2296:," in England, were sent to the school in 1691 for this purpose. The funds paid for living expenses, classroom space, and a teacher's pay. Only children of treaty tribes could attend, but at first none of them sent their children to the colonial school. By 1711, Governor Spotswood offered to remit the tribes' yearly tribute payments if they would send their boys to the school. The incentive worked and that year, the tribes sent twenty boys to the school. As the years passed, the number of Brafferton students decreased. By late in the 18th century, the Brafferton Fund was diverted elsewhere. From that time, the college was restricted to ethnic Europeans (or whites) until 1964, when the federal government passed civil rights legislation ending segregation in public facilities.
47:
1903:(Goose River). Men and boys hunted game, and harvested fish and shellfish. Women gathered greens, roots and nuts, and cooked these with the meats. Women were responsible for butchering the meat, gutting and preparing the fish, and cooking shellfish and vegetables for stew. In addition, women were largely responsible for the construction of new houses when the band moved for seasonal resources. Experienced women and older girls worked together to build the houses, with younger children assigned to assist.
2111:
2706:
2528:, the reservation tribes began to reclaim and assert their cultural identities. This was particularly important after the emancipation of slaves. The colonists and many white Virginians assumed that the many Indians of mixed race were no longer culturally Indian. But, they absorbed people of other ethnicities; especially if the mother was Indian, the children were considered to be members of her clan and tribe.
2305:
2588:" as Virginia Indians, in his terms. Plecker directed local offices to use only the designations of "white" or "colored" on birth certificates, death certificates, marriage certificates, voter registration forms, etc. He further directed them to evaluate some specific families which he listed, and to change the classification of their records, saying he believed they were black and trying to pass as Indian.
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1433:. State-recognition is not well defined and does not confer the same rights as federal recognition. The Commonwealth of Virginia has recognized the Mattaponi and Pamunkey since its inception. Virginia recognized the Rappahannock, Upper Mattaponi, Nansemond, and Monacan Indian Nation in the 1980s. Finally, in 2010, Virginia recognized the Cheroenhaka (Nottoway), Nottoway of Virginia, and Patawomeck.
1488:
2161:. It was Opecancanough who planned a coordinated attack on the English settlements, beginning on March 22, 1622. He wanted to punish English encroachments on Indian lands and hoped to run the colonists off entirely. His warriors killed about 350-400 settlers (up to one-third of the estimated total population of about 1,200), during the attack. The colonists called it the
2577:
to one grandparent) African or Indian ancestry. In addition, many court cases dealing with racial identity in the antebellum period were decided on the basis of community acceptance, which usually followed how a person looked and acted, and whether they fulfilled community obligations, rather than analysis of ancestry, which most people did not know in detail anyway.
1884:
with more mats or skins for blankets. A rolled mat served as a pillow. During the day, the bedding was rolled up and stored so the space could be used for other purposes. There was little need for extra bedding because a fire was kept burning inside the houses to provide heat in the cold months. It would be used to repel insects during the warmer months.
2426:, because European settlement in Southwest Virginia had already moved past the 1768 Hard Labour line. The following year the Native Americans were forced to make further land concessions, extending into Kentucky. Meanwhile, the Virginian settlements south of the Ohio (in West Virginia) were bitterly challenged, particularly by the Shawnee.
2192:
1615:
2414:, by which the Iroquois Six Nations formally sold the British all their claim west of the Alleghenies, and south of the Ohio. However, this region (which included the modern states of Kentucky, and West Virginia, as well as southwestern Virginia) was still populated by the other tribes, including the Cherokee, Shawnee,
2584:, which still prevailed in the racially segregated state, the act prohibited marriage between whites and non-whites. It recognized only the terms of "white" and "colored" (which was related to ethnic African ancestry). Plecker was a strong proponent for the Act. He wanted to ensure that blacks were not "
2591:
During
Plecker's time, many Virginia Indians and African Americans left the state to escape its segregationist strictures. Others tried to fade into the background until the storm passed. Plecker's "paper genocide" dominated state recordkeeping for more than two decades, but declined after he retired
2264:
neighbours of part of the
Iroquois Five Nations. Although the Iroquois never settled the Piedmont area, they entered it for hunting and raiding against other tribes. The first treaties conducted at Albany between the two powers in 1674 and 1684 formally recognized the Iroquois claim to Virginia above
2228:
In 1658, English authorities became concerned that settlers would dispossess the tribes living near growing plantations and convened an assembly. The assembly stated
English colonists could not settle on Indian land without permission from the governor, council, or commissioners and land sales had to
2503:
Throughout the 18th century, several tribes in
Virginia lost their reservation lands. Shortly after 1700, the Rappahannock tribe lost its reservation; the Chickahominy tribe lost theirs in 1718, and the Nansemond tribe sold theirs in 1792 after the American Revolution. Some of their landless members
1883:
Inside a
Powhatan house, bedsteads were built along both long walls. They were made of posts put in the ground, about a foot high or more, with small cross-poles attached. The framework was about 4 feet (1.2 m) wide, and was covered with reeds. One or more mats was placed on top for bedding,
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are the only tribes in
Virginia to have maintained their reservations from the 17th-century colonial treaties. These two tribes continue to make their yearly tribute payment to the Virginia governor, as stipulated by the 1646 and 1677 treaties. Every year around Thanksgiving they hold a ceremony to
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of one-sixteenth Indian ancestry without losing his or her legal status as white. This was a much more stringent definition than had prevailed legally in the state during the 18th and 19th centuries. Before the Civil War, a person could legally qualify as white who had up to one-quarter (equivalent
2520:
During this period, European
Americans continued to push the Virginia Indians off the remaining reservations and sought to end their status as tribes. By 1850, one of the reservations was sold to the whites, and another reservation was officially divided by 1878. Many Virginia Indian families held
2336:
Spotswood worked to make peace with his
Iroquois neighbours, winning a concession from them in 1718, of all the land they had conquered as far as the Blue Ridge Mountains and south of the Potomac. This was confirmed at Albany in 1721. This clause was to be a bone of contention decades later, as it
2203:
The 1646 treaty delineated a racial frontier between Indian and
English settlements, with members of each group forbidden to cross to the other side except by special pass obtained at one of the newly erected border forts. By this treaty, the extent of the Virginia Colony open to patent by English
2095:
was captured in the winter of 1607 and met with Chief
Powhatan, relations were fairly good. The Powhatan sealed relationships such as trading agreements and alliances via the kinship between groups involved. The kinship was formed through a connection to a female member of the group. Powhatan sent
2560:
Because of intermarriage and the long history of Virginia Indians not having communal land, Plecker believed there were few "true" Virginia Indians left. According to his beliefs, Indians of mixed race did not qualify, as he did not understand that Indians had a long practice of intermarriage and
2352:
Following this treaty, some dispute remained as to whether the Iroquois had ceded only the Shenandoah Valley, or all their claims south of the Ohio. Moreover, much of this land beyond the Alleghenies was disputed by claims of the Shawnee and Cherokee nations. The Iroquois recognized the English
2320:
had one of the most coherent policies toward Native Americans during his term (1710–1722), and one that was relatively respectful of them. He envisioned having forts built along the frontier, which Tributary Nations would occupy, to act as buffers and go-betweens for trade with the tribes farther
2244:
Necotowance thus ceded the English vast tracts of uncolonized land, much of it between the James and Blackwater Rivers. The treaty required the Powhatan to make yearly tribute payment to the English of fish and game, and it also set up reservation lands for the Indians. All Indians were at first
2284:
was signed, with more of the Virginia tribes participating. The treaty reinforced the yearly tribute payments, and a 1680 annexe added the Siouan and Iroquoian tribes of Virginia to the roster of Tributary Indians. It allowed for more reservation lands to be set up. The treaty was intended to
2631:
With the repeal of the Racial Integrity Act, individuals were allowed to have their birth certificates and other records changed to note their ethnic American Indian identity (rather than Black or white "racial" classification), but the state government charged a fee. After 1997, when Delegate
2103:. The English and Powhatan's men led attacks on one another in near succession under Percy's time as negotiator. With both sides raiding in attempts to sabotage supplies and steal resources, English and Powhatan relations quickly fell apart. Their competition for land and resources led to the
1285:
2151:
in 1614 that peace was reached between the two peoples. As noted, matrilineal kinship was stressed in Powhatan society. Pocahontas' marriage to John Rolfe linked the two peoples. The peace continued until after Pocahontas died in England in 1617 and her father in 1618.
