259:, the majority of the white residents of the state lived in western Virginia, but they were underrepresented in the legislature because of the continued property requirement for voting; not all held sufficient property to vote. This compounded their dissatisfaction with the apportionment scheme adopted in 1830, which was based on counties rather than population, thus giving disproportionate power to the fewer, but propertied whites who lived in the eastern part of the state and kept a grip on the legislature. As the state legislature also elected the governor and the United States senators, Western Virginians felt they had little influence on state leadership. Their attempts to win electoral reform in the Virginia legislature were defeated each time. Some began to openly discuss the
390:; establishing a state public school system for the first time, with mandatory funding and attendance; and providing for judges to be elected by the General Assembly rather than by popular vote. Controversy over clauses that continued the temporary disenfranchisement of former Confederate government members delayed the adoption of the Constitution. An eventual compromise provided for separate voting disenfranchisement clauses and the rest of the Constitution; the former failed to win approval. The remainder of the Underwood Constitution was ratified by a popular vote of 210,585 to 9,136 and went into effect in 1870.
655:§5 establishes that the only qualifications to hold office in Virginia are that a person must have been a Virginia resident for at least one year and eligible to vote. Any statute or rule requiring other qualifications is constitutionally invalid under this section. But, the General Assembly can impose local residency requirements for election to local governmental bodies or for election to the Assembly in representation of particular districts.
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provision of the
Virginia Constitution was in fact unconstitutional, because it violates the federal constitutional right to the free exercise of religion. The court found that it is unconstitutional to deny a church the option to incorporate under state law when other groups can incorporate. An amendment striking the ban on church incorporation was approved by Virginia voters in November 2006.
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removed, and voter registration conforms to the Motor Voter Act. Additionally, the
Virginia Constitution now provides for a General Assembly session following a governor's veto, and the right of the people to hunt, fish and harvest game is guaranteed. In 2006, Virginians passed an amendment limiting marriage to "unions between one man and one woman". That has since been overturned by
113:
751:, along with the subordinate courts created by the General Assembly. Judges are appointed by a majority vote in the General Assembly to terms of 12 years for Supreme Court Justices and 8 years for other judges. The Supreme Court, pursuant to §5, has the authority to make rules governing the practice of law and procedures in the courts of the commonwealth (see
90:, there have been six major subsequent revisions of the constitution (by Conventions for the constitutions of 1830, 1851, 1864, 1870, 1902, and by commission for 1971 amendments). These new constitutions have been part of, and in reaction to, periods of major regional or social upheaval in Virginia. For instance, the 1902 constitution included provisions to
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The second
Article of the Constitution sets out the procedures and mechanisms for voting, elections and holding office. Pursuant to Section 1, any Virginia resident over age 18 may vote in state elections; the voting age was reduced from 21 by a 1972 amendment to the federal constitution. However, §
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to regulate the growing power of the railroads. Because of concern over
African American opposition, the convention did not honor its pledge to have the proposed constitution put to popular vote. Like the 1864 Constitution by the Loyalist government during the Civil War, the legislature adopted the
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The original §14 of
Article IV forbade the incorporation of churches, though the Virginia Commission on Constitutional Revision, in its 1969 report, had recognized that the prohibition was probably invalid. The federal district court for the Western District of Virginia ruled in April 2002 that this
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Since 1971, additional amendments have been passed by the
General Assembly and approved by the voters to conform to provisions in the U.S. Constitution, rulings from the U.S. Supreme Court and Congressional statute. The voting age has been reduced to eighteen, voting residency requirements have been
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The
Commission on Constitutional Revision presented its report and recommendations to Governor Godwin and the General Assembly in January 1969, and continued to work with them to draft a final consensus version. The proposed Constitution was overwhelmingly approved by the voters of Virginia (who by
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The last
Article creates the mechanism for future changes to the Constitution. Any amendment to the Constitution must first be passed by a majority in each of the two legislative houses. The proposed amendment must then be held over for consideration by the succeeding elected legislature, where it
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Critically, the 1776 Constitution limited the right to vote primarily to property owners and men of wealth. This effectively concentrated power in the hands of the landowners and aristocracy of
Southeastern Virginia. Dissatisfaction with this power structure would come to dominate Virginia's
609:, to be added to the Bill of Rights. This amendment also prohibits the recognition of any "union, partnership, or other legal status" between unmarried people that intends to approximate marriage or which confers the "rights, benefits, obligations, qualities, or effects of marriage." The
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Since the current constitution was ratified, there have been 53 amendments added to the constitution, concerning issues ranging from tax exemptions and voting rules to budgeting and legislative calendars. In 2020, the state redistricting process was dramatically reshaped, establishing a
848:. The State Corporation Commission also issues charters for Virginia corporations and licenses to do business for "foreign" (non-Virginia) corporations. Section 5 of Article IX prohibits such foreign corporations from doing anything in Virginia that a Virginia corporation could not do.
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in
Philadelphia at the time, and his drafts of the Virginia constitution arrived too late to be incorporated into the final document. James Madison's work on the Virginia Constitution helped him develop the ideas and skills that he would later use as one of the main architects of the
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level. Article VII gives the General Assembly the power to create general laws for the organization and governing of these political subdivisions, except that regional governments cannot be created without the consent of the majority of the voters who vote on the issue in the region.
