pointeur
698:banquier
690:pointeur
678:banquier
674:pointeur
662:banquier
647:vingt un
611:vingt-un
599:banquier
592:banquier
588:banquier
584:banquier
572:banquier
568:banquier
553:banquier
542:banquier
519:vingt-un
491:vingt-un
412:vingt-un
398:and the
386:vingt-un
340:vingt-un
314:vingt-un
310:Napoleon
306:Louis XV
300:vingt-un
279:ventiuna
251:", from
202:and the
192:vingt-un
168:gambling
160:vingt-un
103:32 or 52
18:Vingt-Un
1459:Commons
1355:Tempeln
1314:Pontoon
736:Pontoon
643:Hoppsen
546:joueurs
453:punters
396:Prussia
350:Germany
344:pontoon
336:Hoyle's
326:Britain
283:Castile
259:Seville
245:gambler
231:novella
210:History
188:Britain
180:pontoon
166:of the
148:Pontoon
84:Players
1371:Yablon
1319:Quinze
1252:Basset
1170:
1145:
1128:
1090:
845:
682:bleibt
654:piquet
449:banker
381:Rathen
289:France
274:baraja
200:Canada
184:France
130:Chance
116:German
112:French
92:Skills
62:France
53:Origin
1421:Poker
1349:Stuss
1294:Macao
1278:Ferme
615:Hoyle
561:carte
375:Hoppm
221:carta
100:Cards
58:Spain
1284:Faro
1168:ISBN
1143:ISBN
1126:ISBN
1088:ISBN
843:ISBN
686:todt
551:The
503:pone
421:jack
178:and
133:High
122:Play
108:Deck
76:Type
664:or
388:or
269:ace
174:of
114:or
1506::
931:^
897:^
885:^
873:^
857:^
703:A
378:,
372:,
1373:(
1225:e
1218:t
1211:v
1176:.
1096:.
851:.
824:.
505:(
20:)
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