2561:
absorbing other peoples into their cultures. Their children may have been of mixed race but they identified as Indian. The U.S. Department of the Interior accepted some of these "non Indians" as representing all of them when persuading them to cede lands.
1800:
Another Monacan tradition holds that, centuries prior to European contact, the Monacan and the Powhatan tribes had been contesting part of the mountains in the western areas of today's Virginia. The Powhatan had pursued a band of Monacan as far as the
1345:
During English colonization and the formation of the United States, most Virginia tribes had lost their lands and their populations declined due to introduced diseases and warfare. Assimilationist policies also contributed to Indigenous erasure.
2146:
village. Argall abducted her to force Powhatan to return English prisoners and stolen agricultural tools and weapons. Negotiations between the two peoples began. It was not until after Pocahontas converted to Christianity and married Englishman
1993:
The Chickahominy did not immediately join the Powhatan Confederacy, and, instead of being led by a weroance, they were led by a council of elders. If Powhatan wished to use them as warriors, he had pay them in copper as mercenaries. The
2521:
onto their individual lands into the 20th century. The only two tribes to resist the pressure and hold onto their communal reservations were the Pamunkey and Mattaponi tribes. These two tribes still maintain their reservations today.
1879:
thought since bark was harder to acquire, families of higher status likely owned the bark-covered houses. In summer, when the heat and humidity increased, the people could roll up or remove the mat walls for better air circulation.
2548:
movement, which had racial theories related to mistaken ideas about the superiority of the white race. Given the history of Virginia as a slave society, he wanted to keep the white "master race" "pure." In 1924 Virginia passed the
2511:
systems, a child of an Indian mother was born into her clan and family and considered Indian regardless of their fathers. By the 1790s, most of the surviving Powhatan tribes had converted to Christianity, and spoke only English.
2495:
In the summer of 1786, after the United States had gained independence from Great Britain, a Cherokee hunting party fought a pitched two-day battle with a Shawnee one at the headwaters of the Clinch River in present-day
2337:
seemed to make the Blue Ridge the new demarcation between the Virginia Colony and Iroquois land. But the treaty technically stated that this mountain range was the border between the Iroquois and the Virginia Colony's
2245:
required to display a badge made of striped cloth while in white territory, or they could be murdered on the spot. In 1662, this law was changed to require them to display a copper badge, or else be subject to arrest.
1874:
and which the English described as "longhouses". They were made from bent saplings lashed together at the top to make a barrel shape. The saplings were covered with woven mats or bark. The 17th-century historian
2169:, an Indian boy living with the English, warned the English about the impending attack. The English retaliated. Conflicts between the peoples continued for the next 10 years, until a tenuous peace was reached.
2457:. But, contributing to the revolution, settlers entered Kentucky by rafting down the Ohio River in defiance of the Crown. In 1776, the Shawnee joined Dragging Canoe's Cherokee faction in declaring war on the "
1002:
1738:
in 1585–87 failed. Although the island site is located in present-day North Carolina, the English considered it part of the Virginia territory. The English collected ethnological information about the local
2010:
of Northern Virginia, were fringe members of the Confederacy. As they were separated by water from Powhatan's domains, the Accawmacke enjoyed some measure of semi-autonomy under their own paramount chief,
1758:
research to learn more about the cultures and lives of Native Americans in the region. Contemporary historians have also learned how to use the Native American oral traditions to explore their history.
2399:
confirmed all land beyond the Alleghenies as Indian Territory. It attempted to set up a reserve recognizing native control of this area and excluding European colonists. Shawnee attacks as far east as
1774:
in 1597, appointing his own young son Pochins as successor there. Powhatan resettled some of that tribe on the Piankatank River. (He annihilated the adult male inhabitants at Piankatank in fall 1608.)
1688:. He sent a detachment under Hernando Moyano de Morales into present-day Virginia. This expedition destroyed the Chisca village of Maniatique. The site was later developed as the present-day town of
2915:
3948:
1789:, the Monacan, a Siouan-speaking people, settled in Virginia some 400 years earlier by following "an oracle," after being driven by enemies from the northwest. They found the Algonquian-speaking
112:
2851:
1654:, which lasted the three months of winter 1526–27, had been near Jamestown. Modern scholars instead place this first Spanish colony within US boundaries as having been on an island off Georgia.
2224:, and continuing in the same direction to the Monocan village above the falls of the James, where Fort Charles was built, then turning sharp right, to Fort Royal on the York (Pamunkey) river.
3615:
2195:
Lines show legal treaty frontiers between Virginia Colony and Indian Nations in various years. Red: Treaty of 1646. Green: Treaty of Albany (1684). Blue: Treaty of Albany (1722). Orange:
2099:
By fall 1609, when Smith left Virginia due to a gunpowder accident, relations between the two peoples had soured. In the absence of Smith, Native affairs fell to the leadership of Captain
2609:
laws were unconstitutional. In the ruling the court stated: "The freedom to marry, or not marry, a person of another race lies with the individual and cannot be infringed by the State."
2321:
afield. They would also receive Christian instruction and civilization. The Virginia Indian Company was to hold a government monopoly on the thriving fur trade. The first such project,
2216:
rivers, and up to the navigable point of each of the major rivers - which were connected by a straight line running directly from modern Franklin on the Blackwater, northwesterly to the
1271:
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White colonists considered this license to cross the mountains with impunity, which the Iroquois resisted. This dispute, which first flared in 1736 as Europeans began to settle the
1220:
307:
172:
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The population of Powhatan Indians today in total is estimated to be about 8,500 to 9,500. About 3,000 to 3,500 are enrolled as tribal members in state-recognized tribes. The
2184:
was captured by the English. Against orders, a guard shot him in the back and killed him. His death began the death of the Powhatan Confederacy. Opechancanough's successor,
2176:
planned a second attack to turn the English out. Their population had reached about 8,000. His warriors again killed about 350-400 settlers in the attack. It led to the
2260:
of Northern Piedmont. That year the Virginia Colony had expelled the Doeg from Northern Virginia east of the fall line. With the Seneca action, the Virginia Colony became
1210:
1083:
4306:
2308:
Approximate linguistic divisions c. AD 1700. The Powhatan, Tutelo and Nottoway-Meherrin were tributary to English; the Shawnee were tributary to the Seneca at this time.
1227:
1151:
1068:
1824:. About 50 years before the English arrived at Jamestown (i.e. c. 1557), the Doeg split into three sections, with one part moving to what became organized as colonial
1315:
Native peoples lived throughout Virginia for at least 12,000 years. At contact, most tribes in what is now Virginia spoke languages from three major language families:
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1058:
56:
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now in West Virginia, the associated valleys on either side of the Allegheny ridge, and the latter just beyond the Treaty of Easton limit. Meanwhile, the Crown's
2333:
tribes took up residence. But, private traders, resentful of losing their lucrative share, lobbied for change, leading to its break-up and privatization by 1718.
2636:'s bill HB2889 passed, any Virginia Indian who had been born in Virginia could have his or her records changed for free to indicate identity as Virginia Indian.
