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of
Transnistria, Jews (men, women, and children) were used as slave labourers, under the supervision of the Gendarmerie, for road works in preparation for the upcoming inauguration of the Balta cathedral. Most of them died of hunger and exhaustion, or were executed." and concludes that "he was not a victim of Communism in the way most recent writings try to portray him. Moreover, he was not a martyr of the Orthodox dignity, and even less so a saint. He had to be tried for his actions during the war. The trial and the sentence, although problematic, were a necessary step in analysing the attitude of the Romanian Orthodox hierarchs involved in the policies of hatred." Moreover, Popa judges that "it is a problematic fact that only Visarion Puiu was tried. Many other high hierarchs were involved in encouraging Ion Antonescu's policies."
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made clear by a news dispatch broadcast by the German Radio Donau on 14 December 1944, at 0.30 a.m." The prosecution also mentioned another Radio Donau broadcast, dated New Year 1945, when Puiu allegedly incited
Romanians to disobey Soviet orders. According to Popa, it was the second charge that the prosecution and the court focused on, the sentence designating Puiu as Bishop of the Romanian Orthodox Church in Germany by "a decree signed by Horia Sima, in his position as head of the traitor government in Germany". At no point do court documents mention the suffering of Jewish victims in Transnistria. Nonetheless, argues Popa, the prosecution was aware of the crimes committed during Puiu's tenure and seemed to imply that the Metropolitan's 1942 report was incriminating.
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failed to do so. Biliuță writes: "Puiu was aware that the "surgical" policies of the "civil administration and the Army" would have to precede this "spiritual renewal." Nevertheless, by ascribing — albeit implicitly — the killing of the Jews solely to state authorities Puiu's official correspondence veiled the participation of any of his clergy in murder and robbery. His silence protected not just friends such as Antim Nica, but others irrespective of any personal relationship. To this day official Church historiography leaves out the brutal behavior even of the Army, let alone the clergy, in
Transnistria."
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he heard rumors of such actions, he would have informed the king. Puiu went on to comment on his 1942 report arguing that as a leading clergyman, he only focused on matters of the soul and peaceful activities, as opposed to other authorities. The latter, he argued, could carry-out police-style actions or even surgical actions against rebellious elements when required. Finally, Puiu outright denied any connection to the Iron Guard government in exile, despite all the compelling evidence, and requested an annulment of his sentence which would have allowed him to return to
1110:, members of Antonescu's government and prominent legionnaires. Out of 2,700 defendants, only 668 were convicted. The others were released for lack of evidence. Furthermore, of those convicted, many would benefit from an amnesty in 1950. Prosecutors focused more on establishing links with the previous regime rather than thoroughly investigating genocide accusations. This was also true for the clergy involved in crimes committed in Transnistria. Thus, many Romanians came to see these trials as a result of
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many churches and monasteries were rebuilt and refurbished employing Jews as slave labor. This had been enabled by
Antonescu's Directive 23 of November 1941. Moreover, many of the missionaries were former affiliates of the Iron Guard seeking rehabilitation after the 1941 insurrection against Antonescu. Some came with a history of antisemitic violence. They vilified Jews in their sermons and, in some cases, some of them were perpetrators of various crimes committed against deported and local Jews.
1285:) began planning to reach out to Puiu in order to recruit him. The elaborate strategy involved making contact through Orthodox clergymen, blackmailing Puiu's brother and niece, using agents within the Church or members of the Holy Synod. On 20 August 1955, Puiu sent a letter to the Romanian Legation in Paris requesting repatriation. According to Popa, the possibility that this was Puiu's initiative, independent from the Securitate's plan, cannot be ruled out. Romania had just joined the
876:"The conquest of a nation begins with weapons, continues with its assignment of administrators, to be completed later on with its complete conversion. The second important point of the mandate given to me in Transnistria was the systematization of social life, a necessary action requiring two immediate steps: an urgent, sometimes surgical one falling in the hands of the civil administration and the Army; and the other of constant spiritual renewal through the Orthodox Church and school."
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916:. He argued that preparations were made for the evacuation of the province, that he had insufficient human and financial resources to run the mission and complained that he had waited six months to receive a printing press and was facing difficulties with the paper supply. The tide of the war was turning and, arguably, Puiu was being cautious. Between January and August 1944, he stayed at the Neamț Monastery, and then traveled to
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1063:. Boldeanu had joined the Iron Guard early, had held a number of mid- and upper-middle-level positions reaching the rank of legionary commandant at the time of the National Legionary State and had officiated during the religious service held at the exhumation of Codreanu's body in November 1940. Arrested after the rebellion, he had spent two years in prison before escaping to the German-occupied
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the
Germans, I did not think the Americans would pay him anything. I arranged quarters and rations for him. He had his 'niece' with him. I arranged separate quarters for her." Colonel MacCombie's account is important because it proves Puiu had been receiving special treatment from the Nazi authorities along with other exiled legionnaires. The woman accompanying Puiu was, indeed, his niece.
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had been involved in the 1941 rebellion and had also served for a time as Puiu's secretary during his exile. Declassified documents prove that Puiu had sent letters to both
Moldovan and Trifa and the authorities in Bucharest were aware of the correspondence and thus of the danger the former Metropolitan's influence represented. By having him defrocked, they sought to limit that influence.
733:, reacted cautiously and his September 1940 address was unenthusiastic. Puiu on the other hand benefited from the regime change as he was quickly reinstated as Metropolitan of Bukovina. According to Popa, this entails that Simedrea had not been properly seated as Metropolitan, or, at least, that was the pretext invoked by the Iron Guard to return Puiu to his old position.
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515:. Throughout the late 1920s and the early 1930s, the Legion steadily increased its membership among students, peasants, workers and tradesmen, but also among priests. The term "Iron Guard", often used nowadays as an alternative name for the Legion, only appeared in 1930 and originally designated the paramilitary branch of the organization.