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branches of government. Unlike the U.S. federal Constitution, the Virginia Constitution explicitly provides that no branch may exercise powers that properly belong to the others. Separation between the branches of government is also listed as a right of the people in §5 of Article I.
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as a separate state (which was admitted to the Union in 1863) and in 1864 it approved a new Constitution. The constitution was the product of a divided state and government; it was the first since the original 1776 Constitution to be adopted by the legislature without a popular vote.
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in 1965, there was impetus for governmental change. Godwin strongly advocated the loosening of the strict constitutional restrictions on state-issued bonds and borrowing and used his power and popularity to push for a new constitution. In 1968 a joint resolution of the
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The most significant change adopted in the 1851 Constitution was elimination of the property requirement for voting, resulting in extension of the suffrage to all white males of voting age. The 1851 Constitution established popular election for the
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By the 1820s, Virginia was one of only two states that limited voting to landowners. In addition, because representation was by county rather than population, the residents of increasingly populous Western Virginia (the area that would become
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There is a perennial discussion over Virginia's unique Constitutional status restricting its governor to one consecutive term, and its method of selecting both trial and appellate judges by state legislature, shared only with South Carolina.
247:. The resulting constitution was ratified by a popular majority, though most of the voters in the western part of the state ended up voting against it. Thus, the underlying intrastate tensions remained, and would have to be addressed later.
283:, and all Virginia judges, rather than the election of the top two state officers by the legislature, or political appointment for judges. Because of these changes, the 1851 Virginia Constitution became known as the "Reform Constitution".
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whites were also unable to meet the new requirements. In 1900 blacks made up nearly 36 percent of the population. In succeeding elections, the Virginia electorate was reduced by nearly half as a result of the changes. When adjusted for
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in Virginia. Pursuant to this Article, all non-exempt real and personal property is subject to taxation at its fair market value. Section 6 sets out a lengthy list of exempt property, which includes church property, cemeteries, and
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public education for every Virginia child is the focus of Article VIII. The General Assembly is empowered to determine the funding for the educational system and apportion the cost between state and local government. A state
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to the current Virginia Constitution does not include the 1864 Constitution in its list of previous constitutions. It notes that the 1864 Constitution was drafted under wartime conditions and was of uncertain legal status.
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464:, voter turnout would not return to 1900 levels until 1952 within a statewide population almost twice the size. The small electorate was key to maintaining the dominant Democratic Organization in power for sixty years.
175:, written primarily by Mason, focuses on guarantees of basic human rights and freedoms and the fundamental purpose of government. It, in turn, served as a model for a number of other historic documents, including the
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of the United States of America. Virginia was an early state to adopt its own Constitution on June 29, 1776, and the document was widely influential both in the United States and abroad. In addition to frequent
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between unmarried people. The amendment was declared to be in violation the United States Constitution by a U.S. District Court Judge on February 13, 2014. (In 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in
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Significant additions to Article X include §7, a budget amendment, which became effective in 1986, and §7-A, which establishes the "Lottery Proceeds Fund", requiring that all proceeds from the
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had overturned the most controversial aspects of the 1902 Constitution – the provisions restricting voting by African Americans and mandating school segregation. Combined with the election of
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is established to create school divisions and effectuate the overall educational policies. Supervision of the individual schools is delegated to local school boards, provided for in §7.
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587:. Like the Federal Constitution, the Virginia Bill of Rights, in §17, states that the listing of certain rights is not to be construed to exclude other rights held by the people.
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in public facilities and restricting the lives of blacks. Beginning with Mississippi in 1890, legislatures began to ratify new constitutions, amendments or electoral laws that
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states had essentially eliminated the black vote, and pressure mounted among whites in Virginia to do the same, ostensibly as a way to stop electoral fraud and corruption.
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919:. Any revisions or amendments proposed by the constitutional convention are presented to the citizens of Virginia and become law upon approval by a majority of voters.
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and residential requirements that passed Supreme Court review but worked against poor blacks and many poor whites. By the turn of the 20th century, six
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then included African American men and women, following passage of federal civil rights legislation in the mid-1960s) and took effect on July 1, 1971.
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used the Victims's Rights Amendment to support its ruling that an alleged rape victim could not be compelled to submit to a psychiatric evaluation.
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John C. Underwood. He so dominated the 1867–1868 constitutional convention that the resulting document became known as the "Underwood Constitution".
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of the U.S. Constitution. The General Assembly, pursuant to §4, is given wide power to regulate the time, place, and manner of all elections.
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dominated the convention. Opponents called the result the "Underwood Constitution" or the "Negro Constitution", as it gave freedmen suffrage.
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Article IV establishes the basic structure and authority of the Virginia legislature. The legislative power of the state is vested in the
379:'s suffrage, many of Virginia's conservative whites refused to participate in voting for delegates. As a result, Republicans led by Judge
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of establishing a "detestable and insupportable tyranny". It also established separation of governmental powers, with the creation of the
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Peaslee, Liliokanaio, and Swartz, Nicholas J., "Virginia Government: Institutions and Policy" (2014) SAGE Congressional Quarterly Press,
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is invested as the chief executive, though §1 of Article V, provides that the governor may not run for successive terms. The offices of
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legislation, Schofield called for a new constitutional convention to meet in Richmond from December 1867 to April 1868. In protest of
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The convention ultimately compromised by loosening suffrage requirements. It also reduced the number of delegates and senators to the
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as constitutional rights of Virginians, though the legislature may enact appropriate regulations and restrictions on these rights.