1855:
Another expression of the different cultures of the three major language groups were their practices in constructing dwellings, both in style and materials. The
2441:
during this time. By the Treaty of Camp Charlotte concluding this conflict, the Shawnee and Mingo relinquished their claim south of the Ohio. The Cherokee sold
1939:
along the coast. It spanned 100 by 100 miles (160 km), and covered most of the tidewater Virginia area and parts of the Eastern Shore, an area they called
1596:
1543:
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254:
117:
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The Rappahannock tribe purchased back a part of their ancestral homeland April 1, 2022. The tribe substantially increased their holdings January 2023.
317:
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167:
2500:. Cherokee prevailed, although losses were heavy on both sides. This was the last battle between these tribes within the present limits of Virginia.
1805:, where the Monacan ambushed the Powhatan on the narrow formation, routing them. The Natural Bridge became a sacred site to the Monacan known as the
1746:
There were no records of indigenous life before the Europeans started documenting their expeditions and colonization efforts. But scholars have used
4273:
4221:
2488:, in Roanoke County, which had not been yet settled by European Americans. They remained there in safety around nine months, until American general
1547:
2504:
intermarried with other ethnic groups and became assimilated. Others maintained ethnic and cultural identification despite intermarriage. In their
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released a 25-minute video, "The Virginia Indians: Meet the Tribes," covering both historical and contemporary Native American life in the state.
1257:
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Brigid Schulte, "As Year's End Nears, Disappointment: Va. Tribes Had Hoped Jamestown Events Would Help Them Gain Sovereign Indian Nation Status"
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2053:(including West Virginia) was considered part of the sacred hunting grounds. Like much of the Ohio Valley, it was depopulated during the later
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793:
761:
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107:
37:
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918:
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In the late 1960s, two Virginia organizations applied for federal recognition through the BAR under the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The
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2091:, the Powhatan tribes had a combined population of about 15,000. Relations between the two peoples were not always friendly. After
46:
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fled their reservation and temporarily hid in an unknown spot in Virginia. They may have occupied the mountainous region around
2199:. Black: Treaty of Camp Charlotte (1774). Area west of this line in present-day Southwest VA was ceded by the Cherokee in 1775.
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2234:
1200:
147:
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officially opened. One of the initial goals of the college was to educate Virginia Indian boys. Funding from a farm named "
1555:
1205:
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603:
187:
77:
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After Powhatan's death, the chiefdom passed to his brother Opitchapan. His succession was brief and the chiefdom passed to
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The Pamunkey Indian Tribe was the first tribe in Virginia to gain federal recognition, which they achieved through the
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1936:
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maps prior to that were labeled showing that previous inhabitants included the Siouan "Oniasont" (Nahyssan) and the
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2003:
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2852:"Indian Entities Recognized by and Eligible To Receive Services From the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs"
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In the early 20th century, many Virginia Indians began to reorganize into official tribes. They were opposed by
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filed shortly thereafter. The Rappahannock tribe was recognized by the State of Virginia. Today, at least 13
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led them to South Carolina, after the British were pushed out of that region near the end of the revolution.
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1870:, as did many of the Atlantic coastal peoples all the way up into Canada. They lived in houses they called
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in 1946. It destroyed much of the documentation that had shown families continuing to identify as Indian.
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the Fall Line, which they had conquered from the Siouan peoples. At the same time, from 1671 to 1685, the
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in law, by which individuals having any known African ancestry were to be considered African, or black.
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Surviving local tribes reorganized their governments in the late 20th century. Today Virginia has seven
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1793:(also known as Doeg) already living there. The Monacan told Lederer they had taught the Tacci to plant
419:
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also led raids in the westernmost counties of Virginia during these wars, until he was slain in 1794.
2410:, which demarcated a border with the Cherokee nation running across southwestern Virginia, and by the
1369:. These are tribes who can negotiate a government-to-government relationship with the United States.
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1932:
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were still plentiful in the Virginia Piedmont up until the 1700s. The Upper Potomac watershed (above
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be conducted in quarter courts, where they would be public record. Through this formal process, the
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in the interior, particularly the mountains. About 30 Algonquian tribes were allied in the powerful
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Settling with the Indians: The Meeting of the English and the Indian Cultures in America, 1580–1640
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in 1607. By 1525 the Spanish had charted the eastern Atlantic coastline north of Florida. In 1609,
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petitioned the federal government for recognition; however, their petition has not been resolved.
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1797:. They said that before that innovation, the Doeg had hunted, fished, and gathered their food.
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Rountree, Helen C. (1998). "Powhatan Indian Women: The People Captain John Smith Barely Saw".
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while they sought a water passage to the west. They captured a Native man, possibly from the
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2690:. These groups are neither federally or state-recognized tribes. One such organization, the
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food to the English, and was instrumental in helping the newcomers survive the early years.
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2422:, who were not party to the sale. The Cherokee border had to be readjusted in 1770 at the
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2568:", defining as black an individual with any known black/African ancestry. According to
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In August 1780, having lost ground to the British army in South Carolina fighting, the
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a portion of their land encompassing extreme southwest Virginia in 1775 as part of the
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1964:
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tribe, as well as related coastal tribes extending as far north as the Chesapeake Bay.
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1935:(alternately Powhatan Chiefdom), whose homeland occupied much of the area east of the
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linguistic stock. Captain John Smith made contact with numerous tribes, including the
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Meanwhile, as early as 1559–60, the Spanish had explored Virginia, which they called
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2540:, the head of the Bureau of Vital Statistics in Virginia (1912–1946). Plecker was a
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1983:
1945:. Each of the more than 30 tribes of this confederacy had its own name and chief (
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1666:
1665:
people, who lived in present-day southwestern Virginia. In the spring of 1567, the
823:
661:
599:
72:
2387:, when Shawnee attacks forced colonists to abandon frontier settlements along the
2025:
and area above the fall line were occupied by Siouan-speaking groups, such as the
1820:
Another tradition relates that the Doeg had once lived in the territory of modern
3488:
3151:
3000:
4109:
4089:
2505:
2458:
2185:
2054:
2046:
1972:
1751:
1487:
686:
651:
529:
521:
517:
509:
449:
439:
404:
389:
364:
162:
17:
4186:
3884:
Brigid Schulte, "With Trip to England, Va. Tribes Seek a Place in U.S. History"
1931:. More than 30 Algonquian tribes were associated with the politically powerful
1638:, who landed at two separate places several decades before the English founded
4170:
4124:
4119:
4069:
4064:
2701:
2595:
The Racial Integrity Act was not repealed until 1967, after the ruling of the
2376:(now in West Virginia) in April 1758. Peace was reached that October with the
2285:
assert that the Virginia Indian leaders were subjects of the King of England.
2230:
2217:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2127:
2115:
2013:
2007:
1995:
1928:
656:
646:
631:
591:
587:
555:
504:
374:
3894:
Thomasina E. Jordan Indian Tribes of Virginia Federal Recognition Act of 2007
3657:
3063:
Pocahontas, Powhatan, Opechancanough: Three Indian Lives Changed by Jamestown
4129:
3522:
Pocahontas's People: The Powhatan Indians of Virginia Through Four Centuries
3103:
Pocahontas's People: The Powhatan Indians of Virginia Through Four Centuries
2656:
2474:
2461:" (Virginians). The chief led his Cherokee in a raid on Black's Fort on the
2449:. This sale was not recognized by the royal colonial government, nor by the
2049:. Other tribes occupied mountain and foothill areas. The region beyond the
1999:
1924:
1704:
1623:
1332:
868:
863:
853:
676:
666:
582:
571:
444:
4104:
4094:
4002:
3968:
3959:
3766:
2652:
2581:
2545:
2354:
2266:
2257:
2058:
2038:
2030:
1947:
1845:
1712:
1708:
1336:
873:
691:
575:
567:
543:
538:
277:
2406:
Many colonists considered the Proclamation Line adjusted in 1768 by the
2191:
1731:. Native Americans attacked it in 1571 and killed all the missionaries.