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years. The communist government in
Bucharest failed to obtain legal control over the edifice, which, by 1953, was secured by the local association of worshipers. However, under Eastern Orthodox canon law, the situation of the parish was problematic. A long-term solution was finally found in 1954 when Puiu entered in communion with the
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to be re-opened and efforts were to be made to return the local population to its spiritual traditions. The
Government pressured the Romanian Orthodox Church to extend its authority over the occupied territories and establish a regular bishopric. Initially, the Church resisted since the plan went against canon law, as the
644:. This was the beginning of the "Royal Dictatorship". In March 1939, Cristea died, leaving the Patriarchal seat vacant. Puiu publicly withdrew from the race for succession in June, likely under pressure from King Carol II. The monarch sought to avoid the election of a pro-German Patriarch in the person of either Puiu or
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the country's disaster, through committing the war crime outlined by
Article No. 2, Letter J and punished by Article No. 3, Paragraph 11, from Law 312/1945; For these motives the People's Tribunal, in the name of the Law decides: It condemns the defendant, Romanian, adult, today disappeared, for the (i. e., the word
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situated in Rue Jean de
Beauvais in Paris. The forceful removal of superior Martinian Iovanovici in 1949 was due to his close relationship with the former king Carol II. The opposition to Iovanovici was led by Puiu's protégé, Boldeanu, who had gained the community's trust and would retain it over the
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The ambiguous wording of the Tribunal's sentence is, according to Popa, a source of confusion as to the exact reasons for which Puiu was convicted to death. The final paragraph in the original court document reads: "onsidering that by the deeds mentioned above he committed the crime of bringing about
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on 17 October 1935. He was enthroned on 10 November, thus taking charge of a very wealthy metropolis. Prior to his appointment, the various assets were under secular management and no discrimination based on ethnicity was practiced. Under Puiu's leadership, however, contracts with businesses owned by
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because of the outbreak of World War II. Still in Romania in 1948, he was deposed by the new regime. The Holy Synod in Bucharest elected Andrei Moldovan to the vacant seat in 1950, but the local worshipers refused to accept him, favoring Valerian Trifa, a well known Iron Guard member, instead. Trifa
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finally aired the announcement about the creation of Horia Sima's government in exile in December 1944, Puiu was listed as a member. Popa's argument is based on the fact that the communists had not targeted Puiu for arrest until 14 December 1944, after the Radio Donau broadcast, when the clergyman's
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was still open; 363 had been closed down, 269 partially demolished, 258 completely demolished and no functioning monasteries or convents remained. By the end of the Romanian occupation, 600 churches were operating (plus 135 "prayer houses"), as well as twelve monasteries and two seminaries. However,
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decided to establish a mission and "re-evangelize" the locals. The main architect of the enterprise was Archimandrite Iuliu Scriban. Antonescu's decree of 19 August 1941, which made the occupation of Transnistria official, explicitly stated that the churches which had been closed by the Soviets were
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In this case, Puiu's line of defense was, in Popa's opinion, careless. Puiu's wording implies, according to Popa, that he still believed, as late as 1947, the wartime propaganda which described "hundreds of thousands of Jews who were deported and killed in Transnistria as Bolsheviks, rebellious and
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Popa argues that Puiu "supported German propaganda against Judeo-Bolshevism" and rejects the possibility that Puiu was unaware of the antisemitic crimes that were being committed on the territory of his exarchate. He notes that "in July 1943, in the middle of Visarion Puiu's mandate as Metropolitan
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publicly called for Puiu's body to be returned to Romania. His memory is particularly glorified by Orthodox groups with antisemitic views. Generally speaking, sources close to radical Orthodox groups portray Puiu as a hero, a martyr, a victim of King Carol II and, most often, a victim of communism.
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On 30 January 1947, Puiu sent a memoir to the Prime-president of the Romanian Court of Cassation addressing the charges for which he had been convicted. He claimed that he had been utterly unaware of any "actions of terror" committed in Transnistria during his tenure and furthermore stated that had
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on 21 February 1946. Two charges were pressed against him: having "encouraged, from his position, the terror actions in Bessarabia and Transnistria" and having placed "himself in the service of Hitlerism, and selling off the country's interests by occupying the Religions' Secretary office, as it is
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reported on his encounter with the Romanian clergyman: "He (i. e., Puiu) told me that the Germans had been paying him several hundred marks a month, plus food and lodgings to support their cause. He asked what I thought the Americans would pay him to switch sides. Since he had not been much help to
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As far as the non-Jewish local population was concerned, there was some enthusiasm for the Christian revival brought by the Romanians, at least in the first two years of the occupation, but the behavior of the Romanian clergy undermined the mission's credibility. Cases of embezzlement, corruption,
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and other legionnaires from the rival faction proposed the creation of an Eastern Orthodox episcopate headed by Puiu in Nazi Germany. The plan was opposed by Sima, who suggested that Puiu join his government instead. According to historian Paul A. Shapiro, Puiu initially accepted but then wavered
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Teofil Ionescu succeeded Puiu in 1958 as Bishop of the Romanian Orthodox Diocese of Western Europe. In 1972, Ionescu would restore the communion with the Patriarchate in Bucharest, causing the main parish in Rue Saint Jean de Beauvais and most of the Romanian Orthodox worshipers in Paris to pass
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The question of Puiu's role in the crimes committed in Transnistria was addressed in Holocaust scholarship by Ion Popa and Ionuț Biliuță. The latter estimates that it was Puiu's duty as exarch to correctly inform the Patriarchate in Bucharest on the situation of the province and he deliberately
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in Transnistria complained in writing, with one report reading "priests manage to destroy what the Bolsheviks had failed to destroy, concerning faith in God. This is due to their engaging in illicit business transactions and committing actions which compromise the dignity of their office." The
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and attacked other Christian denominations. One paragraph read: "It is very true that the majority of the communists are alien to our people, mainly Yids, but it is also true that their destructive ideas have lured a great number of unaware Romanians too. Some of them, especially peasants, are
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initially issued a voyage document; then, becoming aware of the clergyman's problematic past, withdrew it before conceding to grant him some form of temporary ID that allowed him to leave Switzerland. Puiu crossed into France, and his immigration status there, at least until 1955, is unclear.
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is deleted in the original) crime of bringing about the country's disaster and by committing the war crime, consisting in the fact that he left the national territory, he put himself in the service of Hitlerism attacking the country through writing, through speech, as outlined by the articles
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sexual conduct of the Romanian clergy was also a source of public outrage, and Puiu, pressured by both Government and Church authorities, was forced to issue stricter guidelines. Another source of resentment was the fact that ethnic Romanian priests were paid three times more than local ones.
1304:. The demands were so unreasonable that in 1956, the authorities concluded that Puiu was not genuinely interested in returning to Romania. By that time, his influence in the Romanian Orthodox diaspora in Paris had dwindled and the final years of his life were marked by poverty and isolation.
