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949:
459:
1198:. According to Buswel and Lopez, in general, it means "thought," "applied thought," or "distracted thoughts." According to Bhikkhu Bodhi, "In the Suttas, the word Vittaka is often used in the loose sense of thought, but in the Abhidhamma it is used in a precise technical sense to mean the mental factor that mounts or directs the mind towards an object."
1332:
thus: discernment is "the cognitive operation that is responsible for ascertaining what is perceived by the senses by initially labeling it with a name", while discursiveness is "the subsequent conceptual operation of deciding whether the perceived sense-object is desirable and what course of action
1281:), and which are absent in the higher jhanas. According to Shankman, "two distinct meanings are suggested one indicating mental activities such as thinking, reflecting, and so on, and the other referring to the mental activity of connecting and sustaining the attention on a meditation object."
2298:
993:
1442:
varieties of thinking, including sustained and focused thought. It is thinking in this inclusive sense that the meditator suppresses through concentration when he attains one-ness of mind and thus moves from first to second
1431:, the factor that particularly characterizes the first jhāna, is probably nothing other than the normal process of discursive thought, the familiar but usually unnoticed stream of mental imagery and verbalization".
1867:
1303:. It "involves focusing on and then breaking it down into its functional components" to understand it, "distinguishing the multitude of conditioning factors implicated in a phenomenal event."
1318:
to further egoistical thought and action. The stilling of this thinking fits into the
Buddhist training of sense-withdrawal and right effort, culminating in the equanimity and mindfulness of
1172:: वितर्क ) - "thoughts," "applied thought," "applied attention," "inquiry," "initial inquiry," "initial mental application, or initial intellectual investigative intent." Its roots are:
1130:), "breaking it down into its functional components" to understand it distinguishing the multitude of conditioning factors implicated in a phenomenal event."
1543:, being discursive thought, will do very little as an anti-dote for sloth and torpor, reflecting the inconsistencies which were introduced by the scholastics.
1852:
1149:
as the initial and sustained application of attention to a meditational object, which culminates in the stilling of the mind. According to Fox and
Bucknell
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is one of the mental factors that apprehend the quality of an object. It is the "initial application of attention" or the mind to its object, while
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1344:, such as greedy desire and hatred, to stay in joy and pleasure caused by nonarising, and to enter the first meditation and fully dwell in it."
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joining the tips of the thumb and the index together, and keeping the other fingers straight. This mudra has a great number of variants in
1554:* Martin Stuart-Fox, "Jhana and Buddhist Scholasticism," Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 12.2 (1989): 79-110
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to give an equal number of five hindrances and five antidotes. The commentarial tradition regards the qualities of the first
345:
146:
1208:: विचार) - "investigation," "subsequent discursive reasoning and thought, i.e., investigating what has been focused on by
2268:
Calming the Mind and
Discerning the Real: Buddhist Meditation and the Middle View, from the Lam Rim Chen Mo Tson-kha-pa
2352:
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may also refer to "the normal process of discursive thought," which is quieted through absorption in the second
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2168:
Mind in
Buddhist Psychology: A Translation of Ye-shes rgyal-mtshan's "The Necklace of Clear Understanding"
1194:
may refer to mental activities that are manifest both in normal consciousness and in the first stage of
1082:
1044:
373:
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Buddhist
Phenomenology: A Philosophical Investigation of Yogacara Buddhism and the Ch'eng Wei-shih Lun
842:
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Ulrich Timme Kragh explains vitarka (discernment) and vicāra (discursiveness), as understood by the
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1103:
28:
1952:
The
Buddhist Yogācārabhūmi Treatise and Its Adaptation in India, East Asia, and Tibet, Volume 1
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1471:). The process of meditation aims at "non-thinking," stopping both these cognitive processes.
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were re-interpreted by the developing
Abhidharma and commentarial tradition. In Theravāda,
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means both "intentionality" or 'self-centered thinking', and "discriminative thinking" (
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form one expression, which refers to directing one's thought or attention on an object (
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1556:* Paul Griffiths, "Buddhist Jhana: A form-critical study," Religion 13 (1983): 55-68.
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Reexamining Jhana: Towards a
Critical Reconstruction of Early Buddhist Soteriology
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While initially simply referring to thought, which is present at the onset of
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Definition of vitakka, Pali Text
Society, Rhys Davids & Stede (1921-25)
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Sangpo, Gelong Lodro; Dhammajoti, Bhikkhu K.L. (2012), Motilal
Banarsidass
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Early Buddhist Meditation: The Four Jhanas as the Actualization of Insight
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Martin Stuart-Fox explains, referring to Rhys Davids and Stede, when
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According to Chaicen, "Samadhi with general examination and specific
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Harvard University, Department of South Asian studies, 2013, p. 72.