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After the end of the Civil War, Virginia came briefly under military rule during Reconstruction, with the district commanded by
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1902 Constitution without ratification by the electorate. It was in effect far longer than any previous Virginia constitution.
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Richards, Samuel J. (November 16, 2019). "Reclaiming Congressman Philip Doddridge from Tidewater Cultural Imperialism".
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issued an opinion stating that the amendment does not change the legal status of documents such as contracts, wills, or
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and sons of veterans, who were virtually all white. The changes effectively disenfranchised black voters, though many
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On November 7, 2006, Virginia voters ratified an amendment, previously approved by the General Assembly, prohibiting
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The 1776 Constitution declared the dissolution of the rule of Great Britain over Virginia and accused England's King
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In the late nineteenth century, white Democrats regained power in state legislatures across the South. They passed
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Article XI states that it is the general policy of the Commonwealth to preserve, protect and conserve the state's
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of the slaveholding elite and the less affluent yeomen farmers of Western Virginia. Issues of representation and
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The preparation of the first Virginia Constitution began in early 1776, in the midst of the early events of the
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Significant provisions included expanding the suffrage to all male citizens over the age of 21, which included
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in 1863) had grown discontented at their limited representation in the legislature. Pressure increased until a
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Cyclopædia of political science, political economy, and of the political history of the United States, Vol. 3
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bills (which veto may then be overridden by a two-thirds majority of both houses of the assembly), and issue
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1995:
1535:"Register of the Papers of A.E.Dick Howard for the Virginia Commission for Constitutional Revision; 1969–71"
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Schwartz, Stephan A. (May 2000). "George Mason : Forgotten Founder, He Conceived the Bill of Rights".
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from the 1776 Constitution. Several of the sections have been expanded to incorporate concepts from the
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and historic resources. The General Assembly is permitted to further these policies by entering into
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from the state. Ultimately, the eastern planters could not continue to ignore their discontent, and
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met in this climate. Members were focused on restricting black voting rights without violating the
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as governor. During the Civil War, this separate or "restored" government approved the creation of
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or pass a literacy test administered by white registrars. An exemption was granted, in a kind of
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of the Supreme Court is established as the administrative head of the Virginia judicial system.
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basis) and abolished the county court system. The Constitution provided for the creation of the
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Article VII of the Constitution sets up the basic framework for the structure and function of
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was convened in 1829–1830. This convention became largely a contest between eastern Virginia
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When in 1861, the Virginia legislature voted for secession in the events leading up to the
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The fifth Article similarly defines the structure and powers of the executive branch. The
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must again be passed by a majority in each house. The amendment then goes on the general
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Alternatively, a two-thirds vote of both Virginia houses may call for the creation of a
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dominated the debate. Delegates to the convention included such prominent Virginians as
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and becomes enacted into the Constitution if approved by a majority of the voters.
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The constitutional powers of the governor include the ability to sign legislation,
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307:, all of the western and several of the northern counties dissented. They set up a
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Dinan, John. The Virginia State Constitution: a reference guide. Praeger (2006)
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1 denies the vote to people who have been determined to be mentally incompetent
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1364:"Views of a Changing Landscape; Historical Background for Sudley Post Office"
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The original Virginia Constitution of 1776 was enacted at the time of the
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Op. Atty. Gen., Opinion No. 06-003 (September 14, 2006), 2006 WL 4286442
556:(2015), which legalized same-sex marriage throughout the United States.
1669:"Virginia's same-sex marriage ban unconstitutional, federal judge says"
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Article and section references are to the articles and sections of the
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Historical Census Browser, 1900 Federal Census, University of Virginia
1456:: a history of Virginia 1607-2007. University of Virginia Press 2007
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119:, one of the principal architects of the 1776 Virginia Constitution
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789, France)
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The current Constitution of Virginia consists of twelve Articles:
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1042:"ONE OF THE MOST INTRIGUING MIGHT-HAVE-BEENS IN AMERICAN HISTORY"
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are established as supporting elected constitutional positions.
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Other significant provisions of the 1902 Constitution imposed
1770:"Proposed Constitutional Amendment; Ballot Question Number 2"
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The primary purpose of Article IX is to create the Virginia
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Article X establishes the basic structure for taxation of
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is the document that defines and limits the powers of the
1759:, 203 F. Supp.2d 624 (W.D. Va. 2002).
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Article III has one section, confirming the principle of
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had the effect of violating the rights of homosexuals to
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that the failure to provide for same-sex marriage by any
294:, governor and driving force behind the 1864 Constitution
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as the "chief magistrate" or executive. The accompanying
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Constitution of Virginia (current version, adopted 1971)
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Salmon, Emily; Edward D.C. Campbell, Jr., eds. (1994).
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to be elected within each city and county in Virginia.
700:. §17 of Article IV gives the legislature the power to
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Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
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the only case so far to interpret this amendment, the
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approved a new commission, chaired by former Governor
991:
The Enduring Constitution: A Bicentennial Perspective
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was added to the Virginia Bill of Rights as §8-A. In
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Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
132:. Among those who drafted the 1776 Constitution were
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The Rise of American Democracy, Jefferson to Lincoln
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West Virginia History: A Journal of Regional Studies
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Section 4 establishes the constitutional offices of
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4505:
4484:
4381:
Primary author, 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights
4354:
4233:
4163:
3972:
3939:
1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election
3931:
3900:
3874:
3797:
3675:
3570:
3430:
3416:
3155:
2892:
2404:
2321:
2198:
2128:
1944:
1775:. Virginia State Board of Elections. Archived from
1419:"Virginia's Constitutional Convention of 1901–1902"
436:or disenfranchising poor whites. Led by the future
3608:Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787
1475:
1386:
1331:Emancipation in Virginia's Tobacco Belt, 1850–1870
1094:. University Press of Virginia. pp. 213–216.
