1899:'s method gave 20 ± 1.5 °C (68.0 ± 2.7 °F). A calculation based on the melting temperatures of binary ionic crystals gives 24.861 ± 0.517 °C (76.750 ± 0.931 °F). The estimated boiling point of 620 °C (1,148 °F) is also uncertain; the estimates 598 °C (1,108 °F) and 677 °C (1,251 °F), as well as the extrapolation from Mendeleev's method of 640 °C (1,184 °F), have also been suggested. The density of francium is expected to be around 2.48 g/cm (Mendeleev's method extrapolates 2.4 g/cm).
1392:
2595:
5754:
5675:
2607:
1695:
2426:-227 which had been reported to have a decay energy of 220 keV. Perey noticed decay particles with an energy level below 80 keV. Perey thought this decay activity might have been caused by a previously unidentified decay product, one which was separated during purification, but emerged again out of the pure actinium-227. Various tests eliminated the possibility of the unknown element being
5703:
5737:
5720:
2517:
1809:
Bulk francium has never been seen. Because of the general appearance of the other elements in its periodic table column, it is presumed that francium would appear as a highly reactive metal if enough could be collected together to be viewed as a bulk solid or liquid. Obtaining such a sample is highly
2631:
containing a fairly constant number of atoms for a much longer time. The original apparatus could trap up to a few thousand atoms, while a later improved design could trap over 300,000 at a time. Sensitive measurements of the light emitted and absorbed by the trapped atoms provided the first
2406:'s recently discovered francium. Perey took pains to be accurate and detailed in her criticism of Hulubei's work, and finally she was credited as the sole discoverer of element 87. All other previous purported discoveries of element 87 were ruled out due to francium's very limited half-life.
2097:, the method mentioned in the section above. Francium oxide is believed to disproportionate to the peroxide and francium metal. The CsFr molecule is predicted to have francium at the negative end of the dipole, unlike all known heterodiatomic alkali metal molecules. Francium
2632:
experimental results on various transitions between atomic energy levels in francium. Initial measurements show very good agreement between experimental values and calculations based on quantum theory. The research project using this production method relocated to
1860:, whose most stable natural isotope, astatine-219 (the alpha daughter of francium-223), has a half-life of 56 seconds, although synthetic astatine-210 is much longer-lived with a half-life of 8.1 hours. All isotopes of francium decay into astatine,
1891:/m at its melting point. Francium's melting point was estimated to be around 8.0 °C (46.4 °F); a value of 27 °C (81 °F) is also often encountered. The melting point is uncertain because of the element's extreme rarity and
2373:
also analyzed pollucite, this time using their high-resolution X-ray apparatus. They observed several weak emission lines, which they presumed to be those of element 87. Hulubei and
Cauchois reported their discovery and proposed the name
2145:
Francium-223 is the most stable isotope, with a half-life of 21.8 minutes, and it is highly unlikely that an isotope of francium with a longer half-life will ever be discovered or synthesized. Francium-223 is a fifth product of the
1831:
because of its conjectured existence below caesium in the periodic table. It was the last element first discovered in nature, rather than by synthesis. Outside the laboratory, francium is extremely rare, with trace amounts found in
2672:
In 1996, the Stony Brook group trapped 3000 atoms in their MOT, which was enough for a video camera to capture the light given off by the atoms as they fluoresce. Francium has not been synthesized in amounts large enough to weigh.
2552:
2277:(working in Vienna) made measurements of alpha radiation from various substances, including Ac. They observed the possibility of a minor alpha branch of this nuclide, though follow-up work could not be done due to the outbreak of
2185:, the neptunium decay series continues to exist naturally in tiny traces due to (n,2n) knockout reactions in natural U. Francium-222, with a half-life of 14 minutes, may be produced as a result of the beta decay of natural
2627:(MOT) in a gaseous unconsolidated state. Although the atoms only remain in the trap for about 30 seconds before escaping or undergoing nuclear decay, the process supplies a continual stream of fresh atoms. The result is a
2492:
to be named after France. It was assigned the symbol Fa, but it was revised to the current Fr shortly thereafter. Francium was the last element discovered in nature, rather than synthesized, following
2543:. In a given sample of uranium, there is estimated to be only one francium atom for every 1 × 10 uranium atoms. Only about 1 ounce (28 g) of francium is present naturally in the earth's crust.
5804:
1913:, the same as caesium; the value for caesium has since been refined to 0.79, but there are no experimental data to allow a refinement of the value for francium. Francium has a slightly higher
2292:, another alkali metal, and incorrectly concluded that eka-caesium was contaminating the sample (the radioactivity from the sample was from the naturally occurring potassium radioisotope,
4206:
Tandecki, M; Zhang, J.; Collister, R.; Aubin, S.; Behr, J. A.; Gomez, E.; Gwinner, G.; Orozco, L. A.; Pearson, M. R. (2013). "Commissioning of the
Francium Trapping Facility at TRIUMF".
5809:
2239:. Studies on the light emitted by laser-trapped francium-210 ions have provided accurate data on transitions between atomic energy levels which are fairly similar to those predicted by
2438:. The new product exhibited chemical properties of an alkali metal (such as coprecipitating with caesium salts), which led Perey to believe that it was element 87, produced by the
2281:. Their observations were not precise and sure enough for them to announce the discovery of element 87, though it is likely that they did indeed observe the decay of Ac to Fr.
1844:; aside from francium-223 and francium-221, its other isotopes are entirely synthetic. The largest amount produced in the laboratory was a cluster of more than 300,000 atoms.
1494:
3432:
4380:
4261:
2485:
1949:, which results in small amounts of francium perchlorate. This coprecipitation can be used to isolate francium, by adapting the radiocaesium coprecipitation method of
3328:, Subcommittee on Radiochemistry, National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council; available from the Office of Technical Services, Dept. of Commerce, 1960.
1729:
4157:
4123:
4057:
2572:
1720:
3739:
Gomez, E.; Orozco, L A; Sprouse, G D (November 7, 2005). "Spectroscopy with trapped francium: advances and perspectives for weak interaction studies".
5799:
3704:
Haverlock, T. J.; Mirzadeh, S.; Moyer, B. A. (2003). "Selectivity of calixarene-bis(benzocrown-6) in the complexation and transport of francium ion".
2037:
Francium halides are all soluble in water and are expected to be white solids. They are expected to be produced by the reaction of the corresponding
1466:
3892:
2113:; this is attributed to the 6p electrons in francium being more involved in the francium–oxygen bonding. The relativistic destabilisation of the 6p
1840:
francium-223 (in the family of uranium-235) continually forms and decays. As little as 1 ounce (28 g) exists at any given time throughout the
3783:
2386:, who rejected Hulubei's research methods. Hirsh was certain that eka-caesium would not be found in nature, and that Hulubei had instead observed
1420:
3103:
Oshchapovskii, V. V. (2014). "A New Method of
Calculation of the Melting Temperatures of Crystals of Group 1A Metal Halides and Francium Metal".
1810:
improbable since the extreme heat of decay resulting from its short half-life would immediately vaporize any viewable quantity of the element.
5691:
2204:
Due to its instability and rarity, there are no commercial applications for francium. It has been used for research purposes in the fields of
4373:
4094:
4033:
3957:
3665:
3476:
3446:
3410:
3258:
3150:
3087:
2986:
2732:
2323:. They observed spectral lines which they presumed to be of eka-caesium. They announced their discovery of element 87 and proposed the name
4084:
3855:
2117:
spinor may make francium compounds in oxidation states higher than +1 possible, such as ; but this has not been experimentally confirmed.
2594:
4278:
2359:
1868:. Francium-223 also has a shorter half-life than the longest-lived isotope of each synthetic element up to and including element 105,
1783:
1487:
4336:
4353:
1129:
94:
2257:
1819:
4366:
4149:
2575:
in 1995. Depending on the energy of the oxygen beam, the reaction can yield francium isotopes with masses of 209, 210, and 211.
