344:
186:, another Liberal politician, as her lover, from 1882 for two years or more, in the divorce case brought against her and Dilke by her husband, a year after their marriage in 1885. Virginia Crawford was not called to give evidence, but her husband had heard her confess to this affair and thus succeeded in the divorce. The subsequent scandal caused the political downfall of Dilke, and her parents' social standing was diminished: it was hinted that Dilke had had an earlier affair with Ellen Smith, Dilke's brother's mother-in-law, and other lurid claims were revealed, when Dilke tried unsuccessfully to clear himself). Novelists
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be supported by people of the
Catholic faith. Crawford did not support the argument that seeking votes for women was 'essentially anti-religious'. The group however came to a compromise with activists from the other suffrage organisations, not excluding them but also not allowing them to represent CWSS at any militant activities. Militancy and arson, window-smashing and other criminal actions for women's rights divided Catholic opinion, especially when worship was disrupted to protest forced feeding of prisoners. But other Catholic activists, like
413:, led to a change in name to St. Joan's Social and Political Alliance, with Virginia Crawford as its first Chair, urging the organisation to demand votes for women over 21 years old, on the same grounds as men. When eventually equal franchise was achieved, the St Joan's Alliance organised a thanksgiving Mass in
359:
to expressly secure equality of suffrage for men and women, and to alleviate the 'hard and dehumanizing' workplaces affecting millions of working women. The foundation of the group was controversial with some criticising its lack of universality and others seeing voting rights as too controversial to
316:, Crawford believed that the Christian faith teaching and working for women's enfranchisement were complementary not contradictory. To improve the chances of success for winning women's rights to vote, Crawford realised that Catholics would have to work with non-sectarian groups such as the
305:
Because in
Britain, Catholics were a minority numerically, Crawford urged in 1908, that "the days are gone by" when Catholic women "could be content to be mere onlookers of contemporary politics." Unlike the prevailing view among many men of the time, including the editor of the
375:
On 17 June 1911, at the
Coronation Procession, there were eighty CWSS members, many wearing religious medals or sodality ribbons, some saying the rosary as they walked, the spectators were heard to shout "Bravo, Catholics", but some also shouted for
409:, and extension of the franchise to all women. Some 3% of the financial donors to CWSS were priests. However the CWSS did not get the support of the Church to be called 'Catholic' and as it joined, in 1926, the
364:, urged church women to move from small charitable activities to help the poor to turn to women's suffrage campaigning to "influence the lives of millions of their poor and unprotected sisters for the good."
855:
224:
in 1888. Crawford converted to
Catholicism the following year, claiming this had changed her life unrecognisably. Crawford wrote over 130 articles and many books on themes from Italian art, such as
220:. It started up a writing career, and she assisted research for other authors, such as Irish author George Moore, as well as conducting a journalistic interview with
1107:
325:
738:
The
Crawford-Dilke divorce: full testimony adduced at the great London trial, including Mrs. Crawford's startling confession repeated under oath in the witness box
286:, the previous year, who wanted to share the campaign to remove the societal constraints on women. Crawford also knew about the movements of Catholic activists in
343:
695:
240:. Her literary writings were re-published as recently as 2010, as well as those on women's rights in the workplace and on social issues, with Crawford's
391:
on the left, Virginia
Crawford sitting one from the right, of the British Section of an International Advisory Committee to the National Woman's Party
727: : 2012); citing 1881, quarter 3, vol. 1A, p. 666, St. George Hanover Square, London, England, General Register Office, Southport, England.
460:
Crawford also became head of the St. Joseph's Home for Girl
Mothers, a founder of the Catholic Social Guild, and served for thirty years on the
1151:
1088:
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679:
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317:
282:, April 1897, 'What we in England bluntly call women's rights, the French call 'Feminism' ", after a visit from Christian feminists from
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250:
999:
951:
599:
203:). She "survived the scandal and carved out another plot for herself, one that included a public life as both author and activist."
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484:, London on 19 October 1948. Charitable societies she founded continue internationally, and her works are reprinted to this day.
457:. Crawford and St Joan's Alliance leaders expanded the scope of the organisation to international cooperation on women's rights.
147:(20 November 1862 – 19 October 1948) was a British Catholic suffragist, feminist, journalist and author, cited in the publicised
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367:
723: : 13 December 2014), Virginia Mary Smith, 1881; from "England & Wales Marriages, 1837-2005," database, findmypast (
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Crawford was one of the organisers of the 1910 Women's March in London where thousands of women peacefully processed to the
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429:, and a two-and-a-half-year old girl representing the future. By this time Crawford was in her sixties, and went to
1141:
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politician and shipowner and Martha Mary
Dalrymple (also known as Ellen). She had five sisters and four brothers.
32:
1111:
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on women's suffrage, becoming the first woman to speak to a crowd in the Milan
Archbishop's Palace grounds.
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Gard, Robin M. "Crawford , Virginia Mary (1862–1948), party in the Dilke divorce case and social worker".
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Baigent, Elizabeth. "Dilke, Margaret Mary (1857–1914), campaigner for women's rights".