4735:African-American segregation in the United States
1333:. University of Georgia Press. pp. 160–166.
1279:. Chicago, Rand, McNally & company. p.
704:members of the executive and judicial branches.
3812:Co-author, George Washington's Farewell Address
3657:Constitution drafting and ratification timeline
1324:
1322:
1214:. W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 587–588.
1118:. West Virginia Division of Culture and History
271:was called to resolve the continuing tensions.
4366:Drafted, 1769 Virginia Association resolutions
1268:
1266:
471:in public schools (which already existed on a
4332:
3486:
3133:
1906:
1637:. Matthew Bender & Company. p. 122.
1421:. Virginia Historical Society. Archived from
1140:. Virginia Historical Society. Archived from
1138:"The Story of Virginia; Becoming Southerners"
891:A 2001 amendment added §4, which establishes
771:. Local government may be established at the
167:as the legislative body of the state and the
8:
4063:James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation
1238:. West Virginia Encyclopedia. Archived from
183:constitutional debate for almost a century.
54:and the basic rights of the citizens of the
48:Constitution of the Commonwealth of Virginia
37:The Virginia Constitutional Convention, 1830
1886:List of amendments to the 1971 Constitution
1597:Constitution of Virginia (1971, as amended)
1300:. Virginia General Assembly. Archived from
983:
981:
335:government, recognized the creation of the
4393:Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness
4339:
4325:
4317:
4068:James Madison Freedom of Information Award
3493:
3479:
3471:
3140:
3126:
3118:
1913:
1899:
1891:
1706:, 933 F. Supp. 556 (1996).
1600:, Commonwealth of Virginia, archived from
1017:
1015:
1482:. Congressional Quarterly, Inc. pp.
1393:. University Press of Virginia. pp.
4715:State constitutions of the United States
1692:Virginia Code Commission (2008), p. 127.
1537:. University of Virginia. Archived from
1478:State Constitutions of the United States
1082:
1080:
4464:Co-father, United States Bill of Rights
1389:Virginia: Bourbonism to Byrd, 1870–1925
977:
888:or partnerships with federal agencies.
872:be set aside for educational purposes.
747:Article VI vests judicial power in the
567:Article I contains the entire original
3536:United States House of Representatives
1720:, 150 S.E. 415 (1928).
4371:Primary author, 1774 Fairfax Resolves
1734:, 166 Va. 872 (1914).
1667:Baratko, Trevor (February 13, 2014).
1635:Code of Virginia, 1950: Constitutions
144:was Virginia's representative to the
7:
3582:Co-wrote, 1776 Virginia Constitution
1295:"Constitution of Virginia; Foreword"
190:1830 Virginia Constitution, page one
4497:United States Bill of Rights (1789)
4376:Delegate, Fifth Virginia Convention
3560:Delegate, Fifth Virginia Convention
3149:State constitutions (United States)
2386:Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News
929:bipartisan redistricting commission
639:Article II – Franchise and Officers
4024:James Madison Memorial High School
3918:Belle Grove Plantation, birthplace
1044:. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation
25:
3861:Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
3817:Supervised the Louisiana Purchase
3807:Co-founder, American Whig Society
3602:Constitution of the United States
1811:"The Virginia Amendments Project"
1633:Virginia Code Commission (2008).
4300:
4299:
3959:U.S. presidential election, 1808
3764:State of the Union Address (1810
3759:Second Bank of the United States
3101:
1841:The Hornbook of Virginia History
1273:Lalor, John Joseph, ed. (1881).
941:
852:Article X – Taxation and Finance
659:Article III – Division of Powers
323:The 1864 Constitution abolished
92:disenfranchise African Americans
4740:1776 establishments in Virginia
3992:James Madison Memorial Building
2391:Washington-Arlington-Alexandria
994:. West Publishing Co. pp.
646:or anyone convicted of a felony
518:, and federal legislation: the
413:voters, devising means such as
269:a new constitutional convention
4445:1787 Constitutional Convention
4212:American Philosophical Society
3789:Federal judiciary appointments
3592:1787 Constitutional Convention
3517:President of the United States
1454:Old Dominion, New Commonwealth
1452:Heinemann, Ronald L., et.al.,
763:Article VII – Local Government
569:Virginia Declaration of Rights
542:, to revise the constitution.
430:1901 constitutional convention
279:, the newly created office of
173:Virginia Declaration of Rights
98:legislation in the mid-1960s.
1:
4459:Virginia Ratifying Convention
3640:Virginia Ratifying Convention
3544:Congress of the Confederation
2268:Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians
1881:Text of the 1971 Constitution
1876:Text of the 1830 Constitution
1871:Text of the 1776 Constitution
4566:George Mason Memorial Bridge
4451:high crimes and misdemeanors
4440:1785 Mount Vernon Conference
4418:Cruel and unusual punishment
3645:United States Bill of Rights
1116:"1830 Virginia Constitution"
903:Article XII – Future changes
842:State Corporation Commission
769:local government in Virginia
573:United States Bill of Rights
479:State Corporation Commission
177:United States Bill of Rights
4413:Baseless search and seizure
3887:The Papers of James Madison
3882:Pacificus-Helvidius Debates
3839:Democratic-Republican Party
3552:Virginia House of Delegates
1843:. The Library of Virginia.