2288:
was the first scientist to claim to have found eka-caesium, or francium. In 1925, he observed weak radioactivity in a sample of
4115:
4049:
2394:
X-ray lines. Hulubei insisted that his X-ray apparatus and methods were too accurate to make such a mistake. Because of this,
2300:
after his home country. Shortly thereafter, Dobroserdov began to focus on his teaching career at the
Polytechnic Institute of
3497:
1918:
1713:
3193:
Andreev, S.V.; Letokhov, V.S.; Mishin, V.I. (1987). "Laser resonance photoionization spectroscopy of
Rydberg levels in Fr".
3524:
3493:
2335:
5665:
4259:
Keller, Cornelius; Wolf, Walter; Shani, Jashovam. "Radionuclides, 2. Radioactive
Elements and Artificial Radionuclides".
2181:. Francium-221 then decays into astatine-217 by alpha decay (6.457 MeV decay energy). Although all primordial Np is
2077:
are insoluble. The insolubility of these compounds are used to extract francium from other radioactive products, such as
1852:
Francium is one of the most unstable of the naturally occurring elements: its longest-lived isotope, francium-223, has a
5743:
4324:
2636:
in 2012, where over 10 francium atoms have been held at a time, including large amounts of Fr in addition to Fr and Fr.
2446:
to alpha decay in actinium-227. Her first test put the alpha branching at 0.6%, a figure which she later revised to 1%.
1817:
in France (from which the element takes its name) on
January 7, 1939. Before its discovery, francium was referred to as
3557:
Belli, P.; Bernabei, R.; Danevich, F. A.; et al. (2019). "Experimental searches for rare alpha and beta decays".
1875:
Francium is an alkali metal whose chemical properties mostly resemble those of caesium. A heavy element with a single
5784:
2196:
isotope is francium-215, with a half-life of 90 ns: it undergoes a 9.54 MeV alpha decay to astatine-211.
2142:. Francium-223 and francium-221 are the only isotopes that occur in nature, with the former being far more common.
3032:
Kozhitov, L. V.; Kol'tsov, V. B.; Kol'tsov, A. V. (2003). "Evaluation of the
Surface Tension of Liquid Francium".
1917:
than caesium, 392.811(4) kJ/mol as opposed to 375.7041(2) kJ/mol for caesium, as would be expected from
2296:). He then published a thesis on his predictions of the properties of eka-caesium, in which he named the element
1706:
3366:
2270:
2013:. This coprecipitation can be used to isolate francium, by adapting the radiocaesium coprecipitation method of
1921:, and this would imply that caesium is the less electronegative of the two. Francium should also have a higher
2045:. Francium chloride has been studied as a pathway to separate francium from other elements, by using the high
3241:
Thayer, John S. (2010). "Chap.10 Relativistic
Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements".
2382:, the Romanian province where Hulubei was born. In 1937, Hulubei's work was criticized by American physicist
3351:
3195:
2748:
2419:
1069:
2057:
Francium nitrate, sulfate, hydroxide, carbonate, acetate, and oxalate, are all soluble in water, while the
5789:
1562:
1096:
1089:
1081:
1056:
2312:
3900:
2320:
2308:
2285:
2014:
1950:
2501:
2465:
3814:
2639:
Other synthesis methods include bombarding radium with neutrons, and bombarding thorium with protons,
4409:
4331:
4225:
3998:
3748:
3576:
3204:
2624:
2556:
2533:
2395:
2383:
2347:
2182:
2126:
2110:
1799:
1480:
1407:
1372:
1338:
3619:
3003:
2653:
Fr can also be isolated from samples of its parent Ac, the francium being milked via elution with NH
2070:
2010:
1986:
1978:
1946:
1443:
3967:
1953:
and C. M. Nelson. It will additionally coprecipitate with many other caesium salts, including the
4241:
4215:
3806:
3764:
3600:
3566:
3302:
3120:
3049:
2568:
2236:
2002:
1601:
1359:
3989:
MacPherson, H. G. (1934). "An
Investigation of the Magneto-Optic Method of Chemical Analysis".
3893:"The Twilight of the Naturally-Occurring Elements: Moldavium (Ml), Sequanium (Sq) and Dor (Do)"
3852:
3438:
5779:
5260:
4349:
4274:
4090:
4029:
3721:
3661:
3655:
3592:
3472:
3442:
3406:
3276:
3254:
3220:
3146:
3083:
2982:
2872:
2728:
2458:
2387:
2240:
2232:
1998:
1922:
1914:
1906:
1880:
1699:
1547:
1527:
1518:
1366:
1302:
1292:
1128:
713:
5794:
5679:
5324:
5029:
4858:
4687:
4606:
4525:
4498:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4266:
4233:
4188:
4161:
4006:
3798:
3756:
3713:
3584:
3539:
3376:
3292:
3284:
3246:
3212:
3175:
3112:
3041:
2908:
2864:
2782:
2661:
from an actinium-containing cation exchanger and purified by passing the solution through a
2415:
2403:
2274:
2219:
Francium's ability to be synthesized, trapped, and cooled, along with its relatively simple
1942:
1937:
As a result of francium's instability, its salts are only known to a small extent. Francium
1896:
1876:
1841:
1814:
1741:
1637:
1472:
1384:
1284:
1171:
1074:
54:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4127:
3962:
3859:
2868:
2662:
2619:
The francium atoms leave the gold target as ions, which are neutralized by collision with
2370:
2074:
2046:
2006:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1938:
1884:
1775:
1745:
1573:
1321:
1273:
4061:
2852:
4237:
4229:
4002:
3752:
3580:
3274:
Hyde, E. K. (1952). "Radiochemical Methods for the Isolation of Element 87 (Francium)".
3208:
4389:
3339:
2767:
2666:
2564:
2139:
1926:
1186:
1123:
118:
2600:
Image of light emitted by a sample of 200,000 francium atoms in a magneto-optical trap
2189:; this process, though energetically possible, has nonetheless not yet been observed.
5773:
5483:
3932:
3888:
3760:
3682:
3604:
3343:
3179:
3138:
2366:
2136:
1910:
1902:
1892:
1888:
1752:
1552:
1155:
1141:
1038:
883:
5760:
4245:
3768:
3306:
3124:
3053:
2612:
Heat image of 300,000 francium atoms in a magneto-optical trap, around 100 attograms
5537:
5366:
5071:
4471:
4404:
3297:
2628:
2567:
reaction when a gold-197 target is bombarded with a beam of oxygen-18 atoms from a
2362:
disproved the effectiveness of Allison's device and the validity of his discovery.
2331:
2293:
2228:
2224:
2193:
2178:
2163:
2151:
2041:. For example, francium chloride would be produced by the reaction of francium and
2026:
1803:
1678:
1618:
1591:
1391:
1062:
925:
792:
566:
3588:
3380:
3078:
Lavrukhina, Avgusta Konstantinovna; Pozdnyakov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (1970).
2800:
2173:
Francium-221 has a half-life of 4.8 minutes. It is the ninth product of the
2049:
of the compound, although francium fluoride would have a higher vapour pressure.
5591:
5555:
5546:
5456:
5438:
5429:
4466:
4341:
3250:
3216:
2439:
2399:
2278:
2167:
2155:
2147:
2132:
1767:
1756:
1612:
967:
939:
932:
862:
848:
841:
108:
4319:
3501:
3082:. Translated by R. Kondor. Ann Arbor–Humphrey Science Publishers. p. 269.
