Visconti Castle (Legnano) - Knowledge (XXG)

1373:. This hypothesis is based on a common custom in vogue for centuries: to give buildings of similar use that followed one another in the same place the same name or, in the presence of religious buildings, to dedicate the structure to the same saint. The original small church may have always been inside the convent of the Augustinians, or it may have been built by the Della Torre. Other conjecture considers the hypothesis that the original small church was opened for worship by Ottone Visconti, who lived in the castle and may have needed a church to officiate religious services, being a priest. As shown in the aforementioned notarial deed dated October 14, 1261, the one concerning the abandonment of the convent by the Augustinian monks, the primigenial small church of St. George certainly existed for at least thirty years: it was therefore built before 1231. 410:, the castle of Legnano was part of a larger defensive system of the belt that enclosed Milan. In particular, fortifications were located in places where the Visconti owned a greater amount of real estate. The castles located around Milan served their function both for military purposes, mainly for external attacks and internal civil wars within the Milanese lordship, and for other purposes. They were also used as summer vacation spots, which allowed the lords to leave the city during the hottest months, during which water was scarce and heat prevailed, aided by the proximity of city buildings: at the time, dwellings in Milan were divided by narrow streets. Another use was the organization of hunting parties in the woods located near the castles, a sport that was very common in the 12th and 13th centuries. 1143: 1324:

the Olona and towards modern Viale Toselli. Again, the original arched windows have been walled up. Also in this case, the arches were made of ashlar in terracotta and white marble: however, the remains of the ancient windows have completely disappeared due to some later restorations involving the exterior of the building and carried out by Oldrado III Lampugnani in the 16th century. Moreover, with the transformation of the castle into an agricultural estate, the original two floors were changed to three with the change of use from residence to warehouse: in particular, vats and barrels for wine production were placed in the basement, while the two upper floors were used as a warehouse for foodstuffs.

3977: 1688:, was partially explored by one of the workers who unearthed it. This worker was discouraged from exploring after walking 5 or 6 meters because of a strong wind that blew out his candle. Another section towards Legnano was discovered and immediately obstructed by the city administration for safety reasons. A further section of tunnel was instead discovered, this time in the town of San Giorgio su Legnano, in the basement of the so-called "Queen's House," which is located on Via Gerli and is perhaps the oldest dwelling in the municipality. Similar remains of tunnels have also been found elsewhere. 497:. The dedication of the convent and the small church to St. George may have been related to the cult of this saint, which may have been common in the surrounding countryside and which would then have influenced the choice of the monastery's dedication, or the opposite may have happened, that is, the popular cult of St. George would have spread through the dedication of the convent and the small church. It is likely that the presence of this monastery later led to the dedication of not only the castle but also a district of Legnano (the "Costa di San Giorgio") and the neighboring municipality of 935:. Until then, as a defensive system, the barrier naturally created by the Olona River was sufficient, but a change in warfare techniques made this further expansion of the castle's defensive infrastructure necessary. With this expansion, the main entrance, which used to be on the west side, was suppressed and a new and larger entrance tower was built. After the fortification, the Visconti castle acquired the role of a defensive bulwark of the northwestern Milanese countryside, replacing in that function the ancient manor of the Cotta family, which was located on the same site as the modern 1349:: Lampugnani also executed the first decorations of the major church of Legnano. In the second bedroom there is a small niche that served as a closet for the owner and where a female head of unknown subject is frescoed. All the rooms in this building have fireplaces, hearths that present a rustic appearance that is a far cry from the refined and richly decorated fireplaces of the other aristocratic mansions in Legnano. This building was equipped with a hot-air heating system that consisted of terracotta pipes, grills, and hearths, and was used to heat the entire south wing of the castle. 597:. In 1257, upon the death of Leone da Perego, it was not immediately clear who would prevail over the lordship of Milan: after a phase characterized by a heated dispute between the various factions, the family that managed to impose itself was eventually that of the Della Torre. Therefore, when Leone da Perego died, the Della Torre family began to occupy all the archiepiscopal properties in the Milanese countryside. The Milanese noble family also decided to take possession of the Milanese convent of San Giorgio, given its strategic location, taking advantage of the 1377: 1358: 1446:

to the structure: with its construction, the entrance moved from the west, that is, from the original lookout tower, to the north. In the main keep, there are two rooms on the upper floors that were once used to house the guard and the captain of arms: they were ascended by an external wooden staircase that was supported by serizzo corbels. Later this staircase was eliminated and was replaced by a similar interior masonry structure that is located on the right just past the entrance. There is also an attic at the top.

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and west sides: they are all slightly asymmetrical, with the slightly flattened side facing the interior of the castle. Later the two towers placed towards the south were demolished: they were probably demolished by the Cornaggia marquises, since they still existed in the 17th century, as reported in the writings of the provost of San Magno Agostino Pozzo. No material traces of these two towers have reached the 21st century, so they were demolished down to the foundations.

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signed a preliminary contract with the Cornaggia heirs providing for the sale of the historic property. This first sale compromise was modified several times, mainly because of the future destination of the castle, the adjoining areas and the surrounding areas, which was the subject of extensive discussion. The latter, in 1976, would later be transformed into the Legnano Wood Local Park, while the castle would be used, as decided, for cultural events.

1573:, they were probably painted at the behest of Carlo Cornaggia, who purchased the castle in 1798. Presumably the Cornaggia also wanted to decorate other parts of the castle in the Empire style, since in 1925 Guido Sutermeister found piled up, inside the tower located to the northwest, terracotta decorations and moldings of the same style as the ornaments added in the mid-19th century to various buildings in the fortress by the Cornaggia family itself. 1677: 1646: 1315: 1307: 1299: 1254: 1239: 1065: 993: 4340: 1582: 1438: 459: 338: 1420:) especially in documents dating back to the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, then the name "Legnano Castle" began to prevail. At one time the little church of St. George also included a room located to the right of the main keep that was frescoed with floral subjects and became the castle's entrance guardhouse. The small church was later renovated in the 19th century by the Cornaggia marquises, who redid the vault and facade. 1139:

aristocratic residence it was converted into a simple dwelling for peasants. On this occasion the dairy cattle stables were built, namely the low building that is located, entering from the entrance of the main keep, frontally on the left side, and the similar low building that is located on the left side of the part of the castle used as a noble residence. Originally the number of cattle housed reached about fifty head.

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back to a few years earlier, to the two-year period 1421-1422, with the purchase of some land (1421) and a water mill located along the Olona River (1422), assets that were all adjacent to his residence. Other noteworthy acquisitions were made in 1434, when Oldrado II purchased a mill located in San Vittore Olona, thus south of the castle, and in 1436, when he bought a 50-perch piece of land located between Legnano and

1603:. To the east of this hall is a fireplace behind which is a small study inside which was found the heating plant of the hot-air heating system that served, as mentioned, the entire south wing of the castle, including this building. Access to this small room is outside the building. Considering the size and architecture of the ceiling, the large room on the ground floor probably served as a reception hall. 1328:

1523 and 1528 by Oldrado III Lampugnani. According to other authors, this second building was later built by Oldrado II Lampugnani. A few walls remain of the old thirteenth-century building, which are still characterized by the presence of the old arched windows, which were, however, bricked up by Oldrado III Lampugnani in the sixteenth century: the latter also made the external white plaster in the

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the structure, which is still recognizable on the west side although it has been walled up: it features a wide brick arch embellished with white marble inserts. However, the name or family of the builder of the watchtower is uncertain. As already mentioned, according to some studies, the tower may have been built by Uberto Visconti, or by the castle's later owners, the Della Torre family.

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all his property, including his castle. After the truce between the Milanese republic and Francesco Sforza, Oldrado II Lampugnani managed to regain his lost prestige. In 1449, Legnano Castle was besieged and conquered by Francesco Piccinino, Francesco Sforza's opponent during the war of succession to the Duchy of Milan. On a document from 1530, referring to these events, one can read:

346: 873:, known as "Il Carmagnola," who succeeded in prevailing, after a bloody war, over the duke's enemies. Also playing a role in this war was Oldrado II Lampugnani, who became a close advisor to the duke and who also participated militarily in the activity of opposing the opponents of the Visconti lordship: in particular, Oldrado II succeeded in defeating Gabrino Fondulo, feudatory of 4328: 4316: 70: 1461:, which emphasizes the military quality of Oldrado II; there is then placed a basket containing a lamb, a symbol of his meekness, which has a bridle in its mouth, which is used to tame spirited horses and is a symbol of the cavalry command. The coat of arms is completed by his initials, a pine cone and some pine branches, the meaning of which is unknown, and a 445:

rebellious attitude toward Milan, and thus the presence of fixed troops on the border of the Milanese countryside was no longer justified. As a result, the castle also lost its military function. For this reason, no artillery gun emplacements are found on the towers of the castle, which in fact began to spread on the battlefields precisely in the 16th century.

1049:, from which they were also able to control Legnano. For this reason, Giovanni Arcimboldi asked the Milanese authorities on October 29, 1526, for permission to make use of Legnano Castle, so as to defend both Gallarate and Milan by, among other things, preventing the people of Legnano from paying obols to the Spaniards. The excerpt from the request reads: 702:

incorporating - if they were not demolished earlier - the former convent and the small church of San Giorgio. Partial preservation of the former monastery is not ruled out because the style in use at the time, exposed brick and pointed arch windows, was common to all constructed buildings except for very few variations, and thus served the purpose.