1515:Dabney (1971), pp. 439–440.
886:public-private partnerships
809:Commissioner of the Revenue
698:Virginia House of Delegates
615:Advanced Medical Directives
511:Brown v. Board of Education
486:Current constitution (1971)
232:. Western leaders included
146:Second Continental Congress
79:Declaration of Independence
18:Virginia State Constitution
4756:
4430:1776 Virginia Constitution
1443:Dabney (1971), pp. 436–437
1092:Virginia, The New Dominion
988:Lieberman, Jethro (1987).
579:, the prohibition against
563:Article I – Bill of Rights
331:men who had served in the
151:United States Constitution
105:
64:United States Constitution
4730:Legal history of Virginia
4429:
4387:All men are created equal
4280:
3913:James Madison and slavery
3822:Anti-Administration party
3737:Seven Buildings residence
3587:1786 Annapolis Convention
3508:
3097:
2331:Blacksburg-Christiansburg
2163:Colleges and universities
1932:
1506:Moger (1968), pp.192–200.
1031:, accessed March 15, 2008
931:with judicial oversight.
917:constitutional convention
876:Article XI – Conservation
836:Article IX – Corporations
749:Supreme Court of Virginia
690:Virginia General Assembly
611:Virginia Attorney General
592:Victims' Rights Amendment
575:, including the right to
536:Virginia General Assembly
524:Voting Rights Act of 1965
245:Virginia General Assembly
206:constitutional convention
165:Virginia General Assembly
4571:George Mason High School
4004:James Madison University
3450:Northern Mariana Islands
1959:Administrative divisions
1524:Salmon (1994), pp.78–79.
1366:. University of Maryland
1260:Salmon (1994), pp.45–47.
1027:August 23, 2007, at the
815:Article VIII – Education
779:(population over 5000),
775:(population over 1000),
692:, which consists of the
684:Article IV – Legislature
596:Nobrega v. Commonwealth,
520:Civil Rights Act of 1964
462:the Nineteenth Amendment
56:Commonwealth of Virginia
4549:George Mason University
4408:Consent of the governed
4205:Cognitive Madisonianism
4078:James Madison Institute
3528:U.S. Secretary of State
1974:Congressional districts
1616:Nobrega v. Commonwealth
1474:Maddex, Robert (1998).
801:Commonwealth's Attorney
650:Equal Protection Clause
629:equal protection of law
4597:American Enlightenment
4559:George Mason, Virginia
4513:Chopawamsic plantation
4305:Category:James Madison
4176:American Enlightenment
3554:(1776–1779, 1784–1786)
2213:Atlantic Coastal Plain
1743:Maddex (1998), p. 407.
1329:Morgan, Lynda (1992).
1236:"Constitution of 1851"
819:A compulsory and free
743:Article VI – Judiciary
600:Virginia Supreme Court
508:cases, beginning with
497:
381:John Curtiss Underwood
371:. Pursuant to federal
359:
337:State of West Virginia
295:
191:
120:
102:Historic constitutions
43:
4626:Woodbridge plantation
4576:18-cent postage stamp
4544:George Mason Memorial
4036:Madison Square Garden
4009:James Madison College
3908:Early life and career
3722:Burning of Washington
3617:The Federalist Papers
1385:Moger, Allen (1968).
1353:Salmon (1994), p. 52.
1307:on September 13, 2006
1242:on September 29, 2007
1197:Dabney (1971), p. 218
1177:10.1353/wvh.2019.0019
712:Article V – Executive
502:Civil Rights Movement
493:
357:
289:
189:
115:
35:
4725:1971 in American law
4592:Age of Enlightenment
4554:George Mason Stadium
4398:Freedom of the press
4171:Age of Enlightenment
4121:A More Perfect Union
4083:James Madison Museum
3754:Era of Good Feelings
3700:Battle of Tippecanoe
2228:Cumberland Mountains
2048:Gun laws in Virginia
1144:on February 19, 2008
962:Virginia Conventions
718:Governor of Virginia
665:separation of powers
620:Obergefell v. Hodges
553:Obergefell v. Hodges
169:Governor of Virginia
108:Virginia Conventions
4602:American Revolution
4403:Freedom of religion
4218:The American Museum
4073:James Madison Award
4058:U.S. postage stamps
3856:Library of Congress
3690:Second inauguration
3460:U.S. Virgin Islands
3108:Virginia portal
2381:Staunton-Waynesboro
2278:South Hampton Roads
2208:Allegheny Mountains
2110:Tourist attractions
1800:Dinan (2006). p. 24
1623:, p 516 (2006).
