Vitamin B6 - Knowledge (XXG)

459: 1576:. Most of the vitamin is taken up by the liver. There, the dephosphorylated vitamins are converted to the phosphorylated PLP, PNP and PMP, with the two latter converted to PLP. In the liver, PLP is bound to proteins, primarily albumin. The PLP-albumin complex is what is released by the liver to circulate in plasma. Protein-binding capacity is the limiting factor for vitamin storage. Total body stores, the majority in muscle, with a lesser amount in liver, have been estimated to be in the range of 61 to 167 mg. 69: 1028:", meaning the highest amount at which no adverse effects were observed. This was divided by two to allow for people who might be extra sensitive to the vitamin, referred to as an "uncertainty factor", resulting in the aforementioned adult UL of 100 mg/day set for the United States. As noted above, in 2023 the European Food Safety Commission set an adult UL at 12 mg/day. 304: 312: 296: 236:(mg) per day. These same agencies also recognize ill effects from intakes that are too high, and so set safe upper limits, ranging from as low as 25 mg/day to as high as 100 mg/day depending on the country. Beef, pork, fowl and fish are generally good sources; dairy, eggs, mollusks and crustaceans also contain vitamin B 1494:; FOSHU) regulatory system in 1991 to individually approve the statements made on food labels concerning the effects of foods on the human body. The regulatory range of FOSHU was later broadened to allow for the certification of capsules and tablets. In 2001, MHLW enacted a new regulatory system, 'Foods with Health Claims' ( 2064:

from individual supplement sources at greater than 20 mg per day, which is more than ten times the adult male RDA of 1.7 mg/day, was associated with an increased risk for lung cancer among men. Smoking further elevated this risk. However, a more recent review of this study suggested that a

1632:

in the liver. Amounts excreted increase within 1–2 weeks with vitamin supplementation and decrease as rapidly after supplementation ceases. Other vitamin forms excreted in the urine include pyridoxal, pyridoxamine and pyridoxine, and their phosphates. When large doses of pyridoxine are given orally,

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Cooking, storage, and processing losses vary, and in some foods may be more than 50% depending on the form of vitamin present in the food. Plant foods lose less during processing, as they contain pyridoxine, which is more stable than the pyridoxal or pyridoxamine forms found in animal-sourced foods.

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dietary supplements, but never from food sources. Even though it is a water-soluble vitamin and is excreted in the urine, doses of pyridoxine in excess of the dietary upper limit (UL) over long periods cause painful and ultimately irreversible neurological problems. The primary symptoms are pain and

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updated its vitamin and mineral recommendations in 2015. The adult RDAs are at 1.2 mg/day for women 1.4 mg/day for men. The RDA for pregnancy is 1.4 mg/day, for lactation is 1.5 mg/day. For children ages 1–17 years the RDA increases with age from 0.5 to 1.5 mg/day. The adult

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salt of pyridoxine. Pyridoxine is converted in the liver into the metabolically active coenzyme form pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. At present, while the industry mainly utilizes the oxazole method, there is research exploring means of using less toxic and dangerous reagents in the process. Fermentative

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The EFSA refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values, with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA. For women and men ages 15 and older the PRI is set at 1.6 and 1.7 mg/day, respectively; for pregnancy 1.8 mg/day, for lactation 1.7 mg/day. For

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because removal of the glucoside by intestinal cells is not 100% efficient. Given lower amounts and lower bioavailability of the vitamin from plants there was a concern that a vegetarian or vegan diet could cause a vitamin deficiency state. However, the results from a population-based survey

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status is essential, as the clinical signs and symptoms in less severe cases are not specific. The three biochemical tests most widely used are plasma PLP concentrations, the activation coefficient for the erythrocyte enzyme aspartate aminotransferase, and the urinary excretion of vitamin

2004:

derivative of pyridoxine. Further studies showed that pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, and pyridoxine have largely equal activity in animals and owe their vitamin activity to the ability of the organism to convert them into the enzymatically active form pyridoxal-5-phosphate.

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as pyridoxine hydrochloride. Most of these are in southeast Africa or Central America. The amounts stipulated range from 3.0 to 6.5 mg/kg. An additional seven countries, including India, have a voluntary fortification program. India stipulates 2.0 mg/kg.

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typically develops at doses of pyridoxine in excess of 1,000 mg per day, but adverse effects can occur with much less, so intakes over 200 mg/day are not considered safe. Trials with amounts equal to or less than 200 mg/day established that as a

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is found in a wide variety of foods. In general, meat, fish and fowl are good sources, but dairy foods and eggs are not (table). Crustaceans and mollusks contain about 0.1 mg/100 grams. Fruit (apples, oranges, pears) contain less than 0.1 mg/100g.

2016:

is the official name for all 2-methyl,3-hydroxy,5-hydroxymethylpyridine derivatives exhibiting the biological activity of pyridoxine. Because these related compounds have the same effect, the word "pyridoxine" should not be used as a synonym for vitamin

1595:. Inborn errors in the salvage enzymes are known to cause inadequate levels of PLP in the cell, particularly in neuronal cells. The resulting PLP deficiency is known to cause or implicated in several pathologies, most notably infant epileptic seizures. 1552:. Structure/Function Claims can be made without FDA review or approval as long as there is some credible supporting science. Examples for this vitamin are "Helps support nervous system function" and "Supports healthy homocysteine metabolism." 971:

for many vitamins in 1998. Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), expressed as milligrams per day, increase with age from 1.2 to 1.5 mg/day for women and from 1.3 to 1.7 mg/day for men. The RDA for pregnancy is 1.9 mg/day, for

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serves as a carbohydrate storage molecule, primarily found in muscle, liver and brain. Its breakdown frees up glucose for energy. PLP also catalyzes transamination reactions that are essential for providing amino acids as a substrate for

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deficiency. A PLP concentration greater than 20 nmol/L has been chosen as a level of adequacy for establishing Estimated Average Requirements and Recommended Daily Allowances in the USA. Urinary PA is also an indicator of vitamin

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deficiency are rare, even in developing countries. A handful of cases were seen between 1952 and 1953, particularly in the United States, having occurred in a small percentage of infants who were fed a formula lacking in pyridoxine.

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labeling purposes 100% of the Daily Value was 2.0 mg, but as of May 27, 2016, it was revised to 1.7 mg to bring it into agreement with the adult RDA. A table of the old and new adult daily values is provided at

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Two pathways for PLP are currently known: one requires deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate (DXP), while the other does not, hence they are known as DXP-dependent and DXP-independent. These pathways have been studied extensively in

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conducted in the U.S. demonstrated that despite a lower vitamin intake, serum PLP was not significantly different between meat-eaters and vegetarians, suggesting that a vegetarian diet does not pose a risk for vitamin B

976:, 2.0 mg/day. For children ages 1–13 years the RDA increases with age from 0.5 to 1.0 mg/day. As for safety, ULs for vitamins and minerals are identified when evidence is sufficient. In the case of vitamin B 2084:

intake. As of 2021, there were no published reviews of randomized clinical trials for coronary heart disease or cardiovascular disease. In reviews of observational and intervention trials, neither higher vitamin

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degradation products, specifically urinary PA. Of these, plasma PLP is probably the best single measure, because it reflects tissue stores. Plasma PLP of less than 10 nmol/L is indicative of vitamin

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from a mixed diet (containing animal- and plant-sourced foods) is estimated at being 75% – higher for PLP from meat, fish and fowl, lower from plants, as those are mostly in the form of pyridoxine

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Jayedi A, Zargar MS (2019). "Intake of vitamin B6, folate, and vitamin B12 and risk of coronary heart disease: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies".

228:. Animals cannot synthesize any of the various forms of the vitamin, and hence must obtain it via diet, either of plants, or of other animals. There is some absorption of the vitamin produced by 5245:

Wu Y, Zhang L, Li S, Zhang D (April 2021). "Associations of dietary vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 with the risk of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis".

630:. PLP is needed as a cofactor for the enzymes that allow selenium to be used from the dietary form. PLP also plays a cofactor role in releasing selenium from selenohomocysteine to produce 2049:

intake may be an indicator of higher consumption of other dietary protective micronutrients. A review and two observational trials reporting lung cancer risk reported that serum vitamin B

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intake in relation to tolerable upper intake levels. Opinion of the Panel on Nutrition, Dietetic Products, Novel Food and Allergy of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety

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of 12 mg/day for adults, with lower amounts ranging from 2.2 to 10.7 mg/day for infants and children, depending on age. This replaced the adult UL set in 2008 at 25 mg/day.