1192: 694:, and thus the village of Legnano experienced a relatively quiet period. The exception was the passage of the Milanese army to Legnano in 1285: the first time was on the occasion of the shift of war operations to Seprio, which took place in April of that year, while the second was a few months later, in July 1285, during the siege of 1250:, which was presumably built in 1231 and belonged to the ancient convent, can still be seen in the modern structure: this building, which is the oldest part of the Legnano fortification, was in fact incorporated into the castle and corresponds to the central portion of the wing that is immediately to the right of the main keep. 1624:

Next to the building constructed by Oldrado II Lampugnani are part of the barns and stables built by the Cornaggia marquises in the 20th century. The Cornaggia family then added a clearing to the south of the structure that was originally intended as an indoor garden, removed the battlements from the

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On the upper floor, on the other hand, there are three rooms with coffered oak ceilings, the tiles of which were decorated with motifs representing leaves and flowers. With the construction of this building, which has a length of 24 meters, the residential area was considerably enlarged: in this way,

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The main keep was built between 1437 and 1445 by Oldrado II Lampugnani. This defensive structure, which is set toward the north, has a rectangular base (9.2 by 14 m) and is 16.5 m high from street level. This tower, which was the most important defensive part of the castle, includes the main entrance

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The southwest part of the castle. On the right, plastered white in Baroque style, is the wing built by Oldrado II Lampugnani in the 15th century, while on the left is, adjacent to the latter, the other part of the castle (with exposed brick walls) built between 1261 and 1273 by the Della Torre family

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The greater antiquity of this part of the castle is also indicated by the appearance of the outer walls, which are rougher and look different from those of the remaining part of the structure, as well as by the level of the original floors, which is 1.5 m lower than the rest of the ground floor. Work

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Until 1929 there was also a cabinet made in the 19th century that contained the castle's historical archives, documents dating back as far as the 17th century; it then disappeared without a trace. The castle's ancient fireplaces disappeared at an unspecified time, as even Sutermeister did not witness

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The goal of the new owners was to make it their aristocratic home, restoring the structure to its former glory: confirmation of this desire is the addition of their noble coat of arms alongside that of the Lampugnani in the family cartouches. It was Carlo Cristoforo Cornaggia himself who frescoed the

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and not finding in Seprio a more suitable and convenient place than the castle of Legnano, to ensure that the provisions are not taken by the enemies, as well as to prevent the great contribution that said country makes to the Spaniards of Abbiate, and to keep my company, I have requested said castle

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Ottone Visconti then decided to establish his residence at the castle of Legnano because he preferred it, as a military outpost, to the Braida Arcivescovile: although the latter was located in the city center of Legnano, Ottone Visconti did not consider it suitable for the purpose, because it was not

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Ottone regained all the properties taken by the Della Torre from Leone da Perego, namely the Braida Arcivescovile, the castle of Legnano and all other landed properties. In particular, the small church of the castle was assigned on December 16, 1277, to the mensa of the chapter of the ordinaries, who

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A proponent of the return of archiepiscopal supremacy over the city's government against the claims of the people was the archbishop of Milan Leone da Perego, who engaged in a struggle with some local nobles who, on the other hand, were part of the faction in favor of the new political situation that

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In addition to the drawbridge, there was once a barricade at the main entrance that could be lowered to prevent the entrance of attackers, assailants who could be subdued by the blows delivered by soldiers stationed in the upper floors of the keep. This garrison could also defend the entrance to the

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After acquiring the convent and related land, the Della Torre family built two more buildings. The first one, which has dimensions of 20 m by 7.5 m and was built between 1261 and 1273, is the one located north of the ruins of the watchtower of the ancient convent: it is therefore located parallel to

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and therefore, in order not to antagonize the latter, he could not give full assent to the other faction. At the end of 1526, the castle of Legnano was subjected to a siege by the imperial troops of Charles V, which was unsuccessful due to the sturdiness of the structure. On an excerpt from a letter

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Oldrado III Lampugnani then answered affirmatively, but granted the use of the castle to Giovanni Arcimboldi alone and not to his troops, since the Legnanese fortification could not accommodate an entire garrison for reasons of space; another reason lay in the fact that Lampugnani had already denied

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despite letters of pleading from its inhabitants, which were sent to the Sforza with the aim of avoiding the attack. For this decisive help to Francesco Sforza, on April 19, 1449, Oldrado II Lampugnani was proclaimed a "rebel" by the Milanese republic: as a consequence, Lampugnani was confiscated of

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The castle was used by Oldrado II Lampugnani more as a summer residence; however, being fortified, it was still part of the system of military structures that protected Milan from enemy attacks. These outposts, besides being arranged along a wide perimeter around the Milanese capital, were entrusted

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and Francesco della Torre. However, a legend says that the two royals instead stopped at the so-called "Queen's House" in San Giorgio su Legnano. This event demonstrates the firm control that the Della Torre family had over the Legnano village, so much so that they could safely afford to accommodate

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elected archbishop in vain. However, Ottone Visconti did not succeed in occupying the archiepiscopal seat, but remained an exile in areas outside the diocese: in this context, the Della Torre continued their work of acquiring and occupying archiepiscopal property in the diocese of Milan. In Legnano,

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The monastery and surrounding lands were later acquired by the Della Torre and Lampugnani families, that is, the two families that had harassed the monks along with the inhabitants of the Meraviglia farmstead. The Della Torre family also acquired, through the same deed of exchange, some buildings in

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On the other hand, the monks obtained 1,400 perches of fertile and well-watered land in Limito and the church of San Primo in Milan. Notably, the land, shortly before the exchange, was not in the possession of the Della Torre family and therefore was acquired for the occasion. The Della Torre family

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On this occasion Oldrado III Lampugnani also changed the appearance of the inner courtyard, having panels made on the outer facades of the south wing of the castle that contained depictions of weapons and rural scenes, which have been almost completely lost apart from a few traces of paintings that

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The other building, which was also originally built by the Della Torre family between 1261 and 1273, was the wing that was located south of the original tower of the old convent, also parallel to the Olona: this building was later replaced by a new complex that was rebuilt and then expanded between

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The remains of the tower are square in shape and possess a 7.5 m edge. The windows and doors, which were later bricked up, were single-arched windows and are still recognizable in the modern structure: the arches were made of brick ashlar and white marble. At this tower was the original entrance to

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After it was abandoned by the Cornaggia family, the manor of San Giorgio was no longer maintained. In addition, the new tenants, namely the sharecropper and peasants, modified the residential part of the castle by building partition walls inside the larger rooms. In 1963 the municipality of Legnano

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style that had belonged to Oldrado III Lampugnani, and thus dated back to the 16th century, was still preserved in the room above the hall of honor. This bed was later transferred by the Cornaggia family to their noble residence in Mozzate Seprio. At that time there were also some paintings of some

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The owners of the castle after Ferdinando Lampugnani were Lucrezia and Ottavia Lampugnani, Alessandro Lampugnani, Isabella Lampugnani, Ferdinando II Lampugnani, Francesco Maria I Lampugnani, Giuseppe Lampugnani, Oldrado IV Lampugnani and Ferdinando III Lampugnani. The fortification was owned by the

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One of the reasons that led the Duke of Milan to donate the Legnano castle to Oldrado II was precisely the possession of vast areas around the fortification. The first acquisitions of real estate made by Oldrado II in Legnano, after the acquisition of the Lampugnani Manor, which is dated 1419, date

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He therefore urged his nephew Cristoforo Lampugnani, son of his brother Giovanni, who was already the administrator of his estates and his personal secretary, to purchase large tracts of land along the Olona River and the area planted with vineyards that was close to the castle and that corresponds

869:. Upon the latter's untimely death (1412), a civil war broke out that was spearheaded by the captains of fortune and the squires of the Milanese countryside who opposed the rise of Filippo Maria Visconti, the legitimate heir to the throne. Filippo Maria, in order to counter his opponents, turned to 670:

existed at the convent. This military outpost had the function of controlling the aforementioned road that connected Milan to northwestern Lombardy. Presumably this original tower was built in 1231 by the Della Torre family when they settled on the land of the archbishopric just before the war they

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The presence of ecclesiastical properties in Legnano is evidenced by documents dating back several centuries before the mentioned written deed of 1231. The first document that mentions archiepiscopal properties located in the village of Legnano dates back to October 23, 789, thus in Frankish times:

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and to aim, through this road, at the Milanese capital. In the Middle Ages Legnano, although formally belonging to Seprio, gravitated around Milan. The link between Milan and the city of the Carroccio was not only military, but also economic: Legnano and the other contadi that gravitated around the

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serving the castle: this underground room, which is 8 meters below the level of the walls and was made entirely of brick, is characterized by a small entrance door protected by a grille that is located in these stables and that leads to the inner courtyard. Both buildings later used as stables and

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South of the Della Torre wing - parallel to the southern walls - is another two-story building built by Oldrado II Lampugnani and later plastered white in the Baroque style by Oldrado III in the 16th century. On the ground floor of this building was a large room that had dimensions 15 m by 8 m and

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under their roofs: both embrasures and battlements had the function of stopping enemies who tried to climb over the walls by means of the shots fired by the soldiers who manned the towers protected behind these defensive systems. The shape of the walls and that of the towers recalls those built at

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Six cylindrical towers with a flared base were inserted along the walls, which are provided with battlements and a roof, a covering that served to protect soldiers from the bad weather. Four towers were positioned at the corners of the quadrilateral, while two were placed in the middle of the east

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The walls, in the time of Oldrado II, were bordered by an inner wooden walkway connecting the six minor towers. Originally there was also another wooden overhead walkway that directly connected the walkway around the walls with the rooms located on the second floor in the part of the building that

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As already mentioned, Oldrado II Lampugnani also dug a moat around the structure, which was floodable by a system of locks installed on the banks of the Olona River, and built a drawbridge in front of the main entrance. The moat, in particular, was effective even in winter: when the surface of the

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The purchase process ended in 1973, when the municipality of Legnano acquired the castle, the Cornaggia mill and 240,000 square meters of surrounding land. After decades of decay and neglect, the castle was renovated by architect Luigi Ferrario and reopened to the public in 2005. Since 2007, being

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Sutermeister again observed that the Cornaggia family, who resided in the castle only at certain times of the year, the optimal ones to follow the agricultural activities carried out on their estate, used furnishings of their era, since the historical furniture of the fortification had long since

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continuous legal disputes that went on for almost two centuries. The legal disputes arose because of the will of Ferdinando Lampugnani, Oldrado III's son, which provided for the passage of the family's vast estates to multiple legitimate heirs and no longer exclusively in the firstborn male line.