785:regional government
722:lieutenant governor
631:required under the
500:As a result of the
495:Mills Godwin (1974)
313:Francis H. Pierpont
309:separate government
292:Francis H. Pierpont
281:lieutenant governor
130:American Revolution
60:state constitutions
4286:← Thomas Jefferson
4182:Marbury v. Madison
4019:James Madison Park
4014:Madison, Wisconsin
3844:First Party System
3832:Compromise of 1790
3749:Second Barbary War
3685:First inauguration
3623:written by Madison
2308:Virginia Peninsula
2288:Southwest Virginia
2233:Delmarva Peninsula
2016:Historic Landmarks
1815:amendments.rmc.edu
1621:271 Va 508
1604:on January 2, 2012
1541:on August 29, 2006
1425:on October 2, 2006
830:Board of Education
585:right to bear arms
498:
469:racial segregation
449:grandfather clause
404:racial segregation
402:laws establishing
360:
305:American Civil War
296:
238:Alexander Campbell
192:
121:
44:
4700:
4699:
4485:Writings inspired
4314:
4313:
4253:James Madison Sr.
4155:(2020 miniseries)
3727:The Octagon House
3468:
3467:
3115:
3114:
2273:Shenandoah Valley
2258:Northern Virginia
1850:978-0-88490-177-8
1755:Falwell v. Miller
1731:Gwaltmey v. Lyons
1644:978-1-4224-5072-7
1582:978-1-4522-0589-2
1493:978-1-56802-373-1
1462:978-0-8139-2609-4
1404:978-0-8139-0182-4
1340:978-0-8203-1415-0
1221:978-0-393-05820-8
1101:978-0-8139-1015-4
1088:Dabney, Virginius
1005:978-0-314-32025-4
865:school property.
858:personal property
607:same-sex marriage
540:Albertis Harrison
369:John M. Schofield
341:Virginia Assembly
58:. Like all other
16:(Redirected from
4747:
4679:George Mason III
4435:Seal of Virginia
4341:
4334:
4327:
4318:
4303:
4302:
4225:Virginia dynasty
4200:Madisonian model
4189:National Gazette
4113:Magnificent Doll
3667:Founding Fathers
3563:
3555:
3547:
3539:
3531:
3520:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3472:
3424:Washington, D.C.
3418:Federal district
3142:
3135:
3128:
3119:
3106:
3105:
3104:
2929:Colonial Heights
2313:Western Virginia
2293:Tennessee Valley
2248:Middle Peninsula
1915:
1908:
1901:
1892:
1854:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1807:
1801:
1798:
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1471:
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1112:
1106:
1105:
1084:
1075:
1074:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1038:
1032:
1019:
1010:
1009:
985:
951:
946:
945:
944:
726:attorney general
506:US Supreme Court
411:African American
234:Philip Doddridge
142:Thomas Jefferson
72:Supremacy Clause
52:state government
21:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4705:
4704:
4701:
4696:
4691:George Mason II
4635:
4615:Wilson v. Mason
4580:
4532:
4501:
4480:
4476:Founding Father
4358:Founding events
4357:
4350:
4345:
4315:
4310:
4276:
4271:Ambrose Madison
4265:William Madison
4259:Eleanor Madison
4247:John Payne Todd
4229:
4159:
3975:popular culture
3974:
3968:
3927:
3896:
3892:Founders Online
3870:
3799:
3793:
3732:Treaty of Ghent
3671:
3573:
3572:"Father of the
3566:
3558:
3550:
3542:
3534:
3523:
3512:
3504:
3499:
3469:
3464:
3426:
3412:
3151:
3146:
3116:
3111:
3102:
3100:
3093:
2919:Charlottesville
2895:
2888:
2400:
2346:Charlottesville
2317:
2194:
2124:
2011:Historic houses
1989:Representatives
1940:
1928:
1919:
1862:
1857:
1851:
1838:
1829:
1819:
1817:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1783:
1782:on July 5, 2006
1779:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1717:Moore v. Pullem
1715:
1714:
1710:
1703:Perry v. Beamer
1701:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1677:
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1661:
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1201:
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1145:
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1121:
1119:
1114:
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1109:
1102:
1086:
1085:
1078:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1047:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1029:Wayback Machine
1020:
1013:
1006:
987:
986:
979:
970:
957:Law of Virginia
949:Virginia portal
947:
942:
940:
937:
905:
878:
854:
838:
817:
765:
745:
714:
694:Virginia Senate
686:
661:
641:
581:double jeopardy
565:
496:
488:
451:, for military
408:disenfranchised
396:
365:
329:disenfranchised
301:
255:As of the 1840
253:
197:
126:
110:
104:
83:thirteen states
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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4743:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4707:
4706:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4688:
4682:
4676:
4670:
4664:
4658:
4652:
4649:George Mason V
4645:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4631:Mason's Island
4628:
4623:
4618:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4599:
4594:
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4561:
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4479:
4478:
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4432:
4427:
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4415:
4410:
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4400:
4395:
4390:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4362:
4360:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4336:
4329:
4321:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4296:
4293:James Monroe →
4289:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4268:
4262:
4256:
4250:
4244:
4241:Dolley Madison
4237:
4235:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4214:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4197:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4173:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4149:
4133:
4129:Liberty's Kids
4125:
4117:
4109:
4101:
4093:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4053:Madison Street
4050:
4045:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4031:Madison Square
4028:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4011:
4006:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3989:
3984:
3978:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3878:
3876:
3875:Other writings
3872:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3866:Report of 1800
3863:
3858:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3803:
3801:
3800:accomplisments
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3695:Tecumseh's War
3692:
3687:
3681:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3662:Tariff of 1789
3659:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3650:27th amendment
3642:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3604:
3599:
3589:
3584:
3578:
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3498:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3475:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3440:American Samoa
3436:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3358:South Carolina
3355:
3350:
3345:
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1429:September 14,
1424:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1406:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1381:
1378:
1370:September 14,
1365:
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1254:
1246:September 12,
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1209:
1208:Wilentz, Sean
1203:
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1148:September 12,
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1122:September 12,
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758:
757:Chief Justice
754:
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514:in 1954, the
513:
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327:in Virginia,
326:
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318:
317:West Virginia
314:
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288:
284:
282:
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272:
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231:
230:John Marshall
227:
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218:James Madison
215:
211:
207:
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202:West Virginia
194:
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139:
138:James Madison
135:
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89:
84:
81:by the first
80:
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69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
42:
41:George Catlin
38:
34:
27:
19:
4720:Virginia law
4702:
4673:Thomas Mason
4613:
4528:Ohio Company
4518:Gunston Hall
4423:Speedy trial
4348:George Mason
4298:
4291:
4284:
4217:
4187:
4180:
4152:
4135:
4128:
4120:
4111:
4105:
4097:
4089:
3982:Bibliography
3615:
3606:
3455:Puerto Rico
3387:
3363:South Dakota
3353:Rhode Island
3348:Pennsylvania
3328:North Dakota
3099:
3084:Williamsburg
3014:Newport News
3009:Martinsville
2979:Harrisonburg
2954:Falls Church
2869:Westmoreland
2834:Spotsylvania
2784:Rappahannock
2754:Pittsylvania
2659:King William
2514:Chesterfield
2504:Charles City
2366:Martinsville
2356:Harrisonburg
2148:Demographics
2090:Sports teams
2038:Homelessness
1934:
1922:Commonwealth
1840:
1832:Bibliography
1818:. Retrieved
1814:
1805:
1796:
1784:. Retrieved
1777:the original
1764:
1753:
1748:
1739:
1730:
1725:
1716:
1711:
1702:
1697:
1688:
1678:February 14,
1676:. Retrieved
1672:
1662:
1653:
1634:
1628:
1615:
1610:
1602:the original
1596:
1589:
1572:
1555:
1543:. Retrieved
1539:the original
1529:
1520:
1511:
1502:
1477:
1469:
1464:, p. 277-278
1448:
1439:
1427:. Retrieved
1423:the original
1413:
1388:
1380:
1368:. Retrieved
1358:
1349:
1330:
1309:. Retrieved
1302:the original
1289:
1275:
1256:
1244:. Retrieved
1240:the original
1230:
1211:
1202:
1193:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1146:. Retrieved
1142:the original
1132:
1120:. Retrieved
1110:
1091:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1046:. Retrieved
1036:
990:
925:
921:
914:
906:
890:
879:
867:
855:
846:corporations
839:
818:
790:
766:
746:
730:
715:
706:
687:
667:between the
662:
654:
642:
618:
604:
595:
589:
566:
558:
551:
548:
544:
531:Mills Godwin
509:
499:
472:
466:
441:Carter Glass
427:
397:
385:
366:
345:
322:
302:
290:Portrait of
273:
254:
242:
222:James Monroe
198:
181:
155:
134:George Mason
127:
117:George Mason
96:civil rights
76:
47:
45:
36:
26:
4621:Hollin Hall
4123:(1989 film)
4116:(1946 film)
3798:Other noted
3707:War of 1812
3546:(1781–1783)
3538:(1789–1797)
3530:(1801–1809)
3519:(1809–1817)
3432:Territories
3278:Mississippi
3193:Connecticut
2914:Buena Vista
2894:Independent
2829:Southampton
2724:Northampton
2699:Mecklenburg
2654:King George
2609:Greensville
2323:Metro areas
2100:State parks
2055:LGBT rights
1996:Environment
1979:Delegations
1786:October 31,
1171:(2): 1–26.
1066:Smithsonian
755:), and the
669:legislative
590:In 1997, a
577:due process
333:Confederate
70:as per the
68:federal law
4709:Categories
4667:John Mason
4523:On slavery
4153:Washington
3973:Legacy and
3923:Montpelier
3677:Presidency
3393:Washington
3313:New Mexico
3308:New Jersey
3183:California
3089:Winchester
3079:Waynesboro
3039:Portsmouth
3029:Petersburg
2924:Chesapeake
2904:Alexandria
2864:Washington
2819:Shenandoah
2804:Rockingham
2799:Rockbridge
2709:Montgomery
2644:James City
2589:Gloucester
2534:Cumberland
2484:Buckingham
2439:Appomattox
2396:Winchester
2303:Tri-Cities
2218:Blue Ridge
2173:Newspapers
2095:State Fair
2006:Government
1567:p.24, 216.
1048:October 3,
968:References
863:non-profit
625:U.S. state
583:, and the
457:illiterate
445:poll taxes
415:poll taxes
226:John Tyler
158:George III
106:See also:
88:amendments
4687:(brother)
4267:(brother)
4249:(stepson)
3987:Memorials
3932:Elections
3403:Wisconsin
3368:Tennessee
3273:Minnesota
3248:Louisiana
2994:Lynchburg
2989:Lexington
2934:Covington
2704:Middlesex
2684:Lunenburg
2664:Lancaster
2594:Goochland
2579:Frederick
2544:Dinwiddie
2539:Dickenson
2509:Charlotte
2474:Brunswick
2469:Botetourt
2444:Arlington
2424:Alleghany
2419:Albemarle
2361:Lynchburg
2336:Bluefield
2298:Tidewater
2283:Southside
2158:Education
2001:Furniture
1939:(capital)
1185:211648744
1073:(2): 142.