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719:"England and Wales Marriage Registration Index, 1837-2005," database, FamilySearch (
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856:"'The Willing Captive of Home?': The English Catholic Women's League, 1906–1920"
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gave some women the vote, but continued campaigning and speaking out about
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as well as France. The organisation also operated or had sister groups in
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671:
Dictionary of
Nineteenth-century Journalism in Great Britain and Ireland
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1052:"Votes for Women! The Catholic Contribution - Diocese of Westminster"
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Virginia Smith married the Scottish advocate and Liberal politician
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Crawford was able to move on from her perceived roles (victim or
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and co-wrote religious publications as well as articles in the
232:, to French and Belgian and other European literature, such as
724:
538:"Catholics and the Campaign for Women's Suffrage in England"
347:
Notice for United Mass meeting of suffragists, November 1910
16:
British Catholic suffragist, feminist, journalist and author
1020:
The Legends of the saints; an introduction to Hagiography;
696:"SUPPLY—considered, in Committee. (Hansard, 2 April 1869)"
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Catholic suffragist, feminist, journalist and author
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Martha Mary Dalrymple, also known as Ellen (mother)
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247:Crawford wrote regularly for publications such as
121:Donald Crawford, divorced her citing Dilke in 1886
721:https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:2DT4-HNP
969:Switzerland to-day; a study in social progress
8:
794:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
634:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
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326:National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies
151:scandal and divorce in 1886, founder of the
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823:Maiden tribute : a life of W.T. Stead
340:, which ended in violence and her arrest.
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20:
1077:Cook, Blanche Wiesen (18 February 2020).
913:. Port Washington, N.Y.: Kennikat Press.
553:
1083:. Oxford University Press. p. 165.
971:. London and Edinburgh: Sands & Co.
768:"On Crawford v Crawford and Dilke, 1886"
417:and a procession including Catholic and
298:. In 1901, Crawford spoke in French, in
1080:Crystal Eastman on Women and Revolution
791:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
631:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
493:
433:to meet with Catholic suffragists from
272:Role in feminist and suffrage movements
740:. New York: Free Lance Pub. Co. 1886.
668:Brake, Laurel; Demoor, Marysa (2009).
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464:as well as an elected councillor for
411:International Women Suffrage Alliance
402:Representation of the People Act 1918
336:1907 to join the WSPU protest at the
182:in 1881; but she is known for naming
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395:The CWSS organised a thanksgiving
318:Women's Social and Political Union
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1108:The Dilke-Crawford-Roskill Papers
854:Kane, Paula M. (September 1991).
357:Catholic Women's Suffrage Society
210:helped Virginia Crawford to meet
153:Catholic Women's Suffrage Society
113:Catholic Women's Suffrage Society
990:Crawford, Virginia Mary (2010).
942:Crawford, Virginia Mary (2010).
592:Dilke : a Victorian tragedy
1018:; Crawford, Virginia M (1907).
674:. Academia Press. p. 151.
468:- for fourteen years after the
1:
1152:Divorce in the United Kingdom
967:Crawford, Virginia M (1911).
944:Studies in Foreign Literature
911:Studies in foreign literature
909:Crawford, Virginia M (1970).
328:. Fellow Catholic feminist,
208:Margaret Eustace Smith (Maye)
132:Thomas Eustace Smith (father)
808:UK public library membership
648:UK public library membership
1022:. London: Longmans, Green.
1173:
994:. Kessinger Publications.
260:Month, a Catholic magazine
244:also republished in 2010.
1112:Churchill Archives Centre
725:http://www.findmypast.com
555:10.1017/S0009640700098322
30:
407:equal pay for equal work
1157:English Roman Catholics
821:Eckley, Grace. (2007).
800:10.1093/ref:odnb/53501
640:10.1093/ref:odnb/38881
590:Jenkins, Roy. (1996).
536:Clark, Elaine (2004).
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322:Women's Freedom League
276:Crawford wrote in the
249:Littell's Living Age,
145:Virginia Mary Crawford
25:Virginia Mary Crawford
992:The Ideals of Charity
946:. Read Books Design.
415:Westminster Cathedral
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378:Home Rule for Ireland
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766:Corbett, Mary Jean.
594:. London: Papermac.
169:Thomas Eustace Smith
1147:British journalists
1137:British suffragists
1016:Delehaye, Hippolyte
324:, and the 'milder'
255:Contemporary Review
67:Newcastle upon Tyne
53:Virginia Mary Smith
1058:. 23 February 2018
898:– via JSTOR.
462:Board of Guardians
393:
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279:Fortnightly Review
1142:British feminists
1090:978-0-19-088125-2
1029:978-0-8414-3657-2
920:978-0-8046-0858-9
832:978-1-4628-3811-0
806:(Subscription or
700:api.parliament.uk
681:978-90-382-1340-8
646:(Subscription or
480:Crawford died in
427:Charlotte Despard
423:Millicent Fawcett
330:Charlotte Despard
242:Ideals of Charity
217:Pall Mall Gazette
206:Her elder sister
184:Sir Charles Dilke
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88:, London, England
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94:Nationality
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810:required.)
650:required.)
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419:Protestant
389:Alice Paul
332:, went on
238:D'Annunzio
212:W.T. Stead
59:1862-11-20
40:The Sketch
896:162551711
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564:0009-6407
399:when the
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447:Scotland
163:Born at
110:Movement
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314:clergy
284:France
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892:S2CID
884:JSTOR
568:JSTOR
431:Paris
300:Milan
296:Italy
149:Dilke
1085:ISBN
1064:2020
1034:OCLC
1024:ISBN
996:ISBN
973:OCLC
948:ISBN
925:OCLC
915:ISBN
876:ISSN
837:OCLC
827:ISBN
775:2020
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707:2020
676:ISBN
606:OCLC
596:ISBN
560:ISSN
453:and
435:Peru
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397:Mass
294:and
262:and
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