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There is evidence that in 1963, Puiu reached out one more time to the Romanian Embassy in Paris to negotiate repatriation. If so, no decisive steps were taken and Puiu died in France in 1964. Popa and Leustean indicate Paris as the place of death, but Orthodox priest and professor
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were terminated. He also started restricting the employment of ethnically non-Romanian individuals. The first press article supporting such policies of discrimination published in a periodical of the Bukovina Metropolis also appeared just weeks after Puiu's enthronement.
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Puiu's whereabouts in the first years after the war are uncertain. While a document trail exists, it is hard to establish a chronology. His presence in Italy between 1945 and 1947 is confirmed, however his exact locations are subject to debate. Some sources cite the
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Apart from his Iron Guard connections, Puiu's time in the metropolitan seat of Bukovina was also marred by accusations of mismanagement and embezzlement, conflict with local academic and political elites and even the revolt of a part of the lower clergy.
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head of the church. Puiu and Bălan had known disagreements. Surviving intelligence service reports show the situation was serious enough to alert Antonescu and the German Legation. Interestingly, after Puiu's nomination in November, the reports
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1067:. Involved in the legionary movement underground, he was arrested by the Nazi authorities in June 1944 and sent to join the other Iron Guard refugees. Both Puiu and Boldeanu would play a significant role in the Romanian Orthodox community in
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In November 1942, Puiu was called back from retirement to take over Scriban's duties in Transnistria. Puiu received the official title of "Bishop of Odesa and all Transnistria", but his ecclesiastic province was, under canon law, a temporary
1360:, where, according to Ion Popa, it reached cult proportions with conferences and symposiums often organized to honor his memory. Articles printed in the national press often presented Puiu in a favorable light, and in 2003, a member of the
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of 1989, Orthodox circles began re-evaluating Puiu's legacy. On 25 September 1990, the Holy Synod of the Romanian Orthodox Church voted to reverse its 1950 decision to defrock Puiu and posthumously reinstated him among the clergy.
2869:"Cum încalcă legea autoritățile, minimalizând rolul criminalilor de război din România anilor '40 / Lista străzilor, instituțiilor și monumentelor din țară care încă poartă numele Ion Antonescu, Mircea Vulcănescu, Radu Gyr ș.a."
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1212:. In this new position, he put legionnaire priest Boldeanu in charge of the largest Parisian congregation. Sima, who had survived the war and remained the leader of a now exiled Iron Guard, recognized the importance of
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993:, and participated in the ceremony on 15 August. Maximov and Mifka would be executed after the war, but for Puiu, the timing of this voyage proved very fortunate. He was still abroad on 23 August when, following the
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There was an effort on Puiu's part to appeal to the local Orthodox population. Less radical in his approach to"Romanianization compared to his predecessor Scriban, he occasionally held religious services in
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on 1 January 1909. Three months later, he was named director of the Galați Theological Seminary and Vicar of the Archbishopric of the Lower Danube. On 1 September 1918, he became director of the
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The Romanian effort to restore Eastern Orthodox Christian life in the occupied territories was genuine. Under Soviet rule, by 1941, only 1 out of 891 churches which had been standing before the
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exarch in charge of the monasteries in his Bishopric of Hotin. In the following years, under Puiu's influence, Nica would become a member of the Iron Guard and a teaching assistant of
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Negotiations between the clergyman and the Romanian authorities continued over the next months. According to an archive document dated November 1955, Puiu asked the communist leader,
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The circumstances surrounding the event are particular. The summer of 1942 was marked by tension amidst the hierarchy of the Romanian Orthodox Church. Patriarch Nicodim retired to
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as head of government, and, when the latter was discarded, Puiu. Sima, on the other hand, actively sought to undermine Puiu's candidacy. When the Nazis ultimately favored Sima,
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The Legion's cooperation with Antonescu ended violently in January 1941. Indeed, seeking full control of the Government, the legionnaires organized an insurrection known as the
3314:
865:. This was partially successful since, indeed, Balta and Tulchyn were raised to bishopric status while Puiu was in office, but no bishop was ever appointed because of the
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in March 1940. This reinforced the position of the Romanian politicians who had been advocating for closer ties with Nazi Germany. Then, in June 1940, following a Soviet
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of military nature. Nonetheless, he was once again a member of the Holy Synod. Furthermore, aside from Transnistria, he was also granted authority over the neighboring
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981:. Per canon law, the ceremony required a co-consecrator and the Romanian Orthodox Church ended up providing one in the person of Puiu. The fact that Romania and
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In 1948, the Eastern Orthodox Romanian figures in Paris chose to break communion with the Patriarchate in Bucharest and in the following year, Puiu created the
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Solonari, Vladimir (2016). "Nationalist Utopianism, Orientalist Imagination, and Economic Exploitation: RomanianAims and Policies in Transnistria, 1941–1944".
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The Holy Synod of the Romanian Orthodox Church defrocked Puiu in 1950. The Holy Synod's decision, written by Metropolitan Bălan, labeled him "an agent of the
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Popa, Ion (2013). "Visarion Puiu, the Former Romanian Orthodox Metropolitan (Archbishop) of Transnistria — A Historical Study on His Life and Activity".
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attracted by the communist enchantment through the sects which, without exception, are encouraged by the foreigners in order to destroy the Church."
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Shapiro, Paul A. (2007). "Chapter 7: Faith, Murder, Resurrection. The Iron Guard and The Romanian Orthodox Church". In Spicer, Kevin P. (ed.).
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804:. The name given to this province was Transnistria, and it would become the scene of mass murder. Under Antonescu's regime, 146,423 Jews from
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were both Axis countries at the time likely played an important part in the move. Puiu left Romania on 10 August, held a press conference in
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Birsan, Gabriel (17 September 2019). "La métropole orthodoxe roumaine d'Europe occidentale et méridionale". In Zwilling, Anne-Laure (ed.).
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394:'s Faculty of Theology in 1905 and became a monk in Roman on 22 December 1905. He took the monastic name Visarion and was ordained a
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After campaigning against "foreign" banks, Puiu ended-up creating a new one altogether, named the Northern Bank, in 1938. The
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Orthodox Church structures and re-established contact with Puiu in 1949. Other former Romanian politicians in exile, such as
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1001:, Romania changed sides and joined the war against Nazi Germany. Puiu decided not to return to Romania and went into exile.