825:secondary
793:treasurer
673:executive
265:secession
261:abolition
162:bicameral
66:and U.S.
4681:(father)
4607:patriots
4261:(mother)
4255:(father)
4220:magazine
4137:Hamilton
3388:Virginia
3338:Oklahoma
3318:New York
3293:Nebraska
3283:Missouri
3268:Michigan
3258:Maryland
3243:Kentucky
3223:Illinois
3198:Delaware
3188:Colorado
3178:Arkansas
3064:Staunton
3049:Richmond
3034:Poquoson
2999:Manassas
2984:Hopewell
2959:Franklin
2939:Danville
2854:Tazewell
2839:Stafford
2789:Richmond
2759:Powhatan
2734:Nottoway
2719:New Kent
2634:Highland
2574:Franklin
2569:Fluvanna
2559:Fauquier
2529:Culpeper
2494:Caroline
2489:Campbell
2479:Buchanan
2414:Accomack
2406:Counties
2371:Richmond
2351:Danville
2263:Piedmont
2190:Politics
2138:Abortion
2080:Scouting
1984:Senators
1936:Richmond
1926:Virginia
1820:April 3,
1210:(2005).
1090:(1971).
1025:Archived
935:See also
696:and the
677:judicial
528:Governor
522:and the
474:de facto
453:veterans
423:Southern
400:Jim Crow
388:freedmen
377:freedmen
348:foreword
277:governor
214:suffrage
210:planters
4585:Related
4469:history
4164:Related
4142:musical
4098:Madison
3784:Cabinet
3742:results
3712:origins
3408:Wyoming
3383:Vermont
3288:Montana
3228:Indiana
3208:Georgia
3203:Florida
3173:Arizona
3163:Alabama
3069:Suffolk
3054:Roanoke
3044:Radford
3019:Norfolk
2974:Hampton
2949:Fairfax
2944:Emporia
2909:Bristol
2809:Russell
2794:Roanoke
2779:Pulaski
2749:Patrick
2694:Mathews
2689:Madison
2674:Loudoun
2624:Henrico
2619:Hanover
2614:Halifax
2599:Grayson
2554:Fairfax
2499:Carroll
2459:Bedford
2449:Augusta
2434:Amherst
2376:Roanoke
2341:Bristol
2200:Regions
2153:Economy
2130:Culture
2105:Symbols
2031:Slavery
2021:History
1964:Climate
1954:Outline
1584:, p. 19
1395:181–183
897:fishing
893:hunting
882:natural
870:lottery
821:primary
797:sheriff
737:pardons
702:impeach
438:Senator
325:slavery
4641:Family
4537:Legacy
4243:(wife)
4234:Family
3997:statue
3633:No. 51
3628:No. 10
3562:(1776)
3343:Oregon
3298:Nevada
3238:Kansas
3213:Hawaii
3168:Alaska
3156:States
3024:Norton
2896:cities
2859:Warren
2849:Sussex
2739:Orange
2714:Nelson
2679:Louisa
2604:Greene
2519:Clarke
2429:Amelia
2169:Media
2120:Tribes
2085:Slogan
2075:Rivers
2070:Rights
2065:People
1969:Colony
1946:Topics
1847:
1641:
1619:,
1580:
1563:
1490:
1460:
1401:
1337:
1218:
1183:
1098:
1002:
910:ballot
781:county
257:census
228:, and
4675:(son)
4669:(son)
4663:(son)
4657:(son)
4651:(son)
4088:USRC
3779:1816)
3373:Texas
3253:Maine
3218:Idaho
3059:Salem
2969:Galax
2879:Wythe
2844:Surry
2824:Smyth
2814:Scott
2629:Henry
2584:Giles
2564:Floyd
2549:Essex
2524:Craig
2464:Bland
2178:Radio
2143:Crime
2060:Music
1780:(PDF)
1773:(PDF)
1305:(PDF)
1298:(PDF)
1181:S2CID
996:27–28
973:Notes
753:rules
311:with
39:, by
4506:Life
4146:film
4104:USS
4096:USS
3964:1812
3954:1794
3949:1792
3944:1790
3901:Life
3774:1815
3769:1814
3445:Guam
3378:Utah
3333:Ohio
3233:Iowa
2884:York
2874:Wise
2744:Page
2454:Bath
1845:ISBN
1822:2023
1788:2006
1680:2014
1639:ISBN
1578:ISBN
1561:ISBN
1547:2006
1488:ISBN
1458:ISBN
1431:2006
1399:ISBN
1372:2006
1335:ISBN
1313:2006
1281:1077
1248:2006
1216:ISBN
1150:2006
1124:2006
1096:ISBN
1050:2011
1000:ISBN
895:and
823:and
807:and
777:city
773:town
733:veto
724:and
675:and
428:The
394:1902
363:1870
346:The
299:1864
251:1851
236:and
195:1830
136:and
124:1776
46:The
3525:5th
3514:4th
2669:Lee
2043:Law
1924:of
1484:406
1173:doi
783:or
635:.)
4711::
4144:,
2183:TV
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1187:.
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1104:.
1052:.
1008:.
20:)
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