3907: 455:, respectively. Despite the disparity in the starting compounds and the different number of steps required, the two pathways possess many commonalities. The DXP-dependent pathway: 102: 1548:(FDA) has several processes for permitting health claims on food and dietary supplement labels. There are no FDA-approved Health Claims or Qualified Health Claims for vitamin B 850:(common name: thale cress), researchers demonstrated that UV-B exposure increased pyridoxine biosynthesis, but in a mutant variety, pyridoxine biosynthesis capacity was not 2009: 4827:"Association of One-Carbon Metabolism-Related Vitamins (Folate, B6, B12), Homocysteine and Methionine With the Risk of Lung Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 984:

children ages 1–14 years the PRIs increase with age from 0.6 to 1.4 mg/day. The EFSA also reviewed the safety question and in 2023 set an upper limit for vitamin B

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Massé PG, Boudreau J, Tranchant CC, Ouellette R, Ericson KL (February 2012). "Type 1 diabetes impairs vitamin B(6) metabolism at an early stage of women's adulthood".

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Zhang C, Luo J, Yuan C, Ding D (2020). "Vitamin B12, B6, or Folate and Cognitive Function in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".

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Eggersdorfer M, Laudert D, Létinois U, McClymont T, Medlock J, Netscher T, Bonrath W (2012). "One Hundred Years of Vitamins-A Success Story of the Natural Sciences".

232:, but this is not sufficient to meet dietary needs. For adult humans, recommendations from various countries' food regulatory agencies are in the range of 1.0 to 2.0 4010:

Eighty to ninety percent of vitamin B6 in the body is found in muscles and estimated body stores in adults amount to about 170 mg with a half-life of 25-33 days.

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Li YJ, Li YM, Xiang DX (October 2018). "Supplement intervention associated with nutritional deficiencies in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review".

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Williams AL, Cotter A, Sabina A, Girard C, Goodman J, Katz DL (October 2005). "The role for vitamin B-6 as treatment for depression: a systematic review".

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metabolism, normal energy-yielding metabolism, normal psychological function, reduced tiredness and fatigue, and provided for normal cysteine synthesis.

1061:, but the amounts are not sufficient to meet host requirements, in part because the vitamins are competitively taken up by non-synthesizing bacteria. 2105:

in women but not in men. When treatment trials were reviewed, no meaningful treatment effect for depression was reported, but a subset of trials in

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alone is relatively uncommon and often occurs in association with other vitamins of the B complex. Evidence exists for decreased levels of vitamin B

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Ford AH, Almeida OP (May 2019). "Effect of Vitamin B Supplementation on Cognitive Function in the Elderly: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".

5002:"Long-Term, Supplemental, One-Carbon Metabolism-Related Vitamin B Use in Relation to Lung Cancer Risk in the Vitamins and Lifestyle (VITAL) Cohort" 936:

is an anti-vitamin (vitamin antagonist). Symptoms include vomiting and generalized convulsions. Ginkgo seed poisoning can be treated with vitamin B

5367: 2109:

women suggested a benefit, with a recommendation that more research was needed. The results of several trials with children diagnosed as having

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UL was set at 40–45 mg/day for women and 50–60 mg/day for men, with the lower values in those ranges for adults over 70 years of age.

3835: 1807: 992: 458: 6042: 4177: 4095: 3988: 3949: 3795: 2965: 2327: 2256: 1572:. Even extremely large amounts are well absorbed. Absorption of the phosphate forms involves their dephosphorylation catalyzed by the enzyme 407:, the latter of which also catalyzes the conversion of pyridoxine 5′-phosphate (PNP) to PLP. Pyridoxine 5'-phosphate oxidase is dependent on 3482: 2173: 2053:

was lower in people with lung cancer compared to people without lung cancer, but did not incorporate any intervention or prevention trials.

1791: 3899: 3805: 3038: 3594: 400: 3349:"Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies" 1637:

is also excreted in the feces. This may be a combination of unabsorbed vitamin and what was synthesized by large intestine microbiota.

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layer of grains, so there is more in whole wheat bread compared to white bread wheat, and more in brown rice compared to white rice.

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For US food and dietary supplement labeling purposes the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value. For vitamin B

4695:"IUPAC-IUB commission on biochemical nomenclature (CBN). Nomenclature for vitamins B-6 and related compounds. Recommendations 1973" 3830: 2312:

Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline

1025: 1015:

numbness of the extremities. In severe cases, motor neuropathy may occur with "slowing of motor conduction velocities, prolonged

2210: 5731: 3417: 1475: 851: 2626:"Synthesis of [13C₃]-B6 Vitamers Labelled at Three Consecutive Positions Starting from [13C₃]-Propionic Acid" 1952:

discovered a substance that was able to cure a skin disease in rats (dermatitis acrodynia). He named this substance vitamin B

953: 4199: 4117: 3125: 2987: 1478:

set an adult safety UL at 100 mg/day in 1998, in 2023 the European Food Safety Authority set its UL at 12 mg/day.

4878:"Circulating Folate, Vitamin B6, and Methionine in Relation to Lung Cancer Risk in the Lung Cancer Cohort Consortium (LC3)" 4139:

Ahmad I, Mirza T, Qadeer K, Nazim U, Vaid FH (September 2013). "Vitamin B6: deficiency diseases and methods of analysis".

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is in range of 25 to 33 days. After considering the different sources, it can be concluded that the half-life of vitamin B

750: 4389:"Is vitamin B(6) deficiency an under-recognized risk in patients receiving haemodialysis? A systematic review: 2000-2010" 2564:"Inborn errors in the vitamin B6 salvage enzymes associated with neonatal epileptic encephalopathy and other pathologies" 2357: 567:

break down amino acids with PLP as a cofactor. The proper activity of these enzymes is crucial for the process of moving

2915: 1545: 964: 949: 770: 552: 6059: 5740: 5722: 4722: 3348: 2042: 1502:; FHC), which consists of the existing FOSHU system and the newly established 'Foods with Nutrient Function Claims' ( 3732: 1537:, disallowing claims for bone, teeth, hair skin and nails, and allowing claims that the vitamin provided for normal 3994: 742: 360: 3638: 3439: 3011:"The role of the pyridoxine (vitamin B6) biosynthesis enzyme PDX1 in ultraviolet-B radiation responses in plants" 1803: 1795: 352: 4574:"Further investigations on vitamin B(6) and related factors of the vitamin B(2) complex in rats. Parts I and II" 491: 486:. Then, the procedure accomplishes the conversion of the amino acid into pyridoxine through the formation of an 5553: 5388: 2209:. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. May 2014. 2110: 1969: 1919: 968: 786: 499: 148: 4621: 3388:(7). Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavorings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food: 760. 1019:

latencies, and prolonged sensory latencies in both lower extremities", causing difficulty in walking. Sensory

3833:[Question 14—What are the standards and labeling criteria for Foods with Nutrient Function Claims?]. 2891:"Improved "Oxazole" Method for the Practical and Efficient Preparation of Pyridoxine Hydrochloride (Vitamin B 1533:

In 2010, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) published a review of proposed health claims for vitamin B

836:(UV-B) from sunlight stimulates plant growth, but in high amounts can increase production of tissue-damaging 507:

bacterial biosynthesis methods are also being explored, but are not yet scaled up for commercial production.

6047: 1470:

per daily serving as pyridoxine hydrochloride. However, many US dietary supplement companies also market a B

1005: 874:, a chlorophyll precursor. In addition, plant mutants with severely limited capacity to synthesize vitamin B 837: 754: 684: 399:, with PMP further converted to pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP), the metabolically active form, by the enzymes 372: 494:, with the entire process referred to as the "oxazole method". The product used in dietary supplements and 395:

dietary supplement. Absorbed pyridoxine (PN) is converted to pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate (PMP) by the enzyme

327:, one of the B vitamins. The vitamin actually comprises a group of six chemically related compounds, i.e., 5409: 2247:

Da Silva VR, Gregory III JF (2020). "Vitamin B6". In BP Marriott, DF Birt, VA Stallings, AA Yates (eds.).