1723:
education. About ten years later, Don Luis returned with Spanish Jesuit
4144:
4099:
3646:"Rappahannock Tribe reacquires ancestral Virginia land 350 years later"
3282:
Before and After Jamestown: Virginia's Powhatans and Their Predecessors
3204:
3202:
3200:
2508:
1740:
1716:
1614:
551:
302:
297:
272:
3230:
4175:
4150:
4134:
4084:
2415:
2330:
2326:
2270:
2166:
2069:
1971:. Succession and property inheritance in the tribe was governed by a
1920:
1720:
1696:
1662:
1627:
1448:
Chickahominy Indian Tribe–Eastern Division, also federally recognized
1320:
3541:
Fiske, Warren. "The Black-and-White World of Walter Ashby Plecker",
3222:
2916:"A renowned Virginia Indian tribe finally wins federal recognition"
2188:
signed his people's first treaty with the English in October 1646.
1915:, the area of the current state was occupied by numerous tribes of
1911:
In 1607, when the English made their first permanent settlement at
4160:
3828:
Facing East from Indian Country: A Native History of Early America
3678:"Native American tribe in Va. reclaims big parcel of its homeland"
3463:
We're Still Here: Contemporary Virginia Indians Tell Their Stories
2419:
2109:
1863:, created dome-shaped structures covered with bark and reed mats.
1839:
1794:
1681:
1661:
in his expedition to the North American continent encountered the
1613:
1376:
in 2015. In 2017, Congress recognized six more tribes through the
894:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
893:
2660:
pay the annual tribute of game, usually a deer, and pottery or a
2269:
seized what are now the westernmost regions of Virginia from the
1813:(Creator). The Powhatan withdrew their settlements to below the
3461:
Waugaman, Sandra F.; Moretti-Langholtz, Ph.D., Danielle (2006).
4190:
3930:
2773:. Charlottesville, VA: Virginia Foundation for the Humanities.
2368:, killing five and abducting five. The colonists called it the
2345:, came to a head in 1743. It was resolved the next year by the
3392:
Powhatan's World and Colonial Virginia: A Conflict of Cultures
3367:
Lethal Encounters: Englishmen and Indians in Colonial Virginia
3921:
2364:, raided an English camp of settlers at Draper's Meadow, now
2357:
in 1752. The Shawnee and Cherokee claims remained, however.
3477:
Conrad Weiser and the Indian Policy of Colonial Pennsylvania
3436:
3434:
113:
Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
3181:
The Powhatan Indians of Virginia: Their Traditional Culture
3916:
1634:
The first European explorers in what is now Virginia were
3616:"Meet Virginia Tribes for Native American Heritage Month"
3296:"Political Organization in Early Virginia Indian Society"
2403:
continued for the duration of Pontiac's War, until 1766.
1978:
Below the fall line lived related Algonquian tribes, the
2360:
In 1755 the Shawnee, then allied with the French in the
1899:, earning the Upper Potomac its former Algonquian name,
3787:"SPECIAL REPORT: Virginia's Indians, three-part series"
3758:
Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century
3600:
Kimberlain, Joanne (June 7, 2009). "We're Still Here".
3105:. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 11, 27, 284.
308:
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
1975:
kinship system and passed through the mother's line.
1895:) was once renowned for its unsurpassed abundance of
3280:
Rountree, Helen C.; Turner III, E. Randolph (2002).
3266:. Charlottesville: The University Press of Virginia.
1618:
Estimated linguistic divisions c. AD 1565. Green is
1475:
Rappahannock Indian Tribe, also federally recognized
1445:
Chickahominy Indian Tribe, also federally recognized
1436:
The eleven state-recognized tribes in Virginia are:
4052:
4021:
3975:
3767:"The Black and White World of Walter Ashby Plecker"
3702:"Petitioners List for Federal Recognition by State"
2686:claim to be Native American tribes, including many
1646:, seeking to deny the English claim, asserted that
1380:Indian Tribes of Virginia Federal Recognition Act.
3825:
2572:, a white person in Virginia could have a maximum
1817:of the Piedmont, far to the east along the coast.
1459:Nansemond Indian Nation, also federally recognized
3537:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3174:
3172:
3088:The Spanish Jesuit Mission in Virginia, 1570–1572
3065:. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.
2890:"US Recognizes 6 Virginia Native American Tribes"
1719:him. They took him to Spain, where he received a
1383:The federally recognized tribes in Virginia are:
3524:. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 175 ff.
3465:(revised ed.). Richmond: Palari Publishing.
2061:of the Iroquois from New York and Pennsylvania.
1478:Upper Mattaponi Tribe, also federally recognized
1467:Pamunkey Indian Tribe, also federally recognized
1456:Monacan Indian Nation, also federally recognized
1243:List of Indian reservations in the United States
3732:U. S. Department of the Interior Indian Affairs
2756:
2754:
3275:
3273:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3086:Lewis, Clifford M.; Loomie, Albert J. (1953).
919:The International Indian Treaty Council (IITC)
4202:
3942:
2943:"State Recognition of American Indian Tribes"
1866:The tribes of the Powhatan Confederacy spoke
1832:, and a third part remaining in King George.
1590:
1265:
1238:List of federally recognized tribes by state
8:
3568:FindLaw." 1994–99. Accessed 3 February 2000.
3456:
3454:
3452:
3394:. Lincoln: The University of Nebraska Press.
2138:learned that Powhatan's "favorite" daughter
3508:Catawba Indian Nation: Treasures in History
3369:. Westport: ABC-CLIO, LLC. pp. 70–73.
3284:. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
3264:First People: The Early Indians of Virginia
1959:). All paid tribute to a paramount chief (
1429:The Commonwealth of Virginia recognizes 11
1304:historically or currently are based in the
4209:
4195:
4187:
3949:
3935:
3927:
3760:. Vol. I. New York: MacMillan and Co.
3002:The Atlantic World and Virginia, 1550–1624
1597:
1583:
1501:
1393:Chickahominy Indian Tribe–Eastern Division
1357:, four of which lack federal recognition.
1272:
1258:
1041:
61:
28:
3262:Egloff, Keith; Woodward, Deborah (1992).
3033:Berrier Jr., Ralph (September 19, 2009).
2979:Secretary of the Commonwealth of Virginia
2947:National Conference of State Legislatures
2850:Indian Affairs Bureau (12 January 2023).
2712:Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal
2057:(1670–1700) by attacks from the powerful
1228:Native American Medal of Honor recipients
168:Cultural assimilation of Native Americans
3917:Virginia Indian Tribal Alliance for Life
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2433:(1774). A series of forts controlled by
2303:
2190:
2033:. The Iroquoian-speaking peoples of the
1887:Wildlife was abundant in this area. The
1486:
1283:
534:Post 1887 Apache Wars period (1887–1924)
2813:Secretary of the Commonwealth Kelly Gee
2750:
2734:Native American agriculture in Virginia
2473:of 1776–94. Another Chickamauga leader
2437:began to be built in the valley of the
2087:When the English first established the
1504:
1361:Federally recognized tribes in Virginia
1092:
1044:
36:
3403:
3401:
3334:
3332:
2648:has tribal membership of about 2,000.
2580:A holdover from the slavery years and
1319:along the coast and Tidewater region,
3849:Powhatan Foreign Relations: 1500–1722
3005:. UNC Press Books. pp. 534–540.
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2888:Hilleary, Cecily (January 31, 2018).
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2353:right to settle south of the Ohio at
904:National Congress of American Indians
819:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
108:European colonization of the Americas
7:
3785:Kimberlain, Joanne (June 10, 2009).
2564:The 1924 law institutionalized the "
2130:, was romanticized by later artists.