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In the fall of 1286 Ottone Visconti decided to break the truce by gathering a new army in Legnano. He then attacked Castelseprio, still ruled by Guido da Castiglione, which partially surrendered: Ottone managed to sack the town but not the fortress, which resisted. In February 1287 a peace table

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Surrounding Legnano Castle was a network of underground tunnels whose function was to connect the estates of the owners of the fortification and the properties of the families related to them. These tunnels made possible an eventual escape from the castle or also allowed the inhabitants of the

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The castle of Legnano, upon the death of Oldrado II, which occurred in 1460, passed to his nephew Giovanni Andrea Lampugnani, the son of his brother Maffiolo, who had meanwhile passed away: Oldrado in fact had no male children. Giovanni Andrea was succeeded by his son Oldrado III Lampugnani as

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Between 1261 and 1273, as a confirmation of their strong control over the Legnanese, the Della Torre family expanded the former monastery building by constructing two wings - one to the right and the other to the left of the original tower - which became the original core of the castle perhaps

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became enfranchised from imperial power and their entire population obtained the possibility of electing consuls. Previously, the government of cities was held by the bishop, the nobles and the upper class: in particular, Milan was governed by a lordship at the apex of which was the archbishop

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Although the castle had begun to lose its strategic importance from the previous century, the subsequent transfer of ownership between members of the Lampugnani family, made necessary by the death of Oldrado III, which occurred in 1528, was not without its problems, as it was characterized by

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Oldrado II Lampugnani had already earlier begun a series of operations aimed at expanding his land holdings with the purchase of several pieces of land, especially around the castle of Legnano. The intent was clear: to one day own the fortress of Legnano. Oldrado II was moved above all by the

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along with the other properties associated with it, including a water mill along the Olona River, the so-called Cornaggia mill, which is located to the south, not far from the fortification, also on the island where the castle stands. The Cornaggia family was a wealthy family originally from

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in 1311, who temporarily succeeded in imposing himself in the lordship of Milan for a short time. In the 15th century, a political and administrative link was created between the Visconti and the Lampugnani, which led to the transfer of the ownership of the castle to the latter noble family.

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This religious building was used both as a private place of worship and as a family tomb. As for works of art, the little church is devoid of wall decorations except for tomb inscriptions. There is only a painting depicting St. George that can be dated to the early part of the 19th century.

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of San Magno from 1628 to 1653, calls the sacred building by the name "private oratory of San Giorgio." On the documents of 1686 and 1779 the name is reiterated in "church of St. George," while the written testimony of 1845 shows the dedication to St. Angelo. Over the centuries all possible

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As a result, a phase of decline began for the Legnano Castle, as it was no longer followed directly by their owners. In 1883, the Cornaggia family decided to turn the castle into a farm, given the conspicuous landed properties in its surroundings that provided a large amount of hay: from an

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In the 16th century, the village experienced a phase of decline, as it began to untie itself from Milan and gradually lost its strategic function; in this way, it turned from an important military outpost into a simple agricultural center. Already since the previous century, Seprio lost its

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by the last descendant of the family, Count Francesco Maria II Lampugnani, who had secured the property after succession problems and had no direct heirs. Francesco Maria II was the son of Ferdinando III: he was the sole heir of the castle after the death of his brother Giovanni Andrea II.

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members: the various lineages in fact coveted the chance to have their own relatives in this assembly that could have influenced the chapter's choices in their favor. As the documents show, the chapter of the monastery, at the time of its cession to the Della Torre family, consisted of the

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Continuing southward, the appearance of this building in fact changes: evidence of this change is the style of the windows, which is different. In this wing there are, on the first floor, the rooms where the Lampugnani lived, rooms that are characterized by the absence of decorations and

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characteristics of his residence, the Lampugnani Manor, which was located in the historic center of Legnano: this mansion, which was purchased by Oldrado II in 1419, was too stately and not very militaristic, and therefore did not suit, in his opinion, his resolute and warlike character.

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The right towers, on the other hand, are frescoed, as already mentioned, with floral festoon motifs that are supported by rings: however, only traces of these works remain. The study of these traces of painting has led to determine the time of their creation: since they were made in the

881:, which he handed over to the Visconti. Gabrino Fondulo was then executed in the public square on February 12, 1425. For this reason Filippo Maria, in order to repay him for his services, which were both military and diplomatic, in 1437 gave Oldrado II the castle of Legnano as a gift: 1585:

The building to the south of the complex, distinguished by white plaster in the Baroque style, which is parallel to the southern walls and was built by Oldrado II Lampugnani in the 15th century. On the right, part of the barns and stables built by the Cornaggia marquises in the 20th

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right towers with floral motifs. The Cornaggia family used the castle as a summer residence until the end of the 19th century, when they decided not to inhabit it anymore even during the hottest season by staying all year round in their main stately home, which was located in Milan.

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style. Other remnants of the thirteenth-century construction, this time more tangible, are the part of the building immediately adjacent to the old lookout tower, which has a similar different style corresponding to that of the latter. This wing has dimensions 7.5 m by 30 m.

789:(February 21, 1339). In particular, Lodrisio had hired three hundred mercenaries of English origin who came from Verona and whom he paid with money from tributes paid by the local population. The battle then had as its epilogue the defeat of Lodrisio, who was taken prisoner. 622:

are in the midst of perverse and powerful people residing in Legnano, so that they cannot live quietly without danger to their persons and the property of the Church . has been abandoned and almost destroyed for more than 30 years because of the above-mentioned injustices

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In order to avoid unpleasant consequences, and considering the political situation of the time, which was unstable and characterized by continuous wars, the friars decided to abandon the monastery by signing on October 14, 1261 a notarial deed of exchange with the brothers

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View from the east of the castle after the arrangement of the river banks and the square in front of the fortification. On the right, the secondary branch of the Olona River, the Olonella, which with the main course of the river forms the island on which the fortification

1673:. In this locality, a similar small doorway was found in the basement of a 15th-century mansion house located in modern Magenta Street, leading to a section of a tunnel going in the direction of the Legnano Castle: however, the tunnel is interrupted due to a landslide. 1484:

Both the grating and the drawbridge, including the mechanisms, were removed during the period when the castle was used as a farm by the Cornaggia family. Until the 20th century on the first floor of the main keep was a bridge scale that was used to weigh farm wagons.

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sufficiently secure from a military point of view: the Cotta castle, in fact, was difficult to expand unless a too large number of houses in the city center were demolished. The archbishop then granted the castle's small church of St. George the use of a consecrated

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Oldrado II Lampugnani also built the sturdy walls enclosing the structure, which are between one and two meters thick and 5.2 meters high from the bottom of the moat. They once had a perimeter of 80 m by 120 m, while today they outline a rectangle of 80 m by 70 m.

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The first Lampugnani to gravitate to the lordly court of the Visconti was Umberto, whose father, Oldrado I, had already performed some services for the lords of Milan. It was Umberto, however, who held important roles in the court: having graduated in law from the

816:, during which they stole all the valuables found in local houses and kidnapped some local nobles. The events related to the Battle of Parabiago were the last endowed of any importance involving Legnano: since 1339 the village was no longer a protagonist in the 1289:

remain from this use. The scaffolding holes that were used at the time to carry out the work of this conversion have also come down to the 21st century: they are rough hut-shaped niches and can be distinctly seen on the walls of this portion of the castle.

1200:

their presence. At the Ca' Granda in Milan there are some paintings that depicted members of the Lampugnani family and that may have once been in the castle: whether they were actually in the Legnanese fortification, the date of their transfer is unknown.