2073: 1042: 697: 601: 2000:

that led to the characterization of pyridoxamine, the aminated product of pyridoxine, and pyridoxal, the

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The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare (MHLW) set up the 'Foods for Specified Health Uses' (

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Mastrangelo M, Cesario S (November 2019). "Update on the treatment of vitamin B6 dependent epilepsies".

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content, the amount per serving must be in the range of 0.3–25 mg. The allowed claim is: "Vitamin B

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Because of its chemical stability, pyridoxine hydrochloride is the form most commonly given as vitamin B

264: 3607:

All nutritional values within this article have been sourced from the USDA's FoodData Central Database.

6008: 5788: 5512: 5360: 4660: 4538: 3207: 3077: 2692: 1993: 1851: 1573: 846: 813: 548: 3476:"Federal Register May 27, 2016 Food Labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels" 2384:"Vitamin B6 deficient plants display increased sensitivity to high light and photo-oxidative stress" 6086: 5902: 5379: 2030: 1985: 1915: 1716: 871: 437: 364: 356: 229: 194: 73: 1747:. The PLP-dependent transaminases and glycogen phosphorylase provide the vitamin with its role in 6091: 5681: 5576: 5340: 5227: 5184: 5141: 4554: 4511: 4461: 4418: 3531:"Dietary Vitamin B6 Deficiency Impairs Gut Microbiota and Host and Microbial Metabolites in Rats" 3475: 3172: 2781: 2601: 2382:

Havaux M, Ksas B, Szewczyk A, Rumeau D, Franck F, Caffarri S, Triantaphylidès C (November 2009).

2158: 1989: 1859: 1724: 1659: 855: 646: 495: 249: 186: 3010: 3785: 2675:

Tambasco-Studart M, Titiz O, Raschle T, Forster G, Amrhein N, Fitzpatrick TB (September 2005).

2041:, with the strongest evidence for gastrointestinal cancers. However, evidence from a review of 5968: 5943: 5402: 5332: 5297: 5262: 5219: 5176: 5133: 5098: 5080: 5039: 5021: 4967: 4959: 4915: 4897: 4858: 4807: 4766: 4714: 4706: 4676: 4603: 4503: 4453: 4410: 4369: 4328: 4279: 4238: 4191: 4183: 4173: 4148: 4109: 4101: 4091: 4060: 3984: 3945: 3754: 3713: 3562: 3409: 3330: 3274: 3233: 3164: 3103: 3030: 2979: 2971: 2961: 2870: 2816: 2773: 2720: 2657: 2593: 2537: 2483: 2415: 2349: 2341: 2333: 2323: 2252: 2102: 1799: 1756: 1712:

Less severe cases present with metabolic disease associated with insufficient activity of the

1683: 1667: 1569: 664: 631: 571:

groups from one amino acid to another. To function as a transaminase coenzyme, PLP bound to a

451: 114: 3692:"Health claims on functional foods: the Japanese regulations and an international comparison" 3586: 948:

From regulatory agency to regulatory agency there is a wide range between what is considered

5978: 5953: 5873: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5324: 5289: 5254: 5211: 5168: 5125: 5088: 5070: 5029: 5013: 4949: 4905: 4889: 4848: 4838: 4797: 4756: 4668: 4593: 4585: 4546: 4495: 4445: 4400: 4359: 4346:

Schwaninger M, Ringleb P, Winter R, Kohl B, Fiehn W, Rieser PA, Walter-Sack I (March 1999).

4318: 4269: 4230: 4050: 4042: 3937: 3878: 3744: 3703: 3552: 3542: 3399: 3389: 3320: 3312: 3264: 3223: 3215: 3156: 3147:

Lheureux P, Penaloza A, Gris M (April 2005). "Pyridoxine in clinical toxicology: a review".

3093: 3085: 3022: 2907: 2860: 2850: 2808: 2763: 2755: 2710: 2700: 2647: 2637: 2583: 2575: 2527: 2517: 2473: 2463: 2405: 2395: 2315: 1957: 1923: 1815: 1736: 1728: 1629: 1584: 1527: 1510:; FNFC), under which claims were approved for any product containing a specified amount per 745:

to form ceramide. In addition, the breakdown of sphingolipids is also dependent on vitamin B

623: 576: 516: 445: 396: 5983: 5540: 5525: 5371: 1843: 1811: 1748: 1580: 1072: 1054: 798: 710: 586: 536: 528: 348: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 3660: 1526:

is a nutrient that helps produce energy from protein and helps maintain healthy skin and

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in the hands and feet. In addition to dietary shortfall, deficiency can be the result of

4664: 4542: 3404: 3325: 3300: 3211: 3081: 2696: 2588: 2563: 1579:

Enzymatic processes utilize PLP as a phosphate-donating cofactor. PLP is restored via a

773:. It also binds to two sites on hemoglobin to enhance the oxygen binding of hemoglobin. 6053: 5973: 5686: 5499: 5093: 5058: 5034: 5001: 4910: 4877: 4853: 4826: 4598: 4573: 4364: 4347: 4055: 4046: 4030: 3840: 3557: 3530: 3299:

Turck D, Bohn T, Castenmiller J, de Henauw S, Hirsch-Ernst KI, et al. (May 2023).

3228: 3191: 3098: 3061: 2865: 2838: 2768: 2739: 2715: 2676: 2652: 2625: 2532: 2505: 2504:

Schorgg P, Bärnighausen T, Rohrmann S, Cassidy A, Karavasiloglou N, Kühn T (May 2021).

2478: 2447: 2410: 2383: 2106: 1879: 1863: 1671: 1466:

In the US, multi-vitamin/mineral products typically contain 2 to 4 mg of vitamin B

790: 701: 680: 540: 475: 5384: 4486:

Rosenberg IH (2012). "A history of the isolation and identification of vitamin B(6)".

135: 6080: 5822: 5812: 5797: 5517: 5460: 5455: 5188: 4465: 4405: 4388: 4323: 4298: 3160: 2605: 2202: 2077: 1875: 1205: 924: 879: 858:, and cell proteins associated with tissue damage were all elevated. Biosynthesis of 730: 635: 613: 605: 583:, then transfers the amine group to a different keto acid to create a new amino acid. 503: 268: 107: 5231: 5145: 4515: 4422: 3941: 3373: 3176: 2785: 2738:

Fitzpatrick TB, Amrhein N, Kappes B, Macheroux P, Tews I, Raschle T (October 2007).

6028: 5948: 5907: 5860: 5827: 5807: 5802: 5663: 5591: 5581: 5571: 5429: 5344: 4558: 3869:"Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to vitamin B6". 3507: 2057: 1965: 1948:

An overview of the history was published in 2012. In 1934, the Hungarian physician

1887: 1538: 1511: 1268: 908: 863: 809: 722: 564: 544: 479: 344: 276: 260: 68: 5129: 4449: 3219: 240:, but at lower levels. There is enough in a wide variety of plant foods so that a 4167: 4079: 3749: 3121: 3026: 2955: 2579: 2080:

reported lower relative risk for a 0.5 mg/day increment in dietary vitamin B

1602:

varies according to different sources: one source suggests that the half-life of

263:

around the mouth and eyes, plus neurological effects that include drowsiness and

154: 5960: 5817: 5638: 5530: 4672: 4348:"Elevated plasma concentrations of homocysteine in antiepileptic drug treatment" 3547: 1949: 1871: 1699: 1663: 1592: 1432: 1279: 1101: 933: 859: 833: 734: 676: 579:. The process then dissociates the amine group from the amino acid, releasing a 272: 225: 5215: 4258:"Evidence for increased catabolism of vitamin B-6 during systemic inflammation" 3089: 5898: 5883: 5847: 5840: 5767: 5713: 5695: 5611: 5586: 5560: 5535: 5494: 5328: 2855: 2642: 2506:"Vitamin B6 Status among Vegetarians: Findings from a Population-Based Survey" 2303: 1740: 1720: 1695: 1691: 1675: 1097: 1020: 904: 895: 781:

PLP has been implicated in increasing or decreasing the expression of certain

766: 642: 609: 594: 524: 420: 412: 380: 376: 336: 241: 206: 182: 59: 37: 5258: 5084: 5025: 5017: 4963: 4901: 4770: 4761: 4744: 4710: 4256:

Ulvik A, Midttun Ø, Pedersen ER, Eussen SJ, Nygård O, Ueland PM (July 2014).