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2725:""Christianizing" Transnistria: Romanian Orthodox Clergy as Beneficiaries, Perpetrators, and Rescuers during the Holocaust"
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Puiu tended to refrain from explicit, public, political statements. He allowed antisemitic articles to be published in the
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On 1 December 1943, Puiu sent a letter of resignation to Marshal Antonescu requesting that he be allowed to return to the
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and was taking steps to repatriate fugitives. However, Popa notes that things moved very fast. Terms were drafted by the
857:. Puiu's plan for the exarchate included an evolution of Odesa into a metropolitan see, with two suffragan bishoprics in
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740:. However, the coup failed and in the aftermath, Puiu was once more replaced as Metropolitan of Bukovina by Simedrea.
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extortion and various forms of abuse antagonized the local population to the point where officers of the Romanian
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Clark, Roland (2012). "New models, new questions: historiographical approaches to the Romanian Holocaust".
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defrocked Puiu in 1950, but posthumously restored him among its clergy in 1990. Puiu's connections to the
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The Holocaust in Romania : the destruction of Jews and Roma under the Antonescu regime, 1940-1944
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name appeared on a list designating him as Religious Secretary of the Iron Guard Government in exile.
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Before the end of 1942, Puiu sent a report from the occupied territories to the Holy Synod. He wrote:
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Another notable clergyman involved with Sima's exiled legionnaires and connected to Puiu was priest
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in Western Europe and embodied an element of resistance to the new Church hierarchy in Bucharest.
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materialized when he used his private funds to support one of the organization's "work camps" in
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The political situation in Romania in the late 1920s and early 1930s was marked by the rise of a
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regime, and, by enthroning a bishop in Sarajevo, it sought to extend its influence over modern
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to the Soviet Union without any kind of military resistance. King Carol II's acceptance of the
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and, finally, declined. Popa, however, citing intelligence service reports, argues that when
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were murdered. In August 1944, when Romania switched sides, he took refuge in Nazi Germany.
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enemies of the state" and supported the actions the Romanian state had taken against them.
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as early as 29 August, with a Romanian agent paying a visit to Puiu's home on 26 October.
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of the metropolis' workforce, finance and business was practically complete at this time.
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On 15 August 1941, under the assumption that the Soviet atheist rule had destroyed the
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and other leadership figures, managed to escape to Nazi Germany. Puiu would join this
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The period between 1949 and 1953 was marked by legal and canonical conflict over the
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were also deported there, of which 11,000 survived. Moreover, at least 130,000 local
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718:, further weakened his regime and on 6 September 1940, Carol was forced to abdicate.
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had been forced to retire. The Holy Syond only elected a successor in the person of
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Following the death of Nectarie Cotlarciuc, Visarion Puiu was elected Archbishop of
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1243:(ROCOR) and the parish council officially recognized Puiu's authority on 11 April.
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Orthodoxy and the Cold War : religion and political power in Romania, 1947–65
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Over the following decades, Puiu's popularity grew, particularly in Romanian
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began pressuring the Orthodox Church to depose Puiu. According to historian
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rather than as an attempt to carry out justice in matters of mass murder.
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were deported to Transnistria, with at least 75,000 of them dying; 25,500
2714:
2701:
1357:
1273:, had traveled to Bucharest in 1939 and had been unable to return to the
1247:
1117:
Tried by the People's Tribunal in Bucharest, Puiu was sentenced to death
966:
797:
543:
2893:(Ediția doua, revizuită și întregită ed.). Editura Enciclopedică.
1440:
in January 1944 shortly before Bessarabia was overrun by Soviet troops.
1369:
1259:
1048:
862:
691:
489:
387:
2804:
Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and His Regime, Romania 1940–44
986:
449:
395:
277:
196:
123:
Bishop of the Romanian Orthodox Diocese of Western Europe (1948–1958)
3007:
A satellite empire: Romanian rule in southwestern Ukraine, 1941–1944
398:
three days later. From January 1907 to July 1908, he studied at the
1189:
and was trying to obtain identification allowing him to cross into
526:. Scriban, Nica and Puiu would all three be involved in the future
2702:"L'éphémère Eglise orthodoxe croate et son prolongement bosniaque"
1336:
1168:
1163:
1146:
1068:
932:
880:
The document would become evidence at Puiu's trial after the war.
772:
721:
An openly pro-German coalition of the military, headed by marshal
578:
312:
300:, he served as the leading Eastern Orthodox clergyman in occupied
269:
188:
1390:
in violation of national legislation on convicted war criminals.
477:. Two days later, he was installed in the episcopal chair at the
2683:
L'église orthodoxe roumaine de Paris, au coeur du quartier latin
1004:
Meanwhile, the Nazis were setting up an Iron Guard-led Romanian
548:
403:
305:
3071:
1432:
The metropolitan seat of Bessarabia was vacant since 1936 when
559:'s periodicals in Bukovina and would do the same later-on in
640:
Miron Cristea, the head of the Romanian Orthodox Church, as
1313:
under the authority of the ROCOR metropolitan of New York.
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2169:
2167:
2056:
2054:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
2781:
Holy Legionary Youth Fascist Activism in Interwar Romania
1818:
1816:
1814:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1281:
Paradoxically, in 1951, the Romanian secret service (the
1143:
Bishop of the Romanian Orthodox Diocese of Western Europe
2217:
2215:
2106:
2104:
2024:
2022:
1997:
1995:
1898:
1896:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1669:
1667:
2752:
European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire
2404:
2402:
2314:
2312:
481:; he remained there for two years. In 1923 he moved to
2959:
Antisemitism, Christian Ambivalence, and the Holocaust
2488:
2486:
2484:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2341:
2339:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2041:
2039:
2037:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1481:
1479:
729:. The head of the Romanian Orthodox Church, Patriarch
610:
fighting on the nationalist side. The same year, King
339:, and for a few years played an important role in the
1508:
1506:
784:
On 22 June 1941, German armies with Romanian support
459:. He was consecrated in that position on 25 March by
3340:
People convicted by the Romanian People's Tribunals
3239:
3171:
3103:
3098:
Anti-communist metropolitans and bishops in Romania
1091:as Puiu's place of refuge, under the protection of
989:on 14 August, paying his respects to Ustaše leader
222:
212:
202:
178:
153:
148:
140:
132:
127:
113:
103:
93:
85:
77:
67:
57:
42:
23:
485:as bishop of Hotin, where he remained until 1935.
796:, also occupied the territory between the rivers
632:On 10 February 1938, King Carol II suspended the
410:. From 1905 to 1908, he was a deacon within the
874:
2961:. Indiana University Press. pp. 136–170.