909:National Indian Youth Council (NIYC)
616:Northern Cheyenne Exodus (1878-1879)
238:Native American temperance activists
4373:Native American history of Virginia
4044:Patawomeck Indian Tribe of Virginia
4029:Cheroenhaka (Nottoway) Indian Tribe
3728:"Petitions Resolved - Acknowledged"
3622:. November 26, 2013. Archived from
1471:Patawomeck Indian Tribe of Virginia
1441:Cheroenhaka (Nottoway) Indian Tribe
1425:State-recognized tribes in Virginia
1233:List of federally recognized tribes
4368:Native American tribes in Virginia
3620:Indian Country Today Media Network
2767:The Virginia Indian Heritage Trail
2469:) on July 22, 1776, launching the
2072:or "Totteroy," the former name of
1294:Native American tribes in Virginia
944:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
899:Native American Rights Fund (NARF)
25:
4039:Nottoway Indian Tribe of Virginia
3765:Fiske, Warren (August 18, 2004).
2616:first petitioned in 1968 and the
2383:Hostilities resumed in 1763 with
2076:— and another name for the
1463:Nottoway Indian Tribe of Virginia
208:Native Americans and World War II
193:Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
3958:
3851:. University of Virginia Press.
3847:Rountree, Helen C., ed. (1993).
3756:Bruce, Philip Alexander (1896).
3183:. University of Oklahoma Press.
2718:
2704:
2669:Virginia Department of Education
2624:in Virginia have petitioned for
2165:. Jamestown was spared because
1762:According to colonial historian
1566:
498:Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877)
486:(1858)|Antelope Hills expedition
213:American Indian boarding schools
45:
2739:Unrecognized tribes in Virginia
2256:conquered the territory of the
2122:and an ancestor of many of the
1766:, Chief Powhatan had slain the
1734:English attempts to settle the
914:Women of All Red Nations (WARN)
173:Racism against Native Americans
148:Native American slave ownership
2999:Mancall, Peter Cooper (2007).
2553:(see below), establishing the
2429:The resulting conflict led to
769:American Indian Movement (AIM)
188:Indian Citizenship Act of 1924
78:Archaic period in the Americas
1:
3475:Joseph Solomon Walton, 1900,
1727:to establish the short-lived
1288:Topographical map of Virginia
722:Battle of Kelley Creek (1911)
490:Comanche Campaign (1867–1875)
478:Texas–Indian wars (1836–1877)
3832:. Harvard University Press.
3390:Gleach, Frederic W. (1997).
3035:"The Slaughter at Saltville"
2325:, was a success in that the
1822:King George County, Virginia
1777:In 1670 the German explorer
1644:Francisco Fernández de Écija
727:Battle of Bear Valley (1918)
712:Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909)
707:Battle of Sugar Point (1898)
627:Rogue River Wars (1855–1856)
233:Alcohol and Native Americans
128:Slavery in the United States
3879:Virginia Council on Indians
3824:Richter, Daniel K. (2003).
3564:September 12, 2015, at the
3409:"The Powhatan Indian World"
3179:Rountree, Helen C. (1989).
3061:Rountree, Helen C. (2006).
2349:, settled in Pennsylvania.
2314:Crown Governors of Virginia
2290:College of William and Mary
2282:Treaty of Middle Plantation
2252:warriors from the New York
2233:transferred their lands in
1785:legend. According to their
1367:federally recognized tribes
1351:federally recognized tribes
636:Puget Sound War (1855–1856)
620:Ghost Dance War (1890–1891)
612:Great Sioux War (1876–1877)
608:Red Cloud's War (1866–1868)
592:First Sioux War (1854-1856)
518:Chiricahua Wars (1860–1886)
4389:
3875:, Commonwealth of Virginia
3809:. Rowman and Littlefield.
3130:. Dietz Press. p. 4.
2914:Heim, Joe (July 2, 2015).
2684:unrecognized organizations
2678:Unrecognized organizations
2204:colonists was defined as:
2124:First Families of Virginia
1967:, whose personal name was
1657:In 1542, Spanish explorer
789:Occupation of Wounded Knee
560:Black Hawk War (1865–1872)
548:Battle at Fort Utah (1850)
530:Geronimo's War (1881–1886)
526:Victorio's War (1879–1880)
425:American Revolutionary War
4228:
3922:Virginia Pow-Wow Schedule
3506:Thomas J. Blumer, (2007)
2975:"State Recognized Tribes"
2208:All the land between the
2178:Second Anglo-Powhatan War
2018:aka "The Laughing King".
1388:Chickahominy Indian Tribe
1221:congressional politicians
983:Native American languages
514:Jicarilla War (1849–1855)
494:Red River War (1874–1875)
482:Comanche Wars (1836–1877)
178:Indian Appropriations Act
3583:October 8, 2016, at the
3520:Rountree, Helen (1996).
3443:The Story of Wise County
3441:Addison, Luther (1988).
3365:Cave, Alfred A. (2011).
3101:Rountree, Helen (1996).
2692:Ani-Stohini/Unami Nation
2688:Cherokee heritage groups
2370:Draper's Meadow Massacre
2126:through her marriage to
2105:First Anglo-Powhatan War
1413:Rappahannock Tribe, Inc.
1374:Bureau of Indian Affairs
1310:United States of America
1306:Commonwealth of Virginia
784:Trail of Broken Treaties
672:Hualapai War (1865–1870)
640:Coeur d'Alene War (1858)
600:Colorado War (1863–1865)
4034:Mattaponi Indian Nation
3803:Kupperman, Karen Ordahl
3126:Campbell, T.E. (1954).
2372:. The Shawnee captured
2163:Indian massacre of 1622
2134:In April 1613, Captain
1711:tribe, whom they named
1684:in present-day western
1648:Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón
1491:A 1585 watercolor of a
1452:Mattaponi Indian Nation
1431:state-recognized tribes
1403:Nansemond Indian Nation
1355:state-recognized tribes
697:Bannock Uprising (1895)
662:Yavapai Wars(1861–1875)
652:Navajo Wars (1849–1866)
604:Powder River War (1865)
510:Apache Wars (1849–1924)
318:Indigenous Peoples' Day
133:Partus sequitur ventrem
3965:Native American tribes
3588:Encyclopedia Virginia.
3489:Cherokee Land Cessions
2544:and a follower of the
2471:Cherokee–American wars
2412:Treaty of Fort Stanwix
2309:
2248:Around the year 1670,
2226:
2200:
2131:
1852:
1652:San Miguel de Gualdape
1631:
1499:
1289:
1079:Southeastern Woodlands
1059:Northeastern Woodlands
844:Native American Church
779:Occupation of Alcatraz
632:Yakima War (1855–1858)
588:Sioux Wars (1854–1891)
564:White River War (1879)
552:Walker War (1853–1854)
430:Cherokee–American wars
228:Native American rights
3903:, Library of Congress
3590:Accessed 17 Feb 2014.
3578:"Rappahannock Tribe."
3346:. Virginia Humanities
3344:Encyclopedia Virginia
3302:. Virginia Humanities
3300:Encyclopedia Virginia
2646:Monacan Indian Nation
2570:the Pocahontas Clause
2498:Wise County, Virginia
2447:Transylvania purchase
2408:Treaty of Hard Labour
2362:French and Indian War
2307:
2235:Northumberland County
2206:
2194:
2113:
2041:lived in what is now
1893:Great Falls, Virginia
1843:
1828:, one part moving to
1678:Mississippian culture
1617:
1490:
1418:Upper Mattaponi Tribe
1408:Pamunkey Indian Tribe
1398:Monacan Indian Nation
1287:
839:Traditional religions
747:Civil rights movement
702:Yaqui Uprising (1896)
677:Modoc War (1872–1873)
667:Snake War (1864–1869)
647:Mohave War(1858–1859)
576:Bluff Skirmish (1921)
572:Bluff War (1914–1915)
522:Tonto War (1871–1875)
263:Mississippian culture
218:Civil rights movement
3988:Chickahominy–Eastern
3976:Federally recognized
3555:"U.S. Supreme Court
3494:May 8, 2016, at the
3340:"Powhatan (d. 1618)"
3323:The Wilderness Trail
2605:, which stated anti-
2551:Racial Integrity Act
2538:Walter Ashby Plecker
2451:Chickamauga Cherokee
2397:Proclamation of 1763
2254:Iroquois Confederacy
2197:Proclamation of 1763
1933:Powhatan Confederacy
1868:Algonquian languages
1850:Jamestown Settlement
1844:Reconstruction of a
1650:'s failed colony of
1020:Tribal disenrollment
717:Last Massacre (1911)
682:Nez Perce War (1877)
435:Northwest Indian War
183:Racial Integrity Act
40:in the United States
3791:The Virginian Pilot
3771:The Virginian Pilot
3626:on October 28, 2016
3602:The Virginian-Pilot
3559:, 388 U.S. (1967)."