4195: 4113: 3882: 3758: 3316: 3269: 3252: 2983: 2890: 2345: 1709:

can lead to irritability, abnormally acute hearing, and convulsive seizures.

721:

PLP is an essential component of enzymes that facilitate the biosynthesis of

6003: 5995: 5912: 5878: 5704: 5673: 5603: 5480: 5470: 5447: 5293: 4843: 4274: 4257: 3394: 2705: 2400: 2118: 2090: 1867: 1786:

deficiency; levels of less than 3.0 mmol/day is suggestive of vitamin B

1232: 1111:

Most values shown in the table are rounded to nearest tenth of a milligram:

1076: 973: 900: 668: 580: 520: 483: 340: 233: 129: 5336: 5301: 5266: 5223: 5180: 5137: 5102: 5059:"Update on Safety Profiles of Vitamins B1, B6, and B12: A Narrative Review" 5043: 4971: 4919: 4862: 4811: 4694: 4680: 4607: 4507: 4457: 4414: 4373: 4332: 4283: 4242: 4152: 4064: 3717: 3566: 3413: 3334: 3278: 3237: 3168: 3107: 3034: 2874: 2820: 2812: 2777: 2724: 2661: 2597: 2541: 2487: 2419: 2353: 729:

requires PLP. In this reaction, serine is decarboxylated and combined with

4954: 4893: 4802: 4785: 4718: 1633:

the proportion of these other forms increases. A small amount of vitamin B

1449:

As of 2019, fourteen countries require food fortification of wheat flour,

862:

depends on aminolevulinic acid synthase, a PLP-dependent enzyme that uses

785:. Increased intracellular levels of the vitamin lead to a decrease in the 17: 5781: 5075: 2468: 2094: 1931: 1744: 1713: 1246: 1242: 1105: 841: 817: 738: 726: 705: 672: 627: 617: 590: 532: 332: 284: 198: 189:. The term refers to a group of six chemically similar compounds, i.e., " 33: 4529:

György P (1934). "Vitamin B2 and the Pellagra-like Dermatitis in Rats".

960:

is set at 12 mg/day versus 100 mg/day for the United States.

911:. A common side effect is numbness in the hands and feet, also known as 303: 5465: 5425: 5172: 3500:"Daily Value Reference of the Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD)" 3301:"Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for vitamin B6" 3253:"[Food Poisoning by Ginkgo Seeds through Vitamin B6 Depletion]" 2759: 2522: 2121:

did not result in treatment effect on the severity of symptoms of ASD.

1943: 1907: 1565: 1474:-only dietary supplement with 100 mg per daily serving. While the 1378: 1310: 1300: 1183: 867: 802: 487: 471: 328: 324: 311: 210: 193:", which can be interconverted in biological systems. Its active form, 190: 4876:

Fanidi A, Muller DC, Yuan J, Stevens VL, Weinstein SJ (January 2018).

4589: 4499: 3708: 3691: 3630: 3009:

Ristilä M, Strid H, Eriksson LA, Strid A, Sävenstrand H (March 2011).

2960:(3rd ed.). San Diego: Elsevier Academic Press. pp. 320–324. 2911: 2251:. London, United Kingdom: Academic Press (Elsevier). pp. 225–38. 1518:, and two minerals. To make a health claim based on a food's vitamin B 1079:, which has approximately half the bioavailability of animal-sourced B 295: 167: 5938: 5925: 5855: 4933:

Johansson M, Relton C, Ueland PM, Vollset SE, Midttun Ø (June 2010).

4550: 4172:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Henry Kimpton Publishers. p. 486. 4090:(2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 575–594. 2038: 2001: 1368: 1290: 1257: 1172: 1016: 572: 279:

drugs. There are also rare genetic defects that can trigger vitamin B

202: 4234: 1934:

in infants. These are responsive to pyridoxal 5'-phosphate therapy.

287:

in infants. These are responsive to pyridoxal 5'-phosphate therapy.

3196:-induced toxicity, from experimental studies to human case reports" 4105: 2975: 2319: 2314:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. pp. 150–195. 2045:

did not support a protective effect. The authors noted that high B

1997: 1624:

catabolism is 4-pyridoxic acid, which makes up about half of the B

1450: 1388: 1347: 883: 568: 245: 214: 5394: 3788:[Newly Established Regulation: Foods with Health Claims] 575:

of the enzyme then binds to a free amino acid via formation of a

4786:"Vitamin B6 and Cancer Risk: A Field Synopsis and Meta-Analysis" 4187: 4029:

Ueland PM, Ulvik A, Rios-Avila L, Midttun Ø, Gregory JF (2015).

3190:

Mei N, Guo X, Ern Z, Kobayashi D, Wada K, Guo L (January 2017).

2337: 1911: 1687: 1628:

compounds in urine. 4-Pyridoxic acid is formed by the action of

1421: 1410: 1399: 1357: 1320: 1194: 1161: 1150: 1139: 1128: 805: 782: 600:

PLP is a coenzyme needed for the proper function of the enzymes

256: 224:

found in sunlight and for the role it plays in the synthesis of

221: 5398: 2089:

concentrations nor treatment showed any significant benefit on

1988:

determined the structure of pyridoxine and reported success in

1902:

Genetically confirmed diagnoses of diseases affecting vitamin B

1727:

conversion. This can be detected based on urinary excretion of

220:

Plants synthesize pyridoxine as a means of protection from the

1855: 1606:

is up to 20 days, while another source indicates half-life of

255:

Dietary deficiency is rare. Classic clinical symptoms include

3900:"Label Claims for Conventional Foods and Dietary Supplements" 515:

PLP is involved in many aspects of macronutrient metabolism,

4297:

Wilson SM, Bivins BN, Russell KA, Bailey LB (October 2011).

3374:"Opinion on Pyridoxal 5′-phosphate as a source for vitamin B 1719:(PLP). The most prominent of the lesions is due to impaired 457: 4651:

Harris SA, Folkers K (April 1939). "Synthetic vitamin B6".

2839:"Microbial Cell Factories for Green Production of Vitamins" 2069:

and an increased lung cancer risk cannot be confirmed yet.

5057:

Calderon-Ospina CA, Nava-Mesa MO, Paez-Hurtado AM (2020).

3743:(6). The Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry: 309–319. 3631:"USDA Food Data Central. Standard Reference, Legacy Foods" 2888:

Zou E, Shi X, Zhang G, Li Z, Jin C, Su W (November 2013).

2957:

The Vitamins: Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health

419:). For degradation, in a non-reversible reaction, PLP is 2562:

Ghatge MS, Al Mughram M, Omar AM, Safo MK (April 2021).

1972:

for his work on carotenoids and vitamins, specifically B

1956:, as numbering of the B vitamins was chronological, and 980:

the US-established adult UL was set at 100 mg/day.

663:

PLP is a cofactor in the biosynthesis of five important

608:. These enzymes catalyze reactions in the catabolism of 367:, but the others are convertible to that form. Vitamin B 4031:"Direct and Functional Biomarkers of Vitamin B6 Status" 3735:[Analysis of Functional Ingredients in Foods]. 3060:

Czégény G, Kőrösi L, Strid A, Hideg E (February 2019).

375:

in more than 140 cellular reactions, mostly related to

3200:

J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev

634:, which can then be used to incorporate selenium into 3124:. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 379:

biosynthesis and catabolism, but is also involved in

4299:"Oral contraceptive use: impact on folate, vitamin B 3661:"Map: Count of Nutrients In Fortification Standards" 3529:

Mayengbam S, Chleilat F, Reimer RA (November 2020).