2919:The Romanian Orthodox Church and the Holocaust
1418:for several months and Nicolae Bălan acted as
843:still held nominal authority over the region.
3083:
2921:(Kindle ed.). Indiana University Press.
1181:: "By the rivers of Babylon we sat and wept".
1106:were set up to prosecute perpetrators of the
820:were murdered under the Romanian occupation.
636:, banned all political parties and appointed
304:, a territory where several hundred thousand
8:
751:Iron Guard community in the final stages of
374:Victor Puiu was born on 27 February 1879 in
3315:Eastern Orthodox clergy convicted of crimes
2825:(Second ed.). Rowman and Littlefield.
1210:Romanian Orthodox Diocese of Western Europe
1131:mentioned above, we condemn him to death."
1019:, a rival of Horia Sima, suggested General
929:Voyage to Croatia and exile in Nazi Germany
421:in Roman and in 1908 he transferred to the
333:Romanian Orthodox Diocese of Western Europe
3090:
3076:
3068:
829:Holy Synod of the Romanian Orthodox Church
31:
20:
2740:
2713:
1986:
1610:
1550:
794:an agreement between Antonescu and Hitler
769:Romanian Orthodox Mission in Transnistria
567:("The Priestly Word"), when he published
528:Romanian Orthodox Mission in Transnistria
470:and invested into the office that day by
337:Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia
51:Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia
3330:Romanian expatriates in the Soviet Union
3320:Eastern Orthodoxy and far-right politics
2504:
2420:
2245:
2206:
2185:
2173:
2060:
1962:
1926:
1875:
1863:
1851:
1805:
1769:
1757:
1745:
1529:
1195:Intergovernmental Committee for Refugees
743:Several hundred legionnaires, including
571:. Puiu's article endorsed the thesis of
3335:Romanian people convicted of war crimes
3064:by Member of Parliament Pavel Târpescu.
3032:(in French). Bayard. pp. 463–477.
2393:
2286:
2274:
2233:
2221:
2146:
2134:
2122:
2110:
2028:
2013:
2001:
1950:
1902:
1822:
1716:
1673:
1598:
1475:
1407:
1256:Romanian Orthodox Episcopate of America
1075:Exile in Italy and trial for war crimes
362:, as well as his responsibility in the
3305:Romanian Orthodox metropolitan bishops
2540:
2381:
1887:
1497:
1451:The Church Facing the Communist Danger
1252:Romanian diaspora in the United States
1241:Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia
569:The Church Facing the Communist Danger
518:In 1935, Puiu appointed Archimandrite
2628:
2616:
2456:
2444:
2432:
2408:
2318:
2072:
1974:
1793:
1586:
1574:
1485:
959:Patriarch Germogen Maximov of Croatia
323:. In 1946, he was sentenced to death
243:
7:
2664:
2652:
2640:
2564:
2552:
2528:
2516:
2492:
2475:
2369:
2357:
2345:
2330:
2303:
2262:
2158:
2095:
2045:
1938:
1914:
1839:
1781:
1733:
1697:
1685:
1658:
1639:
1627:
1562:
1512:
583:Metropolitan Visarion Puiu and King
496:. The Legion was founded in 1927 by
37:Visarion Puiu as bishop in the 1930s
3030:Les minorités religieuses en France
2867:Pavel, Andreea (22 February 2021).
455:On 17 March 1921, Puiu was elected
390:(1896–1900). He graduated from the
1177:. The stone features a quote from
121:Exarch of Transnistria (1942–1943)
14:
1386:of Puiu was on public display at
606:. The two had been killed in the
542:(Chernivtsi) and Metropolitan of
513:National-Christian Defense League
3355:Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery
468:Bucharest Metropolitan Cathedral
16:Romanian Eastern Orthodox bishop
2936:Roman, Mihai (13 August 2021).
2917:Popa, Ion (11 September 2017).
2708:(in French) (XXXVII): 265–271.
973:was a creation of the pro-Nazi
698:, Romania ceded Bessarabia and
494:Legion of the Archangel Michael
452:of the province's monasteries.
412:Cathedral of the Holy Voievodes
84:
76:
3350:Romanian expatriates in France
3325:Romanian anti-communist clergy
3295:University of Bucharest alumni
2990:10.5612/slavicreview.75.3.0583
2729:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
1185:By May 1948, Puiu had reached
370:Early life and monastic career
1:
3345:The Holocaust in Transnistria
2910:Holocaust. Study and Research
2891:Dicționarul teologilor români
2779:Clark, Roland (5 June 2015).
1229:Church of the Holy Archangels
1153:Church of the Holy Archangels
442:Chișinău Theological Seminary
3062:Romanian Chamber of Deputies
2840:Leustean, Lucian N. (2009).
2764:10.1080/13507486.2012.662946
1291:Ministry of Internal Affairs
3060:dated 11 March 2003 in the
3005:Solonari, Vladimir (2019).
1102:Meanwhile, in Romania, the
602:and his fellow legionnaire
423:Cathedral of Saint Nicholas
335:under the authority of the
329:Bucharest People's Tribunal
319:before finally settling in
311:After the war, he lived in
119:Bishop of Hotin (1923–1935)
117:Bishop of Argeș (1921–1923)
3371:
3300:Kyiv-Mohyla Academy alumni
2889:Păcurariu, Mircea (2002).
969:. Maximov's autocephalous
951:Patriarch Germogen Maximov
762:
592:support for the Iron Guard
500:as a breakaway group from
268:– 10 August 1964 in
2802:Deletant, Dennis (2006).
2700:Besse, Jean-Paul (2006).
2681:Besse, Jean-Paul (1994).
1162:in Rue Jean de Beauvais,
995:1944 Romanian coup d'état
965:on the episcopal seat of
479:Curtea de Argeș Cathedral
461:Metropolitan of Wallachia
30:
3058:Statement regarding Puiu
3011:Cornell University Press
2785:Cornell University Press
1748:, pp. 12–13, 20–21.
1348:In the aftermath of the
1302:Metropolitan of Moldavia
971:Croatian Orthodox Church
855:Metropolis of Bessarabia
790:initial military success
788:the Soviet Union. After
779:Transnistria Governorate
765:Transnistria Governorate
557:Romanian Orthodox Church
534:Metropolitan of Bukovina
286:Romanian Orthodox Church
245:[visariˈonˈpuju]
47:Romanian Orthodox Church
2723:Biliuță, Ionuț (2020).