3543:The Virginian-Pilot
2626:federal recognition
2347:Treaty of Lancaster
2318:Alexander Spotswood
2276:In 1677, following
1913:Jamestown, Virginia
1690:Saltville, Virginia
1573:Virginia portal
1554: •
1550: •
1546: •
1527:American Revolution
1506:History of Virginia
1378:Thomasina E. Jordan
1365:Virginia has seven
1025:Reservation poverty
1008:Societal statistics
932:Ethnic subdivisions
740:Political movements
544:Ute Wars(1850–1923)
461:Second Seminole War
370:Anglo-Powhatan Wars
32:Part of a series on
3899:2008-08-28 at the
3797:on April 18, 2012.
3557:Loving v. Virginia
3325:. pp. 117–19.
3321:Hanna, Charles A.
2809:"Virginia Indians"
2682:More than a dozen
2602:Loving v. Virginia
2526:American Civil War
2467:Abingdon, Virginia
2424:Treaty of Lochaber
2339:Tributary Indians.
2310:
2201:
2142:was residing in a
2132:
2118:, the daughter of
2093:Captain John Smith
2043:Southside Virginia
1872:yihakans/yehakins,
1853:
1632:
1522:Colony of Virginia
1500:
1340:paramount chiefdom
1298:Indigenous peoples
1290:
849:Longhouse Religion
774:Red Power Movement
752:Self-determination
687:Bannock War (1878)
473:American Civil War
420:Lord Dunmore's War
343:Tribal sovereignty
223:Red Power movement
203:Blood quantum laws
158:American Civil War
138:Indian Removal Act
93:Post-Classic stage
4355:
4354:
4276:
4184:
4183:
4147:(now in Oklahoma)
3750:Suggested reading
3708:. 20 October 2004
3156:MonacanNation.com
3128:Colonial Caroline
3040:The Roanoke Times
2790:on July 12, 2019.
2614:Ani-Stohini/Unami
2542:white supremacist
2486:Catawba, Virginia
2443:Richard Henderson
2401:Shenandoah County
2391:, as well as the
2343:Shenandoah Valley
2278:Bacon's Rebellion
1988:Northern Virginia
1807:Bridge of Mahomny
1676:, built near the
1607:
1606:
1544:African-Americans
1342:along the coast.
1282:
1281:
1180:
1179:
1069:Pacific Northwest
1064:Northwest Plateau
859:Keetoowah Society
829:Eagle Feather law
757:Women in politics
596:Dakota War (1862)
556:Tintic War (1856)
468:Osage Indian War
395:King Philip's War
245:
244:
16:(Redirected from
4380:
4342:Washington, D.C.
4272:
4218:Native Americans
4211:
4204:
4197:
4188:
4022:State-recognized
3963:
3962:
3951:
3944:
3937:
3928:
3873:Virginia Indians
3862:
3843:
3831:
3820:
3798:
3793:. Archived from
3781:
3779:
3777:
3761:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3597:
3591:
3575:
3569:
3552:
3546:
3539:
3526:
3525:
3517:
3511:
3504:
3498:
3486:
3480:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3458:
3447:
3446:
3438:
3429:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3405:
3396:
3395:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3336:
3327:
3326:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3277:
3268:
3267:
3259:
3244:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3206:
3195:
3194:
3176:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2971:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2894:Voice of America
2885:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2856:Federal Register
2847:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2805:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2783:. Archived from
2772:
2758:
2728:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2714:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2597:US Supreme Court
2490:Nathanael Greene
2393:Greenbrier River
2378:Treaty of Easton
2312:Among the early
1877:William Strachey
1764:William Strachey
1659:Hernando de Soto
1599:
1592:
1585:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1502:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1196:Native Americans
1074:The Great Plains
1042:
977:
975:American English
949:Louisiana Creole
657:Paiute War(1860)
583:Posey War (1923)
278:Iroquois culture
153:Indian Territory
103:Age of Discovery
62:
49:
38:Native Americans
29:
21:
18:Virginia Indians
4388:
4387:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4224:
4215:
4185:
4180:
4048:
4017:
4013:Upper Mattaponi
3971:
3957:
3955:
3911:Washington Post
3901:Wayback Machine
3888:Washington Post
3869:
3859:
3846:
3840:
3823:
3817:
3801:
3784:
3775:
3773:
3764:
3755:
3752:
3747:
3746:
3736:
3734:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3711:
3709:
3706:AAA Native Arts
3700:
3699:
3695:
3686:
3684:
3682:Washington Post
3676:
3675:
3671:
3662:
3660:
3650:Washington Post
3644:
3643:
3639:
3629:
3627:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3585:Wayback Machine
3576:
3572:
3566:Wayback Machine
3553:
3549:
3540:
3529:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3505:
3501:
3496:Wayback Machine
3487:
3483:
3474:
3470:
3460:
3459:
3450:
3440:
3439:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3406:
3399:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3377:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3349:
3347:
3338:
3337:
3330:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3305:
3303:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3279:
3278:
3271:
3261:
3260:
3247:
3242:
3238:
3208:
3207:
3198:
3191:
3178:
3177:
3170:
3160:
3158:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3045:
3043:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3017:
3015:
3013:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2983:
2981:
2973:
2972:
2961:
2951:
2949:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2926:
2924:
2921:Washington Post
2913:
2912:
2908:
2898:
2896:
2887:
2886:
2875:
2865:
2863:
2849:
2848:
2827:
2817:
2815:
2807:
2806:
2795:
2787:
2781:
2770:
2760:
2759:
2752:
2747:
2726:Virginia portal
2724:
2719:
2717:
2710:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2680:
2662:ceremonial pipe
2642:
2534:
2518:
2323:Fort Christanna
2316:, Lt. Governor
2302:
2220:village beside
2089:Virginia Colony
2074:Big Sandy River
1998:(including the
1909:
1861:Siouan language
1838:
1826:Caroline County
1756:anthropological
1626:, and olive is
1612:
1603:
1567:
1565:
1485:
1427:
1363:
1325:Piedmont region
1278:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1190:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1088:
1039:
1031:
1030:
1029:
997:
989:
988:
987:
973:
963:
955:
954:
953:
933:
925:
924:
923:
888:
880:
879:
878:
813:
805:
804:
803:
741:
733:
732:
731:
692:Crow War (1887)
359:
349:
348:
347:
273:Hohokam culture
257:
247:
246:
98:Woodland period
83:Formative stage
59:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4386:
4384:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4360:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4307:North Carolina
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4206:
4199:
4191:
4182:
4181:
4179:
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4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3904:
3891:
3881:
3876:
3868:
3867:External links
3865:
3864:
3863:
3857:
3844:
3839:978-0674011175
3838:
3821:
3816:978-0460044950
3815:
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3421:
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3328:
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3269:
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3236:
3223:10.2307/483170
3196:
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3143:
3136:
3118:
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3078:
3071:
3053:
3025:
3011:
2991:
2959:
2934:
2906:
2873:
2825:
2793:
2780:978-0978660437
2779:
2764:, ed. (2008).