854:. In this context all of Umberto's five sons had the opportunity to be later involved, with different roles, in the administration of the duchy. Prominent among them all was Oldrado II, who later had an important career, so much so that he became tutor to 1384:

Other documents where the modern church is mentioned are dated 1580, 1640, 1686, 1779 and 1845, although the house of worship is mentioned under different titles. The document of 1580, which in turn recalls a writing of 1262, gives the name "oratories of

1017:, in retaliation for his loyalty to Ludovico Sforza, in 1524 set fire to the Legnano Castle. Oldrado III, upon his return to the Duchy of Milan, later restored the historic Legnano fortified residence, given the extensive damage suffered from the flames. 820:. To return to national prominence, Legnano would have to wait for its industrialization, which for the town of Legnano occurred in the 19th century: the pace and scale of this transformation had few other comparable examples on the European continent. 1619:

The east side of the structure. Behind the walls and the remains of the flooded moat, other stables built in the 19th century can be glimpsed, this time to the left of the main keep, after the transformation of the structure into an agricultural

1394:

references, for example on frescoes, that might have mentioned the dedication of this place of worship have since disappeared. However, the dedication of the little church to St. George is reiterated by Guido Sutermeister in one of his writings:

976:

After the wheat had been harvested, the Count, together with Carlo Gonzaga and the two Piccinini, who had returned to Milan without doing anything, besieged S. Giorgio, a castle with strong walls and moats, well guarded by many Milanese.

1699:. However, the Visconti Castle of Legnano was built by enlarging and fortifying the ancient convent of Augustinians only after the famous armed clash of May 29, 1176: in fact, the military outpost used by the Lombard League during the 1188:, which was purchased in 1939 by a well-known history and art enthusiast from Legnano. In the same years a wealthy Milanese aristocrat purchased two valuable 19th-century oval canvases representing two members of the Cornaggia family. 646:

paid a considerable amount of money for the purchase of the land located in Limito: this confirms that this family considered the acquisition of the monastery, which was considered of significant strategic value, to be very important.

580:") who had settled on land bordering those of the archbishopric. This situation was a consequence of the struggles between the Milanese archbishopric and some nobles, a war that was a direct consequence of the events that followed the 1564:

in Milan between 1450 and 1466, from which Oldrado II Lampugnani drew inspiration, albeit with the difference in the material used: instead of the more expensive stone, the cheaper brick was opted for fortification in Legnano.

770:

between the two contenders was organized in Legnano, probably at the castle, but to no avail. Castelseprio then capitulated on March 28, 1287, when it was razed to the ground by Ottone Visconti, who managed to conquer it.

1266:

performed in the 15th century later restored all the floors to the same level. Originally, this portion of the building, when it served as a tower, was taller and had an additional floor at the top marked by defensive

617:

and Francesco della Torre and their nephew Erecco, although it is not known whether of their own free will or forcibly obliged. The motivation for this choice, as can be read on this document, is described as follows:

386:

The defense of Legnano was important because its eventual conquest could allow Milan's enemies easy access to the northwestern Milanese countryside due to the fact that it was located at the outlet of the

1020:

Legnano Castle was considered very important from a strategic point of view, so much so that in 1526, during the third Sforza Duchy, the captain of Seprio Giovanni Arcimboldi, who had his headquarters in

501:

to St. George. Hypotheses discarded by scholars consider instead that the reference to the saint derives from the municipality of San Giorgio su Legnano, which in the early 15th century was known as

908:

that is now known as the "Cornaggia mill" was also part of this real estate. Specifically, these purchases were made on October 8, 1426, according to a document of the time. 8,706 lire were paid.

1457:

On this building, above the entrance, there is a coat of arms made of Candoglia marble, measuring 1 by 1.2 meters, rather elaborate, of the Lampugnani family: above this coat of arms there is an

1217:. Inside the Visconti Castle is based the "college of captains and contrade", that is, a body that has the function of coordinating the activities, actions and intentions of the captains of the 1628:

In the same century, more stables and barns were built, this time on the far left of the main keep, which feature brickwork and ogival arches. This construction was built above the so-called "

1737:". It has in its program performances, exhibitions, culinary and musical events, cultural initiatives and historical reenactments that are set in the Middle Ages. The festival closes with a 3290: 1082:

In another letter of mine, dated the 19th of this month, I wrote to Your Excellency how the enemies had descended to the castle of St. George to enter it, but they did not succeed.

742:. Ottone Visconti decided to move toward the Della Torre stronghold by settling in Legnano, where he gathered his army. War, however, was temporarily avoided: the two sides met in 1025:

and who also had jurisdiction over Legnano, asked the ducal authorities and the Lampugnani family for the use of the Legnano fortification. In those years the war raged between

2010: 1302:

On the left is the part of the building constructed between 1261 and 1273 by the Della Torre family. It is located north of the ruins of the watchtower, toward Toselli Avenue.

654:

and several properties between the parishes of Dairago and Parabiago. In this way, the noble family of Milan carried out a real occupation of the land and the economy of the

963:'s army, whose goal was to seize the lordship of Milan after the death of Filippo Maria Visconti and the proclamation of the republic, encamped in Legnano after conquering 3747: 1481:

castle by means of some trap doors that could be opened above the attackers, as well as by the loopholes and wooden walkways located in the courtyard facing the keep.

785:, decided to establish his headquarters in Legnano, perhaps at the Visconti Castle. The armed clash between the two fractions occurred not far from Legnano, at the 750:

also obtained the annuity of some lands bordering the castle, given their economic situation, which had worsened a lot with the presence of the Della Torre family.

3976: 1078:

dated November 22, 1526, after the siege had already taken place, written by Giovanni Arcimboldi and addressed to the Milanese authorities, one can in fact read:

1127:

that traded cotton and had been present in Legnano since 1598. In 1748 the Cornaggia family expanded their properties, and through the purchase of the "fief on

923:

View from the west of the castle before the arrangement of the river banks and the square in front of the structure. On the left, the main branch of the Olona.

361:

had from the Middle Ages to the 16th century. Legnano was located along an important medieval communication route that ran along the Olona River and connected

1473:. On the facade of the main tower there were some frescoes, of which only a few traces remain, that may have depicted Saint George or a noble coat of arms. 3852: 1345:. These decorations were made in the 16th century by the painter Gian Giacomo Lampugnani, who also supervised, among other things, the construction of the 1045:(February 24, 1525), the imperial troops had military dominance in Italy: in particular, in northwestern Lombardy, the Spaniards had their headquarters in 1533:, and the chimney pots, which are also of a refined style. In the 17th century, on the other hand, the railings of the balcony windows were put in place. 943:

to families loyal to the lords of Milan. When Oldrado II moved to the castle, the Lampugnani Manor became the official residence of his brother Maffiolo.

4081: 62: 1310:

On the right, the part of the building built between 1261 and 1273 by the Della Torre family and rebuilt between 1523 and 1528 by Oldrado III Lampugnani

746:

to sign a truce, which provided for the abandonment of Castelseprio by the Della Torre, whose place was taken by Guido da Castiglione, their associate.

474:, whose presence is documented as early as 1231. However, this religious building does not appear in the register of churches in Goffredo da Bussero's 3962: 718:

two sovereigns. On documents of the time, the event is described by mentioning that the English royals were hosted "at Santo Georgio near Legnano."

3999: 1173:

disappeared. As late as 1940, the year Sutermeister wrote his work, a wooden bed characterized by the presence of four candelabra turrets in the

1142: 1001:

possessor of the Legnanese fortress. Oldrado III, who was later appointed senator of Milan, was forced to flee as an exile to France following

713:

on their way back from a trip to the Middle East. The two guests were taken to the Legnano castle, thus considered a prestigious residence, by

792:

The consequences of this affair continued even after the end of hostilities. Lodrisio's three hundred mercenaries, who were at first hired by

4283: 4201: 1684:

In the 20th century, during several excavations, other sections of these tunnels a few meters long were found. A first section, not far from

576:

The monks of the convent of San Giorgio, as shown in an ancient document, were subjected to harassment by some powerful people in the area ("

4191: 3294: 1653:

of Legnano Castle, which is recognizable by a small grating. The building that houses it is the stable located to the left of the main keep

682:, which in the struggle between the people and the archbishopric sided with the latter: the Della Torre family tried to have their brother 481:

This monastery, which included a small church also dedicated to St. George, owned much of the arable land that extended beyond Legnano to

1013:'s invasion of the Duchy of Milan; during his exile, Lampugnani was confiscated of all his property, including Legnano Castle. Commander 927:

In 1445 Lampugnani obtained permission to fortify the building, and the following year he built the towers, defensive walls, a floodable

462:

The inner courtyard of the castle in a 1905 image. To the left of the main keep, the small church dedicated to St. George can be glimpsed

4076: 4071: 3985: 2298: 738:, which caused the expulsion of the Della Torre family from Milan and its countryside. The latter fled northward and occupied, in 1285, 565: 525: 1477:

water froze, it was simply necessary to open the lock and empty it into the basin so that the ice fell on the steep walls of the moat.

1054:

from Lord Oldrado Lampugnano, making him understand the great benefit it would be to the country if he would grant me the said castle .

642:

Ruggero de Quinque Viis, known as Cippus, and others by three clergymen, Guiscardo da Viggiù, Guido Lampugnani and Mainfredo Toppus.

633:

The main motivation for the local nobles to put great pressure on the monks lay in their claim to have a voice in the appointment of

4216: 4111: 2017: 1469:

and has been credited to Oldrado II for the role the noble Lampugnani played in some negotiations between the Duke of Milan and the

823:

The castle of Legnano and its properties were administered by the Visconti family until the 15th century: the only exceptions were

4196: 1497:

The battlements of the defensive walls to the north of the complex, which were built in the 15th century by Oldrado II Lampugnani

1195:

Nighttime glimpse of Legnano Castle. In the center, behind the battlements, are the coats of arms of the eight Legnano districts.

93: 1607:

the castle took on the characteristics of a fortified stately home equipped with large spaces and halls useful for the purpose.