1043:Puiu's presence in the
825:Russian Orthodox Church
738:Legionnaires' rebellion
498:Corneliu Zelea Codreanu
448:and, two months later,
392:University of Bucharest
260:on 27 February 1879 in
241:Romanian pronunciation:
207:Eastern Orthodox Church
3133:Valeriu Traian Frențiu
2844:. Palgrave Macmillan.
2806:. Palgrave Macmillan.
1345:
1298:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
1182:
1166:
1053:36th Infantry Division
979:Bosnia and Herzegovina
954:
878:
781:
759:Exarch of Transnistria
587:
492:movement known as the
89:May 1940 or March 1941
2850:10.1057/9780230594944
2821:Ioanid, Radu (2022).
2149:, pp. 28, 30–31.
1449:Puiu's 1936 article,
1362:Parliament of Romania
1340:
1333:Posthumous evaluation
1327:Montparnasse Cemetery
1308:Final years and death
1175:Montparnasse Cemetery
1172:
1150:
936:
827:in Transnistria, the
776:
725:, and the Iron Guard
634:Romanian constitution
582:
3310:Romanian theologians
2715:10.2298/BALC0637265B
2685:(in French). D.U.C.
2567:, pp. 183, 203.
2423:, pp. 101, 227.
1254:. The bishop of the
841:Russian Patriarchate
673:attack and partition
616:Ion Popa (historian)
3290:People from Pașcani
2742:10.1093/hgs/dcaa003
2655:, pp. 202–203.
2643:, pp. 193–194.
2519:, pp. 199–200.
2507:, pp. 101–104.
2459:, pp. 115–117.
2396:, pp. 162–163.
2384:, pp. 465–466.
2188:, pp. 135–136.
1929:, pp. 130–131.
1890:, pp. 492–493.
1350:Romanian Revolution
1082:Maguzzano Monastery
1010:Constantin Papanace
1006:government in exile
905:or gave sermons in
704:Second Vienna Award
585:Carol II of Romania
400:Kyiv-Mohyla Academy
282:metropolitan bishop
229:Kyiv-Mohyla Academy
98:Nectarie Cotlarciuc
2543:, p. 465-466.
2125:, pp. 22, 25.
1368:Streets in Bălți,
1346:
1183:
1167:
1097:Cardinal Tisserant
955:
885:Russian Revolution
782:
588:
3267:
3266:
3181:Szilárd Bogdánffy
3123:Tit Liviu Chinezu
2968:978-0-253-34873-9
2928:978-0-253-02989-8
2859:978-1-349-30411-0
2832:978-1-5381-3808-3
2161:, pp. 50–51.
1917:, p. 61, 88.
1601:, pp. 19–20.
1589:, pp. 4, 99.
1577:, pp. 72–99.
1222:Romanian diaspora
1112:Soviet occupation
1104:People's Tribunal
961:decided to place
947:Andrija Artuković
700:Northern Bukovina
608:Spanish Civil War
565:Cuvântul preoțesc
511:party called the
341:Romanian diaspora
331:. He created the
292:, at a time when
234:
233:
164:February 27, 1879
3362:
3254:Nicodim Munteanu
3092:
3085:
3078:
3069:
3056:
3043:
3024:
3001:
2972:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2932:
2913:
2904:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2863:
2836:
2817:
2813:978-140399-341-0
2798:
2794:978-080145-633-6
2775:
2746:
2744:
2719:
2717:
2696:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2479:
2473:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2307:
2301:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2210:
2204:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2099:
2093:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2049:
2043:
2032:
2026:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1826:
1820:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1720:
1714:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1662:
1656:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1533:
1527:
1516:
1510:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1447:
1441:
1430:
1424:
1412:
1382:reported that a
1341:Bust of Puiu at
1319:Mircea Păcurariu
1272:
1264:Policarp Morușcă
1237:
1203:
1161:
1090:
1032:Ștefan Palaghiță
1029:
1018:
957:In August 1944,
837:
731:Nicodim Munteanu
573:Judeo-Bolshevism
431:
420:
386:(1893–1896) and
353:
247:
242:
185:
163:
161:
149:Personal details
81:10 November 1935
35:
21:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3235:
3231:Joseph Schubert
3226:János Scheffler
3201:Anton Durcovici
3191:Alexandru Cisar
3167:
3163:Alexandru Todea
3099:
3096:
3054:
3051:
3046:
3040:
3027:
3021:
3004:
2975:
2969:
2956:
2947:
2945:
2935:
2929:
2916:
2907:
2901:
2888:
2879:
2877:
2866:
2860:
2839:
2833:
2820:
2814:
2801:
2795:
2778:
2749:
2722:
2699:
2693:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2663:
2659:
2651:
2647:
2639:
2635:
2627:
2623:
2615:
2611:
2598:"Visarion Puiu"
2596:
2595:
2591:
2578:"Visarion Puiu"
2576:
2575:
2571:
2563:
2559:
2551:
2547:
2539:
2535:
2527:
2523:
2515:
2511:
2503:
2499:
2491:
2482:
2474:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2443:
2439:
2431:
2427:
2419:
2415:
2407:
2400:
2392:
2388:
2380:
2376:
2368:
2364:
2356:
2352:
2344:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2317:
2310:
2302:
2293:
2285:
2281:
2273:
2269:
2261:
2252:
2244:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2220:
2213:
2205:
2192:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2165:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2121:
2117:
2109:
2102:
2094:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2052:
2044:
2035:
2027:
2020:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1913:
1909:
1901:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1874:
1870:
1862:
1858:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1829:
1821:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1732:
1723:
1715:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1665:
1657:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1626:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1573:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1536:
1528:
1519:
1511:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1484:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1461:
1457:
1448:
1444:
1438:Efrem Enăchescu
1431:
1427:
1416:Neamț Monastery
1413:
1409:
1404:
1388:Putna Monastery
1343:Putna Monastery
1335:
1310:
1266:
1231:
1218:Nicolae Rădescu
1197:
1173:Puiu's tomb in
1155:
1145:
1084:
1077:
1071:after the war.