2938:
2786:
2500:. Further research into francium's structure was carried out by, among others,
2476:; furthermore, the symbol coincided with that which had since been assigned to
2255:, with an atomic number of 87. It was then referred to by the provisional name
2251:
As early as 1870, chemists thought that there should be an alkali metal beyond
2227:
experiments. These experiments have led to more specific information regarding
5600:
5528:
5501:
5474:
5134:
5116:
5089:
4920:
4911:
4650:
3116:
3045:
2912:
2690:
2443:
2343:
2159:
2098:
2086:
1666:
1643:
1006:
974:
918:
897:
876:
615:
601:
580:
452:
445:
246:
5726:
4270:
4184:
3596:
2896:
2876:
2402:
winner and Hulubei's mentor, endorsed moldavium as the true eka-caesium over
5709:
5609:
5582:
5573:
5420:
5402:
5393:
5384:
5170:
5080:
5053:
5001:
4947:
4929:
4893:
4873:
4812:
4749:
4693:
4632:
4621:
4540:
4491:
4481:
4476:
3347:
2694:
2640:
2521:
2339:
2289:
2205:
2186:
2174:
2078:
1853:
1771:
1579:
1532:
1433:
1327:
981:
960:
953:
834:
820:
813:
806:
643:
573:
552:
515:
473:
459:
431:
413:
369:
320:
276:
232:
223:
163:
4010:
3725:
3224:
3166:
Allred, A. L. (1961). "Electronegativity values from thermochemical data".
2453:(it is now referred to as francium-223) and in 1946, she proposed the name
2551:
2216:
has also been explored, but this application has been deemed impractical.
5564:
5465:
5348:
5305:
5296:
5269:
5242:
5206:
5197:
5179:
5107:
5098:
4992:
4864:
4830:
4740:
4731:
4722:
4713:
4668:
4587:
4569:
4504:
3371:
2468:, one of Perey's supervisors, opposed the name due to its connotation of
2457:(Cm) for her newly discovered element, as she believed it to be the most
2435:
2423:
2379:
2355:
2338:
claimed to have discovered element 87 (in addition to 85) when analyzing
2158:
is the more common daughter. Francium-223 then decays into radium-223 by
2106:
2094:
2066:
2042:
2018:
1966:
1962:
1857:
1787:
1761:
946:
869:
778:
748:
741:
720:
699:
671:
664:
650:
594:
587:
508:
406:
383:
313:
306:
299:
292:
260:
200:
186:
138:
17:
3543:
3288:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5519:
5510:
5492:
5447:
5375:
5357:
5287:
5233:
5215:
5188:
5161:
5143:
5125:
5035:
4965:
4938:
4902:
4884:
4848:
4839:
4821:
4803:
4702:
4641:
4531:
4486:
4086:
The History and Use of Our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide
3810:
2620:
2540:
2537:
2516:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2427:
2391:
2252:
2082:
2062:
2038:
2022:
1958:
1869:
1837:
1833:
1823:
1779:
1165:
993:
911:
904:
890:
855:
799:
785:
734:
692:
678:
657:
636:
622:
608:
538:
487:
466:
438:
424:
397:
390:
376:
362:
283:
239:
156:
3717:
3080:
Analytical Chemistry of Technetium, Promethium, Astatine, and Francium
1160:
950 K (677 °C, 1251 °F)
5411:
5339:
5224:
5152:
5062:
5044:
5010:
4974:
4956:
4785:
4776:
4767:
4659:
4612:
4578:
4560:
4515:
2644:
2633:
2477:
2461:
2442:
of actinium-227. Perey then attempted to determine the proportion of
2213:
2058:
1954:
1861:
1791:
1147:
1022:
827:
771:
685:
629:
559:
545:
522:
494:
480:
348:
341:
334:
253:
216:
193:
179:
147:
4294:
4192:
3802:
3571:
2766:
Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021).
2571:
in a process originally developed at the physics department of the
2017:
and C. M. Nelson. However, this method is unreliable in separating
5314:
5019:
4677:
4551:
4220:
3365:
Cao, Chang-Su; Hu, Han-Shi; Schwarz, W. H. Eugen; Li, Jun (2022).
2826:
2559:, which can hold neutral francium atoms for short periods of time.
2550:
2515:
2316:
2301:
1865:
1795:
1102:
1014:
755:
529:
267:
172:
4358:
2021:, which also coprecipitates with caesium. Francium perchlorate's
5278:
5251:
4794:
4758:
4596:
3853:
Francium (Atomic Number 87), the Last Discovered Natural Element
3348:
Low Mass Francium and Emanation Isotopes of High Alpha Stability
2606:
2505:
2431:
2358:, along with the symbols Vi and Vm. In 1934, H.G. MacPherson of
2220:
2209:
727:
706:
355:
327:
207:
4362:
3523:
Peppard, D. F.; Mason, G. W.; Gray, P. R.; Mech, J. F. (1952).
4983:
3851:
Adloff, Jean-Pierre; Kaufman, George B. (September 25, 2005).
3469:
Chemical Elements, in Van Nostrand's Encyclopedia of Chemistry
2725:
Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements
2647:
2090:
1802:
of a francium atom is 7s; thus, the element is classed as an
501:
5685:
4185:
Project Closeout Report: Francium Trapping Facility at TRIUMF
3367:"Periodic Law of Chemistry Overturns for Superheavy Elements"
1759:; its most stable isotope, francium-223 (originally called
78:
75:
4398:
1883:
of any element. Liquid francium—if created—should have a
1150: (27 °C, 81 °F)
66:
3437:. Vol. 7. McGraw-Hill Professional. 2002. pp.
3145:(Third ed.). Cornell University Press. p. 93.
2484:, after France. This name was officially adopted by the
1856:
of only 22 minutes. The only comparable element is
5663:
3660:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 151–153.
3403:
Francium, in Van Nostrand's Encyclopedia of Chemistry
95:
72:
69:
60:
5805:
Chemical elements with body-centered cubic structure
3897:
International Conference on the History of Chemistry
3434:
McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology
2212:. Its use as a potential diagnostic aid for various
1997:
Francium perchlorate is produced by the reaction of
1790:). Francium's isotopes decay quickly into astatine,
63:
2488:(IUPAC) in 1949, becoming the second element after
2131:There are 37 known isotopes of francium ranging in
1479:
1465:
1457:
1452:
1442:
1432:
1419:
1406:
1383:
1365:
1355:
1350:
1337:
1320:
1301:
1291:
1272:
1267:
1164:
1154:
1140:
1122:
1117:
1109:
1095:
1080:
1068:
1055:
1036:
116:
107:
81:
57:
48:
43:
2747:ISOLDE Collaboration, J. Phys. B 23, 3511 (1990) (
2414:Eka-caesium was discovered on January 7, 1939, by
2170:path to astatine-219 (5.4 MeV decay energy).
2768:"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"
2486:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
2805:American Elements: The Materials Science Company
2718:
2716:
2714:
5810:Chemical elements predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev
3847:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3835:
2853:"L'élément 87 : AcK, dérivé de l'actinium"
1774:of only 22 minutes. It is the second-most
4262:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
3926:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3462:
3460:
3458:
1989:, which leads to other methods of separation.
4374:
4110:
4108:
4106:
3525:"Occurrence of the (4n + 1) series in nature"
3471:. New York: Wiley-Interscience. p. 332.
3405:. New York: Wiley-Interscience. p. 679.
2528:10 g) of francium-223 at any given time.
2304:, and he did not pursue the element further.
1714:
1086:
8:
3784:"Creating, cooling, trapping francium atoms"
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2350:machine. Allison requested that it be named
2327:, as it would be the heaviest alkali metal.
32:
4158:State University of New York at Stony Brook
4124:State University of New York at Stony Brook
4058:State University of New York at Stony Brook
3320:
3318:
3316:
3027:
3025:
2727:. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International.
2573:State University of New York at Stony Brook
1925:than caesium and the Fr ion should be more
29:Chemical element with atomic number 87 (Fr)
4381:
4367:
4359:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2890:
2888:
2886:
1721:
1707:
1495:
1488:
1390:
129:
4219:
3931:Van der Krogt, Peter (January 10, 2006).
3570:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3296:
3236:
3234:
2223:, has made it the subject of specialized
3532:Journal of the American Chemical Society
2825:Guruge, Amila Ruwan (January 25, 2023).
2422:in Paris, when she purified a sample of
1511:
1461:after France, homeland of the discoverer
1196:
125:
5698:
5670:
5481:
3937:Elementymology & Elements Multidict
2710:
2682:
2532:Fr is the result of the alpha decay of
5535:
5364:
5069:
4297:. Los Alamos National Laboratory. 2011
4183:Orozco, Luis A. (September 30, 2014).