2749:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2741:
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2730:
2729:
2715:
2699:
2696:
2679:
2676:
2641:
2638:
2533:
2530:
2517:
2514:
2482:Catawba Nation
2455:Dragging Canoe
2301:
2298:
2239:Samuel Mathews
2182:Opechancanough
2174:Opechancanough
2158:Opechancanough
2120:Chief Powhatan
1908:
1905:
1859:, who spoke a
1837:
1834:
1830:Prince William
1803:Natural Bridge
1748:archaeological
1736:Roanoke Colony
1729:Ajacán Mission
1701:Chesapeake Bay
1686:North Carolina
1611:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1539:
1537:Post–Civil War
1534:
1532:U.S. Civil War
1529:
1524:
1519:
1509:
1508:
1493:Chesapeake Bay
1484:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1468:
1465:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1449:
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1426:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1362:
1359:
1302:tribal nations
1280:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1269:
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1254:
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1188:
1187:
1184:
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1159:
1154:
1152:North Carolina
1149:
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1129:
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886:
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836:
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826:
821:
815:
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811:
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802:
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791:
786:
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776:
771:
766:
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734:
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729:
724:
719:
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709:
704:
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689:
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674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
643:
642:
629:
623:
622:
585:
579:
578:
568:Ute War (1887)
541:
536:
507:
501:
500:
475:
470:
464:
463:
453:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
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417:
412:
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402:
397:
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387:
385:Peach Tree War
382:
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143:Trail of Tears
140:
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55:
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42:
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34:
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
4385:
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4340:
4338:
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4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
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4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4282:Massachusetts
4280:
4275:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
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4149:
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4138:
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4128:
4126:
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4113:
4111:
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4027:
4026:
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4020:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
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3974:
3970:
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3952:
3947:
3945:
3940:
3938:
3933:
3932:
3929:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:, 25 Nov 2007
3912:
3908:
3905:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3890:, 13 Jul 2006
3889:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3860:
3858:9780813914091
3854:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3835:
3830:
3829:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3772:
3768:
3763:
3759:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3733:
3729:
3723:
3720:
3707:
3703:
3697:
3694:
3683:
3679:
3673:
3670:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3638:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3611:
3608:
3603:
3596:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3574:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3551:
3548:
3545:, 18 Aug 2004
3544:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3516:
3513:
3509:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3469:
3464:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3444:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3428:Bruce 493–494
3425:
3422:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3386:
3383:
3378:
3376:9780313393358
3372:
3368:
3361:
3358:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3324:
3317:
3314:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3283:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3190:9780806124551
3186:
3182:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3157:
3153:
3152:"Our History"
3147:
3144:
3139:
3137:9780875170398
3133:
3129:
3122:
3119:
3114:
3112:9780806128498
3108:
3104:
3097:
3094:
3089:
3082:
3079:
3074:
3072:9780813925967
3068:
3064:
3057:
3054:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3029:
3026:
3014:
3012:9780807831595
3008:
3004:
3003:
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2976:
2970:
2968:
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2964:
2960:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2910:
2907:
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2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2874:
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2842:
2840:
2838:
2836:
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2832:
2830:
2826:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2762:Wood, Karenne
2757:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2716:
2713:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:In 2013, the
2665:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2647:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2634:Harvey Morgan
2629:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2608:
2607:miscegenation
2604:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2575:
2574:blood quantum
2571:
2567:
2566:one-drop rule
2562:
2558:
2556:
2555:one drop rule
2552:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2522:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2463:Holston River
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2431:Dunmore's War
2427:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2389:Jackson River
2386:
2385:Pontiac's War
2381:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2356:
2350:
2348:
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2340:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2324:
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2306:
2299:
2297:
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2291:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2274:
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2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2136:Samuel Argall
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2114:The story of
2112:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2045:south of the
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2009:
2005:
2004:Eastern Shore
2001:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1969:Wahunsenecawh
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1943:
1942:Tsenacommacah
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1873:
1869:
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1862:
1858:
1851:
1847:
1842:
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1831:
1827:
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1818:
1816:
1812:
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1804:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
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1753:
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1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
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1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1674:Fort San Juan
1672:was based at
1671:
1668:
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1199:
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1128:
1125:
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1043:
1035:
1034:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
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1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1003:Neighborhoods
1001:
1000:
993:
992:
984:
981:
976:
972:
971:
970:
967:
966:
959:
958:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
939:Black Indians
937:
936:
929:
928:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
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884:
883:
875:
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870:
867:
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845:
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840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
816:
809:
808:
799:
798:Red handprint
795:
792:
790:
787:
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772:
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767:
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487:
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479:
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469:
466:
465:
462:
458:
457:Seminole Wars
455:
454:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
415:Pontiac's War
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
400:Tuscarora War
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
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333:Neighborhoods
331:
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268:Adena culture
266:
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199:
198:Jim Crow laws
196:
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176:
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121:
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101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
88:Classic stage
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
68:Paleo-Indians
66:
65:
64:
63:
58:
53:
52:
48:
44:
43:
39:
35:
31:
30:
27:
19:
4336:
4156:Wachapreague
4008:Rappahannock
3983:Chickahominy
3964:
3910:
3887:
3848:
3827:
3806:
3795:the original
3790:
3774:. Retrieved
3770:
3757:
3735:. Retrieved
3731:
3722:
3710:. Retrieved
3705:
3696:
3685:. Retrieved
3681:
3672:
3661:. Retrieved
3649:
3640:
3628:. Retrieved
3624:the original
3619:
3610:
3601:
3595:
3587:
3573:
3556:
3550:
3542:
3521:
3515:
3507:
3502:
3484:
3476:
3471:
3462:
3445:. p. 6.
3442:
3424:
3412:. Retrieved
3391:
3385:
3366:
3360:
3348:. Retrieved
3343:
3322:
3316:
3304:. Retrieved
3299:
3290:
3281:
3263:
3239:
3214:
3211:Ethnohistory
3210:
3180:
3159:. Retrieved
3155:
3146:
3127:
3121:
3102:
3096:
3087:
3081:
3062:
3056:
3044:. Retrieved
3038:
3028:
3016:. Retrieved
3001:
2994:
2982:. Retrieved
2978:
2950:. Retrieved
2946:
2937:
2925:. Retrieved
2919:
2909:
2897:. Retrieved
2893:
2864:. Retrieved
2859:
2855:
2816:. Retrieved
2812:
2785:the original
2766:
2681:
2673:
2666:
2650:
2643:
2640:21st century
2630:
2618:Rappahannock
2611:
2600:
2594:
2590:
2579:
2563:
2559:
2535:
2532:20th century
2523:
2519:
2516:19th century
2502:
2494:
2479:
2439:Clinch River
2435:Daniel Boone
2428:
2405:
2382:
2374:Fort Seybert
2359:
2351:
2338:
2335:
2311:
2300:18th century
2288:In 1693 the
2287:
2275:
2261:
2247:
2243:
2237:to Governor
2227:
2207:
2202:
2181:
2180:. In 1646,
2173:
2171:
2156:
2154:
2133:
2101:George Percy
2098:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2063:
2059:Five Nations
2020:
2012:
1992:
1980:Chickahominy
1977:
1968:
1961:mamanatowick
1960:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1910:
1907:17th century
1901:Cohongoruton
1900:
1886:
1882:
1871:
1865:
1854:
1819:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1787:oral history
1779:John Lederer
1776:
1767:
1761:
1745:
1733:
1725:missionaries
1694:
1667:conquistador
1656:
1633:
1622:, orange is
1610:16th century
1542:
1514:
1435:
1428:
1382:
1371:
1364:
1348:
1344:
1314:
1293:
1291:
1166:
1013:Reservations
996:Demographics
824:Christianity
638: /
634: /
618: /
614: /
610: /
606: /
602: /
598: /
594: /
590: /
574: /
570: /
566: /
562: /
558: /
554: /
550: /
546: /
532: /
528: /
524: /
520: /
516: /
512: /
496: /
492: /
488: /
484: /
480: /
459: /
410:Dummer's War
73:Lithic stage
26:
4110:Nacotchtank
3776:October 18,
3630:October 17,
3479:pp. 76-121.