3440:"Overview of Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese" 1984:

from rice bran. A year later, Stanton A. Harris and

1790:

deficiency. Other methods of measurement, including

6021: 5994: 5766: 5757: 5672: 5602: 5479: 5446: 5437: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3378:

added for nutritional purposes in food supplements"

1980:. Also in 1938, Samuel Lepkovsky isolated vitamin B 1010:

Adverse effects have been documented from vitamin B

161: 147: 142: 128: 123: 113: 101: 89: 84: 49: 2889: 2065:causal relationship between supplemental vitamin B 1092:For example, milk can lose 30–70% of its vitamin B 612:. Part of this pathway (the reaction catalyzed by 423:to 4-pyridoxic acid, which is excreted in urine. 4935:"Serum B Vitamin Levels and Risk of Lung Cancer" 4481: 4479: 4477: 4475: 2249:Present Knowledge in Nutrition, Eleventh Edition 383:biosynthesis and other physiological functions. 4784:Mocellin S, Briarava M, Pilati P (March 2017). 3894: 3892: 2452:and Its Role in Cell Metabolism and Physiology" 1057:are known to synthesize B-vitamins, including B 878:have stunted root growth, because synthesis of 741:to form dihydroceramide. This compound is then 470:The starting material is either the amino acid 3447:Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Japan) 3372:European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2008). 1504: 1496: 1488: 5410: 4223:Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 3956:The half-life of pyridoxine is up to 20 days. 3932:Kennedy A, Schaeffer T (2016). "Pyridoxine". 2619: 2617: 2615: 2499: 2497: 8: 5000:Brasky TM, White E, Chen CL (October 2017). 3580: 3578: 3576: 2740:"Two independent routes of de novo vitamin B 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2377: 2375: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 76:, the metabolically active form of vitamin B 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 2832: 2830: 2744:biosynthesis: not that different after all" 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 1821:The classic clinical symptoms for vitamin B 1650:The classic clinical syndrome for vitamin B 886:require the vitamin as an enzyme cofactor. 753:, the enzyme responsible for breaking down 5763: 5536:Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) 5443: 5417: 5403: 5395: 4262:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 3966: 3964: 2446:Parra M, Stahl S, Hellmann H (July 2018). 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 1912:pyridoxine-5'-phosphate oxidase deficiency 769:, by serving as a coenzyme for the enzyme 67: 5387:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine 5092: 5074: 5063:Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management 5033: 4953: 4909: 4852: 4842: 4801: 4760: 4745:"Dietary Reference Values for vitamin B6" 4597: 4404: 4363: 4322: 4273: 4054: 3927: 3925: 3748: 3707: 3556: 3546: 3403: 3393: 3324: 3268: 3227: 3097: 2864: 2854: 2767: 2714: 2704: 2651: 2641: 2587: 2531: 2521: 2477: 2467: 2409: 2399: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 1690:synthesis), and neurological symptoms of 832:contributes to protection from sunlight. 363:. Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate has the highest 4882:Journal of the National Cancer Institute 3504:Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) 3488:from the original on September 22, 2017. 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 1731:after an oral tryptophan load. Vitamin B 1617:is typically measured in several weeks. 1333: 1218: 1114: 535:(cofactor) for many reactions including 438:Pyridoxal phosphate § Biosynthesis 310: 302: 294: 248:diet does not put consumers at risk for 4572:György P, Eckardt RE (September 1940). 2801:Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2129: 1808:high-performance liquid chromatographic 1735:deficiency can also result in impaired 4981:from the original on November 21, 2023 4202:from the original on December 31, 2023 4120:from the original on December 31, 2023 3857:は、たんぱく質からのエネルギー産生と皮膚や粘膜の健康維持を助ける栄養素です. 3836:Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare 3811:from the original on February 24, 2023 3765:from the original on February 10, 2023 3128:from the original on December 20, 2016 2990:from the original on December 31, 2023 2837:Wang Y, Liu L, Jin Z, Zhang D (2021). 2153: 2113:(ASD) treated with high dose vitamin B 1818:, and enzymatic, have been developed. 993:Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare 641:PLP is required for the conversion of 46: 4825:Yang J, Li H, Deng H, Wang Z (2018). 4387:Corken M, Porter J (September 2011). 3831:"(問14) 栄養機能食品の規格基準及び表示の基準とは、どのようなものか" 3796:International Life Sciences Institute 3641:from the original on December 3, 2019 3456:from the original on October 21, 2022 3420:from the original on October 24, 2020 3361:from the original on August 28, 2017. 2624:Bachmann T, Rychlik M (August 2018). 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 1705:In infants, a deficiency in vitamin B 808:. Also, PLP influences expression of 589:which synthesizes the neuromodulator 134: 7: 4088:Principles of Nutritional Assessment 3910:from the original on August 17, 2021 3041:from the original on January 6, 2024 2163:Fact Sheet for Health Professionals" 2033:between a higher intake of vitamin B 1556:Absorption, metabolism and excretion 854:, and as a consequence, ROS levels, 27:Class of chemically related vitamins 4622:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1938" 3671:from the original on April 11, 2019 2213:from the original on March 14, 2018 2176:from the original on April 18, 2011 2029:Observational studies suggested an 1996:developed a microbiological growth 1514:of 12 vitamins, including vitamin B 401:pyridoxamine-phosphate transaminase 32:This article is about the group of 5732:2-Methylnaphthalene-1,4-diamine (K 4365:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1999.tb00716.x 4047:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071714-034330 3665:Global Fortification Data Exchange 3597:from the original on July 19, 2022 2360:from the original on March 6, 2022 797:deficiency leads to the increased 555:, and beta-group interconversion. 411:(FMN) as a cofactor produced from 36:. For the dietary supplement, see 25: 4725:from the original on June 2, 2022 4705:(2): 325–327. December 17, 1973. 4632:from the original on July 8, 2018 3904:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 2918:from the original on May 22, 2022 2167:Office of Dietary Supplements at 2101:correlated with a higher risk of 1583:that requires three key enzymes, 761:Hemoglobin synthesis and function 737:, which is combined with a fatty 725:. Particularly, the synthesis of 4699:European Journal of Biochemistry 4406:10.1111/j.1440-1797.2011.01479.x 4324:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00419.x 3161:10.1097/00063110-200504000-00007 1026:No-observed-adverse-effect level 812:IIb by interacting with various 3942:10.1007/978-3-319-20790-2_174-1 1589:pyridoxine 5'-phosphate oxidase 1476:US National Academy of Medicine 713:, the biosynthesis of glucose. 653:status impairs this conversion. 626:is the primary dietary form of 405:pyridoxine 5'-phosphate oxidase 5741:4-Amino-3-methyl-1-naphthol (K 5723:4-Amino-2-methyl-1-naphthol (K 2681:biosynthesis in higher plants" 2060:the long-term use of vitamin B 2008:Following a recommendation of 1916:PLP binding protein deficiency 1100:. The vitamin is found in the 954:European Food Safety Authority 922:Overconsumption of seeds from 816:; the result is inhibition of 696:PLP is a required coenzyme of 335:ring as their core. These are 1: 5130:10.1080/10408398.2018.1511967 4450:10.1080/14737175.2019.1648212 3839:(in Japanese). Archived from 3587:"30 Foods High In Vitamin B6" 3585:Joseph M (January 10, 2021). 3220:10.1080/10590501.2016.1278298 3066:in plant acclimation to UV-B" 3062:"Multiple roles for Vitamin B 2169:National Institutes of Health 1751:, so deprivation of vitamin B 1694:, confusion, depression, and 956:(EFSA) adult UL for vitamin B 950:Tolerable upper intake levels 915:. Co-treatment with vitamin B 765:PLP aids in the synthesis of 751:sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase 5006:Journal of Clinical Oncology 3750:10.2116/bunsekikagaku.65.309 3027:10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.01.003 2580:10.1016/j.biochi.2020.12.025 1620:The end-product of vitamin B 1546:Food and Drug Administration 1453:flour or rice with vitamin B 965:National Academy of Medicine 828:Plant synthesis of vitamin B 771:aminolevulinic acid synthase 531:. PLP generally serves as a 527:synthesis and function, and 4673:10.1126/science.89.2311.347 4169:Textbook of Child Neurology 3690:Shimizu T (December 2003). 