4268: 4161: 4106: 4046: 4029: 3845: 870: 4247: 3911: 1637:

barns were made with the building material obtained from the demolition of the southern towers and battlements of the walls.

1346: 561: 1150:

It was probably during this period that the castle was stripped of all its artwork and fine furniture, as also witnessed by

329:) since the 13th century. The architectural complex is located on Viale Toselli, between Castello Park and Piazza I Maggio. 1030: 904:

of land distributed in the modern municipalities of Legnano, Canegrate, San Vittore Olona and San Giorgio su Legnano. The

4306: 3673: 4370: 4360: 4242: 4056: 782: 529: 251: 3157: 671:

engaged in with Leone da Perego. According to other studies, the tower may have been built by Uberto Visconti instead.

239:

1287: A peace table was organized in Legnano, probably at the castle, between Guido da Castiglione and Ottone Visconti;

4186: 4171: 4091: 1376: 1357: 552:

Other evidence of the presence in Legnano of conspicuous landed properties belonging to the Church was the so-called "

4278: 4211: 4086: 4061: 3838: 1158:

From the time I got to know the castle, that is, from 1906, it had been practically stripped of almost everything

690:

The warlike operations between the Viscontis and Della Torre, however, took place far from Legnano, mainly around

4226: 4221: 4176: 4141: 4131: 4116: 4066: 3601:

The publications of "Il Belvedere" - San Giorgio su Legnano - under the patronage of the municipal administration

1733:

The Visconti Castle in Legnano is the site of a festival that takes place towards the end of June and is called "

956: 678:

was appointed archbishop of Milan, ending the vacant archiepiscopal see. Ottone belonged to a noble family, the

4206: 4121: 4101: 4096: 4051: 1370: 1285:

were allocated in the original watchtower: the channels dug on the stone floor that were used to transport the

1506:

corresponds to the old lookout tower. This walkway was removed in the 16th century by Oldrado III Lampugnani.

1341:

ceilings, while on the upper floor there are two bedrooms, which are frescoed with motifs representing marble

687:

in particular, they further expanded their possessions, making the village one of their military strongholds.

1658:

surrounding areas to take refuge in the manor. Such tunnels were mainly used in the 14th and 15th centuries.

601:. More generally, the Della Torre family in this area acquired several landed properties between Legnano and 593:

had arisen after the Battle of Legnano: the most important noble family that opposed Leone da Perego was the

4181: 4156: 3941: 3816: 1722: 1615: 1596: 1214: 936: 773:

In 1339 Legnano was again affected by political and military events related to Milan. In the mentioned year

3708:

Il Palio di Legnano : Sagra del Carroccio e Palio delle Contrade nella storia e nella vita della città

4273: 4136: 3947: 3935: 3873: 1685: 946: 855: 847: 739: 695: 498: 514: 379:), the Via Severiana Augusta, which existed since Roman times. The modern Simplon road, built during the 4293: 4011: 3953: 3809: 1509: 1493: 1068:

Inner courtyard of the castle. On the left, the part of the castle plastered white in the Baroque style.

919: 714: 614: 285: 271: 224: 2011:"Regione Lombardia - ARPA - Contratto di fiume Olona Bozzente Lura - Rapporto del primo anno di lavoro" 1665:: this entrance, which was walled up when this room was used as an icehouse, was discovered in 1935 by 1242:

The remains of the ancient lookout tower, dating back to 1231 and later incorporated into the building

3923: 1742: 1692: 1633: 1441:

The main keep, which was built between 1437 and 1445, pictured from the square in front of the castle

1098: 793: 683: 610: 478:, which describes the religious context of the Milan area in the late 13th and early 14th centuries. 1110: 4332: 3966: 3929: 3893: 1369:, which was built in 1440 probably on the remains of the temple belonging to the former convent of 1278: 1273:

As for decorations, those on the ground floor have disappeared, while on the upper floor there are

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Notizie Archeologiche Zona Legnanese. Notizie storiche Castello di Legnano. Tutela paesaggio.

4365: 4166: 4151: 4017: 4005: 3729: 3711: 1676: 1645: 1466: 1386: 1361:

On the left, next to the main keep, the small church of St. George, which dates back to 1440

1314: 1306: 1298: 1253: 1238: 1222: 1064: 992: 817: 585: 211: 1625:

walls (except for a short section), and demolished the towers to the south of the complex.

1581: 1437: 4339: 3993: 3899: 3881: 3440: 1759: 1551: 1513:

One of the defensive towers, which were built in the 15th century by Oldrado II Lampugnani

1074: 1042: 1002: 778: 735: 731: 675: 458: 418: 275: 247: 128: 1721:

present in Legnano from the 10th to the 13th/14th centuries on the area where the modern

1114:

The remains of the Cornaggia mill in Legnano, located downstream from the Visconti castle

1257:

On the left, the remains of the ancient watchtower, later incorporated into the building

3766:

I Lombardi che fecero l'impresa. La Lega Lombarda e il Barbarossa tra storia e leggenda

1470: 901: 851: 506: 414: 380: 4354: 4288: 4146: 3869: 1718: 1462: 1046: 1038: 968: 964: 866: 805: 691: 655: 490: 430: 422: 376: 306: 3823: 1213:

part of the SALe Legnano project, it has been an exhibition venue together with the

955:

In 1448 Legnano was the scene of a phase of the clashes between the Sforzas and the

357:

The presence of a castle in Legnano is linked to the strategic function the city of

4320: 1592: 1570: 1366: 1119: 1118:

In 1798 the castle was purchased by Marquis Carlo Cristoforo Cornaggia for 124,620

628:

Deed of cession of the early convent and surrounding land to the Della Torre family

598: 532:

of Milan. This document, which is also the first that mentions the village, reads:

471: 467: 1741:

display. Since 2017, the island where Legnano's Visconti Castle stands has hosted

753: 1398:

Why St George's Castle? A small church with an unknown convent gave it its name.

1754: 1128: 1010: 905: 878: 651: 594: 399: 303: 182: 393: 1600: 1556: 1365:

Within the perimeter of the castle there is still a small church dedicated to

1267: 1247: 932: 913: 674:

Shortly after the Della Torre family purchased the convent, on July 22, 1262,

667: 363: 413:

In the Upper Milanese area, castles were numerous. The fortresses of Crenna,

108: 95: 3161: 1738: 1546: 1282: 1180: 1022: 1006: 560:

and one of its secondary branches, the Olonella, located east of the modern

482: 434: 383:, echoes in its layout the ancient road in use in Roman and medieval times. 358: 3240: 1389:," while the written record of 1640, which was compiled by Agostino Pozzo, 996:

Inner courtyard of the castle. On the left, the small church of San Giorgio

403:

capital of Milan also supplied Milan with part of the foodstuffs produced.

3699:

Il Castello di Legnano. Fascino e suggestione di una testimonianza storica

877:, from whom he also took away all his properties, including the castle of 254:, decided to establish his headquarters in Legnano, probably at the castle 4263: 1342: 1185: 1124: 967:; with the support of Oldrado II Lampugnani, these troops then conquered 813: 809: 801: 4327: 210:

1449: It was besieged and conquered by Francesco Piccinino, opponent of

1787:

Some of the exterior decorations of the buildings are in baroque style.

1695:

managed to escape and save himself after the defeat he suffered in the

1522: 1412:

The Legnano fortification was commonly called "Castle of San Giorgio" (

1329: 1174: 900:

to the modern Legnano district of Costa di San Giorgio, a total of 857

874: 797: 602: 494: 438: 426: 337: 310: 289: 37: 1669:. The tunnel beginning at this entrance connected Legnano Castle with 1191: 1131:" from the Crivelli family, they obtained the noble title of marquis. 1530: 1338: 1274: 1221:, that is, the historical districts that participate annually in the 743: 705:

Legnano Castle hosted for one night in April 1273 the English royals

662:

The Della Torre family transforms the convent into a fortified castle

3830: 1545:

The towers are 12.5 m high and have a diameter of 5.5 m: they have

3241:""La campanella, il guerriero e il portone ritornino al castello"" 1675: 1661:

One of the entrances to the tunnels is located inside the ancient

1644: 1614: 1580: 1526: 1508: 1492: 1458: 1448: 1436: 1413: 1375: 1356: 1313: 1305: 1297: 1252: 1237: 1190: 1141: 1109: 1063: 991: 945: 918: 763: 752: 589:

although, formally, the city had a republican form of government.

557: 466:

The origins of Legnano Castle are linked to an ancient convent of

457: 368: 344: 336: 322: 314: 572:

The convent of San Giorgio is passed on to the Della Torre family

1286: 928: 3834: 3811:

Lombardia Beni Culturali – Castello di S. Giorgio, Legnano (MI)

220:, which caused a fire that severely damaged the entire complex; 850:, due to his academic knowledge, in the administration of the 730:

following the defeat suffered by Napoleone della Torre in the

3653:"Torna la festa al Castello di Legnano: tre giorni di eventi" 1453:

The entrance to the castle, which is located at the main keep

1281:. When the castle was converted into an agricultural estate, 345: 3775:

Legnano: il suo sviluppo, i suoi monumenti, le sue industrie

846:, of which he was also a full professor, he was involved by 1319:

and rebuilt between 1523 and 1528 by Oldrado III Lampugnani

734:(January 21, 1277) at the hands of the Archbishop of Milan 3491: 3489: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 777:, with the intention of becoming lord of Milan by ousting 3582: 3580: 3578: 1691:

According to a legend, from one of these tunnels Emperor

1097:

Lampugnani family until 1729, when it was donated to the

3541: 3539: 3537: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 2830: 2828: 2803: 2801: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2322: 2320: 2660: 2658: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1931: 1929: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1806: 1804: 1802: 505:("locality of San Giorgio, of the parish of Parabiago, 441:

possessed castles, later destroyed over the centuries.

