333:
81:
93:
108:
734:, the right join their churches with those in Béarn. Louis's edict of June 1617 ordering the restoration of property confiscated from Catholics was also ignored. In 1620, Louis marched into Béarn with a large army, convoked the estates and, sitting on his Béarnese throne, issued an edict of union with France, thus removing the principality's sovereignty.
691:(1598) would have applied to them and Catholic property would have had to have been restored. Nonetheless, Henry, now a Catholic, consented to restore Catholic rights of worship in certain towns. The estates of Béarn continued to conduct business in Occitan and laws were enacted in the same. Prior to the 1601, the
745:
had authority over both regions and would sit at Pau. Its operating language would be French. This was the first time the French language was imposed on a region incorporated into France. It was not part of an effort to convert the French king's
Occitan subjects into French speakers, nor did it
350:
746:
directly impact the
Bearnese aristocracy, who had adopted French as a status language during the 16th century. It was politically symbolic, since the use of Occitan in an official capacity had been an important marker of Bearnese independence and a source of pride.
737:
Louis preserved the freedom of worship of the
Calvinists, the right of the estates to negotiate their taxes and the obligation of the king of France to swear to uphold the customary law of Béarn on his accession. He also united Béarn and Navarre: thenceforth the
570:
in western Europe in the late Middle Ages, the status of
Occitan in Béarn was unusual because its use was required by law: "lawyers will draft their petitions and pleas in the vernacular language of the present country, both in speech and in writing".
607:(II of Navarre) inherited it, as well as Béarn, from his mother. The Bearnese monarchs extended the use of Occitan to Navarre after 1512, despite the fact that it was not the vernacular language there, where
449:(right to mint coins) to a private moneyer. The mint continued operating under his successors, always minting coins bearing Centule's name. It was at the time the most productive mint in Gascony.
687:
s demand that he unite Béarn and Lower
Navarre with the French crown, since these territories were not French estates, but separate realms. Had these principalities been united with France, the
718:
that year, the Third Estate petitioned for the union of all sovereign provinces with France. In 1616, Louis issued an edict uniting the principality with France, but it was ignored.
994:
566:. It was the spoken language of law courts and of business and it was the written language of customary law. Although vernacular languages were increasingly preferred to
532:
paid homage to the king of France for his county of Foix, but stated that Béarn was to be held "from God and from no man in this world". After the
English
731:
706:
in 1611 in an effort to enlist their support for Béarnese and
Navarrese independence. In 1614, the same year he came of age, Henry IV's successor,
641:, declared Catholicism outlawed and disbanded monasteries, confiscating church property. When Jeanne's son, Henry II (III of Navarre), became King
913:
Paul Cohen, "Linguistic
Politics on the Periphery: Louis XIII, Béarn, and the Making of French as an Official Language in Early Modern France",
547:
to enforce his suzerainty as Prince of
Aquitaine over Béarn. In 1364, Gaston dropped the lowly vicecomital title in favour of "Lord of Béarn" (
394:
from the late ninth century. In 1347, the viscount declared Béarn an independent principality without feudal obligations. It later entered a
989:
592:
797:
739:
489:
480:
who paid homage to the kings of Aragon. Under
Aragonese influence, the legal charters in Béarn were further developed into the
653:, his regent in Navarre and Béarn. It was only in 1607, after Catherine's death (1604), that he acceded to the demands of the
552:
136:
878:
Richard Vernier, "Lord of the Pyrenees: Gaston Fébus, Count of Foix (1331–1391)", "Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 2008", pp. 13.
422:) is the first attestation of a specific regional organization in the late 860s/early 870s. The viscounty was named after
945:
80:
555:, a site fortified by the 11th century, and proclaimed as official capital of the independent principality in 1464.
711:
107:
533:
259:
92:
715:
537:
402:
in 1479 and with France in 1589. In 1620, the prince (who was also the king of France) formally incorporated
461:
in 1053. Béarn, as a part of Gascony, became subject to the dukes of Aquitaine and, in 1152, passed to the
915:
When Languages Collide: Perspectives on Language Conflict, Language Competition, and Language Coexistence
804:, N. P. Zacour and H. W. Hazard, eds. (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989), pp. 354–87, at 357.