3548:10.3390/biomedicines8110469 2097:risk. Low dietary vitamin B 2056:According to a prospective 1960:had been assigned vitamin B 1882:negatively impact vitamin B 1862:and treatment with certain 1767:The assessment of vitamin B 700:, the enzyme necessary for 490:intermediate followed by a 478:converted into alanine via 6108: 5216:10.1007/s40266-019-00649-w 3090:10.1038/s41598-018-38053-w 2043:randomized clinical trials 1941: 1854:, and those infected with 1598:The half-life of vitamin B 1568:of the small intestine by 1003: 907:used for the treatment of 893: 597:is a PLP-dependent enzyme. 435: 31: 6037: 5531:25-hydroxycholecalciferol 5329:10.1007/s00394-017-1528-6 2856:10.3389/fbioe.2021.661562 2643:10.3390/molecules23092117 1834:A deficiency of vitamin B 1505: 1497: 1489: 1053:Bacteria residing in the 969:Dietary Reference Intakes 919:alleviates the numbness. 757:, is also PLP-dependent. 361:pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate 166: 66: 57: 5389:Medical Subject Headings 5018:10.1200/JCO.2017.72.7735 4762:10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4485 4080:"Assessment of vitamin B 3934:Critical Care Toxicology 3883:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1759 3317:10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8006 3270:10.1248/yakushi.18-00136 2685:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2111:autism spectrum disorder 1970:Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1920:hyperprolinaemia type II 502:, the chemically stable 500:pyridoxine hydrochloride 136:International Drug Names 5370:March 27, 2006, at the 4844:10.3389/fonc.2018.00493 4578:The Biochemical Journal 4275:10.3945/ajcn.114.083196 3973:Assessment of vitamin B 3395:10.2903/j.efsa.2008.760 2843:Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2748:The Biochemical Journal 2706:10.1073/pnas.0506228102 2401:10.1186/1471-2229-9-130 2012:-IUB in 1973, vitamin B 1926:) can trigger vitamin B 1006:Megavitamin-B6 syndrome 944:Dietary recommendations 838:reactive oxygen species 834:Ultraviolet-B radiation 755:sphingosine-1-phosphate 685:gamma-aminobutyric acid 353:pyridoxine 5'-phosphate 347:, and their respective 5378:-dependent enzymes at 5259:10.1093/nutrit/nuab014 5118:Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 3635:USDA Food Data Central 2813:10.1002/anie.201205886 2159:"Facts about Vitamin B 2074:coronary heart disease 1944:Vitamin § History 1717:pyridoxal 5' phosphate 1043:Reference Daily Intake 698:glycogen phosphorylase 602:cystathionine synthase 462: 357:pyridoxal 5'-phosphate 316: 308: 300: 195:pyridoxal 5′-phosphate 74:Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate 5554:Dihydroergocalciferol 5294:10.1093/fampra/cmi040 4955:10.1001/jama.2010.808 3843:on September 23, 2021 3015:Plant Physiol Biochem 2300:Institute of Medicine 2172:. February 24, 2020. 1942:Further information: 1930:deficiency-dependent 1848:systemic inflammation 1846:and in patients with 1680:electroencephalograms 1656:seborrheic dermatitis 1402:, cooked, brown/white 928:can deplete vitamin B 913:peripheral neuropathy 894:Further information: 814:transcription factors 559:Amino acid metabolism 461: 409:flavin mononucleotide 331:, that all contain a 314: 306: 298: 283:deficiency-dependent 265:peripheral neuropathy 6009:Dehydroascorbic acid 5513:7-Dehydrocholesterol 5076:10.2147/TCRM.S274122 4438:Expert Rev Neurother 4000:on November 17, 2019 3251:Kobayashi D (2019). 2469:10.3390/cells7070084 1994:Esmond Emerson Snell 1852:rheumatoid arthritis 1755:results in impaired 1574:alkaline phosphatase 847:Arabidopsis thaliana 492:Diels–Alder reaction 466:Commercial synthesis 5903:Pyridoxal phosphate 5380:University of Parma 4894:10.1093/jnci/djx119 4803:10.1093/jnci/djw230 4755:(6): e04485. 2016. 4665:1939Sci....89..347H 4543:1934Natur.133..498G 3667:. August 16, 2021. 3212:2017JESHC..35....1M 3082:2019NatSR...9.1259C 2900:Org Process Res Dev 2807:(52): 12973–12974. 2697:2005PNAS..10213687T 2031:inverse correlation 1992:, and then in 1942 1986:Karl August Folkers 1860:oral contraceptives 1796:spectrofluorimetric 1564:is absorbed in the 1462:Dietary supplements 1391:, whole wheat/white 1342:(mg per 100 grams) 1227:(mg per 100 grams) 1131:protein concentrate 1123:(mg per 100 grams) 872:aminolevulinic acid 743:further desaturated 365:biological activity 323:is a water-soluble 230:intestinal bacteria 6064:Never to phase III 5577:Dihydrotachysterol 5173:10.3233/JAD-200534 4790:J Natl Cancer Inst 4166:Menkes JH (1980). 4078:Gibson RS (2005). 3877:(10): 1759. 2010. 3784:Shimizu T (2001). 3070:Scientific Reports 2760:10.1042/BJ20070765 2523:10.3390/nu13051627 1990:chemical synthesis 1964:in 1931. In 1938, 1932:epileptic seizures 1800:mass spectrometric 1660:atrophic glossitis 1646:Signs and symptoms 1260:, baked, with skin 1175:, Atlantic, cooked 1153:, skipjack, cooked 856:lipid peroxidation 692:Glucose metabolism 649:, so low vitamin B 496:food fortification 463: 317: 309: 301: 285:epileptic seizures 187:essential nutrient 6074: 6073: 6017: 6016: 5969:Adenosylcobalamin 5944:Dihydrofolic acid 5753: 5752: 5012:(30): 3440–3448. 4590:10.1042/bj0341143 4500:10.1159/000343113 4311:Nutrition Reviews 4179:978-0-8121-0661-9 4097:978-0-19-517169-3 3990:978-82-8259-260-4 3951:978-3-319-20790-2 3906:. June 19, 2018. 3786:"新しい保健機能性食晶制度の概要" 3731:Harada K (2016). 3709:10.1079/NRR200363 3591:Nutrition Advance 2967:978-0-8121-0661-9 2954:Combs GF (2007). 2912:10.1021/op4001687 2329:978-0-309-06554-2 2258:978-0-323-66162-1 1890:reduces vitamin B 1850:, liver disease, 1757:glucose tolerance 1698:(due to impaired 1686:(due to impaired 1684:microcytic anemia 1668:angular cheilitis 1570:passive diffusion 1441: 1440: 1330: 1329: 1215: 1214: 665:neurotransmitters 658:Neurotransmitters 632:hydrogen selenide 452:Bacillus subtilis 307:Pyridoxamine (PM) 201:in more than 140 173: 172: 115:Biological target 85:Class identifiers 16:(Redirected from 6099: 5979:Hydroxocobalamin 5954:Levomefolic acid 5874:Pantothenic acid 5764: 5687:Phylloquinone (K 5444: 5419: 5412: 5405: 5396: 5349: 5348: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5277: 5271: 5270: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5199: 5193: 5192: 5161:J Alzheimers Dis 5156: 5150: 5149: 5124:(16): 2697–707. 5113: 5107: 5106: 5096: 5078: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5037: 4997: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4980: 4957: 4939: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4913: 4873: 4867: 4866: 4856: 4846: 4822: 4816: 4815: 4805: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4764: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4618: 4612: 4611: 4601: 4584:(8–9): 1143–54. 4569: 4563: 4562: 4551:10.1038/133498a0 4526: 4520: 4519: 4483: 4470: 4469: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4408: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4367: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4326: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4277: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4218: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4058: 4026: 4013: 4012: 4007: 4005: 3999: 3993:. Archived from 3983:. Oslo, Norway. 3982: 3968: 3959: 3958: 3936:. pp. 1–4. 3929: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3896: 3887: 3886: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3850: 3848: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3810: 3791: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3752: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3711: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3627: 3610: 3609: 3604: 3602: 3582: 3571: 3570: 3560: 3550: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3510:on April 7, 2020 3506:. Archived from 3496: 3490: 3489: 3487: 3480: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3455: 3444: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3407: 3397: 3382:The EFSA Journal 3369: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3353: 3345: 3339: 3338: 3328: 3296: 3283: 3282: 3272: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3231: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3101: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2951: 2928: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2906:(12): 1498–502. 2897: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2868: 2858: 2834: 2825: 2824: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2771: 2735: 2729: 2728: 2718: 2708: 2691:(38): 13687–92. 