3399: 3397: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2188: 2186: 2184: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1839: 4304: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2910: 2908: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2416: 2414: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2151: 2149: 2101: 2099: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1819: 2594: 2592: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1902: 4256: 4235: 4039: 3984: 3868: 1294:

The buildings constructed by the Della Torre family

265: 260: 232: 223:1526: Unsuccessful siege by the imperial troops of 203: 193: 178: 170: 165: 157: 147: 139: 134: 124: 87: 21: 3721:San Giorgio su Legnano - storia, società, ambiente 584:(May 29, 1176): after the victory of Legnano, the 1680:The stables located to the left of the main keep. 69: 51:Night view with the Olona river in the foreground 3674:"Il Rugby Sound trasloca all'isola del castello" 3965:, daughter of Gian Galeazzo and grandmother of 3794:Carlo Perogalli; Enzo Pifferi; Angelo Contino. 3757:Legnano. Una città, la sua storia, la sua anima 1396: 1156: 1080: 1073:the use of the castle to the Spaniards and the 1051: 974: 883: 796:, left the latter to indulge in the sacking of 620: 503:locus Sancti Georgi Plebis Parabiaghi Duc. Mlni 429:have also come down to the 21st century, while 3755:Ferrarini, Gabriella; Marco Stadiotti (2001). 3441:"Memorie della società arte e storia- Legnano" 3846: 3597: 3595: 513:it deals with an exchange of land located in 8: 3746:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 556:," which was a natural island formed by the 2299:"Da sito web istituzionale - Cenni storici" 1745:, a summer music event of national appeal. 1204:The purchase by the municipality of Legnano 3853: 3839: 3831: 537:curtem proprietatis nostre in Leunianello 18: 3647: 3645: 3643: 564:and named so because it was owned by the 3956:, daughter of Filippo Maria and wife of 1577:The building to the south of the complex 1380:Detail of the small church of St. George 1234:The remains of the ancient lookout tower 4311: 3293:. contradalegnarello.it. Archived from 3152: 3150: 3148: 1798: 1780: 3739: 3734:Profilo storico della città di Legnano 3291:"Collegio dei Capitani delle Contrade" 3160:. spaziartelegnano.com. Archived from 1154:. In this regard, Sutermeister wrote: 757:The Visconti castle of Legnano in 2015 4284:Visconti Bridge (Valeggio sul Mincio) 2752: 2750: 2016:. contrattidifiume.it. Archived from 7: 3787:Il castello di Legnano - Memorie n°8 3773:Raimondi, Giovanni Battista (1913). 3728:D'Ilario, Giorgio; Egidio Gianazza, 1525:, which feature exquisitely crafted 1641:The network of underground passages 1521:Oldrado III also made the exterior 906:milling plant along the Olona River 726:In 1277 the building passed to the 2301:. sangiorgiosl.org. Archived from 885:as a gift the castle of Legnano . 540:with our properties in Legnanello 476:Liber Notitiae Sanctorum Mediolani 454:Origins: the convent of St. George 14: 3818:Città di Legnano - Parco Castello 3634: 3586: 3569: 3557: 3545: 3528: 3516: 3495: 3480: 3461: 3403: 3368: 3351: 3339: 3277: 3227: 3215: 3203: 3191: 3139: 3127: 3115: 3103: 3040: 3019: 3007: 2995: 2938: 2926: 2914: 2887: 2875: 2858: 2846: 2834: 2819: 2807: 2792: 2768: 2741: 2729: 2717: 2705: 2664: 2637: 2625: 2583: 2571: 2525: 2420: 2374: 2350: 2326: 2262: 2235: 2192: 2140: 2128: 2105: 2090: 2078: 2042: 1956: 1935: 1920: 1893: 1876: 1810: 1146:The castle before the renovations 4338: 4326: 4314: 3975: 3825:Parco dei Mulini - Official site 3701:. Ed. Museo civico Sutermeister. 2649: 2598: 2552: 2405: 2054: 1428:The extensions of the Lampugnani 1035:Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire 317:. It has also been known as the 68: 61: 45: 4269:Hours of Gian Galeazzo Visconti 3622: 1611:The extensions of the Cornaggia 858:, one of Gian Galeazzo's sons. 3610: 3427: 3327: 3315: 2899: 2780: 2756: 2688: 2676: 2468: 2451: 2432: 2362: 2338: 2285: 2155: 2066: 1997: 1985: 1973: 1859: 1465:, which is on the neck of the 1353:The small church of St. George 666:When the canons left, a small 349:The Legnano castle during the 1: 3415: 189:houses, Oldrado II Lampugnani 29:Castello Visconteo di Legnano 3158:"Il castello di San Giorgio" 1549:at the height of the wooden 1005:, who was dethroned by King 988:The successors of Oldrado II 982:Document dating back to 1530 861:Upon Gian Galeazzo's death, 246:, before waging war against 3719:Agnoletto, Attilio (1992). 1178:artistic value, such as an 313:on a natural island in the 4387: 4040:Castles and fortifications 3764:Percivaldi, Elena (2009). 530:monastery of Sant'Ambrogio 524:between Pietro I Oldrati, 3973: 1595:ceiling embellished with 1229:The architectural complex 599:vacant archiepiscopal see 586:medieval Lombard communes 341:Aerial view of the castle 283: 76:Visconti Castle (Legnano) 56: 44: 35: 26: 22:Visconti Castle (Legnano) 4082:Castelletto sopra Ticino 3789:. Tipografica Legnanese. 1725:and Galleria INA stand. 652:mills on the Olona River 546:Lombard Diplomatic Codex 406:When it belonged to the 161:Good (survived portions) 16:Castle in Legnano, Italy 4279:Trezzo sull'Adda Bridge 3798:. Como: Editrice E.P.I. 2759:, Castello di Legnano). 1723:Palazzo Leone da Perego 1489:The walls and courtyard 1041:, and a year after the 863:Giovanni Maria Visconti 143:Municipality of Legnano 4274:Azzone Visconti Bridge 4248:Santa Maria alla Scala 3890:(1294–1302; 1311–1322) 3732:, Marco Turri (1984). 3443:. societaartestoria.it 1686:San Giorgio su Legnano 1681: 1654: 1621: 1587: 1514: 1498: 1454: 1442: 1410: 1381: 1362: 1320: 1311: 1303: 1258: 1246:The lower part of the 1243: 1215:Leone da Perego palace 1196: 1170: 1165:Il castello di Legnano 1147: 1115: 1090: 1069: 1062: 997: 985: 952: 937:Leone da Perego palace 924: 893: 890:Filippo Maria Visconti 856:Filippo Maria Visconti 848:Gian Galeazzo Visconti 758: 631: 499:San Giorgio su Legnano 463: 354: 342: 4294:Visconti-Sforza Tarot 4243:San Giovanni in Conca 3796:Castelli in Lombardia 3777:. Pianezza e Ferrari. 2650:Various authors (2015 2599:Various authors (2015 2553:Various authors (2015 2406:Various authors (2015 2055:Various authors (2015 1679: 1648: 1618: 1584: 1512: 1496: 1452: 1440: 1418:Castrum Sancti Georgi 1379: 1360: 1347:basilica of San Magno 1317: 1309: 1301: 1256: 1241: 1194: 1145: 1113: 1067: 1031:Charles V of Habsburg 1009:of France during the 995: 949: 922: 756: 562:basilica of San Magno 461: 375:(Lake Verbano, i.e., 348: 340: 327:Castrum Sancti Georgi 319:castle of San Giorgio 309:that stands south of 279:Oldrado II Lampugnani 272:Napoleone della Torre 225:Charles V of Habsburg 3986:Archbishops of Milan 3912:Giovanni, archbishop 3706:Autori vari (2015). 3531:, pp. 221–222). 3498:, pp. 219–220). 3354:, pp. 216–218). 3218:, pp. 224–225). 2795:, pp. 218–219). 2586:, pp. 222–223). 2574:, pp. 217–218). 1693:Frederick Barbarossa 1649:The entrance to the 1537:The secondary towers 1403:Guido Sutermeister, 1163:Guido Sutermeister, 1099:Policlinico of Milan 939:in the city center. 871:Francesco da Bussone 794:Galeazzo II Visconti 578:magnates et potentes 566:archdiocese of Milan 554:Braida Arcivescovile 261:Garrison information 109:45.58583°N 8.92472°E 4371:Palaces in Lombardy 4361:Castles in Lombardy 4192:Romano di Lombardia 3967:Louis XII of France 3736:. Edizioni Landoni. 1184:presumably made by 1087:Giovanni Arcimboldi 1059:Giovanni Arcimboldi 1027:Francesco II Sforza 844:University of Pavia 787:Battle of Parabiago 707:Edward I of England 526:archbishop of Milan 353:event, 2015 edition 174:13th–15th centuries 105: / 3958:Francesco I Sforza 3882:Ottone, archbishop 3783:Guido Sutermeister 3768:. Ancora Editrice. 3759:. Telesio editore. 3587:Sutermeister (1940 3570:Sutermeister (1940 3558:Sutermeister (1940 3546:Sutermeister (1940 3517:Sutermeister (1940 3481:Sutermeister (1940 3462:Sutermeister (1940 3369:Sutermeister (1940 3340:Sutermeister (1940 3206:, p. 21amin). 3204:Sutermeister (1940 3192:Sutermeister (1940 3140:Sutermeister (1940 3130:, pp. 75–77). 3128:Sutermeister (1940 3118:, pp. 69–71). 3116:Sutermeister (1940 3041:Sutermeister (1940 3020:Sutermeister (1940 3008:Sutermeister (1940 2939:Sutermeister (1940 2927:Sutermeister (1940 2859:Sutermeister (1940 2849:, pp. 34–35). 