1061:Vasile Boldeanu
1023:
1012:
931:
926:
914:Neamț Monastery
903:Church Slavonic
831:
771:
761:
623:Romanianization
536:
457:Bishop of Argeș
425:
414:
372:
347:
296:was an ally of
240:
187:
183:
182:August 10, 1964
174:
165:
159:
157:
144:17 October 1935
122:
120:
118:
49:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3368:
3366:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3272:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3221:Augustin Pacha
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3186:Adalbert Boros
3183:
3177:
3175:
3173:Roman Catholic
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3153:Alexandru Rusu
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3113:Vasile Aftenie
3109:
3107:
3105:Greek Catholic
3101:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3050:
3049:External links
3047:
3045:
3044:
3038:
3025:
3019:
3002:
2984:(3): 583–605.
2973:
2967:
2954:
2933:
2927:
2914:
2905:
2899:
2886:
2864:
2858:
2837:
2831:
2818:
2812:
2799:
2793:
2776:
2758:(2): 303–320.
2747:
2720:
2697:
2692:978-2904092114
2691:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2667:, p. 203.
2657:
2645:
2633:
2621:
2609:
2589:
2569:
2557:
2555:, p. 173.
2545:
2533:
2531:, p. 200.
2521:
2509:
2497:
2495:, p. 199.
2480:
2478:, p. 202.
2461:
2449:
2447:, p. 114.
2437:
2435:, p. 108.
2425:
2413:
2411:, p. 243.
2398:
2386:
2374:
2372:, p. 193.
2362:
2360:, p. 197.
2350:
2348:, p. 192.
2335:
2323:
2321:, p. 304.
2308:
2306:, p. 198.
2291:
2289:, p. 163.
2279:
2277:, p. 162.
2267:
2265:, p. 190.
2250:
2248:, p. 169.
2238:
2226:
2211:
2209:, p. 134.
2190:
2178:
2176:, p. 135.
2163:
2151:
2139:
2127:
2115:
2100:
2098:, p. 194.
2077:
2075:, p. 234.
2065:
2063:, p. 133.
2050:
2048:, p. 191.
2033:
2018:
2006:
1991:
1989:, p. 172.
1987:Păcurariu 2002
1979:
1977:, p. 192.
1967:
1965:, p. 131.
1955:
1943:
1941:, p. 188.
1931:
1919:
1907:
1892:
1880:
1878:, p. 383.
1868:
1866:, p. 166.
1856:
1844:
1842:, p. 196.
1827:
1825:, p. 161.
1810:
1798:
1796:, p. 232.
1786:
1774:
1762:
1750:
1738:
1736:, p. 186.
1721:
1702:
1690:
1678:
1663:
1661:, p. 187.
1644:
1632:
1630:, p. 185.
1615:
1613:, p. 134.
1611:Păcurariu 2002
1603:
1591:
1579:
1567:
1565:, p. 183.
1555:
1553:, p. 403.
1551:Păcurariu 2002
1534:
1532:, p. 101.
1517:
1515:, p. 201.
1502:
1500:, p. 466.
1490:
1488:, p. 269.
1474:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1455:
1442:
1425:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1334:
1331:
1309:
1306:
1287:United Nations
1144:
1141:
1076:
1073:
963:Spyridon Mifka
930:
927:
925:
922:
818:Ukrainian Jews
760:
757:
706:, which ceded
642:Prime Minister
535:
532:
408:Russian Empire
371:
368:
232:
231:
226:
220:
219:
214:
210:
209:
204:
200:
199:
186:(aged 85)
180:
176:
175:
166:
155:
151:
150:
146:
145:
142:
138:
137:
134:
130:
129:
125:
124:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
69:
65:
64:
59:
55:
54:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3367:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3260:
3259:Visarion Puiu
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3211:Markus Glaser
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3148:Ioan Ploscaru
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3128:Ioan Dragomir
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3093:
3088:
3086:
3081:
3079:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3063:
3059:
3055:(in Romanian)
3053:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3039:9782227494855
3035:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3020:9781501743191
3016:
3012:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2978:Slavic Review
2974:
2970:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2944:(in Romanian)
2943:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2912:(6): 182–203.
2911:
2906:
2902:
2900:973-45-0409-6
2896:
2892:
2887:
2876:(in Romanian)
2875:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2666:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2610:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2505:Leustean 2009
2501:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2421:Leustean 2009
2417:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2333:, p. 50.
2332:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2246:Deletant 2006
2242:
2239:
2236:, p. 31.
2235:
2230:
2227:
2224:, p. 29.
2223:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2207:Solonari 2019
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2186:Solonari 2019
2182:
2179:
2175:
2174:Solonari 2019
2170:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2140:
2137:, p. 23.
2136:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2116:
2113:, p. 30.
2112:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2061:Solonari 2019
2057:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2031:, p. 28.
2030:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2016:, p. 39.
2015:
2010:
2007:
2004:, p. 26.
2003:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1963:Solonari 2019
1959:
1956:
1953:, p. 18.
1952:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1927:Solonari 2019
1923:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1908:
1905:, p. 22.
1904:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1876:Solonari 2016
1872:
1869:
1865:
1864:Deletant 2006
1860:
1857:
1854:, p. 83.
1853:
1852:Deletant 2006
1848:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1808:, p. 66.
1807:
1806:Deletant 2006
1802:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1787:
1784:, p. 36.
1783:
1778:
1775:
1772:, p. 50.
1771:
1770:Deletant 2006
1766:
1763:
1760:, p. 48.
1759:
1758:Deletant 2006
1754:
1751:
1747:
1746:Deletant 2006
1742:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1719:, p. 41.
1718:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1700:, p. 34.
1699:
1694:
1691:
1688:, p. 26.
1687:
1682:
1679:
1676:, p. 38.
1675:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1642:, p. 33.