3899:. Lisbon. pp. 1–8. Archived from
3649:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3105:Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry
2981:. Vol. 4. CRC. 2006. p. 12.
2177:decay series as a daughter isotope of
2150:decay series as a daughter isotope of
31:
5589:
5553:
5544:
5454:
5436:
5427:
4187:(Report). U.S. Department of Energy.
3492:National Nuclear Data Center (1990).
2979:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
2801:"Francium (Fr) | AMERICAN ELEMENTS ®"
2536:and can be found in trace amounts in
2307:The following year, English chemists
1895:; a different extrapolation based on
1655:
1652:
1630:
1627:
1605:
1600:
1566:
1561:
7:
5598:
5526:
5499:
5472:
5132:
5114:
5087:
4918:
4909:
4337:Stony Brook University Physics Dept.
2265:Erroneous and incomplete discoveries
2135:from 197 to 233. Francium has seven
1985:, without another alkali metal as a
5607:
5580:
5571:
5418:
5400:
5391:
5382:
5168:
5078:
5051:
4999:
4945:
4927:
4891:
4871:
4810:
4747:
4648:
4630:
4619:
4538:
4348:, Oxford University Press, Oxford,
4160:. February 20, 2007. Archived from
4126:. February 20, 2007. Archived from
4060:. February 20, 2007. Archived from
3966:. February 15, 1932. Archived from
3685:. Jefferson Science Associates, LLC
2869:10.1051/jphysrad:019390010010043500
1786:naturally occurring element (after
1232:
5625:
5562:
5463:
5346:
5328:
5303:
5294:
5267:
5240:
5195:
5177:
5105:
5096:
4990:
4862:
4828:
4738:
4720:
4711:
4691:
4666:
4083:Krebs, Robert E. (July 30, 2006).
4024:Grant, Julius (1969). "Francium".
2697:, have later been found in nature.
2378:, along with the symbol Ml, after
1297:Pauling scale: >0.79
1283:(expected to have a strongly
25:
5517:
5508:
5490:
5445:
5355:
5285:
5258:
5231:
5213:
5204:
5186:
5159:
5141:
5123:
5033:
4963:
4936:
4900:
4846:
4837:
4819:
4801:
4729:
4700:
4639:
4585:
4567:
4529:
4502:
4028:. McGraw-Hill. pp. 279–280.
3869:(5). Retrieved on March 26, 2007.
3467:Considine, Glenn D., ed. (2005).
3401:Considine, Glenn D., ed. (2005).
3243:Relativistic Methods for Chemists
2937:Price, Andy (December 20, 2004).
2563:Francium can be synthesized by a
2524:contains about 100,000 atoms (3.7
5800:Science and technology in France
5752:
5735:
5718:
5701:
5673:
5409:
5373:
5337:
5222:
5150:
5060:
5042:
4972:
4954:
4882:
4783:
4774:
4765:
4610:
4513:
2857:Journal de Physique et le Radium
2831:Chemical and Process Engineering
2605:
2593:
1694:
1693:
1200:
53:
5312:
5017:
5008:
4675:
4657:
4576:
4558:
3143:The Nature of the Chemical Bond
1310:1st: 393 kJ/mol
5276:
5249:
4792:
4756:
4594:
4549:
3498:Brookhaven National Laboratory
3494:"Table of Isotopes decay data"
2689:Some synthetic elements, like
1977:. It also coprecipitates with
1:
4981:
4238:10.1088/1748-0221/8/12/P12006
4089:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
3782:Peterson, I. (May 11, 1996).
3626:. The University of Sheffield
3010:. The University of Sheffield
2901:Chemical and Engineering News
2851:Perey, M. (October 1, 1939).
2336:Alabama Polytechnic Institute
2105:) is expected to have a more
4325:The Periodic Table of Videos
3381:10.26434/chemrxiv-2022-l798p
3180:10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5
2449:Perey named the new isotope
2365:In 1936, Romanian physicist
2025:is expected to be 42.7
1770:in which it appears), has a
4026:Hackh's Chemical Dictionary
3958:"Alabamine & Virginium"
3559:European Physical Journal A
3251:10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2
3217:10.1103/PhysRevLett.59.1274
2723:Arblaster, John W. (2018).
2109:character than its lighter
2005:. The francium perchlorate
1813:Francium was discovered by
1399: = 670.4 pm
1061:group 1: hydrogen and
5826:
4880:
4709:
4628:
4547:
4511:
4413:
4332:WebElements.com – Francium
4328:(University of Nottingham)
4208:Journal of Instrumentation
3761:10.1088/0034-4885/69/1/R02
3589:10.1140/epja/i2019-12823-2
3326:Radiochemistry of Francium
2124:
1909:of francium at 0.7 on the
421:
289:
229:
169:
144:
5623:
5323:
5028:
4857:
4686:
4605:
4524:
4497:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4408:
4403:
4396:
3117:10.1134/S0036023614060163
2913:10.1021/cen-v081n036.p159
2369:and his French colleague
2166:), with a minor (0.006%)
1692:
1688:
1649:
1624:
1597:
1558:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1185:
1013:
124:
4346:A Tale of Seven Elements
4271:10.1002/14356007.o22_o15
4150:"Production of Francium"
3657:Nature's Building Blocks
3350:(Report). Berkeley, CA:
3245:. Springer. p. 81.
3004:"Electron Configuration"
2895:Orozco, Luis A. (2003).
2787:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae
2508:in the 1970s and 1980s.
2409:
2354:after his home state of
4265:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
3352:UC Radiation Laboratory
3298:2027/mdp.39015086483156
3196:Physical Review Letters
3046:10.1023/A:1027389223381
2623:and then isolated in a
2480:. Perey then suggested
4116:"Cooling and Trapping"
4011:10.1103/PhysRev.47.310
3891:(September 10, 2005).
3354:. p. 9. UCRL-409.
2560:
2529:
2273:, Viktor F. Hess, and
1421:Electrical resistivity
1113:2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 1
1097:Electron configuration
5690:at Knowledge (XXG)'s
3970:on September 30, 2007
3864:The Chemical Educator
3858:June 4, 2013, at the
3654:Emsley, John (2001).
2665:compound loaded with
2554:
2519:
2321:manganese(II) sulfate
2015:Lawrence E. Glendenin
1951:Lawrence E. Glendenin
1941:with several caesium
1879:, it has the highest
1778:element, behind only
1412:15 W/(m⋅K)
1178:2.458 g/cm
4130:on November 22, 2007
3903:on February 24, 2006
3346:(October 10, 1949).
3168:J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem
2625:magneto-optical trap
2557:magneto-optical trap
2396:Jean Baptiste Perrin
2127:Isotopes of francium
1993:Francium perchlorate
1919:relativistic effects
1800:electronic structure
1755:87. It is extremely
1481:Isotopes of francium
1408:Thermal conductivity
1339:Van der Waals radius
4230:2013JInst...8P2006T
4164:on October 12, 2007
4064:on February 3, 1999
4003:1935PhRv...47..310M
3753:2006RPPh...69...79G
3581:2019EPJA...55..140B
3544:10.1021/ja01143a074
3504:on October 31, 2006
3344:Seaborg, G. T.
3289:10.1021/ja01136a066
3209:1987PhRvL..59.1274A
3034:Inorganic Materials
2313:Frederick H. Loring
2237:subatomic particles
2011:caesium perchlorate
1979:silicotungstic acid
1947:caesium perchlorate
1469:and first isolation
1373:body-centered cubic
1303:Ionization energies
1188:Vapor pressure
1118:Physical properties
1110:Electrons per shell
40:
3565:(8): 140–1–140–7.
3338:Hyde, E. K.;
2569:linear accelerator
2561:
2530:
2466:Irène Joliot-Curie
2309:Gerald J. F. Druce
2286:Dmitry Dobroserdov
2233:coupling constants
2003:sodium perchlorate
1766:after the natural
1700:Category: Francium
1438:Paramagnetic
1356:Natural occurrence
1020:
1001:
5785:Chemical elements
5659:
5658:
5652:
5651:
5618:
5617:
4096:978-0-313-02798-7
4035:978-0-07-024067-4
3718:10.1021/ja0255251
3667:978-0-19-850341-5
3538:(23): 6081–6084.