646:
206:
755:
521:
438:
707:
692:
650:
505:
493:
476:
military campaigns between the 10th and 12th centuries. In 1170, the viscounty passed to the Catalan
466:
218:
669:
616:
604:
559:
529:
154:
889:
654:
642:
612:
584:
517:
458:
407:
399:
275:
634:
587:, across the Pyrenees to the southwest. The two sovereign entities would from then on remain in
525:
349:
984:
929:
673:
665:
620:
615:
convoked in 1522 (or in 1523, according to other sources) kept records in Occitan, as did the
477:
473:
387:
326:
168:
760:
727:
462:
442:
391:
47:
688:
608:
580:
369:
158:
61:
472:
While nominally part of the Duchy of Aquitaine, the Viscounts of Béarn frequently joined
524:(1337–1453) between France and England. In 1347, on the heels of English victory at the
661:
588:
567:
395:
279:
146:
33:
978:
680:, conforming to the tradition that the king of France would have no personal domain.
596:
501:
482:
638:
544:
702:
After Henry IV's death, Calvinists from Béarn attended the Huguenot conference at
677:
627:
563:
383:
236:
232:
150:
867:
Thirteenth Century England XVII: Proceedings of the Cambridge Conference, 2017
434:
126:
960:
947:
558:
The official language of the sovereign principality was the local vernacular
696:
173:
779:
Robert Sabatino Lopez, "An Aristocracy of Money in the Early Middle Ages",
828:
Heresy in Medieval France: Dualism in Aquitaine and the Agenais, 1000–1249
802:
A History of the Crusades, Volume VI: The Impact of the Crusades on Europe
600:
497:
426:, former Benearnum, last cited in 673. Its first parliamentary body, the
403:
703:
423:
292:
131:
121:
418:
The citation of a certain "Gaston of Centule, viscount of Béarn" (
348:
543:
For the next decade, he successfully resisted the efforts of the
730:
gave the Huguenots, who had supported the rebellion of the
377:
39:
660:, and reunited with the French crown his domains of
798:"Crusader Coinage with Greek or Latin Inscriptions"
645:in 1589, he kept all his estates distinct from the
289:
272:
256:
246:
228:
212:
200:
188:
180:
164:
142:
117:
20:
917:(Ohio State University Press, 2003), pp. 165–200.
603:, escaped Spanish permanent occupation. In 1517,
936:(Cambridge University Press, 1968), pp. 170–73.
934:French Absolutism: The Crucial Phase, 1620–1629
925:
923:
714:supported by Béarn. In a meeting of the French
695:was the heir to Navarre and Béarn, since the
8:
53:
619:created in 1524. When Henry II revised the
25:
995:States and territories established in 1080
817:(Taylor & Francis, 1995), pp. 102–103.
516:The independence of Béarn from France and
106:
17:
856:(Bloomsbury Academic, 1984), pp. 180, XV.
508:of the lands from her father Gaston VII.
909:
907:
905:
903:
551:). Its chief seat and stronghold lay at
772:
854:Feudal Empires: Norman and Plantagenet
536:in 1356, Gaston refused to attend the
500:in 1242. In 1290, Béarn passed to the
869:(Boydell & Brewer, 2021), pp. 83.
830:(Boydell & Brewer, 2005), p. 147.
626:in 1530, he had them translated from
288:
271:
255:
245:
241:
211:
199:
195:
187:
7:
611:was the tongue of the people. The
591:. In 1512, the Kingdom of Navarre
420:Gasto Centuli vicecomes Bearnensis
14:
841:Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia
815:Medieval France: An Encyclopedia
813:John Jr. Bell Henneman, et al.,
331:
258:• Independence declared by
91:
79:
699:of France did not apply there.
575:Sovereign under the Foix-Albret
649:. He re-appointed his sister,
520:came about as a result of the
506:Margaret, Viscountess of Béarn
447:magisterium sectionis cognorum
1:
852:John F. Le Patourel, et al.,
490:Gaston VII, Viscount of Béarn
386:lordship in the far south of
593:was almost entirely occupied
579:In 1479, the Lord of Béarn,
445:(1058–88). Centule sold the
990:Former monarchies of Europe
787::1 (1953), pp. 1–43, at 12.