2672: 2666: 2665: 2655: 2645: 2621: 2610: 2609: 2591: 2559: 2546: 2545: 2535: 2525: 2501: 2492: 2491: 2481: 2471: 2443: 2424: 2423: 2413: 2403: 2379: 2370: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2296: 2263: 2262: 2244: 2223: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2199: 2186: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2155: 1968:was awarded the 1958:pantothenic acid 1924:hypophosphatasia 1792:UV spectrometric 1737:transsulfuration 1729:xanthurenic acid 1658:-like eruption, 1654:deficiency is a 1630:aldehyde oxidase 1585:pyridoxal kinase 1528:mucous membranes 1509: 1508: 1507: 1501: 1500: 1499: 1493: 1492: 1491: 1334: 1219: 1208:, ground, cooked 1142:liver, pan-fried 1115: 717:Lipid metabolism 624:Selenomethionine 616:) also produces 517:neurotransmitter 446:Escherichia coli 397:pyridoxal kinase 157: 138: 71: 47: 21: 6107: 6106: 6102: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6077: 6076: 6075: 6070: 6069: 6054:Clinical trials 6033: 6013: 5990: 5984:Methylcobalamin 5964: 5935: 5922: 5894: 5870: 5851: 5837: 5792: 5778: 5759: 5749: 5744: 5735: 5726: 5717: 5708: 5699: 5696:Menaquinones (K 5690: 5668: 5598: 5564: 5550: 5541:Calcitroic acid 5526:Cholecalciferol 5521: 5509: 5491: 5475: 5439: 5433: 5423: 5377: 5374:A database of B 5372:Wayback Machine 5364: 5357: 5352: 5314: 5313: 5309: 5279: 5278: 5274: 5244: 5243: 5239: 5201: 5200: 5196: 5158: 5157: 5153: 5115: 5114: 5110: 5056: 5055: 5051: 4999: 4998: 4994: 4984: 4982: 4978: 4948:(23): 2377–85. 4937: 4932: 4931: 4927: 4875: 4874: 4870: 4824: 4823: 4819: 4783: 4782: 4778: 4743: 4742: 4738: 4728: 4726: 4693: 4692: 4688: 4650: 4649: 4645: 4635: 4633: 4620: 4619: 4615: 4571: 4570: 4566: 4537:(3361): 498–9. 4528: 4527: 4523: 4485: 4484: 4473: 4444:(11): 1135–47. 4435: 4434: 4430: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4345: 4344: 4340: 4306: 4303:, and vitamin B 4302: 4296: 4295: 4291: 4255: 4254: 4250: 4235:10.1139/h11-146 4220: 4219: 4215: 4205: 4203: 4180: 4165: 4164: 4160: 4141:Pak J Pharm Sci 4138: 4137: 4133: 4123: 4121: 4098: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4072: 4028: 4027: 4016: 4003: 4001: 3997: 3991: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3962: 3952: 3931: 3930: 3923: 3913: 3911: 3898: 3897: 3890: 3868: 3867: 3863: 3856: 3846: 3844: 3829: 3828: 3824: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3800:(in Japanese). 3794:Journal of the 3789: 3783: 3782: 3778: 3768: 3766: 3739:(in Japanese). 3730: 3729: 3725: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3674: 3672: 3659: 3658: 3654: 3644: 3642: 3629: 3628: 3613: 3600: 3598: 3584: 3583: 3574: 3528: 3527: 3523: 3513: 3511: 3498: 3497: 3493: 3485: 3478: 3474: 3473: 3469: 3459: 3457: 3453: 3442: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3423: 3421: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3366: 3358: 3351: 3347: 3346: 3342: 3298: 3297: 3286: 3259:(in Japanese). 3257:Yakugaku Zasshi 3250: 3249: 3245: 3189: 3188: 3184: 3149:Eur J Emerg Med 3146: 3145: 3141: 3131: 3129: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3054: 3044: 3042: 3008: 3007: 3003: 2993: 2991: 2968: 2953: 2952: 2931: 2921: 2919: 2894: 2887: 2886: 2882: 2836: 2835: 2828: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2732: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2669: 2623: 2622: 2613: 2561: 2560: 2549: 2503: 2502: 2495: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2427: 2381: 2380: 2373: 2363: 2361: 2330: 2307: 2298: 2297: 2266: 2259: 2246: 2245: 2226: 2216: 2214: 2206: 2201: 2200: 2189: 2179: 2177: 2162: 2157: 2156: 2131: 2127: 2116: 2100: 2088: 2083: 2068: 2063: 2052: 2048: 2036: 2027: 2020: 2015: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1963: 1955: 1946: 1940: 1929: 1905: 1900: 1898:Genetic defects 1894:plasma levels. 1893: 1885: 1864:anticonvulsants 1844:type 1 diabetes 1841: 1837: 1832: 1824: 1816:electrochemical 1812:electrophoretic 1789: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1754: 1749:gluconeogenesis 1734: 1708: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1636: 1627: 1623: 1616: 1611: 1601: 1581:salvage pathway 1563: 1558: 1551: 1536: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1503: 1495: 1487: 1484: 1473: 1469: 1464: 1456: 1447: 1442: 1341: 1331: 1226: 1216: 1186:breast, grilled 1122: 1095: 1087: 1082: 1073:Bioavailability 1067: 1060: 1055:large intestine 1051: 1039: 1034: 1013: 1008: 1002: 987: 979: 959: 946: 939: 931: 918: 898: 892: 877: 831: 826: 799:gene expression 796: 791:glucocorticoids 779: 777:Gene expression 763: 748: 719: 711:gluconeogenesis 694: 660: 652: 587:Serine racemase 561: 537:decarboxylation 529:gene expression 513: 468: 440: 434: 429: 418: 394: 389: 370: 322: 299:Pyridoxine (PN) 293: 282: 239: 179: 153: 119:enzyme cofactor 96: 80: 79: 53: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6105: 6103: 6095: 6094: 6089: 6079: 6078: 6072: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6066: 6065: 6062: 6051: 6045: 6039: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6031: 6025: 6023: 6019: 6018: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6011: 6006: 6000: 5998: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5988: 5987: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5974:Cyanocobalamin 5971: 5962: 5958: 5957: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5933: 5930: 5929: 5928: 5920: 5917: 5916: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5892: 5888: 5887: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5863: 5858: 5849: 5845: 5844: 5843: 5835: 5832: 5831: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5790: 5786: 5785: 5784: 5776: 5772: 5770: 5761: 5755: 5754: 5751: 5750: 5748: 5747: 5742: 5738: 5733: 5729: 5724: 5720: 5715: 5711: 5706: 5702: 5697: 5693: 5688: 5684: 5682:Naphthoquinone 5678: 5676: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5666: 5661: 5660: 5659: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5636: 5635: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5608: 5606: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5596: 5595: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5557: 5556: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5507: 5504: 5503: 5502: 5500:Ergocalciferol 5497: 5489: 5485: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5452: 5450: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5424: 5422: 5421: 5414: 5407: 5399: 5393: 5392: 5382: 5375: 5362: 5356: 5355:External links 5353: 5351: 5350: 5323:(7): 2571–82. 5307: 5272: 5253:(3): 351–366. 5237: 5194: 5151: 5108: 5049: 4992: 4925: 4868: 4817: 4776: 4736: 4686: 4643: 4626:Nobelprize.org 4613: 4564: 4521: 4488:Ann Nutr Metab 4471: 4428: 4379: 4338: 4317:(10): 572–83. 4304: 4300: 4289: 4248: 4213: 4178: 4158: 4147:(5): 1057–69. 4131: 4096: 4081: 4070: 4014: 3989: 3974: 3960: 3950: 3921: 3888: 3861: 3854: 3822: 3776: 3737:Bunseki Kagaku 3723: 3682: 3652: 3637:. April 2018. 3611: 3572: 3521: 3491: 3467: 3431: 3375: 3364: 3340: 3284: 3243: 3182: 3139: 3113: 3063: 3052: 3001: 2966: 2929: 2892: 2880: 2826: 2791: 2741: 2730: 2678: 2667: 2611: 2547: 2493: 2449: 2425: 2388:BMC Plant Biol 2371: 2328: 2305: 2264: 2257: 2224: 2204: 2187: 2160: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2114: 2107:pre-menopausal 2098: 2086: 2081: 2066: 2061: 2050: 2046: 2034: 2026: 2023: 2018: 2013: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1961: 1953: 1939: 1936: 1927: 1903: 1899: 1896: 1891: 1883: 1880:hydrocortisone 1842:in women with 1839: 1835: 1831: 1828: 1822: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1764: 1761: 1752: 1732: 1706: 1672:conjunctivitis 1651: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1634: 1625: 1621: 1614: 1609: 1599: 1561: 1557: 1554: 1549: 1534: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1483: 1480: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1460: 1454: 1446: 1443: 1439: 1438: 1435: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1407: 1406: 1403: 1396: 1395: 1392: 1385: 1384: 1381: 1375: 1374: 1373:0.1 (one cup) 1371: 1365: 1364: 1363:0.1 (one cup) 1361: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1344: 1343: 1338: 1332: 1328: 1327: 1324: 1317: 1316: 1313: 1307: 1306: 1303: 1297: 1296: 1293: 1287: 1286: 1283: 1276: 1275: 1272: 1265: 1264: 1261: 1254: 1253: 1250: 1239: 1238: 1235: 1229: 1228: 1223: 1217: 1213: 1212: 1209: 1202: 1201: 1198: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1169: 1168: 1165: 1164:steak, grilled 1158: 1157: 1154: 1147: 1146: 1143: 1136: 1135: 1132: 1125: 1124: 1119: 1113: 1093: 1085: 1080: 1065: 1058: 1050: 1047: 1037: 1033: 1030: 1011: 1004:Main article: 1001: 998: 985: 977: 957: 945: 942: 937: 932:, because the 929: 916: 891: 888: 880:plant hormones 875: 829: 825: 822: 794: 778: 775: 762: 759: 746: 718: 715: 702:glycogenolysis 693: 690: 689: 688: 681:norepinephrine 659: 656: 655: 654: 650: 639: 636:selenoproteins 621: 598: 584: 560: 557: 541:transamination 512: 509: 476:propionic acid 467: 464: 436:Main article: 433: 430: 428: 425: 416: 392: 388: 385: 368: 349:phosphorylated 320: 315:Pyridoxal (PL) 292: 289: 280: 237: 222:UV-B radiation 197:, serves as a 185:, and thus an 181:is one of the 177: 171: 170: 164: 163: 159: 158: 151: 145: 144: 143:External links 140: 139: 132: 126: 125: 121: 120: 117: 111: 110: 105: 99: 98: 94: 91: 87: 86: 82: 81: 77: 72: 64: 63: 55: 54: 51: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6104: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6036: 6030: 6029:Multivitamins 6027: 6026: 6024: 6020: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6004:Ascorbic acid 