3414:October 17,
3350:23 December
3306:23 December
3217:(1): 1–29.
3161:October 17,
3046:October 17,
3018:October 17,
2984:23 December
2952:23 December
2927:October 17,
2899:23 December
2866:23 December
2818:23 December
2506:matrilineal
2459:Long Knives
2186:Necotowance
2055:Beaver Wars
2047:James River
1973:matrilineal
1848:village at
1791:Tacci tribe
1781:recorded a
1715:after they
1699:, from the
1495:warrior by
1353:and eleven
1211:war leaders
1054:Great Basin
762:Nationalism
450:Arikara War
440:War of 1812
405:Yamasee War
390:Esopus Wars
380:Kieft's War
365:Beaver Wars
163:Dawes Rolls
4362:Categories
4243:California
4171:Wicocomico
4125:Patawomeck
4120:Occaneechi
4080:Chesapeake
4075:Assateague
4070:Arrohattoc
4065:Appomattoc
3687:2023-05-03
3663:2023-05-03
3510:, p. 44-47
2745:References
2524:After the
2453:war chief
2366:Blacksburg
2294:Brafferton
2231:Wicocomico
2222:Fort Henry
2218:Appomattoc
2210:Blackwater
2149:John Rolfe
2144:Patawomeck
2140:Pocahontas
2128:John Rolfe
2116:Pocahontas
2051:Blue Ridge
2014:Debedeavon
2008:Patawomeck
2006:, and the
1996:Accawmacke
1957:weroansqua
1929:Wicocomico
1917:Algonquian
1897:wild geese
1772:Kecoughtan
1752:linguistic
1680:center of
1670:Juan Pardo
1630:languages.
1620:Algonquian
1497:John White
1327:above the
1317:Algonquian
1112:California
505:Cayuse War
375:Pequot War
323:Literature
4347:Wisconsin
4274:Baltimore
4130:Paspahegh
3998:Nansemond
3658:0190-8286
3243:Bruce 185
2862:: 2112–16
2657:Mattaponi
2475:Bob Benge
2241:in 1659.
2172:In 1644,
2002:) of the
2000:Gingaskin
1955:, female
1953:werowance
1937:Fall Line
1925:Iroquoian
1815:Fall Line
1705:Paspahegh
1640:Jamestown
1636:Spaniards
1624:Iroquoian
1333:Iroquoian
1329:Fall Line
1216:musicians
1172:Wisconsin
1084:Southwest
1045:by region
1038:Geography
962:Languages
869:Wabunowin
864:Midewiwin
854:Sun Dance
834:Mormonism
445:Creek War
4337:Virginia
4317:Oklahoma
4302:New York
4292:Nebraska
4287:Michigan
4268:Maryland
4248:Colorado
4222:location
4166:Weyanoke
4115:Nottoway
4105:Meherrin
4095:Manahoac
4053:Historic
4003:Pamunkey
3969:Virginia
3897:Archived
3805:(1980).
3581:Archived
3562:Archived
3492:Archived
2698:See also
2655:and the
2653:Pamunkey
2582:Jim Crow
2546:eugenics
2355:Logstown
2267:Cherokee
2262:de facto
2258:Manahoac
2082:Nahyssan
2039:Meherrin
2035:Nottoway
2031:Manahoac
2023:Piedmont
1982:and the
1965:Powhatan
1948:weroance
1846:Powhatan
1768:weroance
1717:baptized
1713:Don Luis
1709:Kiskiack
1552:Politics
1541:Topics:
1337:Powhatan
1296:are the
1167:Virginia
1157:Oklahoma
1147:Nebraska
1142:Michigan
1137:Maryland
1117:Colorado
1093:by state
874:Wocekiye
812:Religion
539:Yuma War
118:Genocide
4253:Florida
4238:Arizona
4145:Shawnee
4100:Manskin
4060:Accomac
3993:Monacan
2586:passing
2509:kinship
2064:French
2027:Monacan
1889:buffalo
1857:Monacan
1811:Mohomny
1783:Monacan
1741:Croatan
1556:Slavery
1516:By year
1483:History
1323:in the
1308:in the
1201:artists
1122:Florida
1107:Arizona
969:English
328:Fashion
298:Pow wow
255:Culture
123:Slavery
57:History
4322:Oregon
4297:Nevada
4258:Hawaii
4233:Alaska
4176:Xualae
4151:Tutelo
4140:Senedo
4135:Saponi
4085:Chisca
3855:
3836:
3813:
3737:29 May
3712:7 June
3656:
3373:
3231:483170
3229:
3187:
3134:
3109:
3069:
3009:
2777:
2622:tribes
2418:, and
2416:Lenape
2331:Saponi
2327:Tutelo
2280:, the
2271:Xualae
2250:Seneca
2167:Chanco
2070:Tutelo
2066:Jesuit
1923:, and
1921:Siouan
1836:Houses
1721:Jesuit
1697:Ajacán
1663:Chisca
1628:Siouan
1548:Cities
1331:, and
1321:Siouan
1300:whose
1206:actors
1162:Oregon
1127:Hawaii
1102:Alaska
887:Groups
338:Health
4327:Texas
4161:Westo
3227:JSTOR
2788:(PDF)
2771:(PDF)
2599:case
2465:(now
2420:Mingo
2078:Yesan
1963:) or
1795:maize
1682:Joara
1189:Lists
303:Dance
293:Music
4332:Utah
4312:Ohio
4263:Iowa
4090:Doeg
3853:ISBN
3834:ISBN
3811:ISBN
3778:2019
3739:2022
3714:2022
3654:ISSN
3632:2019
3416:2019
3371:ISBN
3352:2023
3308:2023
3185:ISBN
3163:2019
3132:ISBN
3107:ISBN
3067:ISBN
3048:2019
3020:2019
3007:ISBN
2986:2023
2954:2023
2929:2019
2901:2023
2868:2023
2820:2023
2775:ISBN
2651:The
2329:and
2214:York
2212:and
2037:and
2029:and
2021:The
1984:Doeg
1754:and
1292:The
1132:Iowa
794:MMIW
357:Wars
313:Film
288:Food
4220:by
3967:in
3219:doi
2080:or
1990:.
1986:in
1951:or
1809:or
1770:at
1707:or
283:Art
4364::
3909:,
3886:,
3789:.
3769:.
3730:.
3704:.
3680:.
3652:.
3648:.
3618:.
3530:^
3451:^
3433:^
3400:^
3342:.
3331:^
3298:.
3272:^
3248:^
3225:.
3215:45
3213:.
3199:^
3171:^
3154:.
3037:.
2977:.
2962:^
2945:.
2918:.
2892:.
2876:^
2860:88
2858:.
2854:.
2828:^
2811:.
2796:^
2753:^
2664:.
2628:.
2273:.
2107:.
2084:.
1919:,
1750:,
1692:.
1312:.
4210:e
4203:t
4196:v
3950:e
3943:t
3936:v
3861:.
3842:.
3819:.
3780:.
3741:.
3716:.
3690:.
3666:.
3634:.
3604:.
3418:.
3379:.
3354:.
3310:.
3233:.
3221::
3193:.
3165:.
3140:.
3115:.
3090:.
3075:.
3050:.
3022:.
2988:.
2956:.
2931:.
2903:.
2870:.
2822:.
2016:,
1598:e
1591:t
1584:v
1420:.
1273:e
1266:t
1259:v
800:)
796:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