2847:Sutermeister (1940 2835:Sutermeister (1940 2820:Sutermeister (1940 2808:Sutermeister (1940 2769:Sutermeister (1940 2742:Sutermeister (1940 2730:Sutermeister (1940 2718:Sutermeister (1940 2706:Sutermeister (1940 2665:Sutermeister (1940 2638:Sutermeister (1940 2327:Sutermeister (1940 2129:Sutermeister (1940 1957:Sutermeister (1940 1936:Sutermeister (1940 1894:Sutermeister (1940 1877:Sutermeister (1940 1811:Sutermeister (1940 1765:History of Legnano 1682: 1667:Guido Sutermeister 1655: 1622: 1588: 1562:Castello Sforzesco 1555:, while there are 1515: 1499: 1455: 1443: 1382: 1363: 1321: 1312: 1304: 1279:Renaissance period 1259: 1244: 1197: 1152:Guido Sutermeister 1148: 1116: 1070: 998: 953: 925: 766:in December 1277. 759: 711:Eleanor of Castile 595:Della Torre family 464: 355: 343: 333:Strategic function 4302: 4301: 3862:Visconti of Milan 3243:. legnanonews.com 1770:Visconti of Milan 1735:Castello in festa 1701:Battle of Legnano 1697:Battle of Legnano 1671:San Vittore Olona 1015:Teodoro Trivulzio 957:Milanese Republic 825:Guido della Torre 775:Lodrisio Visconti 582:Battle of Legnano 487:San Vittore Olona 351:Castello in festa 296: 295: 244:Lodrisio Visconti 218:Teodoro Trivulzio 114:45.58583; 8.92472 4378: 4343: 4342: 4331: 4330: 4319: 4318: 4317: 4310: 4202:Trezzo sull'Adda 4167:Oleggio Castello 3979: 3855: 3848: 3841: 3832: 3799: 3790: 3778: 3769: 3760: 3751: 3745: 3737: 3730:Augusto Marinoni 3724: 3715: 3712:Banca di Legnano 3702: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3649: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3623:Percivaldi (2009 3620: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3599: 3590: 3584: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3499: 3493: 3484: 3478: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3372: 3366: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3297:on 18 April 2015 3287: 3281: 3275: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3154: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3044: 3038: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2903: 2897: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2754: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2692: 2686: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2653: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2623: 2602: 2596: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2556: 2550: 2529: 2523: 2472: 2466: 2455: 2449: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2409: 2403: 2378: 2372: 2366: 2360: 2354: 2348: 2342: 2336: 2330: 2324: 2315: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2266: 2260: 2239: 2233: 2196: 2190: 2159: 2153: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2126: 2109: 2103: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2058: 2052: 2046: 2040: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2022: 2015: 2007: 2001: 1995: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1971: 1960: 1954: 1939: 1933: 1924: 1918: 1897: 1891: 1880: 1874: 1863: 1857: 1814: 1808: 1788: 1785: 1713: 1518:have weathered. 1408: 1223:Palio di Legnano 1219:Legnano contrade 1168: 1088: 1060: 983: 961:Francesco Sforza 891: 818:history of Italy 783:Luchino Visconti 629: 523: 398:, which ends at 397: 252:Luchino Visconti 216:1524: attack by 212:Francesco Sforza 135:Site information 120: 119: 117: 116: 115: 110: 106: 103: 102: 101: 98: 72: 71: 65: 49: 40: 19: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4376: 4375: 4351: 4350: 4349: 4337: 4325: 4315: 4313: 4305: 4303: 4298: 4252: 4231: 4077:Castell'Arquato 4035: 3980: 3971: 3864: 3859: 3806: 3793: 3781: 3772: 3763: 3754: 3738: 3727: 3718: 3705: 3696: 3693: 3688: 3678: 3676: 3672: 3671: 3667: 3657: 3655: 3651: 3650: 3641: 3637:, p. 211). 3633: 3629: 3621: 3617: 3611:Agnoletto (1992 3609: 3605: 3600: 3593: 3585: 3576: 3568: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3544: 3535: 3527: 3523: 3515: 3502: 3494: 3487: 3479: 3468: 3460: 3456: 3446: 3444: 3439: 3438: 3434: 3430:, p. 123). 3428:Ferrarini (2001 3426: 3422: 3414: 3410: 3406:, p. 222). 3402: 3375: 3367: 3358: 3350: 3346: 3338: 3334: 3330:, p. 101). 3328:Ferrarini (2001 3326: 3322: 3318:, p. 183). 3316:Ferrarini (2001 3314: 3310: 3300: 3298: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3280:, p. 220). 3276: 3257: 3246: 3244: 3239: 3238: 3234: 3230:, p. 225). 3226: 3222: 3214: 3210: 3202: 3198: 3190: 3177: 3167: 3165: 3164:on 4 March 2016 3156: 3155: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3126: 3122: 3114: 3110: 3106:, p. 224). 3102: 3047: 3043:, p. III). 3039: 3026: 3018: 3014: 3006: 3002: 2998:, p. 221). 2994: 2945: 2937: 2933: 2925: 2921: 2913: 2906: 2900:Agnoletto (1992 2898: 2894: 2886: 2882: 2878:, p. 217). 2874: 2865: 2857: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2833: 2826: 2818: 2814: 2806: 2799: 2791: 2787: 2783:, p. 103). 2781:Ferrarini (2001 2779: 2775: 2767: 2763: 2755: 2748: 2740: 2736: 2728: 2724: 2716: 2712: 2704: 2695: 2691:, p. 145). 2689:Ferrarini (2001 2687: 2683: 2677:Ferrarini (2001 2675: 2671: 2663: 2656: 2648: 2644: 2636: 2632: 2624: 2605: 2597: 2590: 2582: 2578: 2570: 2559: 2551: 2532: 2528:, p. 218). 2524: 2475: 2469:Ferrarini (2001 2467: 2458: 2452:Ferrarini (2001 2450: 2439: 2433:Ferrarini (2001 2431: 2427: 2419: 2412: 2404: 2381: 2373: 2369: 2363:Ferrarini (2001 2361: 2357: 2349: 2345: 2339:Agnoletto (1992 2337: 2333: 2325: 2318: 2308: 2306: 2305:on 9 March 2012 2297: 2296: 2292: 2286:Agnoletto (1992 2284: 2269: 2265:, p. 223). 2261: 2242: 2238:, p. 216). 2234: 2199: 2195:, p. 219). 2191: 2162: 2156:Ferrarini (2001 2154: 2147: 2143:, p. 227). 2139: 2135: 2127: 2112: 2104: 2097: 2089: 2085: 2077: 2073: 2067:Agnoletto (1992 2065: 2061: 2053: 2049: 2041: 2037: 2026: 2024: 2023:on 6 March 2016 2020: 2013: 2009: 2008: 2004: 1998:Ferrarini (2001 1996: 1992: 1986:Agnoletto (1992 1984: 1980: 1974:Agnoletto (1992 1972: 1963: 1955: 1942: 1934: 1927: 1919: 1900: 1892: 1883: 1875: 1866: 1862:, p. 102). 1860:Ferrarini (2001 1858: 1817: 1809: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1760:Ottone Visconti 1751: 1731: 1707: 1643: 1613: 1579: 1552:chemin de ronde 1539: 1491: 1435: 1430: 1409: 1402: 1355: 1296: 1236: 1231: 1206: 1169: 1162: 1108: 1089: 1086: 1061: 1058: 1043:Battle of Pavia 1003:Ludovico Sforza 990: 984: 981: 892: 889: 839: 834: 736:Ottone Visconti 732:Battle of Desio 724: 676:Ottone Visconti 664: 630: 627: 574: 550: 542: 541: 538: 517: 456: 451: 419:Cassano Magnago 391: 373:Verbannus Lacus 335: 300:Visconti Castle 284:Constructed in 278: 276:Ottone Visconti 274: 267: 150:the public 149: 129:Medieval castle 113: 111: 107: 104: 99: 96: 94: 92: 91: 83: 82: 81: 80: 79: 78: 77: 73: 52: 36: 31: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4384: 4382: 4374: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4353: 4352: 4348: 4347: 4335: 4323: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4260: 4258: 4257:Related topics 4254: 4253: 4251: 4250: 4245: 4239: 4237: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4197:Somma Lombardo 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4072:Cassano d'Adda 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4043: 4041: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4033: 4027: 4021: 4015: 4009: 4003: 3997: 3990: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3969: 3960: 3951: 3945: 3942:Giovanni Maria 3939: 3933: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3891: 3885: 3878: 3876: 3874:dukes of Milan 3866: 3865: 3860: 3858: 3857: 3850: 3843: 3835: 3829: 3828: 3821: 3814: 3805: 3804:External links 3802: 3801: 3800: 3791: 3779: 3770: 3761: 3752: 3725: 3716: 3703: 3697:AA.VV (1991). 3692: 3689: 3687: 3686: 3665: 3639: 3635:D'Ilario (1984 3627: 3625:, p. 19). 3615: 3613:, p. 49). 3603: 3591: 3589:, p. 11). 3574: 3562: 3560:, p. 20). 3550: 3548:, p. 14). 3533: 3529:D'Ilario (1984 3521: 3519:, p. 13). 3500: 3496:D'Ilario (1984 3485: 3483:, p. 15). 3466: 3464:, p. 16). 3454: 3432: 3420: 3418:, p. 76). 3416:Raimondi (1913 3408: 3404:D'Ilario (1984 3373: 3371:, p. 19). 3356: 3352:D'Ilario (1984 3344: 3342:, p. 18). 3332: 3320: 3308: 3282: 3278:D'Ilario (1984 3255: 3232: 3228:D'Ilario (1984 3220: 3216:D'Ilario (1984 3208: 3196: 3194:, p. 73). 3175: 3144: 3142:, p. 77). 3132: 3120: 3108: 3104:D'Ilario (1984 3045: 3024: 3022:, p. 32). 3012: 3010:, p. 62). 