6002: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5993: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5966: 5965: 5959: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5936: 5931: 5927: 5924: 5923: 5918: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5900: 5897: 5896: 5895: 5889: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5871: 5866: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5852: 5846: 5842: 5839: 5838: 5833: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5823:Prosultiamine 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5813:Fursultiamine 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5798:Acefurtiamine 5796: 5795: 5794: 5787: 5783: 5780: 5779: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5765: 5762: 5756: 5746: 5739: 5737: 5730: 5728: 5721: 5719: 5712: 5710: 5703: 5701: 5694: 5692: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5671: 5665: 5662: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5640: 5637: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5601: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5559: 5555: 5552: 5551: 5546: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5510: 5505: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5478: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5445: 5442: 5436: 5431: 5427: 5420: 5415: 5413: 5408: 5406: 5401: 5400: 5397: 5390: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5373: 5369: 5366: 5359: 5358: 5354: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5311: 5308: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5276: 5273: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5241: 5238: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5210:(5): 419–34. 5209: 5205: 5198: 5195: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5167:(2): 781–94. 5166: 5162: 5155: 5152: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5112: 5109: 5104: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5053: 5050: 5045: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4996: 4993: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4936: 4929: 4926: 4921: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4872: 4869: 4864: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4821: 4818: 4813: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4780: 4777: 4772: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4740: 4737: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4690: 4687: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4659:(2311): 347. 4658: 4654: 4647: 4644: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4617: 4614: 4609: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4568: 4565: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4525: 4522: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4472: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4432: 4429: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4399:(7): 619–25. 4398: 4394: 4390: 4383: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4358:(3): 345–50. 4357: 4353: 4349: 4342: 4339: 4334: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4293: 4290: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4252: 4249: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4229:(1): 167–75. 4228: 4224: 4217: 4214: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4175: 4171: 4170: 4162: 4159: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4135: 4132: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4074: 4071: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4035:Annu Rev Nutr 4032: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4015: 4011: 3996: 3992: 3986: 3979: 3978: 3967: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3928: 3926: 3922: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3893: 3889: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3865: 3862: 3858: 3847:September 23, 3842: 3838: 3837: 3832: 3826: 3823: 3815:September 23, 3807: 3803: 3799: 3797: 3787: 3780: 3777: 3769:September 23, 3764: 3760: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3733:"食品中の機能性成分解析" 3727: 3724: 3719: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3702:(2): 241–52. 3701: 3697: 3693: 3686: 3683: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3656: 3653: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3522: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3495: 3492: 3484: 3477: 3471: 3468: 3452: 3448: 3441: 3435: 3432: 3424:September 22, 3419: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3368: 3365: 3357: 3350: 3344: 3341: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3311:(5): e08006. 3310: 3306: 3302: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3247: 3244: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3195: 3194:Ginkgo biloba 3186: 3183: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3143: 3140: 3127: 3123: 3117: 3114: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3056: 3053: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3021:(3): 284–92. 3020: 3016: 3012: 3005: 3002: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2963: 2959: 2958: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2896: 2884: 2881: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2795: 2792: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2734: 2731: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2671: 2668: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2325: 2321: 2320:10.17226/6015 2317: 2313: 2309: 2301: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2260: 2254: 2250: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2225: 2212: 2208: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2175: 2171: 2170: 2164: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2096: 2092: 2079: 2078:meta-analysis 2075: 2070: 2059: 2054: 2044: 2040: 2032: 2024: 2022: 2011: 2006: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1971: 1967: 1959: 1951: 1945: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1897: 1895: 1889: 1881: 1877: 1876:penicillamine 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1829: 1827: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1715: 1710: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1645: 1640: 1638: 1631: 1618: 1612: 1605: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1555: 1553: 1547: 1542: 1540: 1531: 1529: 1513: 1482:Health claims 1481: 1479: 1477: 1461: 1459: 1452: 1445:Fortification 1444: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1355: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1345: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1288: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1255: 1251: 1248: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1210: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1192: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1170: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1096:content when 1089: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1062: 1056: 1048: 1046: 1044: 1031: 1029: 1027: 1022: 1018: 1007: 999: 997: 994: 991:The Japanese 989: 981: 975: 970: 966: 961: 955: 951: 943: 941: 935: 927: 926: 925:Ginkgo biloba 920: 914: 910: 906: 902: 897: 889: 887: 885: 881: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 848: 843: 840:(ROS), i.e., 839: 835: 823: 821: 820:aggregation. 819: 815: 811: 807: 804: 800: 792: 788: 787:transcription 784: 776: 774: 772: 768: 760: 758: 756: 752: 744: 740: 736: 732: 731:palmitoyl-CoA 728: 724: 723:sphingolipids 716: 714: 712: 707: 703: 699: 691: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 661: 657: 648: 644: 640: 637: 633: 629: 625: 622: 619: 615: 614:cystathionase 611: 607: 606:cystathionase 603: 599: 596: 592: 588: 585: 582: 578: 577:Schiff's base 574: 570: 566: 565:Transaminases 563: 562: 558: 556: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 510: 508: 505: 504:hydrochloride 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 465: 460: 456: 454: 453: 448: 447: 439: 431: 426: 424: 422: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 386: 384: 382: 378: 374: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 313: 305: 297: 290: 288: 286: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 253: 251: 247: 243: 235: 231: 227: 223: 218: 216: 212: 208: 205:reactions in 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 169: 165: 160: 156: 152: 150: 146: 141: 137: 133: 131: 127: 124:Clinical data 122: 118: 116: 112: 109: 106: 104: 100: 92: 88: 83: 75: 70: 65: 62: 61: 56: 48: 45: 43: 39: 35: 30: 19: 6022:Combinations 5949:Folinic acid 5908:Pyridoxamine 5890: 5879:Dexpanthenol 5828:Sulbutiamine 5808:Benfotiamine 5803:Allithiamine 5705:Menadione (K 5664:Tocofersolan 5592:Paricalcitol 5582:Calcipotriol 5572:Alfacalcidol 5568:D analogues 5518:Previtamin D 5320: 5316: 5310: 5288:(5): 532–7. 5285: 5281: 5275: 5250: 5246: 5240: 5207: 5203: 5197: 5164: 5160: 5154: 5121: 5117: 5111: 5066: 5062: 5052: 5009: 5005: 4995: 4983:. 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