3478:978-0-471-61525-5
3448:978-0-07-913665-7
3412:978-0-471-61525-5
3283:(16): 4181–4184.
3277:J. Am. Chem. Soc.
3260:978-1-4020-9975-5
3152:978-0-8014-0333-0
3089:978-0-250-39923-9
3040:(11): 1138–1141.
2988:978-0-8493-0474-3
2775:Chinese Physics C
2734:978-1-62708-155-9
2585:Au + O → Fr + 4 n
2582:Au + O → Fr + 5 n
2579:Au + O → Fr + 6 n
2502:Sylvain Lieberman
2464:of the elements.
2192:The least stable
2029:(178.7 J mol K).
1999:francium chloride
1929:than the Cs ion.
1923:electron affinity
1915:ionization energy
1907:electronegativity
1881:equivalent weight
1735:
1734:
1684:
1683:
1434:Magnetic ordering
1425:3 µΩ⋅m
1367:Crystal structure
1343:348 pm
1293:Electronegativity
1268:Atomic properties
1262:
1261:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1018:
999:
989:
988:
715:Mercury (element)
16:(Redirected from
5817:
5765:
5764:from Wikiversity
5757:
5756:
5755:
5748:
5740:
5739:
5738:
5731:
5723:
5722:
5721:
5714:
5706:
5705:
5704:
5694:
5678:
5677:
5676:
5669:
5628:
5627:
5614:
5612:
5605:
5603:
5596:
5594:
5587:
5585:
5578:
5576:
5569:
5567:
5560:
5558:
5551:
5549:
5542:
5540:
5533:
5531:
5524:
5522:
5515:
5513:
5506:
5504:
5497:
5495:
5488:
5486:
5479:
5477:
5470:
5468:
5461:
5459:
5452:
5450:
5443:
5441:
5434:
5432:
5425:
5423:
5416:
5414:
5407:
5405:
5398:
5396:
5389:
5387:
5380:
5378:
5371:
5369:
5362:
5360:
5353:
5351:
5344:
5342:
5335:
5333:
5319:
5317:
5310:
5308:
5301:
5299:
5292:
5290:
5283:
5281:
5274:
5272:
5265:
5263:
5256:
5254:
5247:
5245:
5238:
5236:
5229:
5227:
5220:
5218:
5211:
5209:
5202:
5200:
5193:
5191:
5184:
5182:
5175:
5173:
5166:
5164:
5157:
5155:
5148:
5146:
5139:
5137:
5130:
5128:
5121:
5119:
5112:
5110:
5103:
5101:
5094:
5092:
5085:
5083:
5076:
5074:
5067:
5065:
5058:
5056:
5049:
5047:
5040:
5038:
5024:
5022:
5015:
5013:
5006:
5004:
4997:
4995:
4988:
4986:
4979:
4977:
4970:
4968:
4961:
4959:
4952:
4950:
4943:
4941:
4934:
4932:
4925:
4923:
4916:
4914:
4907:
4905:
4898:
4896:
4889:
4887:
4878:
4876:
4869:
4867:
4853:
4851:
4844:
4842:
4835:
4833:
4826:
4824:
4817:
4815:
4808:
4806:
4799:
4797:
4790:
4788:
4781:
4779:
4772:
4770:
4763:
4761:
4754:
4752:
4745:
4743:
4736:
4734:
4727:
4725:
4718:
4716:
4707:
4705:
4698:
4696:
4682:
4680:
4673:
4671:
4664:
4662:
4655:
4653:
4646:
4644:
4637:
4635:
4626:
4624:
4617:
4615:
4601:
4599:
4592:
4590:
4583:
4581:
4574:
4572:
4565:
4563:
4556:
4554:
4545:
4543:
4536:
4534:
4520:
4518:
4509:
4507:
4399:
4383:
4376:
4369:
4360:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4223:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4112:
4101:
4100:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4021:
4015:
4014:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3928:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3885:
3870:
3849:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3820:on July 27, 2020
3819:
3813:. Archived from
3788:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3651:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3574:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3529:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3500:. Archived from
3489:
3483:
3482:
3464:
3453:
3452:
3428:
3417:
3416:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3335:
3329:
3322:
3311:
3310:
3300:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3238:
3229:
3228:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3174:(3–4): 215–221.
3163:
3157:
3156:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3075:
3058:
3057:
3029:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2975:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2934:
2917:
2916:
2892:
2881:
2880:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2772:
2763:
2752:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2720:
2698:
2687:
2609:
2597:
2527:
2504:and his team at
2416:Marguerite Perey
2410:Perey's analysis
2404:Marguerite Perey
2275:Friedrich Paneth
2221:atomic structure
2210:atomic structure
2162:(1.149 MeV
2033:Francium halides
1897:Dmitri Mendeleev
1887:of 0.05092
1877:valence electron
1836:ores, where the
1815:Marguerite Perey
1742:chemical element
1723:
1716:
1709:
1697:
1696:
1675:
1663:
1658:
1640:
1633:
1615:
1608:
1588:
1576:
1569:
1544:
1512:
1502:
1497:
1490:
1473:Marguerite Perey
1394:
1385:Lattice constant
1351:Other properties
1282:
1274:Oxidation states
1240:
1236:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1175:
1133:
1132:
1088:
1048:
1047:
984:
977:
970:
963:
956:
949:
942:
935:
928:
921:
914:
907:
900:
893:
886:
879:
872:
865:
858:
851:
844:
837:
830:
823:
816:
809:
802:
795:
788:
781:
774:
767:
758:
751:
744:
737:
730:
723:
716:
709:
702:
695:
688:
681:
674:
667:
660:
653:
646:
639:
632:
625:
618:
611:
604:
597:
590:
583:
576:
569:
562:
555:
548:
541:
532:
525:
518:
511:
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497:
490:
483:
476:
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462:
455:
448:
441:
434:
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409:
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393:
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379:
372:
365:
358:
351:
344:
337:
330:
323:
316:
309:
302:
295:
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279:
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256:
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235:
226:
219:
210:
203:
196:
189:
182:
175:
166:
159:
150:
141:
135:
134:
130:
126:
117:Francium in the
103:
98:
90:
88:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
71:
68:
65:
62:
59:
41:
39:
21:
5825:
5824:
5820:
5819:
5818:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5770:
5769:
5768:
5758:
5753:
5751:
5741:
5736:
5734:
5724:
5719:
5717:
5713:from Wiktionary
5707:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5693:sister projects
5692:
5684:
5674:
5672:
5664:
5660:
5655:
5654:
5653:
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5610:
5608:
5601:
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5583:
5581:
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5556:
5554:
5547:
5545:
5538:
5536:
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5527:
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5518:
5511:
5509:
5502:
5500:
5493:
5491:
5484:
5482:
5475:
5473:
5466:
5464:
5457:
5455:
5448:
5446:
5439:
5437:
5430:
5428:
5421:
5419:
5412:
5410:
5403:
5401:
5394:
5392:
5385:
5383:
5376:
5374:
5367:
5365:
5358:
5356:
5349:
5347:
5340:
5338:
5331:
5329:
5315:
5313:
5306:
5304:
5297:
5295:
5288:
5286:
5279:
5277:
5270:
5268:
5261:
5259:
5252:
5250:
5243:
5241:
5234:
5232:
5225:
5223:
5216:
5214:
5207:
5205:
5198:
5196:
5189:
5187:
5180:
5178:
5171:
5169:
5162:
5160:
5153:
5151:
5144:
5142:
5135:
5133:
5126:
5124:
5117:
5115:
5108:
5106:
5099:
5097:
5090:
5088:
5081:
5079:
5072:
5070:
5063:
5061:
5054:
5052:
5045:
5043:
5036:
5034:
5020:
5018:
5011:
5009:
5002:
5000:
4993:
4991:
4984:
4982:
4975:
4973:
4966:
4964:
4957:
4955:
4948:
4946:
4939:
4937:
4930:
4928:
4921:
4919:
4912:
4910:
4903:
4901:
4894:
4892:
4885:
4883:
4874:
4872:
4865:
4863:
4849:
4847:
4840:
4838:
4831:
4829:
4822:
4820:
4813:
4811:
4804:
4802:
4795:
4793:
4786:
4784:
4777:
4775:
4768:
4766:
4759:
4757:
4750:
4748:
4741:
4739:
4732:
4730:
4723:
4721:
4714:
4712:
4703:
4701:
4694:
4692:
4678:
4676:
4669:
4667:
4660:
4658:
4651:
4649:
4642:
4640:
4633:
4631:
4622:
4620:
4613:
4611:
4597:
4595:
4588:
4586:
4579:
4577:
4570:
4568:
4561:
4559:
4552:
4550:
4541:
4539:
4532:
4530:
4516:
4514:
4505:
4503:
4392:
4387:
4316:
4311:
4310:
4300:
4298:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4281:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4193:10.2172/1214938
4182:
4181:
4177:
4167:
4165:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4133:
4131:
4114:
4113:
4104:
4097:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4067:
4065:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4036:
4023:
4022:
4018:
3991:Physical Review
3988:
3987:
3983:
3973:
3971:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3941:
3939:
3930:
3929:
3916:
3906:
3904:
3887:
3886:
3873:
3860:Wayback Machine
3850:
3833:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3803:10.2307/3979560
3786:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3741:Rep. Prog. Phys
3738:
3737:
3733:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3688:
3686:
3681:Gagnon, Steve.