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Bucknell, Roderick S. (Winter 1993), "Reinterpreting the Jhanas",
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are mostly related to thinking about the sense-impressions, which
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The later Theravada commentarial tradition, as represented by
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Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
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are mentioned in tandem, they are one expression, "to cover
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is regarded in the Theravāda tradition as an antidote for
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to give exactly five anti-dotes for the five hindrances.
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is the sustained application of the mind on an object.
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1366:(onepointedness) was added to the description first
2220:Rhys-Davids, T.W.; Stede, William, eds. (1921–25),
1872:. Digital Dictionaries Of South Asia. p. 1422.
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1059:), "applied thought,"(initial) inquiry," and
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1374:to be antidotes to the five hindrances, and
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1333:one might want to take in relation to it".
1220:, a prefix to verbs and nouns it expresses;
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1240:investigates things exactly. According to
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2159:The Great Prajna Paramita Sutra, Volume 1
1869:the Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary
1851:Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit,
1101:, are qualities or elements of the first
59:initial intellectual investigative intent
2021:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBodhi2003 (
1905:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKeown2004 (
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1306:According to Polak, in the Pali Canon
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2266:Wayman, Alex (1997), "Introduction",
2177:The Principles of Buddhist Psychology
2016:
1948:The Foundation for Yoga Practitioners
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1734:, p. Kindle Locations 1030-1033.
1227:, to move, roam, obtain knowledge of.
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2170:(Kindle ed.), Dharma Publishing
2150:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
2114:A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma
1963:
1427:According to Roderick S. Bucknell, "
1423:Normal process of discursive thought
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1997:
1975:
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1234:investigates things roughly, while
27:For the hindu-term of vichara, see
2332:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
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1378:may have been added to the first
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2270:, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers
2179:, Delhi: ri Satguru Publications
1297:is analytic scrutiny, a form of
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1717:Rhys-Davids & Stede 1921–25
1415:(sloth and torpor), one of the
1539:Stuart-Fox further notes that
1:
2286:Ranjung Yeshe wiki entry for
2175:Kalupahana, David J. (1992),
2139:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1946:Ulrich Timme Kragh (editor),
2195:Gateway to Knowledge, Vol. 1
2152:, Princeton University Press
1732:Guenther & Kawamura 1975
1665:Sangpo & Dhammajoti 2012
1248:Mental factors in meditation
2193:Kunsang, Erik Pema (2004),
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1273:) present during the first
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2384:Mental factors in Buddhism
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2257:Shankman, Richard (2008),
2102:Berzin, Alexander (2006),
1507:("mudra of explanation").
1487:of discussion," expresses
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57:initial mental application
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2259:The Experience of Samadhi
2188:, Oxford University Press
1517:Mental factors (Buddhism)
1340:means getting rid of the
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2211:Polak, Grzegorz (2011),
2186:A Dictionary of Buddhism
1623:Buswell & Lopez 2013
1348:Commentatorial tradition
1126:) and investigating it (
595:4 universal unwholesome
2148:Buswell; Lopez (2013),
1495:, and is also known as
1187:, "reasoning, inquiry."
749:19 universal beautiful
2328:-related article is a
2202:Lusthaus, Dan (2002),
2197:, North Atlantic Books
2184:Kewon, Damien (2004),
2157:Chen, Naichen (2017),
2116:, Pariyatti Publishing
2112:Bhikkhu Bodhi (2003),
1338:in-depth investigation
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421:
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2294:Theravāda tradition:
2086:10.4324/9781315676043
2074:Arbel, Keren (2017),
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422:Tứ (Hán Việt): dò xét
2281:Mahāyāna tradition:
2226:, Pali Text Society)
1499:Prajñāliṅganabhinaya
1342:not virtuous dharmas
1328:Yogācārabhūmi-Śāstra
920:1 faculty of wisdom
430:Glossary of Buddhism
231:Glossary of Buddhism
1552:Bucknell refers to:
954:Buddhism portal
480:sabbacittasādhāraṇa
2060:, p. 138-140.
1828:Bhikkhu Bodhi 2003
1813:, p. 375-376.
1704:, p. 89, 116.
1212:." Its roots are:
1002:
706:other unwholesome:
468:Theravāda Buddhism
286:vicāra, 𑀯𑀺𑀘𑀸𑀭
29:Vichara (Hinduism)
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2303:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2276:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2238:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2095:9781317383994
2091:
2087:
2083:
2080:, Routledge,
2079:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2059:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2018:
2013:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1886:Bucknell 1993
1882:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1840:Visuddhimagga
1836:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1811:Bucknell 1993
1807:
1804:
1799:
1794:, p. 82.