3000: 2996:D'Ilario (1984 2943: 2941:, p. 53). 2931: 2929:, p. 57). 2919: 2917:, p. 49). 2915:D'Ilario (1984 2904: 2902:, p. 35). 2892: 2890:, p. 21). 2888:D'Ilario (1984 2880: 2876:D'Ilario (1984 2863: 2861:, p. 36). 2851: 2839: 2837:, p. 47). 2824: 2822:, p. 35). 2812: 2810:, p. 45). 2797: 2793:D'Ilario (1984 2785: 2773: 2771:, p. 49). 2761: 2746: 2744:, p. 41). 2734: 2732:, p. 44). 2722: 2720:, p. 43). 2710: 2708:, p. 40). 2693: 2681: 2679:, p. 57). 2669: 2654: 2652:, p. 25). 2642: 2640:, p. 22). 2630: 2628:, p. 43). 2626:D'Ilario (1984 2603: 2601:, p. 33). 2588: 2584:D'Ilario (1984 2576: 2572:D'Ilario (1984 2557: 2555:, p. 24). 2530: 2526:D'Ilario (1984 2473: 2471:, p. 99). 2456: 2454:, p. 56). 2437: 2435:, p. 55). 2425: 2423:, p. 41). 2421:D'Ilario (1984 2410: 2408:, p. 23). 2379: 2377:, p. 40). 2375:D'Ilario (1984 2367: 2365:, p. 48). 2355: 2353:, p. 17). 2351:D'Ilario (1984 2343: 2341:, p. 31). 2331: 2329:, p. 10). 2316: 2290: 2288:, p. 34). 2267: 2263:D'Ilario (1984 2240: 2236:D'Ilario (1984 2197: 2193:D'Ilario (1984 2160: 2158:, p. 58). 2145: 2141:D'Ilario (1984 2133: 2110: 2108:, p. 23). 2106:D'Ilario (1984 2095: 2093:, p. 35). 2091:D'Ilario (1984 2083: 2081:, p. 20). 2079:D'Ilario (1984 2071: 2069:, p. 38). 2059: 2057:, p. 18). 2047: 2045:, p. 83). 2043:D'Ilario (1984 2035: 2002: 2000:, p. 45). 1990: 1988:, p. 32). 1978: 1976:, p. 33). 1961: 1959:, p. 17). 1940: 1938:, p. 25). 1925: 1923:, p. 47). 1921:D'Ilario (1984 1898: 1896:, p. 23). 1881: 1864: 1815: 1813:, p. 51). 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1789: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1750: 1747: 1730: 1727: 1716:early medieval 1642: 1639: 1612: 1609: 1593:barrel-vaulted 1578: 1575: 1538: 1535: 1490: 1487: 1471:King of Cyprus 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1400: 1354: 1351: 1295: 1292: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1205: 1202: 1160: 1107: 1104: 1084: 1075:Duke of Urbino 1056: 989: 986: 979: 887: 852:Duchy of Milan 838: 835: 833: 832:The Lampugnani 830: 723: 720: 663: 660: 625: 573: 570: 539: 536: 535: 534: 507:Duchy of Milan 455: 452: 450: 447: 415:Somma Lombardo 381:Napoleonic era 334: 331: 294: 293: 281: 280: 269: 263: 262: 258: 257: 256: 255: 240: 234: 230: 229: 228: 227: 221: 214: 205: 201: 200: 195: 191: 190: 180: 176: 175: 172: 168: 167: 163: 162: 159: 155: 154: 151: 145: 144: 141: 137: 136: 132: 131: 126: 122: 121: 89: 85: 84: 75: 74: 67: 66: 60: 59: 58: 57: 54: 53: 50: 42: 41: 33: 32: 27: 24: 23: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4383: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4322: 4312: 4308: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4289:Visconti Park 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4255: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4234: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4107:Fagnano Olona 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4047:Abbiategrasso 4045: 4044: 4042: 4038: 4031: 4030:Filippo Maria 4028: 4025: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4010: 4007: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3983: 3978: 3968: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3955: 3952: 3949: 3948:Filippo Maria 3946: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3936:Gian Galeazzo 3934: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3856: 3851: 3849: 3844: 3842: 3837: 3836: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3822: 3820: 3819: 3815: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3807: 3803: 3797: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3749: 3743: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3704: 3700: 3695: 3694: 3690: 3675: 3669: 3666: 3654: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3631: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3616: 3612: 3607: 3604: 3598: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3575: 3572:, p. 9). 3571: 3566: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3522: 3518: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3458: 3455: 3442: 3436: 3433: 3429: 3424: 3421: 3417: 3412: 3409: 3405: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3309: 3296: 3292: 3286: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3256: 3242: 3236: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3209: 3205: 3200: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3176: 3163: 3159: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3136: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3013: 3009: 3004: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2935: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2920: 2916: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2774: 2770: 2765: 2762: 2758: 2757:Contino (1982 2753: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2738: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2670: 2667:, p. 7). 2666: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2304: 2300: 2294: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2134: 2131:, p. 5). 2130: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2048: 2044: 2039: 2036: 2019: 2012: 2006: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1991: 1987: 1982: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1879:, p. V). 1878: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1793: 1784: 1781: 1775: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1719:fortification 1717: 1711: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1689: 1687: 1678: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1652: 1647: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1632:," i.e., the 1631: 1626: 1617: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1583: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1566: 1563: 1558: 1554: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1495: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1463:Maltese cross 1460: 1451: 1447: 1439: 1433:The main keep 1432: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1406: 1399: 1395: 1392: 1388: 1378: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1359: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1334: 1331: 1325: 1316: 1308: 1300: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1269: 1263: 1255: 1251: 1249: 1240: 1233: 1228: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1210: 1203: 1201: 1193: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1182: 1176: 1166: 1159: 1155: 1153: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1121: 1112: 1106:The Cornaggia 1105: 1103: 1100: 1094: 1083: 1079: 1076: 1066: 1055: 1050: 1048: 1047:Abbiategrasso 1044: 1040: 1039:King of Spain 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 994: 987: 978: 973: 970: 969:Busto Arsizio 966: 965:Abbiategrasso 962: 958: 948: 944: 940: 938: 934: 930: 921: 917: 915: 909: 907: 903: 897: 886: 882: 880: 876: 872: 868: 867:Duke of Milan 864: 859: 857: 853: 849: 845: 836: 831: 829: 826: 821: 819: 815: 811: 807: 806:Castano Primo 803: 799: 795: 790: 788: 784: 780: 776: 771: 767: 765: 755: 751: 747: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 721: 719: 716: 712: 708: 703: 699: 697: 693: 692:Lake Maggiore 688: 685: 681: 677: 672: 669: 661: 659: 657: 656:Alto Milanese 653: 650:Legnano, two 647: 643: 641: 636: 624: 619: 616: 612: 606: 604: 600: 596: 590: 587: 583: 579: 571: 569: 567: 563: 559: 555: 549: 547: 533: 531: 527: 521: 516: 510: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 491:Villa Cortese 488: 484: 479: 477: 473: 470:dedicated to 469: 460: 453: 448: 446: 442: 440: 436: 432: 431:Busto Arsizio 428: 424: 423:Fagnano Olona 420: 416: 411: 409: 404: 401: 395: 390: 384: 382: 378: 377:Lake Maggiore 374: 370: 366: 365: 360: 352: 347: 339: 332: 330: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 307:fortification 305: 301: 291: 287: 282: 277: 273: 270: 264: 259: 253: 249: 245: 241: 238: 237: 235: 231: 226: 222: 219: 215: 213: 209: 208: 206: 202: 199: 196: 192: 188: 184: 181: 179:Built by 177: 173: 169: 164: 160: 156: 152: 146: 142: 138: 133: 130: 127: 123: 118: 90: 86: 64: 55: 48: 43: 39: 34: 30: 25: 20: 4333:Architecture 4126: 4012:Giovanni III 3954:Bianca Maria 3824: 3817: 3810: 3795: 3786: 3774: 3765: 3756: 3733: 3720: 3707: 3698: 3691:Bibliography 3677:. 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Index