3680:
3679:
3675:
3668:
3653:
3652:
3639:
3629:
3627:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3527:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3507:
3505:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3479:
3466:
3465:
3456:
3449:
3430:
3429:
3420:
3413:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3385:
3383:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3323:
3314:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3240:
3239:
3232:
3203:(12): 1274–76.
3192:
3191:
3187:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3090:
3077:
3076:
3061:
3031:
3030:
3023:
3013:
3011:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2977:
2976:
2953:
2943:
2941:
2936:
2935:
2920:
2894:
2893:
2884:
2863:(10): 435–438.
2850:
2849:
2845:
2835:
2833:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2809:
2807:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2770:
2765:
2764:
2755:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2722:
2721:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2701:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2663:silicon dioxide
2660:
2656:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2549:
2525:
2520:This sample of
2514:
2459:electropositive
2420:Curie Institute
2412:
2384:F. H. Hirsh Jr.
2371:Yvette Cauchois
2348:magneto-optical
2319:photographs of
2284:Soviet chemist
2267:
2249:
2202:
2140:nuclear isomers
2129:
2123:
2116:
2104:
2075:silicotungstate
2071:chloroplatinate
2055:
2053:Other compounds
2047:vapour pressure
2035:
1995:
1983:perchloric acid
1975:silicotungstate
1971:chloroplatinate
1969:tartrate), the
1935:
1885:surface tension
1850:
1848:Characteristics
1776:electropositive
1727:
1702:
1673:
1661:
1656:
1636:
1631:
1611:
1606:
1586:
1572:
1567:
1542:
1535:
1528:abundance
1501:
1483:
1448:7440-73-5
1395:
1376:
1322:Covalent radius
1316:
1278:
1263:
1238:
1206:
1169:
1126:
1041:
1037:
1004:
1002:
998:
996:
990:
982:
975:
968:
961:
954:
947:
940:
933:
926:
919:
912:
905:
898:
891:
884:
877:
870:
863:
856:
849:
842:
835:
828:
821:
814:
807:
800:
793:
786:
779:
772:
765:
756:
749:
742:
735:
728:
721:
714:
707:
700:
693:
686:
679:
672:
665:
658:
651:
644:
637:
630:
623:
616:
609:
602:
595:
588:
581:
574:
567:
560:
553:
546:
539:
530:
523:
516:
509:
502:
495:
488:
481:
474:
467:
460:
453:
446:
439:
432:
425:
414:
407:
398:
391:
384:
377:
370:
363:
356:
349:
342:
335:
328:
321:
314:
307:
300:
293:
284:
277:
268:
261:
254:
247:
240:
233:
224:
217:
208:
201:
194:
187:
180:
173:
164:
157:
148:
139:
96:
92:
56:
52:
37:
34:Francium,
33:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5823:
5821:
5813:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5772:
5771:
5767:
5766:
5749:
5747:from Wikibooks
5732:
5715:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5657:
5656:
5650:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5616:
5615:
5606:
5597:
5588:
5579:
5570:
5561:
5552:
5543:
5534:
5525:
5516:
5507:
5498:
5489:
5480:
5471:
5462:
5453:
5444:
5435:
5426:
5417:
5408:
5399:
5390:
5381:
5372:
5363:
5354:
5345:
5336:
5327:
5321:
5320:
5311:
5302:
5293:
5284:
5275:
5266:
5257:
5248:
5239:
5230:
5221:
5212:
5203:
5194:
5185:
5176:
5167:
5158:
5149:
5140:
5131:
5122:
5113:
5104:
5095:
5086:
5077:
5068:
5059:
5050:
5041:
5032:
5026:
5025:
5016:
5007:
4998:
4989:
4980:
4971:
4962:
4953:
4944:
4935:
4926:
4917:
4908:
4899:
4890:
4881:
4879:
4870:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4845:
4836:
4827:
4818:
4809:
4800:
4791:
4782:
4773:
4764:
4755:
4746:
4737:
4728:
4719:
4710:
4708:
4699:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4674:
4665:
4656:
4647:
4638:
4629:
4627:
4618:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4593:
4584:
4575:
4566:
4557:
4548:
4546:
4537:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4512:
4510:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4390:Periodic table
4388:
4386:
4385:
4378:
4371:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4315:
4314:External links
4312:
4309:
4308:
4286:
4280:978-3527306732
4279:
4251:
4198:
4175:
4141:
4102:
4095:
4075:
4041:
4034:
4016:
3997:(4): 310–315.
3981:
3949:
3914:
3889:Fontani, Marco
3871:
3831:
3774:
3731:
3696:
3673:
3666:
3637:
3618:Winter, Mark.
3610:
3549:
3515:
3484:
3477:
3454:
3447:
3418:
3411:
3393:
3357:
3330:
3312:
3266:
3259:
3230:
3185:
3158:
3151:
3139:Pauling, Linus
3130:
3111:(6): 561–567.
3095:
3088:
3059:
3021:
3002:Winter, Mark.