1793:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1777:Lusthaus 2002
1773:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1749:, p. 30.
1748:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1702:Lusthaus 2002
1698:
1695:
1692:, p. 89.
1691:
1690:Lusthaus 2002
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1646:, p. 48.
1645:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1596:, p. 39.
1595:
1594:Shankman 2008
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1561:Bhante Sujato
1549:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1481:Vitarka mudrā
1475:Vitarka Mudrā
1474:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1289:According to
1285:Investigation
1284:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1233:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1141:, interprets
1140:
1139:Visuddhimagga
1136:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1076:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1033:
1021:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1000:, 9th century
999:
994:
983:
978:
976:
971:
969:
964:
963:
961:
960:
955:
950:
945:
944:
943:
942:
935:
932:
929:
925:
917:
916:
913:
910:
908:
905:
902:
898:
890:
889:
886:
883:
881:
880:Sammākammanta
878:
876:
873:
870:
866:
858:
857:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
838:Kāyapāguññatā
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
798:Kāyapassaddhi
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
758:
754:
746:
745:
740:
735:25 beautiful
732:
731:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
708:
703:
702:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
678:
674:
666:
665:
662:
659:
657:
654:
651:
647:
644:
641:
637:
629:
628:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
604:
600:
592:
591:
586:
578:
577:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
541:
536:
531:6 occasional
528:
527:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
486:
481:
473:
472:
469:
465:
464:
460:
456:
455:
452:
447:
443:
439:
438:
431:
427:
423:
419:
417:
413:
408:
403:
393:
391:
387:
382:
380:
375:
363:
361:
357:
352:
347:
337:
335:
331:
326:
321:
311:
309:
305:
300:伺 (T) / 伺 (S)
297:
295:
291:
283:
281:
277:
272:vicāra, विचार
269:
267:
263:
260:
253:investigation
250:
246:
239:
232:
228:
224:
220:
218:
214:
209:
204:
194:
192:
188:
183:
181:
176:
164:
162:
158:
153:
148:
138:
136:
132:
127:
122:
112:
110:
106:
101:尋 (T) / 寻 (S)
98:
96:
92:
84:
82:
78:
70:
68:
64:
46:
42:
35:
30:
19:
2334:expanding it
2323:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2280:
2267:
2258:
2246:|title=
2222:
2212:
2203:
2194:
2185:
2176:
2167:
2158:
2149:
2126:
2122:
2113:
2104:
2076:
2053:
2012:
1971:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1930:
1868:
1861:
1853:
1847:
1835:
1806:
1747:Kunsang 2004
1697:
1565:
1548:
1540:
1535:
1504:
1496:
1488:
1480:
1478:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1412:thina-middha
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1389:, the terms
1386:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1335:
1326:
1324:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1305:
1298:
1294:
1291:Dan Lusthaus
1288:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1242:Dan Lusthaus
1235:
1231:
1230:
1224:
1217:
1209:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1184:
1177:
1165:
1164:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1108:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1086:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1048:
1024:𑀯𑀺𑀢𑀓𑁆𑀓
1010:
1009:
1003:
923:
918:
896:
891:
864:
859:
752:
747:
738:
704:
672:
667:
635:
630:
598:
593:
584:
548:
543:
534:
514:Jīvitindriya
479:
476:7 universal
376:: dpyod pa;
258:
87:𑀯𑀺𑀢𑀓𑁆𑀓
2206:, Routledge
2161:, Wheatmark
1762:Berzin 2006
1644:Wayman 1997
1322:-practice.
1254:Rūpa jhānas
1135:Buddhaghosa
998:Tarim Basin
924:paññindriya
885:Sammā-ājīva
853:Cittujukatā
823:Cittamudutā
813:Cittalahutā
251:examination
177:: rtog pa;
2379:Meditation
2373:Categories
2017:Bodhi 2003
1935:Arbel 2017
1923:Polak 2011
1901:Keown 2004
1866:V.S.Apte.