633:In 1564, Henry's daughter,
1011:
843:(Routledge, 2013), p. 153.
457:Gascony was united to the
433:A mint was established at
722:Incorporation into France
538:Estates General of France
306:
302:
291:• Incorporated into
242:
224:
196:
112:Gascony and Bearn ca.1150
105:
75:
70:
54:
40:
26:
865:Andrew Spencer, et al.,
683:However, he refused the
504:with the inheritance of
496:as Duke of Aquitaine at
171:(up to the 16th century)
27:Vicomitatus Benearniens
897::2 (1961), pp. 354–56.
710:, was confronted by a
512:Sovereign principality
430:, was formed in 1080.
378:
373:
354:
353:An early Bearnese coin
528:(1346), the Viscount
492:, did homage to King
352:
143:Common languages
134:(12th–15th centuries)
129:(10th–12th centuries)
743:of Navarre and Béarn
494:Henry III of England
467:Eleanor of Aquitaine
957: /
887:John Hine Mundy, ,
726:On 3 May 1616, the
647:French royal domain
617:Chancery of Navarre
534:victory at Poitiers
465:, heirs of Duchess
248:• Established
202:• 9th century
839:E. Michael Gerli,
756:Viscounts of Béarn
643:Henry IV of France
637:, firmly opposing
613:Estates of Navarre
585:Kingdom of Navarre
540:as Count of Foix.
522:Hundred Years' War
459:Duchy of Aquitaine
408:province of France
400:Kingdom of Navarre
355:
189:Viscount or Prince
41:Vescomtat de Bearn
22:Viscounty of Béarn
930:A. D. Lublinskaya
712:Huguenot uprising
478:House of Montcada
347:
346:
343:
342:
339:
338:
327:Kingdom of France
268:25 September 1347
169:Roman Catholicism
1002:
972:
971:
969:
968:
967:
962:
958:
955:
954:
953:
950:
937:
927:
918:
911:
898:
885:
879:
876:
870:
863:
857:
850:
844:
837:
831:
824:
818:
811:
805:
794:
788:
777:
728:Treaty of Loudun
583:, inherited the
530:Gaston III Fébus
463:kings of England
443:Count of Bigorre
392:Duchy of Gascony
381:
335:
334:
323:
322:
308:
307:
285:27 February 1594
110:
95:
83:
71:9th century–1620
65:
57:
56:
55:Vicomté de Béarn
51:
43:
42:
37:
29:
28:
18:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
999:
975:
974:
965:
963:
959:
956:
951:
948:
946:
944:
943:
941:
940:
928:
921:
912:
901:
886:
882:
877:
873:
864:
860:
851:
847:
838:
834:
826:Claire Taylor,
825:
821:
812:
808:
796:John Porteous,
795:
791:
778:
774:
769:
752:
732:Prince of Condé
724:
716:Estates General
689:Edict of Nantes
599:, north of the
595:by Spain; only
581:Francis Phoebus
577:
560:Bearnès dialect
526:battle of Crécy
514:
455:
453:Under Aquitaine
441:, who was also
437:under Viscount
416:
332:
295:
282:
265:
249:
215:
214:• 1610–20
203:
172:
157:
149:
135:
130:
125:
124:(up to ca.841)
113:
101:
100:
99:
96:
88:
87:
84:
66:
59:
52:
45:
38:
31:
23:
12:
11:
5:
1008:
1006:
998:
997:
992:
987:
977:
976:
961:43.30°N 0.37°W
939:
938:
919:
899:
880:
871:
858:
845:
832:
819:
806:
789:
771:
770:
768:
765:
764:
763:
758:
751:
748:
723:
720:
674:Quatre-Vallées
630:into Occitan.