2994:
2987:
2951:
2918:
2882:
2843:
2817:
2792:
2753:
2740:
2733:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2667:barium sulfate
2658:
2654:
2611:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2548:
2545:
2513:
2510:
2434:, bismuth, or
2411:
2408:
2266:
2263:
2248:
2245:
2241:quantum theory
2201:
2198:
2125:Main article:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2102:
2054:
2051:
2034:
2031:
2007:coprecipitates
1994:
1991:
1939:coprecipitates
1934:
1931:
1905:estimated the
1849:
1846:
1733:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1703:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1657:22.00 min
1654:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1634:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1530:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1515:Main isotopes
1508:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1492:
1484:
1477:
1476:
1470:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:(extrapolated)
1410:
1404:
1403:
1389:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1378:(extrapolated)
1371:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1345:(extrapolated)
1341:
1335:
1334:
1332:(extrapolated)
1324:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1195:
1193:(extrapolated)
1183:
1182:
1176:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1011:
1010:
991:
987:
986:
979:
972:
965:
958:
951:
944:
937:
930:
923:
916:
909:
902:
895:
888:
881:
874:
867:
860:
853:
846:
839:
832:
825:
818:
811:
804:
797:
790:
783:
776:
769:
761:
760:
753:
746:
739:
732:
725:
718:
711:
704:
697:
690:
683:
676:
669:
662:
655:
648:
641:
634:
627:
620:
613:
606:
599:
592:
585:
578:
571:
564:
557:
550:
543:
535:
534:
527:
520:
513:
506:
499:
492:
485:
478:
471:
464:
457:
450:
443:
436:
429:
422:
420:
418:
411:
403:
402:
395:
388:
381:
374:
367:
360:
353:
346:
339:
332:
325:
318:
311:
304:
297:
290:
288:
281:
273:
272:
265:
258:
251:
244:
237:
230:
228:
221:
213:
212:
205:
198:
191:
184:
177:
170:
168:
161:
153:
152:
145:
143:
133:
122:
121:
119:periodic table
114:
113:
111:
105:
104:
50:
46:
45:
35:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5822:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5790:Alkali metals
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5775:
5763:
5762:
5750:
5746:
5745:
5733:
5729:
5728:
5716:
5712:
5711:
5699:
5695:
5689:
5681:
5671:
5667:
5662:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5622:
5613:
5604:
5595:
5586:
5577:
5568:
5559:
5550:
5541:
5532:
5523:
5514:
5505:
5496:
5487:
5478:
5469:
5460:
5451:
5442:
5433:
5424:
5415:
5406:
5397:
5388:
5379:
5370:
5361:
5352:
5343:
5334:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5309:
5300:
5291:
5282:
5273:
5264:
5255:
5246:
5237:
5228:
5219:
5210:
5201:
5192:
5183:
5174:
5165:
5156:
5147:
5138:
5129:
5120:
5111:
5102:
5093:
5084:
5075:
5066:
5057:
5048:
5039:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5014:
5005:
4996:
4987:
4978:
4969:
4960:
4951:
4942:
4933:
4924:
4915:
4906:
4897:
4888:
4877:
4868:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4843:
4834:
4825:
4816:
4807:
4798:
4789:
4780:
4771:
4762:
4753:
4744:
4735:
4726:
4717:
4706:
4697:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4672:
4663:
4654:
4645:
4636:
4625:
4616:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4591:
4582:
4573:
4564:
4555:
4544:
4535:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4508:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4391:
4384:
4379:
4377:
4372:
4370:
4365:
4364:
4361:
4355:
4354:9780195391312
4351:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4296:
4290:
4287:
4282:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4263:
4255:
4252:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4214:(12): 12006.
4213:
4209:
4202:
4199:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4179:
4176:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4145:
4142:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4098:
4092:
4088:
4087:
4079:
4076:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4045:
4042:
4037:
4031:
4027:
4020:
4017:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3985:
3982:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3953:
3950:
3938:
3934:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3915:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3824:September 11,
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3775:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3747:(1): 79–118.
3746:
3742:
3735:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3712:(5): 1126–7.
3711:
3707:
3706:J Am Chem Soc
3700:
3697:
3684:
3677:
3674:
3669:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3625:
3621:
3614:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3553:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3516:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3488:
3485:
3480:
3474:
3470:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3450:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3414:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3394:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3361:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3324:E. N K. Hyde
3321:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3270:
3267:
3262:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3189:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3099:
3096:
3091:
3085:
3081:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2940:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2859:(in French).
2858:
2854:
2847:
2844:
2832:
2828:
2821:
2818:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2781:(3): 030001.
2780:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2741:
2736:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2608:
2596:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2558:
2553:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2523:
2518:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2367:Horia Hulubei
2363:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2229:energy levels
2226:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2120:
2118:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1911:Pauling scale
1908:
1904:
1903:Linus Pauling
1900:
1898:
1894:
1893:radioactivity
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1842:Earth's crust
1839:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1784:second rarest
1782:, and is the
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1753:atomic number
1750:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1728: |
1724:
1719:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1660:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1632:14.2 min
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1568:20.0 min
1564:
1557:
1554:
1553:product
1551:
1549:
1546:
1539:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1235:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1156:Boiling point
1153:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1142:Melting point
1139:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1075:period 7
1073:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1063:alkali metals
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1039:Atomic number
1035:
1024:
1016:
1012:
1008:
995:
992:
985:
980:
978:
973:
971:
966:
964:
959:
957:
952:
950:
945:
943:
938:
936:
931:
929:
924:
922:
917:
915:
910:
908:
903:
901:
896:
894:
889:
887:
885:Rutherfordium
882:
880:
875:
873:
868:
866:
861:
859:
854:
852:
847:
845:
840:
838:
833:
831:
826:
824:
819:
817:
812:
810:
805:
803:
798:
796:
791:
789:
784:
782:
777:
775:
770:
768:
763:
762:
759:
754:
752:
747:
745:
740:
738:
733:
731:
726:
724:
719:
717:
712:
710:
705:
703:
698:
696:
691:
689:
684:
682:
677:
675:
670:
668:
663:
661:
656:
654:
649:
647:
642:
640:
635:
633:
628:
626:
621:
619:
614:
612:
607:
605:
600:
598:
593:
591:
586:
584:
579:
577:
572:
570:
565:
563:
558:
556:
551:
549:
544:
542:
537:
536:
533:
528:
526:
521:
519:
514:
512:
507:
505:
500:
498:
493:
491:
486:
484:
479:
477:
472:
470:
465:
463:
458:
456:
451:
449:
444:
442:
437:
435:
430:
428:
423:
419:
417:
412:
410:
405:
404:
401:
396:
394:
389:
387:
382:
380:
375:
373:
368:
366:
361:
359:
354:
352:
347:
345:
340:
338:
333:
331:
326:
324:
319:
317:
312:
310:
305:
303:
298:
296:
291:
287:
282:
280:
275:
274:
271:
266:
264:
259:
257:
252:
250:
245:
243:
238:
236:
231:
227:
222:
220:
215:
214:
211:
206:
204:
199:
197:
192:
190:
185:
183:
178:
176:
171:
167:
162:
160:
155:
154:
151:
146:
142:
137:
136:
132:
131:
128:
127:
123:
120:
115:
112:
110:
106:
101:
100:
86:
51:
49:Pronunciation
47:
42:
27:
19:
5759:
5742:
5730:from Commons
5725:
5708:
5687:
5661:
5330:
4345:
4342:Scerri, Eric
4323:
4301:February 19,
4299:. Retrieved
4289:
4260:
4254:
4211:
4207:
4201:
4178:
4166:. Retrieved
4162:the original
4153:
4144:
4132:. Retrieved
4128:the original
4119:
4085:
4078:
4066:. Retrieved
4062:the original
4053:
4044:
4025:
4019:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3972:. Retrieved
3968:the original
3961:
3952:
3940:. Retrieved
3936:
3905:. Retrieved
3901:the original
3896:
3866:
3863:
3822:. Retrieved
3815:the original
3794:
3791:Science News
3790:
3777:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3687:. Retrieved
3676:
3656:
3628:. Retrieved
3623:
3613:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3535:
3531:
3518:
3506:. Retrieved
3502:the original
3487:
3468:
3433:
3431:"Francium".
3402:
3396:
3386:November 16,
3384:. Retrieved
3375:(preprint).
3370:
3360:
3333:
3325:
3280:
3275:
3269:
3242:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3142:
3133:
3108:
3104:
3098:
3079:
3037:
3033:
3012:. Retrieved
3007:
2997:
2978:
2944:February 19,
2942:. Retrieved
2904:
2900:
2860:
2856:
2846:
2836:February 28,
2834:. Retrieved
2830:
2820:
2808:. Retrieved
2804:
2795:
2778:
2774:
2743:
2724:
2685:
2671:
2652:
2638:
2629:steady state
2618:
2562:
2531:
2481:
2473:
2472:rather than
2469:
2454:
2450:
2448:
2413:
2375:
2364:
2351:
2332:Fred Allison
2329:
2324:
2306:
2297:
2294:potassium-40
2283:
2271:Stefan Meyer
2268:
2256:
2250:
2225:spectroscopy
2218:
2203:
2200:Applications
2194:ground state
2191:
2179:actinium-225
2172:
2164:decay energy
2152:actinium-227
2144:
2130:
2056:
2036:
1996:
1936:
1901:
1874:
1851:
1828:
1818:
1812:
1808:
1804:alkali metal
1760:
1748:
1737:
1736:
1607:4.8 min
1537:
1475: (1939)
1427:(calculated)
1426:
1413:
1400:
1396:
1377:
1344:
1331:
1279:
1233:
1201:
1192:
1187:
1179:
1043:
927:Darmstadtium
794:Protactinium
764:
568:Praseodymium
26:
5710:Definitions
3797:(19): 294.