1575:References
1116:Pali canon
1071:𑀯𑀺𑀘𑀸𑀭
848:Kāyujukatā
818:Kāyamudutā
808:Kāyalahutā
723:Vicikicchā
693:Macchariya
554:Adhimokkha
519:Manasikāra
416:Vietnamese
217:Vietnamese
61:reflection
1964:Chen 2017
1842:( IV, 88)
1559:See also
1316:give rise
1161:Etymology
897:appamañña
875:Sammāvācā
619:Anottappa
535:pakiṇṇaka
451:Cetasikas
223:Tầm (tìm)
2326:Buddhism
2237:citation
2135:citation
2039:Zhu 2005
1998:Fox 1989
1976:Fox 1989
1792:Fox 1989
1511:See also
1489:vitarka,
1457:Yogacara
1451:Yogacara
1376:ekaggatā
1363:ekaggatā
1271:cetasika
1244:, it is
1206:Sanskrit
1170:Sanskrit
1087:dpyod pa
1079:དཔྱོད་པ།
1006:Buddhism
698:Kukkucca
624:Uddhacca
509:Ekaggatā
442:a series
440:Part of
366:དཔྱོད་པ།
308:Japanese
266:Sanskrit
109:Japanese
67:Sanskrit
2288:rtog pa
2067:Sources
1541:vitarka
1468:vikalpa
1407:Vitarka
1399:vitarka
1391:vitarka
1354:vitarka
1308:vitarka
1277:(Pali:
1259:Vitarka
1232:Vitarka
1210:vitakka
1192:Vitarka
1166:Vitarka
1143:vitarka
1124:vitarka
1114:In the
1099:vitakka
1075:Tibetan
1049:rtog pa
1041:རྟོག་པ།
1037:Tibetan
1032:vitakka
1011:vitarka
778:Ottappa
739:sobhana
614:Ahirika
585:akusala
544:Vitakka
381:: chöpa
360:Tibetan
294:Chinese
259:vitakka
248:English
182:: tokpa
167:རྟོག་པ།
161:Tibetan
95:Chinese
51:inquiry
47:thought
44:English
39:Vitarka
2215:, UMCS
2092:
1403:vicāra
1395:vicāra
1387:dhyāna
1360:, and
1358:vicāra
1320:dhyana
1312:vicāra
1300:prajna
1275:dhyāna
1263:vicāra
1237:vicāra
1202:Vicāra
1196:dhyana
1147:vicāra
1128:vicāra
1104:dhyāna
1062:vicāra
1016:वितर्क
912:Mudita
907:Karuṇā
865:virati
783:Alobha
763:Saddhā
718:Middha
656:Diṭṭhi
569:Chanda
559:Viriya
549:Vicāra
504:Cetanā
494:Vedanā
489:Phassa
466:as in
407:wichan
334:Korean
320:Rōmaji
243:Vicāra
135:Korean
121:Rōmaji
73:वितर्क
18:Vitaka
2324:This
1854:tarka
1528:Notes
1485:mudra
1462:manas
1459:term
1445:jhāna
1380:jhāna
1372:jhāna
1368:jhāna
1356:from
1279:jhāna
1185:tarka
1183:तर्क
1155:jhāna
1109:jhāna
1095:chöpa
1083:Wylie
1067:विचार
1057:tokpa
1045:Wylie
934:Paññā
788:Adosa
713:Thīna
650:Taṇhā
646:Lobha
636:lobha
499:Saññā
396:วิจาร
374:Wylie
208:witok
175:Wylie
2330:stub
2250:help
2141:link
2090:ISBN
2045:help
2023:help
2004:help
1982:help
1907:help
1798:help
1503:and
1479:The
1455:The
1393:and
1310:and
1261:and
1223:चर्
1145:and
1069:and
1020:Pali
773:Hiri
768:Sati
688:Issā
683:Dosa
673:dosa
661:Māna
609:Moha
564:Pīti
402:RTGS
390:Thai
280:Pali
203:RTGS
197:วิตก
191:Thai
81:Pali
2129:(2)
2082:doi
1483:, "
1447:".
1440:all
1225:car
1216:वि
1176:वि
1137:'s
1107:or
1091:THL
1053:THL
1004:In
449:52
379:THL
325:shi
180:THL
152:sim
126:jin
2375::
2241::
2239:}}
2235:{{
2137:}}
2133:{{
2127:16
2125:,
2088:,
2031:^
1990:^
1950::
1915:^
1893:^
1878:^
1818:^
1784:^
1769:^
1754:^
1739:^
1724:^
1709:^
1672:^
1651:^
1630:^
1601:^
1582:^
1563:,
1419:.
1293:,
1218:vi
1178:vi
1157:.
1118:,
1111:.
1093::
1089:,
1085::
1081:,
1077::
1073:;
1055::
1051:,
1047::
1043:,
1039::
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2248:(
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2025:)
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1984:)
1966:.
1937:.
1925:.
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1330:,
1269:(
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648:(
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583:(
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478:(
410:)
400:(
384:)
370:(
354:)
344:(
340:사
328:)
318:(
314:伺
211:)
201:(
185:)
171:(
155:)
145:(
141:심
129:)
119:(
115:尋
31:.
20:)
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