1641:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1530:Leustean 2009
1526:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1351:
1344:
1339:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1323:Viels-Maisons
1320:
1314:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1276:
1275:United States
1270:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1093:Pope Pius XII
1088:
1083:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1065:Serbian Banat
1062:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1033:
1027:
1022:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
952:
948:
944:
941:
940:
935:
928:
923:
921:
919:
915:
910:
908:
904:
898:
895:
889:
886:
881:
877:
873:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
851:
844:
842:
835:
830:
826:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
780:
775:
770:
766:
758:
756:
754:
750:
746:
741:
739:
734:
732:
728:
724:
723:Ion Antonescu
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
690:
686:
685:Baltic states
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
661:Joseph Stalin
658:
653:
651:
647:
646:Nicolae Bălan
643:
639:
635:
630:
626:
624:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
586:
581:
577:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
553:
550:
545:
541:
533:
531:
529:
525:
524:Iuliu Scriban
521:
516:
514:
510:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
486:
484:
480:
476:
473:
469:
465:
464:Miron Cristea
462:
458:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
438:Archimandrite
435:
429:
424:
418:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
369:
367:
365:
361:
357:
351:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
274:Viels-Maisons
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
246:
238:
237:Visarion Puiu
230:
227:
225:
221:
218:
215:
211:
208:
205:
201:
198:
194:
193:Viels-Maisons
190:
181:
177:
173:
169:
156:
152:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
126:
116:
114:Other post(s)
112:
109:
106:
102:
99:
96:
92:
88:
80:
73:
70:
66:
63:
60:
56:
52:
48:
45:
41:
34:
29:
25:Visarion Puiu
22:
19:
3258:
3249:Grigorie Leu
3138:Iuliu Hirțea
3029:
3006:
2981:
2977:
2958:
2948:16 September
2946:. Retrieved
2941:
2918:
2909:
2890:
2880:16 September
2878:. Retrieved
2871:
2841:
2822:
2803:
2780:
2755:
2751:
2735:(1): 18–44.
2732:
2728:
2705:
2682:
2674:Bibliography
2660:
2648:
2636:
2624:
2612:
2601:
2592:
2581:
2572:
2560:
2548:
2536:
2524:
2512:
2500:
2452:
2440:
2428:
2416:
2394:Shapiro 2007
2389:
2377:
2365:
2353:
2326:
2287:Shapiro 2007
2282:
2275:Shapiro 2007
2270:
2241:
2234:Biliuță 2020
2229:
2222:Biliuță 2020
2181:
2154:
2147:Biliuță 2020
2142:
2135:Biliuță 2020
2130:
2123:Biliuță 2020
2118:
2111:Biliuță 2020
2068:
2029:Biliuță 2020
2014:Biliuță 2020
2009:
2002:Biliuță 2020
1982:
1970:
1958:
1951:Biliuță 2020
1946:
1934:
1922:
1910:
1903:Biliuță 2020
1883:
1871:
1859:
1847:
1823:Shapiro 2007
1801:
1789:
1777:
1765:
1753:
1741:
1717:Biliuță 2020
1693:
1681:
1674:Biliuță 2020
1635:
1606:
1599:Biliuță 2020
1594:
1582:
1570:
1558:
1493:
1458:
1450:
1445:
1428:
1419:
1410:
1396:
1392:
1377:
1367:
1355:
1347:
1315:
1311:
1295:
1280:
1245:
1226:
1213:
1207:
1184:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1101:
1078:
1058:
1042:
1021:Ion Gheorghe
1003:
991:Ante Pavelić
956:
943:Ante Pavelić
937:
911:
899:
890:
882:
879:
875:
871:
848:
845:
822:
783:
753:World War II
748:
742:
735:
720:
712:Transylvania
669:Adolf Hitler
665:Nazi Germany
654:
650:Tit Simedrea
631:
627:
620:
604:Vasile Marin
589:
568:
564:
561:Transnistria
554:
537:
517:
487:
454:
373:
324:
310:
302:Transnistria
298:Nazi Germany
290:World War II
257:
249:
248:; sometimes
236:
235:
203:Denomination
184:(1964-08-10)
141:Consecration
108:Tit Simedrea
53:(after 1954)
18:
3285:1964 deaths
3280:1879 births
3216:Áron Márton
3143:Iuliu Hossu
2603:Google Maps
2583:Google Maps
2541:Birsan 2019
2382:Birsan 2019
1888:Ioanid 2022
1498:Birsan 2019
1434:Gurie Grosu
1267: [
1258:, based in
1232: [
1198: [
1187:Switzerland
1156: [
1119:in absentia
1085: [
1037:Radio Donau
1024: [
1013: [
945:, minister
894:Gendarmerie
832: [
777:Map of the
663:had joined
655:Meanwhile,
509:antisemitic
426: [
415: [
348: [
325:in absentia
317:Switzerland
258:Victor Puiu
94:Predecessor
58:Archdiocese
3274:Categories
3206:Imre Erőss
3158:Ioan Suciu
3118:Ioan Bălan
2629:Roman 2021
2617:Pavel 2021
2457:Besse 1994
2445:Besse 1994
2433:Besse 1994
2409:Clark 2015
2319:Clark 2012
2073:Clark 2015
1975:Clark 2015
1794:Clark 2015
1587:Clark 2015
1575:Clark 2015
1486:Besse 2006
1471:References
1283:Securitate
806:Bessarabia
763:See also:
745:Horia Sima
667:'s leader
520:Antim Nica
502:A. C. Cuza
446:Bessarabia
360:Iron Guard
345:Holy Synod
224:Alma mater
217:Theologian
213:Profession
160:1879-02-27
133:Ordination
86:Term ended
68:Metropolis
62:Chernivtsi
3196:Ioan Duma
2998:164575062
2772:144324235
2706:Balcanica
2665:Popa 2013
2653:Popa 2013
2641:Popa 2013
2565:Popa 2013
2553:Popa 2017
2529:Popa 2013
2517:Popa 2013
2493:Popa 2013
2476:Popa 2013
2370:Popa 2013
2358:Popa 2013
2346:Popa 2013
2331:Popa 2017
2304:Popa 2013
2263:Popa 2013
2159:Popa 2017
2096:Popa 2013
2046:Popa 2013
1939:Popa 2013
1915:Popa 2017
1840:Popa 2013
1782:Popa 2017
1734:Popa 2013
1698:Popa 2017
1686:Popa 2017
1659:Popa 2013
1640:Popa 2017
1628:Popa 2013
1563:Popa 2013
1513:Popa 2013
1374:Ciohorăni
1179:Psalm 137
1108:Holocaust
1045:Kitzbuhel
999:Michael I
939:Poglavnik
918:Bucharest
869:retreat.
850:exarchate
727:took over
696:ultimatum
638:Patriarch
596:Tămășești
506:far-right
475:Ferdinand
406:, in the
364:Holocaust
356:Bucharest
288:. During
250:Bessarion
104:Successor
78:Installed
3241:Orthodox
2942:G4 Media
2873:G4 Media
1420:de facto
1379:G4 Media
1358:Moldavia
1047:camp in
997:by King
967:Sarajevo
810:Bukovina
798:Dniester
786:attacked
689:defeated
681:occupied
612:Carol II
600:Ion Moța
544:Bukovina
540:Cernăuți
280:) was a
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