3340:Ghiorso, A.
2907:(36): 159.
2440:alpha decay
2400:Nobel Prize
2360:UC Berkeley
2279:World War I
2258:eka-caesium
2168:alpha decay
2156:thorium-227
2148:uranium-235
2133:atomic mass
1981:, and with
1927:polarizable
1768:decay chain
1757:radioactive
1401:(estimated)
1226:100 k
1180:(estimated)
1170:(near
969:Livermorium
941:Copernicium
934:Roentgenium
864:Mendelevium
850:Einsteinium
843:Californium
109:Mass number
5774:Categories
4295:"Francium"
3933:"Francium"
3683:"Francium"
3572:1908.11458
2939:"Francium"
2897:"Francium"
2827:"Francium"
2749:PDF online
2705:References
2691:technetium
2547:Production
2512:Occurrence
2451:actinium-K
2444:beta decay
2430:, radium,
2346:using his
2344:lepidolite
2325:alkalinium
2160:beta decay
2137:metastable
2099:superoxide
2087:molybdenum
1973:, and the
1945:, such as
1829:ekacaesium
1730:references
1444:CAS Number
1360:from decay
1223:10 k
976:Tennessine
920:Meitnerium
899:Seaborgium
878:Lawrencium
617:Dysprosium
603:Gadolinium
582:Promethium
454:Technetium
447:Molybdenum
248:Phosphorus
5761:Resources
5744:Textbooks
5680:Chemistry
4221:1312.3562
4168:March 26,
4068:March 26,
4050:"History"
3630:March 25,
3605:201664098
3597:1434-601X
3014:April 18,
2877:0368-3842
2695:plutonium
2641:deuterons
2522:uraninite
2376:moldavium
2352:virginium
2340:pollucite
2330:In 1930,
2315:analyzed
2290:potassium
2269:In 1914,
2206:chemistry
2187:radon-222
2175:neptunium
2111:congeners
2079:zirconium
1933:Compounds
1854:half-life
1772:half-life
1744:; it has
1533:half-life
1467:Discovery
1326:260
1220:1 k
1146:300
983:Oganesson
962:Moscovium
955:Flerovium
836:Berkelium
822:Americium
815:Plutonium
808:Neptunium
645:Ytterbium
575:Neodymium
554:Lanthanum
517:Tellurium
475:Palladium
461:Ruthenium
433:Zirconium
415:Strontium
371:Germanium
322:Manganese
278:Potassium
234:Aluminium
225:Magnesium
165:Beryllium
18:Virginium
5780:Francium
5688:Francium
4344:(2013).
4320:Francium
4246:15501597
4154:Francium
4120:Francium
4054:Francium
3974:April 1,
3942:April 8,
3907:April 8,
3856:Archived
3769:15917603
3726:12553788
3689:April 1,
3624:Francium
3508:April 4,
3372:ChemRxiv
3307:95854270
3225:10035190
3141:(1960).
3125:98622837
3054:97764887
3008:Francium
2541:minerals
2482:francium
2436:thallium
2424:actinium
2380:Moldavia
2356:Virginia
2235:between
2231:and the
2121:Isotopes
2107:covalent
2095:antimony
2067:tartrate
2043:chlorine
2039:halogens
2019:thallium
1967:rubidium
1963:tartrate
1858:astatine
1788:astatine
1762:actinium
1738:Francium
1231:at
1127:at
1105:] 7s
1019:francium
948:Nihonium
871:Nobelium
780:Actinium
766:Francium
750:Astatine
743:Polonium
722:Thallium
701:Platinum
673:Tungsten
666:Tantalum
652:Lutetium
596:Europium
589:Samarium
510:Antimony
408:Rubidium
385:Selenium
315:Chromium
308:Vanadium
301:Titanium
294:Scandium
262:Chlorine
202:Fluorine
188:Nitrogen
140:Hydrogen
44:Francium
5795:Eponyms
5647:p-block
5642:d-block
5637:f-block
5632:s-block
4226:Bibcode
3999:Bibcode
3811:3979560
3749:Bibcode
3577:Bibcode
3439:493–494
3205:Bibcode
2621:yttrium
2538:uranium
2498:rhenium
2494:hafnium
2490:gallium
2428:thorium
2418:of the
2392:bismuth
2388:mercury
2334:of the
2298:russium
2253:caesium
2247:History
2214:cancers
2208:and of
2183:extinct
2083:niobium
2063:picrate
2023:entropy
1987:carrier
1959:picrate
1870:dubnium
1838:isotope
1834:uranium
1824:caesium
1780:caesium
1764: K
1453:History
1166:Density
1090:s-block
913:Hassium
906:Bohrium
892:Dubnium
857:Fermium
801:Uranium
787:Thorium
736:Bismuth
694:Iridium
680:Rhenium
659:Hafnium
638:Thulium
624:Holmium
610:Terbium
540:Caesium
489:Cadmium
468:Rhodium
440:Niobium
426:Yttrium
399:Krypton
392:Bromine
378:Arsenic
364:Gallium
285:Calcium
241:Silicon
158:Lithium
99:-see-əm
91:
5666:Portal
4352:
4277:
4244:
4134:May 1,
4093:
4032:
3809:
3767:
3724:
3664:
3620:"Uses"
3603:
3595:
3475:
3445:
3409:
3305:
3257:
3223:
3149:
3123:
3086:
3052:
2985:
2875:
2810:May 2,
2731:
2657:Cl–CrO
2645:helium
2634:TRIUMF
2565:fusion
2478:curium
2474:cation
2462:cation
2455:catium
2073:, and
2059:iodate
1965:(also
1961:, the
1957:, the
1955:iodate
1862:radium
1798:. The
1794:, and
1792:radium
1746:symbol
1698:
1653:trace
1628:synth
1458:Naming
1330:
1313:
1287:oxide)
1237:
1205:
1191:
1168:
1087:
1070:Period
1023:radium
829:Curium
773:Radium
687:Osmium
631:Erbium
561:Cerium
547:Barium
524:Iodine
496:Indium
482:Silver
350:Copper
343:Nickel
336:Cobalt
255:Sulfur
218:Sodium
195:Oxygen
181:Carbon
149:Helium
89:
5727:Media
4242:S2CID
4216:arXiv
3818:(PDF)
3807:JSTOR
3787:(PDF)
3765:S2CID
3601:S2CID
3567:arXiv
3528:(PDF)
3303:S2CID
3121:S2CID
3050:S2CID
2771:(PDF)
2677:Notes
2643:, or
2317:X-ray
2302:Odesa
2009:with
1943:salts
1866:radon
1864:, or
1796:radon
1740:is a
1602:trace
1563:synth
1519:Decay
1375:(bcc)
1285:basic
1136:solid
1124:Phase
1101:[
1082:Block
1057:Group
1015:radon
757:Radon
531:Xenon
269:Argon
174:Boron
4350:ISBN
4303:2012
4275:ISBN
4170:2007
4136:2007
4091:ISBN
4070:2007
4030:ISBN
3976:2007
3963:Time
3944:2007
3909:2007
3826:2001
3722:PMID
3691:2007
3662:ISBN
3632:2007
3593:ISSN
3510:2007
3473:ISBN
3443:ISBN
3407:ISBN
3388:2022
3255:ISBN
3221:PMID
3147:ISBN
3084:ISBN
3016:2007
2983:ISBN
2946:2012
2873:ISSN
2838:2023
2812:2024
2729:ISBN
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2648:ions
2506:CERN
2496:and
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729:Lead
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329:Iron
209:Neon
97:FRAN
4322:at
4267:doi
4234:doi
4189:doi
4007:doi
3799:doi
3795:149
3757:doi
3714:doi
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