589:personal union
576:
573:
549:Dominus Bearni
513:
510:
454:
451:
415:
412:
396:personal union
390:, part of the
345:
344:
341:
340:
337:
336:
329:
320:
317:
316:
311:
304:
303:
300:
299:
296:
290:
287:
286:
283:
280:King of France
273:
270:
269:
266:
257:
254:
253:
250:
247:
244:
243:
240:
239:
230:
229:Historical era
226:
225:
222:
221:
216:
213:
210:
209:
204:
201:
198:
197:
194:
193:
190:
186:
185:
182:
178:
177:
166:
162:
161:
147:Medieval Latin
144:
140:
139:
119:
115:
114:
111:
103:
102:
97:
90:
89:
85:
78:
77:
76:
73:
72:
68:
67:
24:
21:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1007:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
982:
980:
973:
970:
935:
931:
926:
924:
920:
916:
910:
908:
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
891:
884:
881:
875:
872:
868:
862:
859:
855:
849:
846:
842:
836:
833:
829:
823:
820:
816:
810:
807:
803:
799:
793:
790:
786:
782:
776:
773:
766:
762:
761:Fors de Béarn
759:
757:
754:
753:
749:
747:
744:
742:
735:
733:
729:
721:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
657:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
631:
629:
625:
623:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
597:Lower Navarre
594:
590:
586:
582:
574:
572:
569:
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
511:
509:
507:
503:
502:House of Foix
499:
495:
491:
487:
485:
484:
483:Fors de Bearn
479:
475:
470:
468:
464:
460:
452:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
431:
429:
425:
421:
414:First dynasty
413:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
380:
375:
371:
367:
364:
360:
351:
330:
328:
325:
324:
321:
319:
318:
315:
312:
310:
309:
305:
301:
297:
294:
284:
281:
277:
267:
264:
263:
251:
238:
234:
231:
227:
223:
220:
217:
208:
205:
191:
183:
179:
175:
170:
167:
163:
160:
156:
152:
148:
145:
141:
138:
133:
128:
123:
120:
116:
109:
104:
94:
82:
74:
69:
63:
49:
35:
19:
16:
966:43.30; -0.37
942:
933:
914:
894:
888:
883:
874:
866:
861:
853:
848:
840:
835:
827:
822:
814:
809:
801:
792:
784:
780:
775:
740:
736:
725:
701:
693:Duc de Rohan
684:
682:
672:, including
655:
632:
621:
578:
557:
548:
545:Black Prince
542:
515:
488:
481:
471:
456:
446:
432:
427:
419:
417:
365:
363:Principality
362:
358:
356:
314:Succeeded by
313:
298:October 1620
261:
176:(up to 1620)
98:Coat of arms
15:
964: /
564:Old Occitan
260:Gaston III
252:9th century
237:Renaissance
233:Middle Ages
151:Old Occitan
979:Categories
767:References
708:Louis XIII
685:Parlement'
635:Jeanne III
624:of Navarre
428:Cour Major
181:Government
741:Parlement
697:Salic law
670:Comminges
656:Parlement
651:Catherine
628:Castilian
518:Aquitaine
474:Aragonese
439:Centule V
398:with the
382:), was a
359:Viscounty
207:Centule I
174:Calvinism
165:Religion
890:Speculum
781:Speculum
750:See also
678:Nébouzan
658:of Paris
601:Pyrenees
498:Bordeaux
384:medieval
366:of Béarn
361:, later
276:Henry II
184:Monarchy
155:Béarnese
949:43°18′N
666:Bigorre
605:Henry I
435:Morlaàs
278:became
274:•
219:Louis I
127:Morlans
118:Capital
48:Occitan
952:0°22′W
704:Saumur
622:Fueros
609:Basque
424:Lescar
388:France
370:Gascon
293:France
192:
159:Basque
122:Lescar
62:French
58:
44:
30:
985:Béarn
568:Latin
406:as a
404:Béarn
379:Biarn
374:Bearn
262:Fèbus
153:then
132:Ortès
34:Latin
676:and
668:and
662:Foix
639:Rome
357:The
235:and
86:Flag
562:of
553:Pau
376:or
137:Pau
981::
932:,
922:^
902:^
895:36
893:,
800:,
785:28
783:,
664:,
486:.
469:.
410:.
372::
368:(
64:)
60:(
50:)
46:(
36:)
32:(
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